{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c3","title":{"source":"III. Школьник","translated":"The Schoolboy"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c3","lines":230},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c3-s1","source":"Но Коля уже не слушал.","translation":"But Kolya was no longer listening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не слушал","title":"«уже не» + imperfective past","body":"The imperfective past «слушал» views the listening as an ongoing state, and «уже не» («no longer») negates that continuing process: he was in the middle of not-listening. A perfective would name a single event; here Dostoevsky wants the standing condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал (уже не = no longer)","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c3-s2","source":"Наконец-то он мог уйти.","translation":"At last he could leave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наконец-то","title":"«наконец-то» — at long last","body":"The emphatic clitic «-то» fastened to «наконец» («finally») colours it with relief and impatience: not merely 'finally' but 'finally, thank goodness'. It signals Kolya's eagerness to be gone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог уйти","title":"«уйти» — prefixed perfective of motion","body":"«уйти» (to leave, go away) is the perfective of «уходить», formed by the prefix у- on the motion verb «идти». After the modal «мог» it gives the single, completed act of departure Kolya is finally free to make."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom наконец-то, modifies мог","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to наконец","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c3-s3","source":"Выйдя за ворота, он огляделся, передернул плечиками и, проговорив: «Мороз!», направился прямо по улице и потом направо по переулку к базарной площади.","translation":"Once outside the gate, he glanced about, gave a little shrug of his shoulders, and, muttering \"Frost!\", set off straight down the street and then to the right along the lane toward the market square.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя за ворота","title":"«выйдя» — perfective gerund","body":"«выйдя» is the past (perfective) деепричастие of «выйти»: 'having gone out'. It compresses a prior, completed action into one adverbial word sharing Kolya's subject, then the main clause unrolls his next moves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорив","title":"Chained gerunds in narration","body":"«проговорив» ('having uttered') is a second perfective gerund stacked alongside «выйдя», a hallmark of literary Russian: several non-finite verb-adverbs hang off one finite verb («направился»), packing the sequence of small actions into a single flowing sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плечиками","title":"«плечики» — diminutive of «плечи»","body":"The expressive diminutive of «плечи» ('shoulders'), instrumental «плечиками». It miniaturises the gesture to fit a boy's small frame and adds an affectionate, almost amused authorial tone toward Kolya's self-important shrug."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"передернул плечиками","title":"Instrumental of the body part","body":"«передёрнул плечиками» puts the shoulders in the instrumental — the means by which the shrug is performed. Russian regularly uses the instrumental for the body part one moves: пожать плечами, кивнуть головой, махнуть рукой."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on огляделся","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огляделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"огляделся","lemma":"оглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked around"},{"surface":"передернул","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with огляделся","gloss":"gave a shrug of"},{"surface":"плечиками","lemma":"плечико","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of передернул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"Мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object/quoted complement of проговорив","gloss":"Frost!"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with огляделся","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направился","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулку","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"переулку","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"базарной","lemma":"базарный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"square"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c3-s4","source":"Не доходя одного дома до площади, он остановился у ворот, вынул из кармашка свистульку и свистнул изо всей силы, как бы подавая условный знак.","translation":"One house short of the square, he stopped at a gateway, drew a little whistle from his pocket, and blew on it with all his might, as though giving a prearranged signal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не доходя одного дома","title":"«не доходя» — negated present gerund","body":"«не доходя» is the imperfective present gerund of «доходить» ('reaching'), negated: 'not (yet) reaching'. The genitive «одного дома» measures the gap — one house short of the square — a tidy, idiomatic spatial construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из кармашка","title":"«кармашек» — little pocket","body":"Diminutive of «карман» ('pocket'), genitive after «из». The string of diminutives in this scene (плечики, кармашек, свистулька) keeps everything child-sized and endearing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свистульку","title":"«свистулька» — a toy whistle","body":"A «свистулька» is a small whistle or whistling toy, often a clay folk pipe. The word itself, with its -улька suffix, sounds playful and small — fitting for a boy's secret signalling device."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изо всей силы","title":"«изо всей силы» — with all one's might","body":"A fixed idiom, 'with all (one's) strength'. Note the spelling «изо» rather than «из» — the vowel is inserted before the consonant cluster of «всей» for ease of pronunciation, as in «изо всех сил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы подавая условный знак","title":"«как бы» + gerund: 'as if'","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as though') with the imperfective gerund «подавая» frames the whistle as a simultaneous, pretend-purposeful act. «как бы» softens the assertion — the narrator only likens the blast to a prearranged signal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доходя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доходя","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"before reaching"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies дома","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial genitive of measure, modifies доходя","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"short of"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходя","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"a gateway"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармашка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармашка","lemma":"кармашек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"свистульку","lemma":"свистулька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"a whistle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свистнул","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свистнул","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies подавая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"подавая","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on свистнул","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"условный","lemma":"условный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"prearranged"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавая","gloss":"signal"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c3-s5","source":"Ему пришлось ждать не более минуты, из калитки вдруг выскочил к нему румяненький мальчик, лет одиннадцати, тоже одетый в теплое, чистенькое и даже щегольское пальтецо.","translation":"He had to wait scarcely a minute before a rosy-cheeked boy of about eleven came darting out to him from the wicket gate, likewise dressed in a warm, neat, and even rather dapper little overcoat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему пришлось ждать","title":"«пришлось» — impersonal dative of obligation","body":"The neuter, subjectless «пришлось» ('it fell to one, one had to') governs a dative experiencer «ему»: there is no nominative subject, the obligation simply happens to Kolya. A core Russian impersonal pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не более минуты","title":"Genitive after «не более»","body":"«минуты» is genitive singular governed by «не более» ('no more than'). Quantity expressions and comparison of amount pull the counted noun into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет одиннадцати","title":"«лет одиннадцати» — approximate age by inversion","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «лет одиннадцати» instead of «одиннадцати лет» — signals approximation: 'about eleven'. The genitive plural «лет» is the suppletive count-form of «год» used after five and above."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"румяненький","title":"«румяненький» — rosy-cheeked, doubly endearing","body":"From «румяный» ('ruddy, rosy') with the affectionate -еньк- suffix. Together with «чистенькое» and «пальтецо» it bathes the boy in tender diminutives, the narrator's fond eye on a healthy child set against the dying Ilusha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальтецо","title":"«пальтецо» — a little overcoat","body":"Diminutive of the borrowed «пальто» ('overcoat'). Unusually for a French loan, it accepts a Russian -ецо suffix here; «щегольское пальтецо» means a natty, dapper little coat — Smurov is well-dressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (dative subject) of пришлось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of ждать (duration)","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"калитки","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came darting out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"румяненький","lemma":"румяненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"rosy-cheeked"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетый","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"одетый","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтецо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"теплое","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальтецо","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"чистенькое","lemma":"чистенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with теплое","gloss":"neat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies щегольское","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"щегольское","lemma":"щегольский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with теплое","gloss":"dapper"},{"surface":"пальтецо","lemma":"пальтецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетый","gloss":"little overcoat"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c3-s6","source":"Это был мальчик Смуров, состоявший в приготовительном классе (тогда как Коля Красоткин был уже двумя классами выше), сын зажиточного чиновника и которому, кажется, не позволяли родители водиться с Красоткиным, как с известнейшим отчаянным шалуном, так что Смуров, очевидно, выскочил теперь украдкой.","translation":"This was the boy Smurov, who was in the preparatory class (whereas Kolya Krassotkin was already two classes higher), the son of a well-off official, and whose parents, it seems, would not let him keep company with Krassotkin, known as the most notorious of reckless young rascals, so that Smurov had evidently slipped out now on the sly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоявший в приготовительном классе","title":"«состоявший» — past active participle","body":"«состоявший» is the past active participle of «состоять» ('to be a member of'), agreeing with «мальчик»: 'who was in...'. It replaces a который-clause and is a marker of dense literary style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому ... не позволяли родители водиться","title":"Dative complement of «не позволяли»","body":"«которому» is dative — the relative pronoun takes the case its own clause demands, here the person to whom permission is (not) given. «не позволяли водиться» = 'would not allow [him] to associate'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"водиться с Красоткиным","title":"«водиться с» — to keep company with","body":"Colloquial «водиться с кем» means to associate or hang around with someone (instrumental after «с»), often with a faint note of disapproval — exactly the parents' attitude toward the notorious Krassotkin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчаянным шалуном","title":"«отчаянный шалун» — a reckless scamp","body":"«шалун» is an affectionate-pejorative word for a mischievous boy, a prankster; «отчаянный» ('desperate, reckless') intensifies it. The instrumental «известнейшим ... шалуном» follows «как» ('as'), and the superlative «известнейший» ('most notorious') is the bookish -ейший form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"украдкой","title":"«украдкой» — stealthily","body":"A frozen instrumental adverb (from the root of «красть», to steal) meaning 'by stealth, on the sly'. It tells us Smurov has disobeyed his parents to sneak out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это and мальчик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of был","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"состоявший","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"enrolled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"приготовительном","lemma":"приготовительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies классе","gloss":"preparatory"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоявший","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with как (тогда как = whereas)","gloss":"whereas","note":"'тогда как' is a compound subordinator meaning 'whereas/while'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда (whereas)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Коля","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Коля Красоткин and выше","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выше","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies классами","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"классами","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мальчик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"зажиточного","lemma":"зажиточный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновника","gloss":"well-off"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволяли","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying не позволяли","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволяли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволяли","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которому","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"родители","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of позволяли","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"водиться","lemma":"водиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of позволяли","gloss":"associate"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of водиться","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase modifying Красоткиным","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шалуном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"известнейшим","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шалуном","gloss":"most notorious"},{"surface":"отчаянным","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шалуном","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"шалуном","lemma":"шалун","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the preposition с (comparison)","gloss":"rascal"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так (так что = so that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying выскочил","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что result clause","gloss":"slipped out"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"украдкой","lemma":"украдкой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"on the sly"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c3-s7","source":"Этот Смуров, если не забыл читатель, был один из той группы мальчиков, которые два месяца тому назад кидали камнями через канаву в Илюшу и который рассказывал тогда про Илюшу Алеше Карамазову.","translation":"This Smurov, if the reader has not forgotten, was one of that band of boys who two months earlier had thrown stones across the ditch at Ilusha, and the one who at the time had told Alyosha Karamazov about Ilusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не забыл читатель","title":"Inversion in the aside","body":"The verb-before-subject order «не забыл читатель» is a mild literary inversion in this parenthetical aside to the reader; cases keep it unambiguous while the rhythm stays bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые ... кидали камнями","title":"«кидали камнями» — instrumental of the thrown object","body":"With «кидать»/«бросать» the thing thrown can stand in the instrumental — «кидали камнями» ('pelted with stones') — stressing the action of throwing rather than a single stone's trajectory. The relative «которые» agrees in number with the band of boys."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"два месяца тому назад","title":"«тому назад» — ago","body":"The standard idiom for 'ago': a time span in the accusative plus «тому назад». «тому» is an old dative ('to that [point] back'), now fossilised; modern speech often drops «тому» and says simply «два месяца назад»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Смуров","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying был","gloss":"has forgotten"},{"surface":"читатель","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"the reader"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Смуров and один","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of группы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"группы","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies группы","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кидали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of кидали","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase два месяца тому назад (ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кидали, forms тому назад (ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"кидали","lemma":"кидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мальчиков","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кидали","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канаву","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канаву","lemma":"канава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кидали","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кидали","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"second relative clause on мальчиков","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеше","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c3-s8","source":"— Я вас уже целый час жду, Красоткин, — с решительным видом проговорил Смуров, и мальчики зашагали к площади.","translation":"\"I've been waiting a whole hour for you, Krassotkin,\" said Smurov with a resolute air, and the boys started off toward the square.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас уже целый час жду","title":"Present tense for action still going on","body":"Russian uses the present «жду» where English needs a perfect, 'I have been waiting'. An imperfective process begun in the past and continuing into now stays in the present: «целый час» ('a whole hour') is its accusative duration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас ... жду","title":"«вас» — polite 'you' between boys","body":"Smurov addresses the older Kolya with the formal «вы» («вас» is its accusative), not «ты», a small marker of the deference the younger boy owes — and Kolya's commanding status in their world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчики зашагали","title":"«за-» — inceptive perfective","body":"«зашагали» is «шагать» ('to stride') with the prefix за-, which here means 'began to': the boys set off striding. This inceptive за- (заговорить, запеть) marks the onset of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час (duration)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration complement of жду","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am waiting"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Krassotkin","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause (reporting verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of зашагали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"зашагали","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"started off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашагали","gloss":"the square"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c3-s9","source":"— Запоздал, — ответил Красоткин. — Есть обстоятельства.","translation":"\"I'm late,\" answered Krassotkin. \"There are circumstances.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Есть обстоятельства","title":"«Есть обстоятельства» — there are circumstances","body":"Kolya's clipped, self-important reply: «есть» ('there is/are') plus «обстоятельства» ('circumstances'). The vague gravity of the word is comic in a thirteen-year-old's mouth — a piece of Kolya's posing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запоздал","lemma":"запоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elided subject я)","gloss":"I'm late"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Запоздал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (there is/are)","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"circumstances"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c3-s10","source":"Тебя не выпорют, что ты со мной?","translation":"Won't you get a thrashing for being out with me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпорют","title":"«выпороть» — to flog","body":"«выпорют» is the perfective future of «выпороть», 'to thrash/flog with a rod'. Corporal punishment of children was routine; the impersonal-feeling 'they' (no stated subject) means 'won't you get a whipping'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты со мной","title":"«что» = 'for the fact that'","body":"Here «что» introduces a causal clause, 'because/for being with me'. With «со мной» the verb of motion or being is gapped — colloquial compression typical of lively dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выпорют","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпорют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпорют","lemma":"выпороть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (indefinite-personal)","gloss":"will thrash"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause ты со мной","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of ты (elided быть)","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c3-s11","source":"— Ну полноте, разве меня порют?","translation":"\"Come now, as if anyone thrashes me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну полноте","title":"«полноте» — come now, enough","body":"«полноте» is a fixed interjection (literally an imperative 'be full, stop'), 'come now, that's enough, don't be silly'. The -те marks the polite/plural addressee, matching the «вы» Smurov gets from Kolya here in mock-grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве меня порют?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"The particle «разве» frames a rhetorical, disbelieving question: 'as if anyone thrashes me!'. The imperfective present «порют» ('do [they] flog') states it as a habitual fact Kolya proudly denies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, parallel to Ну","gloss":"enough now","note":"Polite-plural interjection: 'that's enough/come now.'"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порют","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of порют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"порют","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrash"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c3-s12","source":"И Перезвон с вами?","translation":"And Perezvon's with you?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject (elided verb is)","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of Перезвон (elided is)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c3-s13","source":"— И Перезвон!","translation":"\"Perezvon too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Перезвон","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c3-s14","source":"— Вы и его туда?","translation":"\"You're taking him there as well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы и его туда?","title":"Verbless question","body":"A purely elliptical question: the verb ('are taking') is gapped, leaving «Вы и его туда?» ('You — him too — there?'). «его» is accusative animate; «туда» is directional 'to there'. Such gapping is the natural texture of quick spoken exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (taking)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies его","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb (taking him)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c3-s15","source":"— И его туда.","translation":"\"Him as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c3-s16","source":"— Ах, кабы Жучка!","translation":"\"Ah, if only it were Zhuchka!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы Жучка!","title":"«кабы» — folksy 'if only'","body":"«кабы» is a colloquial, slightly folk-poetic conditional 'if (only)', contracting «как бы». Standing alone as an exclamation it voices a wish: 'if only it were Zhuchka!'. It carries the irrealis force of «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel to кабы","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the wish clause","gloss":"if only","note":"Colloquial conditional/optative particle: 'if only.'"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb была","gloss":"Zhuchka"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c3-s17","source":"— Нельзя Жучку.","translation":"\"There can be no Zhuchka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя Жучку","title":"«нельзя» + accusative, impersonal","body":"«нельзя» ('it is not possible / not allowed') heads a subjectless impersonal clause; the verb is gapped and «Жучку» stands as its accusative object: 'No Zhuchka is possible'. «нельзя» is the negative counterpart to «можно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it can't be"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Нельзя (elided verb)","gloss":"Zhuchka"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c3-s18","source":"Жучка не существует.","translation":"Zhuchka does not exist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жучка не существует","title":"Negated «существовать»","body":"«существует» ('exists') is negated with «не». Note that the subject «Жучка» stays nominative because the verb is the simple intransitive «существовать»; the genitive-of-negation would appear only with «нет» (as in «Жучки нет»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"Zhuchka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c3-s19","source":"Жучка исчезла во мраке неизвестности.","translation":"Zhuchka has vanished into the darkness of the unknown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"исчезла во мраке","title":"«исчезла» — perfective past, feminine","body":"«исчезла» is the perfective past of «исчезнуть» ('to vanish'), with the feminine -ла agreeing with «Жучка». Perfective marks the disappearance as a single completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во мраке неизвестности","title":"«во мраке неизвестности» — mock-grand diction","body":"«мрак» ('gloom, darkness') is a bookish, elevated word, and «неизвестность» ('the unknown, obscurity') its abstract genitive complement. The lofty phrase, in a boy's mouth about a dog, is deliberately mock-solemn — pure Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезла","gloss":"Zhuchka"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезла","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"неизвестности","lemma":"неизвестность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мраке","gloss":"of the unknown"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c3-s20","source":"— Ах, нельзя ли бы так, — приостановился вдруг Смуров, — ведь Илюша говорит, что Жучка тоже была лохматая и тоже такая же седая, дымчатая, как и Перезвон, — нельзя ли сказать, что это та самая Жучка и есть, он, может быть, и поверит?","translation":"\"Ah, couldn't we manage it this way,\" Smurov suddenly stopped short, \"after all, Ilusha says that Zhuchka was shaggy too and just as gray and smoky-colored, like Perezvon — couldn't we say this is that very same Zhuchka? Maybe he'd even believe it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя ли бы так","title":"«нельзя ли бы» — tentative proposal","body":"A pile-up of softening particles: «нельзя» (impossible/not allowed), the interrogative «ли», and the irrealis «бы», together making a very hesitant, polite 'mightn't we possibly...?'. Smurov is floating a delicate suggestion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь Илюша говорит","title":"«ведь» — appealing to shared knowledge","body":"The modal particle «ведь» ('after all, you know') leans on what both boys already know to make the case persuasive: 'after all, Ilusha says...'. It is a hallmark of the give-and-take of Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та самая Жучка","title":"«та самая» — that very same","body":"The demonstrative «та» reinforced by «самая» ('the very, the selfsame') means 'that very same Zhuchka'. The deceit hinges precisely on identity — claiming this dog is the identical lost one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и есть","title":"Emphatic «и есть»","body":"«это та самая Жучка и есть» uses «и есть» as an emphatic affirmation — 'is precisely / is none other than'. The «и» here is not 'and' but an intensifier reinforcing the copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to нельзя","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"couldn't we"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of нельзя","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"приостановился","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to нельзя","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приостановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приостановился","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing говорит clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лохматая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Zhuchka"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лохматая","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Жучка and лохматая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лохматая","lemma":"лохматый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of седая","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"седая","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лохматая","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"дымчатая","lemma":"дымчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лохматая","gloss":"smoky-colored"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase как и Перезвон","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Перезвон","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the new clause","gloss":"couldn't we"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Жучка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Жучка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Жучка","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это ... есть","gloss":"Zhuchka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms может быть (maybe)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies поверит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will believe"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c3-s21","source":"— Школьник, гнушайся лжи, это раз; даже для доброго дела, два.","translation":"\"Schoolboy, abhor a lie — that's one; and even for a good cause — that's two.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гнушайся лжи","title":"«гнушайся» — imperative + genitive object","body":"«гнушайся» is the imperative of the reflexive verb «гнушаться» ('to abhor, disdain'), which governs its object in the genitive — hence «лжи» (gen. of «ложь», lie). The -ся verb takes genitive, not accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гнушайся лжи","title":"«гнушаться» — a lofty, bookish verb","body":"«гнушаться» ('to hold in abhorrence, scorn') is elevated, near-biblical in tone. Kolya's sententious 'Schoolboy, abhor a lie' apes the moralising voice of a textbook or sermon — comic self-importance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"гнушайся","lemma":"гнушаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative) addressed to Школьник","gloss":"abhor","note":"'гнушаться' governs the genitive: to shun/abhor something."},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of гнушайся","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раз","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (elided copula)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для доброго дела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"predicate complement (elided это ... есть), parallel to раз","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c3-s22","source":"А главное, надеюсь, ты там не объявлял ничего о моем приходе.","translation":"And above all, I trust you announced nothing there about my coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не объявлял ничего","title":"Negative concord","body":"«не ... ничего» is Russian's obligatory double negation: the ни-word «ничего» ('nothing') co-occurs with «не» on the verb, two negatives making one. «ничего» is genitive, the natural object case under negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о моем приходе","title":"«приход» — arrival, coming","body":"«приход» (prepositional «о приходе») is the verbal noun of «прийти», 'arrival, coming'. The same word also means a church parish — context fixes the sense here as Kolya's visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"most importantly"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявлял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявлял","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявлял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявлял","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of объявлял","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приходе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"приходе","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявлял","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c3-s23","source":"— Боже сохрани, я ведь понимаю же.","translation":"\"God forbid, I do understand, of course.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь понимаю же","title":"Double particle «ведь ... же»","body":"Smurov stacks two modal particles: «ведь» ('after all') and «же' (insistent emphasis), both reinforcing his protest that of course he understands. Such particle-clustering is the very texture of spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"Бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parallel to сохрани","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"depends on Боже (idiom: God forbid)","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c3-s24","source":"Но Перезвоном его не утешишь, — вздохнул Смуров. — Знаешь что: отец этот, капитан, мочалка-то, говорил нам, что сегодня щеночка ему принесет, настоящего меделянского, с черным носом; он думает, что этим утешит Илюшу, только вряд ли?","translation":"But you won't comfort him with Perezvon,\" Smurov sighed. \"You know what: that father, the captain, the old wisp of a man, told us he'd bring him a puppy today, a real Medelyan breed, with a black nose; he thinks he'll comfort Ilusha that way, only it's hardly likely, is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перезвоном его не утешишь","title":"Generalised 2nd-person + instrumental of means","body":"«не утешишь» ('you won't comfort') is a generic 'you' — no specific subject, meaning 'one cannot'. «Перезвоном» is the instrumental of means: the dog is the instrument with which comfort is (not) given."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мочалка-то","title":"«мочалка» — a wisp of a man","body":"A «мочалка» is literally a loofah/bast washcloth; applied to the broken captain it means a frayed, limp, pitiful creature — a cruelly affectionate nickname. The clitic «-то» flags him as the known topic ('that, you know,...')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щеночка","title":"«щеночек» — a wee puppy","body":"Double-diminutive of «щенок» ('puppy'): «щеночек», accusative animate «щеночка». The tender suffix matches the captain's hope of consoling his dying son with so small a gift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только вряд ли?","title":"«вряд ли» — hardly, scarcely","body":"«вряд ли» ('hardly, unlikely') contains a fossilised «ли»; it casts doubt on the preceding hope. Tagged with rising '?', it invites Kolya's agreement: 'but it's hardly likely, eh?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Перезвоном","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешишь","gloss":"with Perezvon"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утешишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утешишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утешишь","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to утешишь","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"the old wisp","note":"Affectionate/derogatory nickname, literally 'dishrag'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic particle attached to мочалка (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic particle, no lexical meaning — colloquial topicalizing -то suffixed to мочалка, not the demonstrative 'то/that')"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принесет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"щеночка","lemma":"щеночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесет","gloss":"a puppy"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"принесет","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеночка","gloss":"a real"},{"surface":"меделянского","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеночка","gloss":"Medelyan-breed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"черным","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носом","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеночка (descriptive phrase)","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утешит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешит","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"утешит","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думает","gloss":"will comfort"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утешит","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вряд ли","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утешит","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вряд, forms вряд ли (hardly likely)","gloss":"likely"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c3-s25","source":"— А каков он сам, Илюша-то?","translation":"\"And how is he himself, Ilusha?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Илюша-то?","title":"Topical clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «Илюша» marks him as the known topic the question circles back to: 'and as for Ilusha himself, how is he?'. This is the topic-emphasising «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каков он сам","title":"«каков» — interrogative short form","body":"«каков» is the short, predicative form of «какой» ('what is he like, how is he'). It exists only as a predicate (каков, какова, каково, каковы) and asks after a state rather than a quality — apt for asking how a sick boy is doing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, predicative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"how","note":"Predicative pronoun-adjective: 'каков он?' = 'what is he like?'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of каков","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic particle attached to Илюша (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic particle, no lexical meaning — colloquial topicalizing -то suffixed to Илюша, not the demonstrative 'то/that')"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c3-s26","source":"— Ах, плох, плох!","translation":"\"Ah, bad, bad!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плох, плох","title":"«плох» — short adjective predicate","body":"«плох» is the masculine short form of «плохой» ('bad'). Used predicatively of a person's health it means 'in a bad way, gravely ill'. The short form's flavour of a current, absolute state suits the grim verdict on Ilusha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to плох","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"плох","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"плох","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плох (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"bad"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c3-s27","source":"Я думаю, у него чахотка.","translation":"I think he has consumption.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него чахотка","title":"«у него» — Russian 'have'","body":"Russian expresses possession with «у» + genitive plus «есть» (often unstated): «у него чахотка» = 'he has consumption', literally 'at him [there is] consumption'. The thing possessed is the grammatical subject in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чахотка","lemma":"чахотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause (у него [есть] чахотка)","gloss":"consumption"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c3-s28","source":"Он весь в памяти, только так дышит-дышит, нехорошо он дышит.","translation":"He's quite clear in his mind, only he breathes so — breathes and breathes — he breathes badly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дышит-дышит","title":"Reduplicated verb for drawn-out action","body":"Repeating the imperfective present «дышит-дышит» ('breathes-and-breathes') iconically draws out the labouring, continuous effort. Such reduplication intensifies the durative sense of the imperfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весь в памяти","title":"«в памяти» — clear in mind, conscious","body":"The idiom «быть в памяти» means to be conscious and lucid (as opposed to delirious); «весь в памяти» = 'fully clear-headed'. It reassures that the dying boy still knows what is happening — which makes it sadder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with Он","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, predicate with Он","gloss":"his mind","note":"весь в памяти is idiomatic: \"quite clear-headed.\""},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дышит","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he breathes"},{"surface":"дышит","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated with дышит (w7), emphatic doubling","gloss":"breathes"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, modifies дышит (w11)","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышит (w11)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дышит","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of final clause","gloss":"breathes"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c3-s29","source":"Намедни попросил, чтоб его поводили, обули его в сапожки, пошел было, да и валится.","translation":"The other day he asked to be walked about; they put his little boots on him, he tried to walk, and down he goes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Намедни","title":"«намедни» — the other day","body":"«намедни» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb for 'the other day, recently' (from 'on these [days]'). It flavours Smurov's narration with everyday provincial speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб его поводили","title":"«чтоб» + past = reported request","body":"After «попросил» ('asked'), «чтоб(ы)» takes the past-form verb «поводили» to express the willed content of the request: he asked that they walk him about. «чтобы» always governs this irrealis past, never an indicative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел было, да и валится","title":"«было» — the aborted-action particle","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but cut short: «пошёл было» = 'he set off but...'. The contrast with the present «валится» ('and down he goes') makes the collapse vivid and immediate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сапожки","title":"«сапожки» — little boots","body":"Diminutive plural of «сапоги» ('boots'). The tender form, recurring through this passage, keeps Ilusha child-sized and pitiable; «обули» is the perfective 'they shod / put boots on him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намедни","lemma":"намедни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he asked"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поводили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поводили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поводили","lemma":"поводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of попросил","gloss":"they walk about"},{"surface":"обули","lemma":"обуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поводили","gloss":"they put on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обули","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обули","gloss":"little boots"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поводили","gloss":"he set off"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, past, neuter, singular","role":"aspectual particle with пошел (\"started to, but\")","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with валится","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"валится","lemma":"валиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"down he goes"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c3-s30","source":"«Ах, говорит, я говорил тебе, папа, что у меня дурные сапожки, прежние, в них и прежде было неловко ходить».","translation":"\"Ah,\" says he, \"I told you, papa, that my boots are bad, the old ones, they were uncomfortable to walk in before too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"«говорит» — narrative quotative present","body":"Dropped into reported speech, «говорит» ('says') is the historic/quotative present used to relay someone's words vividly: 'I told you, says he, ...'. It is unmarked for tense and frames the embedded quotation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неловко ходить","title":"«неловко» — awkward, uncomfortable","body":"«неловко» as an impersonal predicate here means physically awkward/uncomfortable (the boots were hard to walk in); elsewhere it means socially awkward or embarrassed. «прежде» ('before, formerly') is a bookish synonym of «раньше»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (\"says he\")","gloss":"says he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing тебе","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дурные","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor, with у меня = \"I have\"","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дурные","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сапожки","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of у меня (existential possession)","gloss":"little boots"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to сапожки","gloss":"the old ones"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies прежде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неловко","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неловко","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловкий","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"uncomfortable"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of неловко","gloss":"to walk"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c3-s31","source":"Это он думал, что он от сапожек с ног валится, а он просто от слабости.","translation":"He fancied it was the boots that made his legs give way, when really it was simply weakness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от сапожек ... валится","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от» with the genitive «сапожек» (and «от слабости») expresses cause: his legs give way 'from the boots' / 'from weakness'. «от» is one of Russian's chief ways of naming the involuntary cause of a state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fancied"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of валится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of валится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожек","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сапожек","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of валится","gloss":"the boots"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of валится","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"валится","lemma":"валиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"when really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided валится (\"he [falls]\")","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от слабости","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слабости","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, predicate of он (w12)","gloss":"weakness"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c3-s32","source":"Недели не проживет.","translation":"He won't last out the week.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Недели не проживет","title":"Genitive of negation: «недели не проживёт»","body":"Under negation the object «неделя» shifts to genitive «недели»: 'he won't live out a week'. Fronting it before «не проживёт» throws grim emphasis on the span he won't reach. «проживёт» is perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of extent, object of проживет under negation","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проживет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"проживет","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he won't last out"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c3-s33","source":"Герценштубе ездит.","translation":"Herzenstube comes round.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Герценштубе ездит","title":"«ездит» — multidirectional motion verb","body":"«ездит» is the multidirectional member of the «ехать/ездить» pair, used for repeated round trips: the doctor 'comes round' regularly. The unidirectional «едет» would mean a single journey in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ездит","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"ездит","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes round"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c3-s34","source":"Теперь они опять богаты, у них много денег.","translation":"Now they're well off again; they have plenty of money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у них много денег","title":"«много» + genitive plural","body":"Quantity word «много» ('much, many') governs the genitive: «денег» is the genitive plural of «деньги» (a plurale tantum, 'money'). The whole expresses 'they have a lot of money' via the «у них» possessive frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богаты","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of богаты","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богаты","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"богаты","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"well off"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in existential clause (у них много денег)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"plenty"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of the existential clause","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c3-s35","source":"— Шельмы.","translation":"\"Swindlers.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шельмы","title":"«шельма» — rogue, scoundrel","body":"«шельма» (from German Schelm) is an expressive term of abuse, 'rogue, scoundrel, swindler', here nominative plural «шельмы». Kolya's curt one-word verdict on the doctors is pure swagger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шельмы","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (predicate nominal, elliptical)","gloss":"swindlers"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c3-s36","source":"— Кто шельмы?","translation":"\"Who are swindlers?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of шельмы","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"шельмы","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal","gloss":"swindlers"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c3-s37","source":"— Доктора, и вся медицинская сволочь, говоря вообще, и, уж, разумеется, в частности.","translation":"\"The doctors, and the whole medical rabble, speaking generally — and, of course, in particular too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медицинская сволочь","title":"«сволочь» — rabble, scum","body":"«сволочь» is a strong collective term of contempt, 'scum, rabble' (originally 'that which is dragged together, refuse'). «вся медицинская сволочь» = 'the whole medical rabble' — Kolya's nihilist bravado against the doctors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж, разумеется","title":"«уж» — intensifying particle","body":"The particle «уж» (a worn-down «уже») here merely intensifies, 'why, of course, to be sure'. Set among «говоря вообще ... в частности» it lends Kolya's pronouncement a mock-rhetorical, lecturing cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal (elliptical, answering Кто шельмы?)","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сволочь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"медицинская","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сволочь","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"сволочь","lemma":"сволочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Доктора","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Доктора","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разумеется","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, third, singular","role":"parenthetical (\"of course\")","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking частности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"частности","lemma":"частность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, coordinated with вообще","gloss":"particular"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c3-s38","source":"Я отрицаю медицину.","translation":"I reject medicine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я отрицаю медицину","title":"Imperfective present as a stance","body":"«отрицаю» ('I reject/deny') is imperfective present, stating a standing position rather than a single act. The bald declarative, subject pronoun «я» kept for emphasis, is Kolya striking the pose of a young freethinker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрицаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отрицаю","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"медицину","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отрицаю","gloss":"medicine"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c3-s39","source":"Бесполезное учреждение.","translation":"A useless institution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бесполезное учреждение","title":"«учреждение» — institution","body":"«учреждение» ('institution, establishment') is a weighty, abstract noun; calling medicine a 'useless institution' in clipped verbless apposition is Kolya parroting radical journalese — comic in its grandiosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бесполезное","lemma":"бесполезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies учреждение","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"учреждение","lemma":"учреждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"institution"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c3-s40","source":"Я, впрочем, всё это исследую.","translation":"I am, however, looking into all of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это исследую","title":"«всё это» as accusative object","body":"«всё это» ('all this') is the neuter accusative object of «исследую» ('I am investigating'). The imperfective present marks an ongoing inquiry; «впрочем» ('however, by the way') softens the bravado with a knowing aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of исследую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies исследую","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исследую","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"исследую","lemma":"исследовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am looking into"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c3-s41","source":"Что это у вас там за сентиментальности, однако, завелись?","translation":"But what is this sentimentality, anyway, that you've taken up over there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сентиментальности ... завелись","title":"«завелись» — middle -ся with «за-»","body":"«завелись» is the perfective reflexive of «завестись» ('to spring up, take root, get started'), here middle/intransitive: 'what sentimentalities have started up'. The -ся marks the change of state with no external agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что это ... за сентиментальности","title":"«что за» — what sort of","body":"The split frame «что ... за + noun» means 'what kind of', often with a dismissive edge: 'what's this sentimentality you've got going?'. «однако» ('however, though') adds a note of challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, question word","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of Что in the \"что ... за N\" construction, not literal subject of завелись","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement (possessive), modifies там","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завелись","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сентиментальности, idiomatic \"что за\"","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"сентиментальности","lemma":"сентиментальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of завелись, object of что за","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies завелись","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"завелись","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken up"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c3-s42","source":"Вы там всем классом, кажется, пребываете?","translation":"The whole class is hanging about there, it seems?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем классом","title":"«всем классом» — instrumental of manner","body":"«всем классом» ('as a whole class, all together') is an instrumental of collective manner — the way Russian says 'do something as a group' (всей семьёй, всем миром). «пребываете» is a bookish verb, 'abide, hang about'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пребываете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пребываете","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of классом","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"классом","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of manner, modifies пребываете","gloss":"as a class"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"it seems\")","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"пребываете","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are hanging about"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c3-s43","source":"— Не всем, а так человек десять наших ходит туда, всегда, всякий день.","translation":"\"Not the whole class, but a dozen or so of our fellows go there, always, every single day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек десять","title":"Approximation by inversion: «человек десять»","body":"Reversing noun and numeral, «человек десять» (instead of «десять человек»), signals 'about ten, some ten'. «человек» is the special genitive-plural-equivalent count form used after numbers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходит туда ... всякий день","title":"«ходит» — habitual multidirectional motion","body":"«ходит» (multidirectional «ходить») with «всегда, всякий день» ('always, every day') names a repeated round trip — the daily visits to Ilusha. The unidirectional «идёт» could not carry this habitual sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, elliptical for классом (echoing s42)","gloss":"the whole class"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек десять","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of человек десять","gloss":"of ours"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with туда, modifies ходит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of time, coordinated with туда","gloss":"single day"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c3-s44","source":"Это ничего.","translation":"It's nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Это ничего","title":"«Это ничего» — that's all right","body":"A common idiom: «ничего» (literally 'nothing') used predicatively means 'it's all right, never mind, no matter'. Here Smurov shrugs off the size of the gathering: 'it's nothing, it's fine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c3-s45","source":"— Удивляет меня во всем этом роль Алексея Карамазова: брата его завтра или послезавтра судят за такое преступление, а у него столько времени на сентиментальничанье с мальчиками!","translation":"\"What surprises me in all of this is the part Alexei Karamazov plays: his brother is to be tried tomorrow or the day after for such a crime, and yet he has so much time for getting sentimental with little boys!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Удивляет меня ... роль","title":"Inverted subject for focus","body":"The verb «удивляет» ('surprises') opens the sentence, the real subject «роль» ('the role') trailing after — an inversion that throws the weight onto what surprises Kolya. «меня» is the accusative experiencer of «удивлять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брата его ... судят","title":"Impersonal 'they' + accusative","body":"«судят» ('they are trying [him]') is a subjectless 3rd-plural — the generalised authorities — with the animate accusative «брата». Russian uses this agentless 'they' where English reaches for a passive ('he is being tried')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сентиментальничанье","title":"«сентиментальничанье» — getting sentimental","body":"A scornful verbal noun coined from «сентиментальничать» ('to behave sentimentally, gush'). The bulky -ничанье ending makes the word itself sound mocking — Kolya's contempt baked into the morphology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удивляет","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprises"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Удивляет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Удивляет","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Удивляет","gloss":"the part"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роль","gloss":"Alexei's"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судят (animate accusative = genitive form)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"послезавтра","lemma":"послезавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with завтра","gloss":"the day after"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (impersonal plural, \"his brother is being tried\")","gloss":"is tried"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступление","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судят","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in existential clause (у него столько времени)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сентиментальничанье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сентиментальничанье","lemma":"сентиментальничанье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifies времени","gloss":"getting sentimental"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мальчиками","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сентиментальничанье","gloss":"little boys"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c3-s46","source":"— Совсем тут никакого нет сентиментальничанья.","translation":"\"There's no sentimentality about it at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем тут никакого нет сентиментальничанья","title":"«нет» + genitive, with «никакого»","body":"Negated existential «нет» demands the genitive «сентиментальничанья», and the negative adjective «никакого» ('no ... whatever') agrees with it — reinforced by «совсем» ('not at all'). A textbook genitive of negation under «нет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сентиментальничанья","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle","role":"main predicate of the sentence (\"there isn't\")","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"сентиментальничанья","lemma":"сентиментальничанье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"sentimentality"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c3-s47","source":"Сам же вот идешь теперь с Илюшей мириться.","translation":"Why, you're going to make peace with Ilusha yourself, right now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам же вот идешь","title":"«сам же» — emphatic 'you yourself'","body":"«сам» ('[your]self') is sharpened by the insistent particle «же»: 'why, you yourself are going...'. The combination presses a contradiction back on Kolya — he condemns the others yet is doing the same."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Илюшей мириться","title":"«мириться с» — reflexive 'make peace'","body":"«мириться» (reflexive -ся, imperfective of «помириться») means 'to reconcile, make peace' and governs «с» + instrumental for the other party. The -ся here is reciprocal-middle: making peace is mutual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies идешь","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идешь","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're going"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мириться","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"мириться","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of идешь","gloss":"to make peace"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c3-s48","source":"— Мириться?","translation":"\"Make peace?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Мириться","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"elliptical exclamation, echoing s47","gloss":"make peace"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c3-s49","source":"Смешное выражение.","translation":"A ridiculous expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смешное выражение","title":"Zero-copula nominative","body":"A verbless present-tense judgement: 'a ridiculous expression'. With no copula in the present, both noun «выражение» and adjective «смешное» stay nominative — Kolya curtly dismissing Smurov's word «мириться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смешное","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c3-s50","source":"Я, впрочем, никому не позволяю анализировать мои поступки.","translation":"I allow no one, by the way, to analyze my actions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не позволяю анализировать","title":"Negative concord with dative «никому»","body":"«никому» (dative of «никто', 'to no one') co-occurs with «не позволяю» — the obligatory double negative. «позволять» takes a dative person plus an infinitive: 'I allow no one to analyse'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мои поступки","title":"«поступок» — a deed, an act","body":"«поступок» (plural «поступки») is a deliberate action seen as a moral deed, weightier than a mere «действие». Kolya's grand 'analyse my actions' fits his pose as a man of principle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies позволяю","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволяю","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволяю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволяю","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"анализировать","lemma":"анализировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволяю","gloss":"to analyze"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of поступки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поступки","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of анализировать","gloss":"actions"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c3-s51","source":"— А как Илюша будет тебе рад!","translation":"\"And how glad Ilusha will be to see you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ... тебе рад","title":"«рад» + dative","body":"The short adjective «рад» ('glad') predicates a feeling and takes a dative for what one is glad of/about: «тебе рад» = 'glad of you, glad to see you'. The exclamatory «как» ('how') intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory adverb, modifies рад","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"to see you"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Илюша","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c3-s52","source":"Он и не воображает, что ты придешь.","translation":"He doesn't even imagine you'll come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не воображает, что ты придешь","title":"«что» + perfective future","body":"«что» reports a plain fact-clause after «воображает» ('imagines'); inside it «придёшь» is the perfective future of «прийти» ('you will come'). Contrast «чтобы», which would force the irrealis past instead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воображает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воображает","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"воображает","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of придешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of воображает","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c3-s53","source":"Почему, почему ты так долго не хотел идти? — воскликнул вдруг с жаром Смуров.","translation":"Why, why did you hold out so long against coming?\" Smurov suddenly cried out with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так долго не хотел идти","title":"Imperfective of refusal: «не хотел идти»","body":"«не хотел идти» ('did not want to go') pairs the imperfective past «хотел» with the imperfective infinitive «идти», naming a sustained reluctance over time, underscored by «так долго» ('so long')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул вдруг с жаром","title":"«с жаром» — instrumental of manner","body":"«с жаром» (literally 'with heat/ardour', instrumental after «с») is an adverbial of manner: 'with feeling, fervently'. Such «с + instrumental» manner phrases (с трудом, с улыбкой) are a staple of narrative description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, modifies хотел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did hold out against"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c3-s54","source":"— Милый мальчик, это мое дело, а не твое.","translation":"\"My dear boy, that's my affair, not yours.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это мое дело, а не твое","title":"Contrastive «а не»","body":"«а не» pivots between the two possessives — 'my affair, and not yours'. The conjunction «а» here marks a clean contrast/correction, distinct from additive «и» or oppositional «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мое дело (elliptical)","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c3-s55","source":"Я иду сам по себе, потому что такова моя воля, а вас всех притащил туда Алексей Карамазов, значит, разница.","translation":"I'm going of my own accord, because such is my will, whereas all of you were dragged there by Alexei Karamazov — so there's a difference.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сам по себе","title":"«сам по себе» — of my own accord","body":"The idiom «сам по себе» means 'by oneself, of one's own accord, independently'. Kolya insists his visit springs from his own will, not from following the crowd — a key point of his pride."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такова моя воля","title":"«такова» — short form of «таков»","body":"«такова» is the feminine short predicative form of «таков» ('such'), agreeing with «воля» ('will'): 'such is my will'. The solemn «такова + nominative» construction is rhetorically elevated, fitting Kolya's grandiloquence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притащил туда Алексей Карамазов","title":"Inversion: object before subject","body":"«вас всех притащил ... Алексей Карамазов» fronts the object «вас всех» ('all of you') before the verb and subject — cases keep roles clear while the order spotlights who was dragged. «притащил» is a vivid perfective, 'lugged, hauled'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies иду","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"of my own"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of иду (по себе = \"of one's own accord\")","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of воля","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of воля","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"воля","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of притащил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"притащил","lemma":"притащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притащил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притащил","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"so\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разница","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elliptical clause","gloss":"there's a difference"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c3-s56","source":"И почем ты знаешь, я, может, вовсе не мириться иду?","translation":"And how do you know — maybe I'm not going to make peace at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почем ты знаешь","title":"«почём знаешь» — how do you know","body":"«почём» (colloquial, lit. 'at what price') in «почём ты знаешь» idiomatically means 'how do you know, how can you tell'. It is a folksy, conversational variant of «откуда ты знаешь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, может, вовсе не мириться иду","title":"«может» — dropped 'maybe'","body":"«может» here is short for «может быть» ('maybe, perhaps'), an inserted modal word. «вовсе не» ('not at all') emphatically negates «мириться», which is fronted before «иду» for contrastive focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почем","lemma":"почём","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of знаешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical (\"maybe\")","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мириться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мириться","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of иду","gloss":"to make peace"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"am going"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c3-s57","source":"Глупое выражение.","translation":"A stupid expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глупое выражение","title":"Adjective–noun agreement, zero copula","body":"Like «Смешное выражение» earlier, a verbless nominative verdict: «глупое» agrees with neuter «выражение» in gender, number, and case. Kolya keeps batting away Smurov's vocabulary with curt one-line dismissals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c3-s58","source":"— Вовсе не Карамазов, совсем не он.","translation":"\"It wasn't Karamazov at all, not him in the least.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вовсе не Карамазов, совсем не он","title":"Doubled emphatic negation","body":"«вовсе не» and «совсем не» are two intensifiers of denial ('not at all, not in the least'), stacked for force. Each negates a nominative predicate noun/pronoun — Smurov flatly clearing Karamazov of responsibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Карамазов","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, elliptical (\"it wasn't Karamazov\")","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Карамазов","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c3-s59","source":"Просто наши сами туда стали ходить, конечно сперва с Карамазовым.","translation":"Our fellows simply began going there on their own — though with Karamazov at first, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наши сами туда стали ходить","title":"«стали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стали ходить» ('began to go') is the perfective «стать» ('to start') plus the imperfective infinitive «ходить» — the standard way to mark the onset of a habitual, repeated activity. «наши» ('our [fellows]') is a substantivised possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали, used as noun (\"our fellows\")","gloss":"our fellows"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies наши","gloss":"on their own"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сперва","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали ходить","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Карамазовым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c3-s60","source":"И ничего такого не было, никаких глупостей.","translation":"And there was nothing of that sort, no foolishness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего такого не было, никаких глупостей","title":"Genitive of negation, doubled","body":"Both negated existentials take the genitive: «ничего такого не было» ('there was nothing of the sort') and «никаких глупостей» (gen. pl. of «глупость»). The ни-words ride the single «не было», negative concord throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"of that sort"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of глупостей","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"глупостей","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ничего, subject of было","gloss":"foolishness"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c3-s61","source":"Сначала один, потом другой.","translation":"First one, then another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сначала один, потом другой","title":"Verbless ellipsis","body":"A clipped, copula-free fragment typical of excited spoken narration: «один… другой» («one… the other») stand bare in the nominative with the verb left to be supplied from context. The pairing «сначала… потом» («first… then») carries the whole temporal logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical, \"went\")","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c3-s62","source":"Отец был ужасно нам рад.","translation":"The father was terribly glad of us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам рад","title":"«рад» governs the dative","body":"The short adjective «рад» («glad») takes the person one is glad of in the dative: «нам рад» = «glad of us». The dative here marks the object of feeling, not an indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"of us"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Отец","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c3-s63","source":"Ты знаешь, он просто с ума сойдет, коль умрет Илюша.","translation":"You know, he'll simply go out of his mind if Ilusha dies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ума сойдет","title":"Perfective future of a fixed idiom","body":"«сойдёт» is the perfective («сойти») conjugated as a simple future: «he'll go [right out of] his mind». The set phrase «сойти с ума» (literally «come down off one's mind») uses the genitive «ума» after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль умрет","title":"«коль» — folksy conditional «if»","body":"«коль» (a clipped, colloquial form of «коли») is an old conditional conjunction = «if/when». The perfective «умрёт» in the future sets up the hypothetical: «if Ilusha [should] die»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сойдет с ума","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойдет","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"сойдет","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c3-s64","source":"Он видит, что Илюша умрет.","translation":"He can see that Ilusha is going to die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Илюша умрет","title":"«что» reporting a fact","body":"«видит, что…» («sees that…») uses the subordinator «что» to report a plain fact — contrast «чтобы», which would signal a willed or hypothetical outcome. Here «умрёт» (perfective future) lends the bleak certainty: not «may die» but «is going to die»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видит","gloss":"is going to die"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c3-s65","source":"А нам-то как рад, что мы с Илюшей помирились.","translation":"And how glad he is of us, that we made it up with Ilusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-emphasizing clitic: «нам-то» foregrounds «us» — «and as for us, how glad he is». It marks a known referent the speaker wants to stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы с Илюшей помирились","title":"«мы с Илюшей» — inclusive 'we with'","body":"«мы с Илюшей» literally «we with Ilusha» is the standard Russian way to say «Ilusha and I». The reflexive «-ся» verb «помириться» («to make up, be reconciled») is reciprocal: the two reconciled with each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нам (нам-то = 'as for us')","gloss":"though","note":"The clitic -то after нам just adds emphasis; it isn't a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помирились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помирились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помирились","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"помирились","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"made up"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c3-s66","source":"Илюша о тебе спрашивал, ничего больше не прибавил.","translation":"Ilusha asked about you, but added nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о тебе спрашивал","title":"«спрашивать о» + prepositional","body":"«спрашивать о ком-то» («to ask about someone») governs the prepositional after «о»: «о тебе» = «about you». The imperfective «спрашивал» reads as a single completed act here in casual narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего больше не прибавил","title":"Negative concord","body":"«ничего… не прибавил» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with the obligatory «не» on the verb — Russian's double negation, where two negatives still make one negation: «added nothing»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of прибавил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спрашивал","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c3-s67","source":"Спросит и замолчит.","translation":"He'll ask and then fall silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спросит и замолчит","title":"Perfective future for habit","body":"Two perfective futures, «спросит» and «замолчит», describe not one future event but a recurring pattern: «he'll ask and then fall silent [each time]». Russian regularly uses the perfective future this way for a typical, repeated sequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спросит","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолчит","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спросит","gloss":"fall silent"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c3-s68","source":"А отец с ума сойдет или повесится.","translation":"And the father will go out of his mind or hang himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повесится","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as true reflexive","body":"«повесится» (from «повеситься») turns «повесить» («to hang [something]») back on the subject: «hang himself». The «-ся» here is genuinely reflexive — the action falls on the doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сойдет","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойдет","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"сойдет","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"повесится","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойдет","gloss":"hang himself"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c3-s69","source":"Он ведь и прежде держал себя как помешанный.","translation":"Even before this he carried himself like a man half-crazed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» invokes shared knowledge — «after all, you know» — softening the assertion into something the listener is invited to grant. Untranslatable by a single word, it is part of the texture of Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"держал себя","title":"«держать себя» + reflexive pronoun","body":"«держать себя» («to carry/conduct oneself») uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object — distinct from the bound clitic «-ся». «как помешанный» («like one deranged») compares with a past passive participle used adjectivally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"before this"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешанный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"a madman"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c3-s70","source":"Знаешь, он благородный человек, и тогда вышла ошибка.","translation":"You know, he's an honorable man, and what happened then was a mistake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышла ошибка","title":"Comment-final word order","body":"«вышла ошибка» («a mistake came about») places the verb before its nominative subject «ошибка», which lands last as the new, stressed information. «выйти» here means «to turn out, result», an idiomatic intransitive use."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благородный","title":"«благородный» — noble/honorable","body":"«благородный» means «of noble character, honorable» and also literally «of noble birth». In Kolya's mouth it carries the high moral charge the word still held in 19th-century usage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"honorable"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of он","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the clause он благородный человек","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"ошибка","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"a mistake"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c3-s71","source":"Всё этот отцеубийца виноват, что избил его тогда.","translation":"It's all the fault of that parricide, who beat him that time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийца","title":"«отцеубийца» — parricide","body":"A compound of «отец» («father») + «убийца» («killer»): one who murders his father — a word that resonates through the whole novel. The reference is to the wrongly accused Dmitri Karamazov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что избил его","title":"«что» as causal relative","body":"«виноват… что избил» uses «что» loosely to mean «in that / because he beat» — a colloquial relative-causal link tying the blame to the deed. «избил» is perfective: a thorough, completed beating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцеубийца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отцеубийца","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at fault"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of виноват","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"that time"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c3-s72","source":"— А все-таки Карамазов для меня загадка.","translation":"\"And all the same, Karamazov is a riddle to me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Карамазов для меня загадка","title":"Zero-copula present","body":"«Карамазов… загадка» («Karamazov [is] a riddle») has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent in Russian, so the nominative subject and nominative predicate stand side by side. «для меня» = «for/to me»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А все-таки","title":"Contrastive «а» + «всё-таки»","body":"Opening with «а» («and/but», the mild contrastive hinge) plus «всё-таки» («all the same, nevertheless») signals a shift of topic and a concession — Kolya turning the conversation back to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies загадка","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies загадка","gloss":"the same","note":"все-таки is a fixed idiom meaning 'all the same, nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загадка","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of загадка","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a riddle"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c3-s73","source":"Я мог бы и давно с ним познакомиться, но я в иных случаях люблю быть гордым.","translation":"I could have made his acquaintance long ago, but in certain cases I like to keep my pride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я мог бы и давно с ним познакомиться","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"«мог бы» — past-tense «мог» plus the irrealis particle «бы» — builds the conditional: «I could have…». «бы» leans on «мог» as the first stressed word, the characteristic position of the mobile particle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люблю быть гордым","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After «быть» the predicate adjective «гордый» takes the instrumental «гордым»: «to be proud». With the infinitive «быть», the instrumental complement is the norm, framing the state as one assumed or maintained."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познакомиться","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"made his acquaintance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гордым","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"гордым","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c3-s74","source":"Притом я составил о нем некоторое мнение, которое надо еще проверить и разъяснить.","translation":"Besides, I have formed a certain opinion of him that still needs to be tested and clarified.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мнение, которое надо еще проверить","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«которое» agrees with neuter «мнение» in gender/number but takes its own case from its role in the clause — here the object of «проверить». The impersonal «надо» («one must») then governs the infinitives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Притом","title":"«притом» — besides, moreover","body":"A bookish connective meaning «besides, what's more», stitching Kolya's reasoning together. It marks the addition of a further, weightier consideration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составил","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of составил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"составил","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составил","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проверить (relativizes мнение)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"predicate governing проверить, modifies мнение","gloss":"needs to"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проверить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"проверить","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be tested"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with проверить","gloss":"clarified"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c3-s75","source":"Коля важно примолк; Смуров тоже.","translation":"Kolya fell importantly silent; Smurov did too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"важно примолк","title":"Manner adverb + perfective onset","body":"«важно» («importantly, with self-importance») modifies «примолк» (perfective «примолкнуть», «to fall silent for a while»). The prefix «при-» gives a sense of momentary, slight silence — Kolya posing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примолк","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примолк","gloss":"importantly"},{"surface":"примолк","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примолк (elided)","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided примолк","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-c3-s76","source":"Смуров, разумеется, благоговел пред Колей Красоткиным и не смел и думать равняться с ним.","translation":"Smurov, of course, stood in awe of Kolya Krassotkin and would not have dared so much as to think of putting himself on a level with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благоговел пред Колей","title":"«благоговеть пред» + instrumental","body":"«благоговеть» («to stand in awe, revere») governs «пред» (a bookish variant of «перед») plus the instrumental «Колей». The verb belongs to an elevated register, faintly comic over a schoolboy's hero-worship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смел и думать равняться","title":"«и» as 'even' before the infinitive","body":"«не смел и думать» = «would not even dare to think» — here «и» functions as an emphatic «even». A chain of infinitives («думать равняться») piles the deference up: not even daring to think of measuring himself against Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благоговел","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical verb form","role":"parenthetical, modifies благоговел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"благоговел","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood in awe"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Колей","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благоговел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Колей","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благоговел","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смел","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"равняться","lemma":"равняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думать","gloss":"of comparing himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of равняться","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-c3-s77","source":"Теперь же был ужасно заинтересован, потому что Коля объяснил, что идет «сам по себе», и была тут, стало быть, непременно какая-то загадка в том, что Коля вдруг вздумал теперь и именно сегодня идти.","translation":"Now, though, he was terribly intrigued, because Kolya had explained that he was going \"of his own accord,\" so there had to be, of course, some riddle in why Kolya had suddenly taken it into his head to go now, and this very day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"идет «сам по себе»","title":"«сам по себе» — of one's own accord","body":"The set phrase «сам по себе» (intensifier «сам» + «по» + reflexive «себе») means «on his own, of his own accord, by himself». «идёт» is the unidirectional motion verb «идти» — going, now, on a single trajectory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — fossilized 'therefore'","body":"A frozen parenthetical, «стало быть» («so, therefore, consequently»), literally «it has come to be» — an inferential connector flavoring the narration with conversational reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздумал теперь и именно сегодня идти","title":"«вздумать» + infinitive","body":"«вздумать» («to take it into one's head [suddenly]») governs the infinitive «идти». The perfective stresses the abrupt impulse, reinforced by «вдруг» («suddenly») and the insistent «именно сегодня» («this very day»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заинтересован","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересован","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"заинтересован","lemma":"заинтересованный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"intrigued"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"causal clause modifying заинтересован","gloss":"had explained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснил","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom сам по себе, modifies идет","gloss":"by himself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom сам по себе, modifies сам","gloss":"his own accord","note":"сам по себе is a fixed idiom meaning 'of his own accord, on his own.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to загадка (there was ...)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the parenthetical стало быть","gloss":"it followed"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"that","note":"стало быть is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'so, consequently.'"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загадка","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of загадка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какая-то, modifies загадка","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a riddle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies загадка (в том, что = 'in the fact that')","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"had taken it into his head"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздумал","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-c3-s78","source":"Они шли по базарной площади, на которой на этот раз стояло много приезжих возов и было много пригнанной птицы.","translation":"They were walking across the market square, where this time there stood a great many carts that had come in from out of town, and a great deal of poultry brought to market.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которой… стояло много возов","title":"«на которой» — relative in the prepositional","body":"«на которой» agrees with feminine «площади» but takes the prepositional after «на» (location): «on which there stood…». The quantifier «много» then forces the genitive plural «возов» and a neuter singular verb «стояло»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много приезжих возов","title":"«много» + genitive plural","body":"Quantity words like «много» («many») govern the genitive plural: «много возов» («many carts»), «много птицы» (collective genitive singular). The verb stays impersonal-neuter («стояло», «было»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возов","title":"«воз» — cart/wagonload","body":"A «воз» is a peasant's cart or its load, brought in from the surrounding villages. «приезжих» («having come [from elsewhere]») marks them as out-of-town carts gathered for the market."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of шли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"шли","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were walking"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"базарной","lemma":"базарный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шли","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на этот раз, marking раз","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on площади","gloss":"there stood"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"a great many"},{"surface":"приезжих","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies возов","gloss":"out-of-town"},{"surface":"возов","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of много","gloss":"carts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, there was (coordinated with стояло)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"пригнанной","lemma":"пригнанный","morphology":"participle, past passive, genitive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies птицы","gloss":"driven in"},{"surface":"птицы","lemma":"птица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of много","gloss":"poultry"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-c3-s79","source":"Городские бабы торговали под своими навесами бубликами, нитками и проч.","translation":"The townswomen were selling bread rings, thread, and the like under their awnings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабы","title":"«бабы» — peasant women","body":"«баба» is a plain, earthy word for a peasant or common woman — neither polite nor abusive, just unliterary. «Городские бабы» are the town's market-women selling under their stalls."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бубликами","title":"«бублик» — boiled bread ring","body":"A «бублик» is a dense, ring-shaped roll, boiled then baked (like a bagel), a staple of the Russian market. It stands here in the instrumental «бубликами» after «торговать» («to trade in»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"торговали… бубликами, нитками","title":"«торговать» + instrumental of goods","body":"«торговать» («to trade, deal in») governs the instrumental for the goods sold: «бубликами, нитками» («in bread rings, thread»). «и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» («and the like»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Городские","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бабы","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of торговали","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"торговали","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were selling"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking навесами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of навесами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"навесами","lemma":"навес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of торговали","gloss":"awnings"},{"surface":"бубликами","lemma":"бублик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of торговали","gloss":"bread rings"},{"surface":"нитками","lemma":"нитка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with бубликами","gloss":"thread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бубликами","gloss":"the like"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-c3-s80","source":"Такие воскресные съезды, наивно называются у нас в городке ярмарками, и таких ярмарок бывает много в году.","translation":"Such Sunday gatherings are naively called fairs in our little town, and there are many such fairs in the course of the year.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наивно называются… ярмарками","title":"Instrumental as naming complement","body":"«называться» («to be called») takes the name in the instrumental: «называются ярмарками» («are called fairs»). The «-ся» here gives a passive/middle sense — they get called fairs by the townsfolk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таких ярмарок бывает много","title":"Genitive with «много» and habitual «бывает»","body":"«много» governs genitive plural «ярмарок», and «бывает» (iterative of «быть») states a recurring fact: «there happen to be many such fairs». The fronted «таких ярмарок» is the topic; «много» the comment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of съезды","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"воскресные","lemma":"воскресный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies съезды","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"съезды","lemma":"съезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of называются","gloss":"gatherings"},{"surface":"наивно","lemma":"наивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называются","gloss":"naively"},{"surface":"называются","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are called"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of называются","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of называются","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"ярмарками","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of называются","gloss":"fairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ярмарок","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ярмарок","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"fairs"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with называются","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"the year"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-c3-s81","source":"Перезвон бежал в веселейшем настроении духа, уклоняясь беспрестанно направо и налево где-нибудь что-нибудь понюхать.","translation":"Perezvon ran along in the merriest of spirits, forever veering off to the right and the left to sniff at something or other somewhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уклоняясь беспрестанно","title":"Imperfective gerund «деепричастие»","body":"«уклоняясь» («veering off») is an imperfective present gerund in «-ясь», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «бежал»: the dog ran along, all the while veering aside. The gerund shares the subject (Perezvon) and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в веселейшем настроении","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейш-»","body":"«веселейшем» is the synthetic superlative of «весёлый» («merry»), formed with the suffix «-ейш-»: «in the merriest of moods». This one-word superlative belongs to elevated, literary style rather than ordinary speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Перезвон","title":"«Перезвон» — the dog's name","body":"Kolya's dog is named «Перезвон» — «the pealing/chiming of bells». The grand, sonorous name (and the boy's training of the animal) is part of Kolya's self-dramatizing character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"веселейшем","lemma":"веселый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроении","gloss":"merriest"},{"surface":"настроении","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настроении","gloss":"of spirit"},{"surface":"уклоняясь","lemma":"уклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"veering off"},{"surface":"беспрестанно","lemma":"беспрестанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уклоняясь","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уклоняясь","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понюхать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of понюхать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"понюхать","lemma":"понюхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уклоняясь","gloss":"to sniff at"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-c3-s82","source":"Встречаясь с другими собачонками, с необыкновенною охотой с ними обнюхивался по всем собачьим правилам.","translation":"Meeting other little dogs, he sniffed them over with extraordinary eagerness, by all the canine rules.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встречаясь с другими собачонками","title":"Gerund opening the sentence","body":"«Встречаясь» (imperfective gerund of «встречаться», «to meet [each other]») fronts the clause to set the attendant circumstance: «meeting other dogs…». Its «-ся» is reciprocal, and «с» governs the instrumental «собачонками»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собачонками","title":"«собачонка» — expressive diminutive","body":"From «собака» («dog») via the slightly dismissive-affectionate suffix «-онк-»: «little dogs, mutts». The suffix colors them as small and unremarkable, fond rather than scornful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по всем собачьим правилам","title":"«по» + dative of rule","body":"«по» governs the dative «правилам»: «according to all the canine rules». «по» in this distributive/normative sense regularly takes the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встречаясь","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обнюхивался","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собачонками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies собачонками","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"собачонками","lemma":"собачонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Встречаясь","gloss":"little dogs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охотой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенною","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies охотой","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнюхивался","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of обнюхивался","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обнюхивался","lemma":"обнюхиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sniffed over"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правилам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of правилам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"собачьим","lemma":"собачий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies правилам","gloss":"canine"},{"surface":"правилам","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обнюхивался","gloss":"rules"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-c3-s83","source":"— Я люблю наблюдать реализм, Смуров, — заговорил вдруг Коля. — Заметил ты, как собаки встречаются и обнюхиваются?","translation":"\"I like to observe realism, Smurov,\" Kolya suddenly began. \"Have you noticed how dogs meet and sniff one another over?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметил ты","title":"Inverted yes/no question","body":"Fronting the verb before the pronoun — «Заметил ты…?» («Have you noticed…?») — is a slightly bookish, emphatic way to pose a yes/no question, in place of plain rising intonation on «Ты заметил?»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнюхиваются","title":"Reciprocal «-ся»","body":"«обнюхиваться» («to sniff one another all over») is a reciprocal «-ся» verb — the dogs do it to each other. The prefix «об-» adds the sense of sniffing thoroughly, all around."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"to observe"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдать","gloss":"realism"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed to Смуров","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following question","gloss":"have noticed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Заметил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречаются","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of встречаются","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"встречаются","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Заметил","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнюхиваются","lemma":"обнюхиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречаются","gloss":"sniff one another over"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-c3-s84","source":"Тут какой-то общий у них закон природы.","translation":"There's some common law of nature among them here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то общий у них закон","title":"«-то» indefinite vs «у них» possession","body":"«какой-то» («some [unknown] sort of») uses the indefinite suffix «-то» for a specific-but-unidentified thing. «у них» («among/with them») is the «у» + genitive of possession, here «there is some law among them»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закон (there is ...)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of закон","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то, modifies закон","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"общий","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of общий","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"of nature"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-c3-s85","source":"— Да, какой-то смешной.","translation":"\"Yes, some sort of funny one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то смешной","title":"Elliptical agreement","body":"Smurov's reply «какой-то смешной» («some sort of funny [one]») drops the noun «закон» but keeps masculine agreement on the adjectives, which point back to it. «какой-то» again marks the vague, unspecified quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, agrees with previous statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешной","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то, modifies смешной","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies elided закон","gloss":"funny one"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-c3-s86","source":"— То есть не смешной, это ты неправильно.","translation":"\"It isn't funny — there you're wrong.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ты неправильно","title":"Clipped predicate ellipsis","body":"«это ты неправильно» = «there you're [saying it] wrong» — a verbless rebuke with the verb («говоришь/сказал») understood. «То есть» («that is, I mean») opens the correction."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть, introduces clarification","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть is a fixed phrase meaning 'that is, I mean.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies elided закон","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized reference to the previous statement","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неправильно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"неправильно","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"are wrong"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-c3-s87","source":"В природе ничего нет смешного, как бы там ни казалось человеку с его предрассудками.","translation":"There is nothing funny in nature, however it may seem so to a man with his prejudices.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего нет смешного","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"Negated existence with «нет» forces the genitive: «ничего… смешного» («nothing funny»). Both the negative pronoun «ничего» and its modifier «смешного» stand in the genitive, the obligatory case after «нет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы там ни казалось","title":"Concessive «как ни» + «бы»","body":"«как бы… ни казалось» («however it might seem») is the concessive construction with «ни» plus the irrealis «бы»: 'no matter how it may appear'. The «казаться» («to seem») takes the dative experiencer «человеку»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"смешного","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive как бы ... ни, modifies казалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the concessive как бы ... ни","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive как бы ... ни","gloss":"-","note":"как бы там ни казалось is a concessive idiom: 'however it may seem.'"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нет","gloss":"may seem"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предрассудками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"предрассудками","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"prejudices"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-c3-s88","source":"Если бы собаки могли рассуждать и критиковать, то наверно бы нашли столько же для себя смешного, если не гораздо больше, в социальных отношениях между собою людей, их повелителей, — если не гораздо больше; это я повторяю потому, что я твердо уверен, что глупостей у нас гораздо больше.","translation":"If dogs could reason and criticize, they would surely find just as much to laugh at — if not a great deal more — in the social relations among men, their masters, if not a great deal more; this I repeat because I am firmly convinced that there is far more foolishness among us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы собаки могли… то нашли бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional","body":"The full irrealis frame: «если бы» + past «могли» in the protasis, «нашли бы» (past + «бы») in the apodosis — «if dogs could…, they would find…». Both halves use the past form with «бы», Russia's single way to mark the contrary-to-fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для себя смешного","title":"Reflexive «себя» + partitive genitive","body":"«нашли… для себя смешного» = «would find [much] for themselves that is funny»; «себя» refers back to the dogs (the clause's subject), and «смешного» is a partitive genitive after the quantity «столько же» («just as much»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупостей у нас гораздо больше","title":"Comparative + genitive of the compared mass","body":"«больше глупостей» («more foolishness») pairs the comparative «больше» with the genitive plural «глупостей»; «гораздо» («far, much») intensifies it. «у нас» = «among us [humans]»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of могли","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause, governs рассуждать/критиковать","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links рассуждать and критиковать","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"критиковать","lemma":"критиковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассуждать","gloss":"criticize"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces нашли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with нашли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"pronoun, quantifier","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes столько","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"object of для","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"смешного","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of столько же, notional object of нашли","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause, correlate of больше (w20)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates гораздо больше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of the elliptical если-clause","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"социальных","lemma":"социальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"object of между, resumes людей","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural, possessive","role":"modifies повелителей","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"повелителей","lemma":"повелитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with людей","gloss":"masters"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause, correlate of больше (w32)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates гораздо больше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"repeats the concessive clause, emphatic restatement","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повторяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что-clause, forms потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes потому что, introduces the clause of уверен","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больше (w46), complement of уверен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глупостей","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of больше, partitive genitive","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of уверен","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-c3-s89","source":"Это мысль Ракитина, мысль замечательная.","translation":"That's a thought of Rakitin's, a remarkable thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысль Ракитина","title":"Genitive of possession","body":"«мысль Ракитина» («Rakitin's thought») uses the bare genitive of the name to show possession. Russian needs no «of»: the genitive ending alone does the work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"is a thought"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"Rakitin's"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive, restates мысль (w2)","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"замечательная","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль (w4)","gloss":"remarkable"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-c3-s90","source":"Я социалист, Смуров.","translation":"I am a socialist, Smurov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я социалист","title":"Zero-copula identification","body":"«Я социалист» («I [am] a socialist») — present-tense identity needs no verb, and the predicate noun «социалист» stays in the nominative beside the subject «я»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of социалист","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"am a socialist"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-c3-s91","source":"— А что такое социалист? — спросил Смуров.","translation":"\"And what is a socialist?\" asked Smurov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что такое социалист","title":"«что такое» — what is…?","body":"«что такое X?» is the fixed frame for asking a definition: «what is a socialist?». «такое» (neuter «такой») reinforces «что» without adding lexical meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement, head of the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое","gloss":"a socialist"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-c3-s92","source":"— Это коли все равны, у всех одно общее имение, нет браков, а религия и все законы как кому угодно, ну и там всё остальное.","translation":"\"It's when everyone is equal, everyone holds property in common, there are no marriages, and religion and all the laws are as each one pleases — well, and all the rest of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это коли все равны","title":"Colloquial «коли» = «when/if»","body":"Kolya defines by «Это коли…» («it's when…»), using the folksy conditional-temporal «коли». «все равны» uses the short adjective «равны» («[are] equal») as predicate — the short form is the predicative one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как кому угодно","title":"Dative experiencer with «угодно»","body":"«как кому угодно» («as it pleases anyone, as each one pleases») is an impersonal construction: «угодно» («pleasing») takes the dative «кому». No nominative subject — the person stands in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"имение","title":"«имение» — estate/property","body":"«имение» means landed property or an estate; «одно общее имение» («one common estate/property») renders the socialist ideal of held-in-common ownership in the vocabulary of a landowning society."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause (= если)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of равны","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"равны","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"общее","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имение","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"имение","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical у всех есть clause","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negative existential","role":"coordinated with равны","gloss":"there are no"},{"surface":"браков","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of нет","gloss":"marriages"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"религия","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of угодно-clause","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links religion and laws","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies законы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"законы","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with религия","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the manner clause кому угодно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative experiencer of угодно","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate, modifies религия и законы","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to там всё остальное","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остальное, idiomatic","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies остальное","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with religion/laws clause","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-c3-s93","source":"Ты еще не дорос до этого, тебе рано.","translation":"You haven't grown up to this yet; it's too soon for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дорос до этого","title":"«дорасти до» + genitive","body":"«дорасти до» («to grow up to, reach the level of») governs «до» + genitive «этого». The perfective «дорос» (past) negated says he hasn't yet reached it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе рано","title":"Dative-subject impersonal","body":"«тебе рано» («it's too early for you») has no nominative subject: the experiencer «тебе» stands in the dative and the predicate is the invariable «рано» («[too] early»). A core Russian impersonal pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дорос","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорос","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорос","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дорос","lemma":"дорасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of рано","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate, parallel clause to дорос","gloss":"too soon"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-c3-s94","source":"Холодно, однако.","translation":"Cold, though.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Холодно, однако","title":"Impersonal «холодно» + «однако»","body":"«Холодно» is an impersonal predicate of state — «[it's] cold» — with no subject at all. «однако» («however, though») trails as an afterthought adverb, a favorite hedge of Kolya's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal sentence","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Холодно","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-c3-s95","source":"— Да. Двенадцать градусов.","translation":"\"Yes. Twelve degrees.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies градусов","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"градусов","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the numeral phrase","gloss":"degrees"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-c3-s96","source":"Давеча отец смотрел на термометре.","translation":"Just now father looked at the thermometer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, now-archaic adverb for «a little while ago, just now / earlier today». It belongs to homely, everyday speech and dates the dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел на термометре","title":"Imperfective for a single past act","body":"«смотрел» (imperfective past) reports Father's looking at the thermometer as a simple past event in casual narration. Here «на термометре» («at the thermometer») takes the prepositional of location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking термометре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"термометре","lemma":"термометр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the thermometer"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-c3-s97","source":"— И заметил ты, Смуров, что в средние зимы, если градусов пятнадцать или даже восемнадцать, то кажется не так холодно, как например теперь, в начале зимы, когда вдруг нечаянно ударит мороз, как теперь, в двенадцать градусов, да еще когда снегу мало.","translation":"\"And have you noticed, Smurov, that in midwinter, if it's fifteen degrees or even eighteen, it doesn't seem as cold as, for instance, now, at the start of winter, when a frost suddenly strikes unexpectedly, as it has now, twelve degrees, and on top of that when there's little snow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг нечаянно ударит мороз","title":"Perfective future for the sudden event","body":"«ударит мороз» («a frost strikes») uses the perfective future «ударит» of a sudden, momentary onset, reinforced by «вдруг» («suddenly») and «нечаянно» («unexpectedly»). The verb «ударить» («to strike») is vividly applied to the cold."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда снегу мало","title":"Partitive genitive «снегу»","body":"«снегу» is the old partitive genitive in «-у» (beside «снега»): «[there is] little snow». «мало» («little, few») governs the genitive, and «-у» is the period flavor surviving in a handful of mass nouns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если градусов пятнадцать","title":"Approximation by inversion","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «градусов пятнадцать» instead of «пятнадцать градусов» — signals approximation: «around fifteen degrees». The genitive plural «градусов» is governed by the numeral."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have noticed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зимы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"средние","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies зимы","gloss":"mid"},{"surface":"зимы","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of в, idiom в средние зимы","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"градусов","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пятнадцать/восемнадцать","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate of the elliptical conditional clause","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восемнадцать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"восемнадцать","lemma":"восемнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with пятнадцать","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces кажется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate complement of кажется","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies теперь","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"anchors the comparison to the present moment","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of теперь-clause","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"зимы","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of winter"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударит","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"ударит","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударит","gloss":"a frost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"refers to the present moment","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking градусов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies градусов","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"градусов","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of в","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"on top of that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мало","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive subject of мало","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, coordinated with ударит","gloss":"little"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-c3-s98","source":"Это значит, люди еще не привыкли.","translation":"It means people aren't used to it yet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это значит, люди еще не привыкли","title":"«это значит» + reflexive «привыкнуть»","body":"«это значит» («that means») introduces the inference. «привыкли» (perfective «привыкнуть», «to grow accustomed») negated says people «aren't used to it yet»; «привыкнуть к» normally governs «к» + dative, here understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of привыкли","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привыкли","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привыкли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"привыкли","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"have gotten used to it"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-c3-s99","source":"У людей всё привычка, во всем, даже в государственных и в политических отношениях.","translation":"With people it's all habit, in everything, even in state and political relations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У людей всё привычка","title":"Zero-copula generalization","body":"«У людей всё привычка» («with people it's all habit») has no verb; «у людей» (у + genitive) frames the possessor-domain, and «привычка» («habit») stands as the verbless predicate of «всё» («everything»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в государственных и в политических отношениях","title":"Adjective agreement in the prepositional","body":"«в… отношениях» («in… relations») puts the plural noun and both adjectives in the prepositional after «в» (location/domain). «государственных… политических» agree fully with «отношениях» in case and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of привычка","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"привычка","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"is habit"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of во","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies государственных отношениях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"государственных","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links state and political","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"политических","lemma":"политический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with всем","gloss":"relations"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-c3-s100","source":"Привычка — главный двигатель.","translation":"Habit is the chief driving force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Привычка — главный двигатель","title":"Dash for the missing copula","body":"«Привычка — главный двигатель» («Habit [is] the chief mover») — the dash stands in for the absent present-tense «to be», a common convention when both subject and predicate are nouns in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Привычка","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двигатель","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"двигатель","lemma":"двигатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"driving force"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-c3-s101","source":"Какой смешной, однако, мужик.","translation":"What a funny peasant, though.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой смешной, однако, мужик","title":"Exclamatory «какой»","body":"«Какой… мужик!» («What a… peasant!») uses «какой» exclamatively, agreeing with masculine «мужик». «смешной» («funny») and the interjected «однако» («though») frame the wry observation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик, exclamatory","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смешной","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"peasant"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-c3-s102","source":"Коля указал на рослого мужика в тулупе, с добродушною физиономией, который у своего воза похлопывал от холода ладонями в рукавицах.","translation":"Kolya pointed to a strapping peasant in a sheepskin coat, with a good-natured face, who was slapping his mittened hands together against the cold beside his cart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"указал на рослого мужика","title":"«указать на» + animate accusative","body":"«указать на» («to point at») governs the accusative; with animate masculine «мужика», the accusative borrows the genitive ending («мужика», not «мужик»). The adjective «рослого» («strapping, tall») follows the animate accusative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который… похлопывал","title":"Relative «который» + iterative imperfective","body":"«который… похлопывал» («who was slapping») opens a relative clause agreeing with «мужик» (masc. nom.). The imperfective «похлопывал», with its «-ыва-» suffix, conveys repeated, ongoing slapping against the cold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рослого","lemma":"рослый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"strapping"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тулупе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тулупе","lemma":"тулуп","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"sheepskin coat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродушною физиономией","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"добродушною","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономией","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"физиономией","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of с, modifies мужика","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похлопывал, relative clause on мужика","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воза","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воза","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"похлопывал","lemma":"похлопывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the который-clause","gloss":"was clapping"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холода","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"холода","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrument of похлопывал","gloss":"his palms"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукавицах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рукавицах","lemma":"рукавица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ладонями","gloss":"mittens"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-c3-s103","source":"Длинная русая борода его вся заиндевела от мороза.","translation":"His long, light-brown beard was all rimed white with frost.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заиндевела","title":"«заиндеветь» — to be rimed with frost","body":"«заиндевела» (perfective «заиндеветь», from «иней», hoarfrost) means «became covered in hoarfrost». The «за-» prefix marks the onset of the state — the beard whitened over with rime."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русая борода","title":"«русый» — light/dusty brown","body":"«русый» names the dull light-brown, dark-blond hair color so typical of the Russian peasant — there is no neat English equivalent. It modifies «борода» («beard») in feminine agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Длинная","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies борода","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"русая","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies борода","gloss":"light-brown"},{"surface":"борода","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заиндевела","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies борода","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjunct on борода","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"заиндевела","lemma":"заиндеветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was rimed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мороза","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мороза","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"frost"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-c3-s104","source":"— У мужика борода замерзла! — громко и задирчиво крикнул Коля, проходя мимо него.","translation":"\"The peasant's beard has frozen!\" Kolya shouted loudly and provokingly as he passed by him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У мужика борода замерзла","title":"«у» + genitive for the possessor","body":"«У мужика борода замерзла» = «the peasant's beard has frozen», literally «at the peasant the beard froze»: «у» + genitive «мужика» names the possessor, with «борода» as the nominative subject of «замёрзла»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходя мимо него","title":"Gerund «проходя» + «мимо» + genitive","body":"«проходя» (imperfective gerund of «проходить») = «as he passed», simultaneous with the shout. «мимо» («past, by») governs the genitive «него» (the «н-» prefixed pronoun after a preposition)."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужика, possessive construction","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у","gloss":"peasant's"},{"surface":"борода","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замерзла","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"замерзла","lemma":"замёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"has frozen"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задирчиво","lemma":"задирчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"provokingly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of мимо","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-c3-s105","source":"— У многих замерзла, — спокойно и сентенциозно промолвил в ответ мужик.","translation":"\"Plenty of folks' have frozen,\" the peasant retorted calmly and sententiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У многих замерзла","title":"Substantivized «многих» + ellipsis","body":"«У многих замерзла» = «[the beards] of many have frozen»: «многих» (genitive of «многие», «many [people]») stands as a noun after «у», and the subject «борода» is left understood from the previous line. The peasant's laconic comeback."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сентенциозно","title":"«сентенциозно» — sententiously","body":"The narrator's «спокойно и сентенциозно» («calmly and sententiously») wryly dignifies the peasant's flat retort, as if Matvei were delivering a worldly maxim. «промолвил» («uttered») is itself a faintly literary verb of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих, possessive construction","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"замерзла","lemma":"замёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"has frozen"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with спокойно","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"промолвил","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолвил","gloss":"the peasant"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-c3-s106","source":"— Не задирай его, — заметил Смуров.","translation":"\"Don't bait him,\" Smurov observed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не задирай его","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«Не задирай» («Don't bait/provoke [him]») is the imperfective imperative — Russian uses the imperfective for prohibitions and general 'don't do this'. «задирать» is colloquial: «to needle, pick a fight with»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задирай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"задирай","lemma":"задирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of задирай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-c3-s107","source":"— Ничего, не осердится, он хороший.","translation":"\"It's all right, he won't take offense, he's a good fellow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не осердится","title":"Archaic «осердиться»","body":"«осердится» (perfective future, «-ся») = «he won't take offense / get angry». «осердиться» is an older, folksy variant of «рассердиться», fitting the rustic exchange. The «-ся» here marks an inward change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"idiomatic predicative, genitive form of ничто","role":"head of the phrase, exclamatory","gloss":"it's nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердится","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"осердится","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ничего","gloss":"get offended"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хороший","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with Ничего","gloss":"is a good sort"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-c3-s108","source":"Прощай, Матвей.","translation":"Farewell, Matvei.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощай, Матвей","title":"Imperative as leave-taking","body":"«Прощай» is literally the imperative «forgive [me]» (from «прощать»), the standard Russian word for «farewell/goodbye» — the singular/familiar form, addressing the peasant with the intimate «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Матвей","lemma":"Матвей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Matvei"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-c3-s109","source":"— Прощай.","translation":"\"Farewell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-c3-s110","source":"— А ты разве Матвей?","translation":"\"Are you really Matvei, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты разве Матвей?","title":"Particle «разве» of surprise","body":"«разве» frames an incredulous question — «You're really Matvei?» / «Are you actually…?» — expressing mild astonishment that the random guess was right. The sentence is verbless (zero copula)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the question","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"Матвей","lemma":"Матвей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Matvei"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-c3-s111","source":"— Матвей. А ты не знал?","translation":"\"Matvei. And you didn't know?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты не знал?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» + negated past","body":"«А ты не знал?» («And you didn't know?») opens with the mild contrastive «а» turning the exchange back on Kolya. «знал» (imperfective past) negated states the simple fact of not knowing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Матвей","lemma":"Матвей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical sentence (я — Матвей)","gloss":"Matvei"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-c3-s112","source":"— Не знал; я наугад сказал.","translation":"\"I didn't know; I said it at random.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наугад","title":"«наугад» — at random","body":"«наугад» is a fixed adverb «at random, by guesswork» (from «угадать», «to guess»). Kolya confesses he «said it at random» — the name was a lucky shot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наугад","lemma":"наугад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"at random"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-c3-s113","source":"— Ишь ведь. В школьниках небось?","translation":"\"Fancy that. A schoolboy, I suppose?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь ведь","title":"«Ишь» — peasant interjection","body":"«Ишь» is a colloquial exclamation of surprise or mild mockery — «look at that! / fancy that!» — strongly marking peasant speech. Coupled with «ведь», it gives Matvei's wondering, knowing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В школьниках небось?","title":"«в школьниках» + «небось»","body":"«В школьниках?» («[You're] among the schoolboys?») uses «в» + prepositional plural to mean «in the class/category of»: a peasant idiom for 'you're a schoolboy'. «небось» («I suppose, I dare say») is a folksy hedging particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"well now"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ишь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школьниках","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"школьниках","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of В, idiom в школьниках","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the elliptical predicate","gloss":"I suppose"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-c3-s114","source":"— В школьниках.","translation":"\"A schoolboy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В школьниках","title":"Echo answer in the prepositional","body":"Kolya answers by echoing the peasant's idiom «в школьниках» («[yes, I'm] among the schoolboys»), the prepositional plural marking membership in a group — the same '«в» + prepositional = belonging to a class' pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школьниках","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"школьниках","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"schoolboy"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-c3-s115","source":"— Что ж тебя, порют?","translation":"\"Well, do they flog you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж тебя, порют?","title":"Impersonal «они»-passive «порют»","body":"«порют» («they flog») is a 3rd-person-plural with no stated subject — the common Russian way to render an impersonal/passive 'are you flogged?'. «тебя» is the accusative object; «ж» (=«же») adds the insistent particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the question, modifies тебя","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of порют","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"порют","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flog"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-c3-s116","source":"— Не то чтобы, а так.","translation":"\"Not exactly, but more or less.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не то чтобы, а так","title":"«не то чтобы… а так» — not exactly","body":"A colloquial hedging frame: «не то чтобы» («not that, not exactly») followed by «а так» («but sort of, just so»). Kolya dodges a straight answer — «not really, but kind of»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom не то чтобы","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with не то чтобы","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate, complement of а","gloss":"more or less"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-c3-s117","source":"— Больно?","translation":"\"Does it hurt?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"does it hurt"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-c3-s118","source":"— Не без того!","translation":"\"Not without that!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не без того!","title":"«Не без того!» — well, yes","body":"Literally «not without that!», an idiomatic understatement = «I'll say! / it does, a bit». The double negative wryly concedes the point — yes, it hurts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b10-c3-s119","source":"— Эх, жисть! — вздохнул мужик от всего сердца.","translation":"\"Eh, what a life!\" the peasant sighed from the very bottom of his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эх, жисть!","title":"«жисть» — dialect for «жизнь»","body":"«жисть» is the peasant-dialect pronunciation and spelling of «жизнь» («life») — Dostoevsky transcribes Matvei's accent. With the sighing interjection «Эх» it gives a whole worldview of weary resignation: «Eh, what a life!»"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от всего сердца","title":"«от» + genitive of source","body":"«от всего сердца» («from the very bottom of [his] heart», lit. «from all [his] heart») uses «от» + genitive «всего сердца» to express the source of the feeling — a fixed expressive phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel to жисть, exclamatory","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"жисть","lemma":"жисть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"life","note":"Dialectal/colloquial form of жизнь (\"life\"), marking the peasant's speech."},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b10-c3-s120","source":"— Прощай, Матвей.","translation":"\"Farewell, Matvei.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощай, Матвей","title":"Closing imperative — the frame","body":"The repeated «Прощай, Матвей» (imperative «forgive», = «farewell») closes the exchange as it opened, bracketing the little scene. The familiar singular form keeps the warm, equal footing Kolya strikes with the peasant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Матвей","lemma":"матвей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address of Прощай","gloss":"Matvei"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b10-c3-s121","source":"— Прощай. Парнишка ты милый, вот что.","translation":"\"Goodbye. You're a fine little fellow, that's what you are.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Парнишка","title":"«парнишка» — a friendly little fellow","body":"«парнишка» is an affectionate diminutive of «парень» (lad, young fellow), formed with the expressive suffix -ишк-. Here it is warm rather than belittling — Kolya is fondly sizing up the boy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Парнишка ты милый, вот что","title":"Topic-fronting and the tag «вот что»","body":"The predicate «парнишка… милый» is pulled to the front and «ты» tucked inside, so the new, emphatic information lands first; «вот что» (\"that's what\") then caps the utterance as a colloquial verdict. This expressive, comment-first order is pure spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"Парнишка","lemma":"парнишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Парнишка","gloss":"fine, dear"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the whole clause","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b10-c3-s122","source":"Мальчики пошли дальше.","translation":"The boys walked on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошли дальше","title":"Prefixed motion verb «пошли»","body":"«пошли» is the perfective «пойти» (to set off, get going) — the prefix по- turns «идти» into a single completed start of movement. With «дальше» (\"further on\") it reads as the boys resuming and continuing their walk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b10-c3-s123","source":"— Это хороший мужик, — заговорил Коля Смурову. — Я люблю поговорить с народом и всегда рад отдать ему справедливость.","translation":"\"That's a good peasant,\" Kolya began to Smurov. \"I like talking with the common folk, and I'm always glad to do them justice.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужик","title":"«мужик» — peasant man","body":"«мужик» is the everyday word for a peasant or common working man, often with a touch of condescension when said by an educated speaker. Kolya's whole speech here turns on his self-conscious posture toward \"the people.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговорил Коля Смурову","title":"Dative of the person addressed","body":"«Смурову» is dative — the one to whom Kolya \"began speaking.\" The perfective «заговорил» (за- marking the onset of speech) captures the start of the conversation as a single event against the narrative flow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отдать ему справедливость","title":"«отдать справедливость» — to do someone justice","body":"A set idiom: «отдать справедливость» means \"to give someone their due, acknowledge their merit.\" «народ» (here \"the common folk\") is the high-minded abstraction Kolya likes to flatter himself with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мужик","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заговорил","gloss":"to Smurov"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"the common folk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b10-c3-s124","source":"— Зачем ты ему соврал, что у нас секут? — спросил Смуров.","translation":"\"Why did you lie to him that they flog us?\" asked Smurov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соврал","title":"«соврать» — to tell a lie","body":"«соврал» is the perfective of «врать» (to lie, fib), more colloquial and pointed than «солгать». Smurov bluntly accuses Kolya of having fibbed to the peasant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас секут","title":"Impersonal «секут» — they flog","body":"«секут» is third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal \"they flog,\" i.e. one is flogged. «у нас» (\"at our place,\" at school) sets the locale; «сечь» is to flog with a switch or birch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соврал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of соврал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of секут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of секут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"секут","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of соврал","gloss":"they flog"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b10-c3-s125","source":"— Надо же было его утешить?","translation":"\"I had to comfort him somehow, didn't I?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо же было его утешить?","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + the particle «же»","body":"«надо было… утешить» is a subjectless necessity construction (\"it was necessary to comfort him\"); there is no nominative subject, only the bare predicate plus infinitive. The particle «же» adds insistent self-justification — \"I simply had to, didn't I?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Надо","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утешить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to comfort"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b10-c3-s126","source":"— Чем это?","translation":"\"How do you mean?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем это?","title":"Instrumental of means «чем»","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что» — \"by what means?\", here \"comfort him with what?\". The verb is dropped and recovered from context, a terse colloquial reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Чем","gloss":"you mean"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b10-c3-s127","source":"— Видишь, Смуров, не люблю я, когда переспрашивают, если не понимают с первого слова.","translation":"\"You see, Smurov, I don't like having to repeat myself when people don't grasp a thing the first time around.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не люблю я, когда переспрашивают","title":"Indefinite-personal «переспрашивают» and fronted «не люблю»","body":"«переспрашивают» is again subjectless 3rd-plural — \"when people ask again.\" The negated «не люблю я» is fronted for emphasis, putting Kolya's distaste first; «пере-» on the verb conveys re-asking, asking over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не понимают с первого слова","title":"Conditional «если» clause with «не»","body":"«если не понимают» is a real (non-hypothetical) conditional — present-tense, no «бы». «с первого слова» (\"from the first word\") is the idiom for grasping something at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переспрашивают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"переспрашивают","lemma":"переспрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on люблю","gloss":"people ask again"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимают","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимают","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимают","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on переспрашивают","gloss":"they grasp"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимают","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b10-c3-s128","source":"Иного и растолковать нельзя.","translation":"Some things simply can't be explained to certain people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иного и растолковать нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive object «иного»","body":"«нельзя… растолковать» is an impersonal impossibility construction with no subject. «иного» here is the substantivized \"some [people / things],\" and «и» is the emphatic particle \"even\" — \"some things simply can't be explained at all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of растолковать","gloss":"some things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes растолковать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"растолковать","lemma":"растолковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you can't"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b10-c3-s129","source":"По идее мужика, школьника порют и должны пороть: что, дескать, за школьник, если его не порют?","translation":"In the peasant's mind, schoolboys are flogged and ought to be flogged: what sort of schoolboy is it, he reasons, if he isn't flogged?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По идее мужика","title":"«по» + dative «по идее»","body":"The preposition «по» governs the dative; «по идее мужика» means \"according to the peasant's notion.\" «идея» here is closer to \"way of thinking\" than the philosophical \"idea.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"порют и должны пороть","title":"Indefinite-personal «порют» and the aspect pair","body":"«порют» (\"they flog\") is subjectless 3rd-plural; «пороть» is its imperfective infinitive after «должны» (\"ought to flog\"), naming the habitual practice rather than one event. The repetition drives home the peasant's fixed conviction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«дескать» is a colloquial particle flagging that the words are someone else's supposed reasoning — \"as if to say, so he reckons.\" Kolya uses it to ventriloquize the peasant's logic mockingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идее","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"идее","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порют","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идее","gloss":"the peasant's"},{"surface":"школьника","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of порют","gloss":"a schoolboy"},{"surface":"порют","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they flog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with порют","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"be flogged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms the idiom 'что за', modifies школьник","gloss":"what","note":"'что за' is an idiom meaning 'what sort of'."},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"he reasons"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'что за', marking школьник","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of что за","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порют","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of порют","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порют","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"порют","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on что за школьник","gloss":"flogged"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b10-c3-s130","source":"И вдруг я скажу ему, что у нас не порют, ведь он этим огорчится.","translation":"And if I were suddenly to tell him that we aren't flogged, why, it would only upset him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вдруг я скажу ему","title":"Perfective future «скажу» in a hypothetical","body":"«скажу» is the perfective simple future of «сказать» — conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed \"I will say.\" Coupled with «вдруг» (\"suddenly\") it frames a hypothetical: \"and suppose I were suddenly to tell him.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь он этим огорчится","title":"Particle «ведь» + instrumental cause «этим»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — \"why, after all.\" «огорчится» is reflexive (-ся, \"will become upset\"), and «этим» is the instrumental of cause/means: he'd be upset *by this*."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were to tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of порют","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порют","gloss":"aren't"},{"surface":"порют","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"flogged"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical discourse particle (after all/you know), modifies огорчится","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огорчится","gloss":"it/he"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорчится","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"огорчится","lemma":"огорчиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ведь","gloss":"would upset him"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b10-c3-s131","source":"А впрочем, ты этого не понимаешь.","translation":"But there — you wouldn't understand that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты этого не понимаешь","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"Under negation the object «это» shifts to the genitive «этого» — a classic genitive of negation with an abstract object. «А впрочем» (\"but then again\") is a dismissive conversational pivot, very Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to понимаешь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b10-c3-s132","source":"С народом надо умеючи говорить.","translation":"One has to know how to talk with the common people.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С народом надо умеючи говорить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + the archaic gerund «умеючи»","body":"«надо… говорить» is again subjectless necessity (\"one must talk\"). «умеючи» is a folksy, archaic gerund of «уметь» (to know how) meaning \"knowingly, with skill\" — Kolya affects a peasant-flavored proverbial tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народ","title":"«народ» — the (common) people","body":"«народ» is the collective \"the people, the folk,\" charged in 19th-century Russia with all the idealism of the educated classes' relation to the peasantry. Kolya parrots this fashionable populist piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"the common people"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"умеючи","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"knowing how"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to talk"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b10-c3-s133","source":"— Только не задирай, пожалуйста, а то опять выйдет история, как тогда с этим гусем","translation":"\"Only please don't go provoking anyone, or there'll be another scene like that time with the goose.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не задирай, пожалуйста","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не задирай»","body":"A negative command takes the imperfective imperative: «не задирай» (\"don't go provoking\"), where the imperfective conveys a general prohibition against the activity. «задирать» is colloquial \"to pick fights with, taunt.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тогда с этим гусем","title":"Instrumental after «с» «с гусем»","body":"«с этим гусем» is «с» + instrumental (\"with that goose\"), recalling an earlier escapade. The construction «выйдет история» — \"a scene will come of it\" — uses the perfective future of «выйти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задирай","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задирай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"задирай","lemma":"задирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go provoking anyone"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задирай","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"forms the idiom 'а то' (or else)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom 'а то', introduces consequence clause","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а то","gloss":"there'll be"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"a scene"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies история","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гусем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гусем","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"goose"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b10-c3-s134","source":"— А ты боишься?","translation":"\"So you're afraid?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты боишься?","title":"Reflexive-only verb «бояться»","body":"«боишься» belongs to the class of verbs that exist only in the -ся form (бояться — to be afraid). The opening «А» is the contrastive conjunction that pivots the topic — \"So you're afraid, are you?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"боишься","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are afraid"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b10-c3-s135","source":"— Не смейся, Коля, ей-богу, боюсь.","translation":"\"Don't laugh, Kolya, by God, I am afraid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ей-богу","title":"«ей-богу» — by God, honestly","body":"«ей-богу» is a fixed oath, \"by God, truly,\" with «ей» a worn-down old form of address to God. It marks Smurov's sincerity, contrasting the timid boy with the swaggering Kolya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смейся","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не смейся»","body":"Again the negative command uses the imperfective imperative, here of the -ся verb «смеяться» (to laugh): «не смейся» — \"don't (be) laughing.\" The -сь/-ся clitic stays attached to the command form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'ей-богу', modifies боюсь","gloss":"by","note":"'ей-богу' is a fixed idiom meaning 'honestly, I swear.'"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'ей-богу', modifies боюсь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I am afraid"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b10-c3-s136","source":"Отец ужасно рассердится.","translation":"Father will be dreadfully angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отец ужасно рассердится","title":"Perfective future «рассердится»","body":"«рассердится» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «рассердиться» (to get angry) — a single anticipated event, \"Father will get furious.\" «ужасно» (\"terribly\") here is an intensifying adverb, not literal horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассердится","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердится","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"рассердится","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be angry"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b10-c3-s137","source":"Мне строго запрещено ходить с тобой.","translation":"I'm strictly forbidden to go about with you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне строго запрещено ходить","title":"Short passive participle «запрещено» + dative subject","body":"«запрещено» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «запрещённый» — \"it is forbidden.\" The person affected stands in the dative «мне», a classic impersonal: \"to me it is forbidden to go about.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходить с тобой","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habitual going","body":"«ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb, used for repeated or general going about — Smurov is forbidden *to keep company* with Kolya, not to make one trip. «с тобой» is «с» + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of запрещено","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрещено","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"запрещено","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on запрещено","gloss":"to go about"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b10-c3-s138","source":"— Не беспокойся, нынешний раз ничего не произойдет.","translation":"\"Don't fret, nothing will happen this time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойся","title":"Negated reflexive imperative «не беспокойся»","body":"«не беспокойся» — \"don't worry\" — is the imperfective imperative of the -ся verb «беспокоиться». «нынешний раз» is an older, bookish-colloquial way of saying \"this time\" (cf. modern «на этот раз»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не произойдет","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего… не произойдёт» pairs the ни-pronoun «ничего» with the verbal «не» — Russian's obligatory negative concord, \"nothing will happen.\" «произойдёт» is perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fret"},{"surface":"нынешний","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойдет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произойдет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойся","gloss":"happen"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b10-c3-s139","source":"Здравствуй, Наташа, — крикнул он одной из торговок под навесом.","translation":"Hello there, Natasha,\" he called out to one of the market women under the awning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он одной из торговок","title":"Dative addressee + partitive genitive «из торговок»","body":"«одной из торговок» — \"to one of the market women\" — sets «одной» in the dative (the person shouted to) and «торговок» in the genitive plural after «из». «торговка» is a female market trader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуй","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the greeting","gloss":"hello there"},{"surface":"Наташа","lemma":"наташа","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address of Здравствуй","gloss":"Natasha"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торговок","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"торговок","lemma":"торговка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"the market women"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking навесом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"навесом","lemma":"навес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies торговок","gloss":"the awning"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b10-c3-s140","source":"— Какая я тебе Наташа, я Марья, — крикливо ответила торговка, далеко еще не старая женщина.","translation":"\"What kind of Natasha am I to you — I'm Marya,\" the trader shot back shrilly, a woman still far from old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая я тебе Наташа","title":"Ethical dative «тебе» of indignation","body":"«тебе» here is an ethical dative — not \"to you\" literally but \"what business is it that you call me…\": \"What kind of Natasha am I to you?\" The retort bristles at being addressed by the wrong name."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крикливо","title":"«крикливо» — shrilly","body":"«крикливо» (\"shrilly, raucously\"), an adverb from «крикливый», colors Marya's reply — loud and bristling, the characteristic voice of the market-woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"далеко еще не старая","title":"Negation «не» softened by «далеко ещё»","body":"«далеко ещё не старая» — \"far from old yet\" — uses «не» before the adjective with «далеко» intensifying the negation. The phrase is an appositive describing the trader, set off after her reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate determiner, modifies Наташа","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Наташа","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Наташа","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Наташа","lemma":"наташа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun modified by Какая","gloss":"Natasha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Марья","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Наташа","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"крикливо","lemma":"крикливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответила","gloss":"shrilly"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shot back"},{"surface":"торговка","lemma":"торговка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"the trader"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старая","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старая","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to торговка","gloss":"a woman"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b10-c3-s141","source":"— Это хорошо, что Марья, прощай.","translation":"\"It's a good thing you're Marya, then. Goodbye.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это хорошо, что Марья","title":"Subordinating «что» reporting a fact","body":"«что Марья» is a «что»-clause stating a plain fact after «это хорошо» (\"it's good that [you're] Marya\"). The copula is zero in the present, so «Марья» stands bare in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Марья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the elliptical clause (you're Marya)","gloss":"you're Marya"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b10-c3-s142","source":"— Ах ты постреленок, от земли не видать, а туда же!","translation":"\"Why, you little scamp, no higher than a daisy and already at it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постреленок","title":"«постреленок» — little rascal","body":"«постреленок» (also «постреленок») is an affectionate-scolding word for a quick, mischievous child — \"young scamp, imp.\" The diminutive -енок suffix (as in animal young) underlines his smallness and cheek."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от земли не видать, а туда же","title":"«от земли не видать, а туда же» — idiom of cheeky youth","body":"A stock folk jibe: «от земли не видать» (\"can't be seen above the ground,\" i.e. tiny) plus «а туда же» (\"and yet right in there too\") mocks a child who acts grown-up beyond his size — \"knee-high and already at it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of постреленок","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"постреленок","lemma":"пострелёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little scamp"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видать","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"can't even"},{"surface":"видать","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with видать","gloss":"already at it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies туда","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b10-c3-s143","source":"— Некогда, некогда мне с тобой, в будущее воскресенье расскажешь, — замахал руками Коля, точно она к нему приставала, а не он к ней.","translation":"\"No time, no time for you, you can tell me next Sunday,\" Kolya waved her off with both hands, as though she were the one pestering him and not the other way round.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Некогда мне с тобой","title":"Impersonal «некогда» + dative «мне»","body":"«некогда мне» is an impersonal \"there's no time for me,\" the experiencer in the dative «мне» and no nominative subject — a hallmark Russian construction. The verb is elided: \"no time for me [to deal] with you.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замахал руками","title":"Inceptive «за-» + instrumental «руками»","body":"«замахал» — the prefix за- marks the onset of an action, \"started waving.\" «руками» is the instrumental of means: he waved *with his hands*, the body part as instrument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно она к нему приставала, а не он к ней","title":"«точно» = as if; contrastive «а» with chiasmus","body":"«точно» here means \"as though.\" The clause balances «она к нему» against «он к ней» across the contrastive «а», a neat chiasmus: she pestering him versus he her. «приставать к» (+ dative) is \"to pester, badger.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats and intensifies Некогда","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of некогда","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of некогда","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"будущее","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воскресенье","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"воскресенье","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расскажешь","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"расскажешь","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you can tell me"},{"surface":"замахал","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замахал","gloss":"with both hands"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замахал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison clause of приставала","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приставала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"приставала","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the точно clause","gloss":"were pestering"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with она, subject of elided приставал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided приставал","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b10-c3-s144","source":"— А что мне тебе рассказывать в воскресенье?","translation":"\"And what have I got to tell you on Sunday?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что мне тебе рассказывать","title":"Stacked datives «мне… тебе» with infinitive","body":"Two datives sit side by side: «мне» the (dismissive) experiencer-dative and «тебе» the recipient — \"what have I to tell you?\". «рассказывать» is imperfective, framing the telling as an open activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of the infinitive construction","gloss":"have I got"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресенье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"воскресенье","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"Sunday"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b10-c3-s145","source":"Сам привязался, а не я к тебе, озорник, — раскричалась Марья, — выпороть тебя, вот что, обидчик ты известный, вот что!","translation":"You started it yourself, I didn't pester you, you rascal,\" Marya broke into a clamor. \"You want a good thrashing, that's what — you're a known little troublemaker, that's what!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам привязался, а не я к тебе","title":"Intensifier «сам» + reflexive «привязался»","body":"«сам» (\"yourself\") intensifies the accusation; «привязался» is the -ся verb «привязаться» (\"to fasten oneself onto, latch onto someone\"). The contrastive «а не я» throws the blame back: \"*you* latched on, not I.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озорник","title":"«озорник» — mischief-maker","body":"«озорник» is a rascal, prankster, troublemaker; «обидчик» (\"offender, one who wrongs others\") follows in the same vein. Both are scolding-affectionate market-woman vocabulary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпороть тебя, вот что","title":"Bare infinitive «выпороть» as a wish/threat","body":"A subjectless infinitive «выпороть тебя» (\"to give you a flogging\") stands as an exclamatory threat — \"you ought to be thrashed!\" — capped by the colloquial tag «вот что». «выпороть» is the perfective \"flog through, give a whipping.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привязался","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Сам, subject of elided привязался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"озорник","lemma":"озорник","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you rascal"},{"surface":"раскричалась","lemma":"раскричаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"broke into a clamor"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раскричалась","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"выпороть","lemma":"выпороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause (надо выпороть)","gloss":"a good thrashing"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выпороть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modified by известный","gloss":"a troublemaker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"известный","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b10-c3-s146","source":"Между другими торговками, торговавшими на своих лотках рядом с Марьей, раздался смех, как вдруг из-под аркады городских лавок выскочил ни с того ни с сего один раздраженный человек вроде купеческого приказчика и не наш торговец, а из приезжих, в длиннополом синем кафтане, в фуражке с козырьком, еще молодой, в темно-русых кудрях и с длинным, бледным, рябоватым лицом.","translation":"Among the other market women trading at their stalls beside Marya a laugh broke out, when suddenly, out from under the arcade of the town shops, with no rhyme or reason, sprang an irritated man — something like a merchant's clerk, though no trader of ours but one of the visiting sort — in a long-skirted blue caftan and a peaked cap, still young, with dark-chestnut curls and a long, pale, pockmarked face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"торговавшими на своих лотках","title":"Past active participle «торговавшими»","body":"«торговавшими» is the past active participle of «торговать» (to trade), in the instrumental plural to agree with «торговками» — \"market women who were trading.\" It packs a whole relative clause into one declined word, the bookish hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни с того ни с сего","title":"«ни с того ни с сего» — out of the blue","body":"A fixed idiom, \"for no reason at all, out of nowhere.\" It is built on doubled «ни» + genitive of the demonstratives «тот/сей», and «сего» preserves the archaic «сей» (\"this\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочил… один раздраженный человек","title":"Verb-first inversion for a sudden entrance","body":"The verb «выскочил» (\"sprang out,\" perfective, prefix вы- = outward) precedes its subject «человек», throwing the abrupt action first — the new, dramatic information. Russian's free word order lets the sentence stage the surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торговками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies торговками","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"торговками","lemma":"торговка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of Между","gloss":"market women"},{"surface":"торговавшими","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying торговками","gloss":"trading"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лотках","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of лотках","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"лотках","lemma":"лоток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of торговавшими","gloss":"stalls"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of рядом с, modifies торговавшими","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марьей (part of рядом с)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Марьей","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом с","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"a laugh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выскочил (как вдруг = 'when suddenly')","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аркады (part of из-под)","gloss":"out from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аркады (part of из-под)","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"аркады","lemma":"аркада","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"the arcade"},{"surface":"городских","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лавок","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"лавок","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of аркады","gloss":"shops"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как вдруг clause","gloss":"sprang out"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни с того ни с сего, modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of ни с (idiom)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни с того ни с сего, modifies сего","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of ни с (idiom)","gloss":"this","note":"archaic idiom 'ни с того ни с сего' = 'for no reason at all'"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"раздраженный","lemma":"раздраженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказчика","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"купеческого","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказчика","gloss":"merchant's"},{"surface":"приказчика","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (via вроде)","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наш","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of торговец","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"торговец","lemma":"торговец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"trader"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезжих","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"приезжих","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of из, describes человек","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кафтане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"длиннополом","lemma":"длиннополый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кафтане","gloss":"long-skirted"},{"surface":"синем","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кафтане","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"кафтане","lemma":"кафтан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"caftan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"фуражке","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кафтане","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking козырьком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"козырьком","lemma":"козырёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фуражке","gloss":"a peak"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кафтане (describes человек)","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кудрях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмно-русый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of compound темно-русых, modifies кудрях","gloss":"dark-"},{"surface":"русых","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кудрях","gloss":"chestnut"},{"surface":"кудрях","lemma":"кудри","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with кафтане (describes человек)","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"бледным","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"рябоватым","lemma":"рябоватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"pockmarked"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кафтане (object of с, describes человек)","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b10-c3-s147","source":"Он был в каком-то глупом волнении и тотчас принялся грозить Коле кулаком.","translation":"He was in some foolish state of agitation and at once began shaking his fist at Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся грозить Коле кулаком","title":"«приняться» + infinitive; dative «Коле», instrumental «кулаком»","body":"«принялся… грозить» (\"set to threatening\") is an inceptive -ся construction taking an imperfective infinitive. «грозить» governs the dative of the person threatened («Коле») and the instrumental of the means («кулаком», with his fist)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to волнении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении (part of каком-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"indefinite particle (part of каком-то)","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"глупом","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"грозить","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"to shake his fist","note":"грозить кулаком = idiom 'to shake a fist at'"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of грозить","gloss":"at Kolya"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of грозить","gloss":"with his fist"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b10-c3-s148","source":"— Я тебя знаю, — восклицал он раздраженно, — я тебя знаю!","translation":"\"I know you,\" he exclaimed in irritation, \"I know you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя знаю","title":"Accusative of the personal pronoun «тебя»","body":"«тебя» is the accusative of «ты», the direct object of «знаю» — \"I know you.\" The drumming repetition of this flat clause becomes the clerk's idiotic refrain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицал он раздраженно","title":"Imperfective «восклицал» for ongoing outcry","body":"«восклицал» is imperfective past — the exclaiming is durative, repeated, in keeping with the man's mounting agitation, rather than one finished cry. «раздражённо» (\"irritably\") is the adverb of his state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раздраженно","lemma":"раздражённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"in irritation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b10-c3-s149","source":"Коля пристально поглядел на него.","translation":"Kolya looked at him intently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально поглядел на него","title":"Perfective «поглядел» — a single glance","body":"«поглядел» is perfective (по- here delimiting a brief, bounded act) — Kolya \"took a look\" at him, one completed glance. «пристально» (\"intently, fixedly\") sharpens it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b10-c3-s150","source":"Он что-то не мог припомнить, когда он с этим человеком мог иметь какую-нибудь схватку.","translation":"He couldn't quite recall ever having had a run-in with this man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он что-то не мог припомнить","title":"Indefinite particle «-то» in «что-то»","body":"Here «что-то» works adverbially — \"somehow, for some reason\" he couldn't recall. The clitic -то marks a vague, unspecified cause, softening the statement. «припомнить» is perfective \"to call to mind.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с этим человеком… какую-нибудь схватку","title":"«-нибудь» for any scuffle at all","body":"«какую-нибудь схватку» uses -нибудь for a non-specific \"any sort of\" clash — he couldn't recall having had *any* run-in with this man. «с этим человеком» is «с» + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"adverbial particle (что-то, softens мог), part of что-то","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indefinite particle, part of что-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying припомнить","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог (second)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеком","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог/иметь","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of схватку, part of какую-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"indefinite particle, part of какую-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"схватку","lemma":"схватка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"a run-in"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b10-c3-s151","source":"Но мало ли у него было схваток на улицах, всех и припомнить было нельзя.","translation":"But then he'd had no end of scuffles in the streets — there was no remembering them all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но мало ли у него было схваток","title":"Idiom «мало ли» with the particle «ли»","body":"«мало ли» (literally \"is it few?\") is a fixed turn meaning \"no end of, plenty\" — the «ли» is the question-particle frozen into an idiom. «схваток» is genitive plural after «мало» (quantity)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех и припомнить было нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive «всех»","body":"Another impersonal impossibility: «припомнить… было нельзя» — \"there was no recalling them all.\" «всех» stands in the genitive/accusative-of-animacy as object, fronted for emphasis with the particle «и» (\"even all of them\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"few","note":"idiom 'мало ли...было' is rhetorical: 'he'd had no end of'"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"(rhetorical particle)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"схваток","lemma":"схватка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"scuffles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улицах","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies схваток","gloss":"the streets"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of припомнить","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause (with aux было)","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b10-c3-s152","source":"— Знаешь? — иронически спросил он его.","translation":"\"You know me?\" he asked him ironically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иронически спросил он его","title":"Perfective «спросил» — a single question","body":"«спросил» is the perfective of «спрашивать», one completed question. The double object «он его» — nominative subject, accusative «его» (\"asked him\") — is normal; «иронически» colors Kolya's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You know me"},{"surface":"иронически","lemma":"иронически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"ironically"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаешь","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b10-c3-s153","source":"— Я тебя знаю! Я тебя знаю! — наладил как дурак мещанин.","translation":"\"I know you! I know you!\" the townsman kept harping like an idiot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наладил как дурак мещанин","title":"«наладить» — to keep harping (colloquial)","body":"«наладил» here is the colloquial \"kept harping on the same thing, droned on repeating\" — not the standard \"to fix.\" «как дурак» (\"like a fool\") and «мещанин» (townsman of the petty-bourgeois estate) paint his dull persistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наладил","lemma":"наладить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"kept harping"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"marking дурак (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наладил","gloss":"the townsman"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b10-c3-s154","source":"— Тебе же лучше. Ну, некогда мне, прощай!","translation":"\"All the better for you. Well, I've no time — goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе же лучше","title":"Dative «тебе» + comparative «лучше» + particle «же»","body":"An impersonal comparative: «тебе лучше» (\"the better for you,\" dative experiencer), with «же» pressing the point home. «лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of лучше","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тебе","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мне (predicate)","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of некогда","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b10-c3-s155","source":"— Чего озорничаешь? — закричал мещанин. — Ты опять озорничать?","translation":"\"What are you making mischief for?\" cried the townsman. \"Up to your tricks again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего озорничаешь?","title":"Genitive-case «чего» for \"why / what for\"","body":"Colloquially «чего» (genitive of «что») stands in for \"why, what for\" — \"what are you making mischief for?\". «озорничаешь» is the present imperfective of «озорничать» (to act up, play pranks)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты опять озорничать?","title":"Bare infinitive «озорничать» as an indignant question","body":"The lone infinitive with no finite verb — \"You [are going] to make mischief again?\" — is an expressive colloquial pattern voicing outrage or threat. The infinitive leaves the modality (intend/dare) implied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial 'why' (idiom) modifying озорничаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"озорничаешь","lemma":"озорничать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you being mischievous"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to озорничаешь","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"the townsman"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озорничать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озорничать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"озорничать","lemma":"озорничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"up to mischief"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b10-c3-s156","source":"Я тебя знаю! Ты опять озорничать?","translation":"I know you! Up to your tricks again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты опять озорничать?","title":"Repetition for harangue","body":"The clerk recycles his own infinitive-question «Ты опять озорничать?» word for word, the repetition mimicking his stuck, witless agitation. Spoken Russian readily drops the modal verb, leaving the bare infinitive to carry the threat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озорничать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озорничать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"озорничать","lemma":"озорничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"up to mischief"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b10-c3-s157","source":"— Это, брат, не твое теперь дело, что я озорничаю, — произнес Коля, остановясь и продолжая его разглядывать.","translation":"\"My friend, whether or not I'm making mischief is no business of yours now,\" said Kolya, stopping short and continuing to size him up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не твое теперь дело, что я озорничаю","title":"«что»-clause as the real subject","body":"«что я озорничаю» (\"that I'm making mischief\") is a subordinate clause functioning as subject of «не твоё дело» — \"that I act up is no business of yours.\" The negated predicate «не твоё дело» needs no copula in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановясь и продолжая его разглядывать","title":"Two gerunds: «остановясь» and «продолжая»","body":"«остановясь» is a perfective past gerund (-ся verb «остановиться») — \"having stopped\" — and «продолжая» an imperfective present gerund — \"continuing to.\" Both hang off Kolya as subject, a tidy chain of attendant action typical of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as a familiar address","body":"«брат» (\"brother\") is used here not literally but as a condescending-familiar form of address — \"my friend, old man\" — Kolya talking down to the clerk. Russian freely deploys kinship terms as social address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (parenthetical)","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining дело (complementizer)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озорничаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"озорничаю","lemma":"озорничать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дело","gloss":"am mischievous"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying произнес","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановясь","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разглядывать","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to size up"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b10-c3-s158","source":"— Как не мое?","translation":"\"How is it no business of mine?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не мое?","title":"Elliptical retort with «не мое»","body":"A clipped echo-question: «Как не моё?» — \"How [is it] not mine?\" The copula and noun «дело» are dropped, recovered from the prior line; «моё» is the neuter possessive agreeing with the unspoken «дело»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies мое","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b10-c3-s159","source":"— Так, не твое.","translation":"\"Just so — it's none of yours.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так, не твое","title":"«так» as a flat dismissive \"just so\"","body":"«Так» here is a curt \"just so, that's how it is\" — Kolya stonewalling. Russian «так» ranges from \"thus\" to this conversational shrug; the bare «не твоё» again drops «дело»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Just so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b10-c3-s160","source":"— А чье же? Чье же? Ну, чье же?","translation":"\"Then whose is it? Whose? Well, whose?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А чье же? Чье же?","title":"Interrogative «чьё» + insistent «же»","body":"«чьё» is the neuter of the interrogative possessive «чей» (\"whose\"), agreeing with the dropped «дело». The repeated «же» («чьё же?») presses the demand — \"whose then? whose, then?\" — the particle of insistent questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"чье","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чье","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Чье","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чье","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чье","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чье","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b10-c3-s161","source":"— Это, брат, теперь Трифона Никитича дело, а не твое.","translation":"\"It's Trifon Nikitich's business now, my friend, not yours.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь Трифона Никитича дело","title":"Genitive of possession «Трифона Никитича»","body":"«Трифона Никитича дело» places the name in the genitive of possession before the noun — \"Trifon Nikitich's business.\" Putting the possessor genitive *before* «дело» is a folksy-emphatic order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (parenthetical)","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of дело (possessor)","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Никитича","lemma":"Никитич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Nikitich's"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дело","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b10-c3-s162","source":"— Какого такого Трифона Никитича? — с дурацким удивлением, хотя всё так же горячась, уставился на Колю парень.","translation":"\"What sort of Trifon Nikitich is that?\" the fellow stared at Kolya in stupid bewilderment, though still as hot as ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какого такого Трифона Никитича?","title":"«какой такой» + animate accusative/genitive","body":"«какого такого» is an indignant colloquial doubling — \"what sort of [this] Trifon Nikitich?\". The animate masculine name takes the genitive-shaped accusative «Трифона Никитича», so subject and object stay distinct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя всё так же горячась","title":"Imperfective gerund «горячась»","body":"«горячась» is the present gerund of the -ся verb «горячиться» (to grow heated, worked up) — \"[while] still flaring up.\" «всё так же» (\"still just as\") marks the unbroken agitation accompanying his stare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Трифона","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Трифона","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Какого","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Никитича","lemma":"Никитич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Nikitich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"дурацким","lemma":"дурацкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горячась","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячась","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"горячась","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying уставился","gloss":"getting heated"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"the fellow"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b10-c3-s163","source":"Коля важно обмерил его взглядом.","translation":"Kolya gravely looked him up and down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"важно обмерил его взглядом","title":"«обмерить взглядом» — to look up and down","body":"«обмерить взглядом» literally \"to measure with a glance\" — the idiom for sizing someone up head to toe. «важно» (\"with grave self-importance\") catches Kolya's pompous performance; «взглядом» is the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обмерил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обмерил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"обмерил","lemma":"обмерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked up and down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмерил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обмерил","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b10-c3-s164","source":"— К Вознесенью ходил? — строго и настойчиво вдруг спросил он его.","translation":"\"Have you been to the Ascension?\" he suddenly demanded of him, stern and insistent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К Вознесенью ходил?","title":"«к» + dative; multidirectional «ходил»","body":"«к Вознесенью» is «к» + dative (motion toward), and «ходил» the multidirectional past — \"have you been (there and back) to the Ascension?\", a completed round trip rather than a one-way going. Subject «ты» is dropped, recoverable from the ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вознесенью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Вознесенью","lemma":"Вознесенье","morphology":"proper noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"the Ascension"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you go"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ходил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b10-c3-s165","source":"— К какому Вознесенью? Зачем? Нет, не ходил, — опешил немного парень.","translation":"\"To what Ascension? What for? No, I haven't,\" the fellow faltered a little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К какому Вознесенью?","title":"Interrogative «какой» agreeing in the dative","body":"«к какому Вознесенью» — «какому» (\"which / what\") is the dative neuter of «какой», agreeing with «Вознесенью» after «к». The bewildered echo throws Kolya's own preposition and case back at him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опешил","title":"«опешить» — to be taken aback","body":"«опешил» (perfective «опешить») means to be suddenly nonplussed, stopped in one's tracks — the clerk's bluster falters. It is a vivid, slightly colloquial verb with no plain English equivalent."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вознесенью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Вознесенью","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Вознесенью","lemma":"Вознесенье","morphology":"proper noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ascension"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to ходил","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I go"},{"surface":"опешил","lemma":"опешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опешил","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опешил","gloss":"the fellow"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b10-c3-s166","source":"— Сабанеева знаешь? — еще настойчивее и еще строже продолжал Коля.","translation":"\"Do you know Sabaneyev?\" Kolya pressed on, more insistent and sterner still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сабанеева знаешь?","title":"Animate accusative «Сабанеева» fronted","body":"The animate surname takes the genitive-shaped accusative «Сабанеева» (\"do you know Sabaneyev?\"), and it is fronted before the verb for focus — the name is the point of the question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще настойчивее и еще строже","title":"Comparatives «настойчивее», «строже»","body":"Two predicative comparatives intensified by «ещё» (\"still more\"): «настойчивее» (more insistently) and «строже» (more sternly, with the к→ж consonant shift). They escalate Kolya's mock-interrogation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настойчивее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"настойчивее","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"more insistently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строже","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"строже","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"more sternly"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b10-c3-s167","source":"— Какого те Сабанеева? Нет, не знаю.","translation":"\"What Sabaneyev of yours is that? No, I don't know him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"те","title":"Colloquial «те» for «тебе»","body":"«Какого те Сабанеева?» uses «те», a clipped colloquial form of «тебе» (\"to you\"), here an ethical dative meaning roughly \"what Sabaneyev is this to you?\" Dostoevsky writes the market crowd and the clerk in this clipped peasant register («те» for «тебе», «твово» for «твоего», «надоть» for «надо») to mark their uneducated speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сабанеева","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"твой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular (colloquial contraction)","role":"colloquial possessive modifier of Сабанеева","gloss":"your","note":"'те' is dialectal shorthand for 'тебе/твой' here"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Какого","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know him"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b10-c3-s168","source":"— Ну и черт с тобой после этого! — отрезал вдруг Коля и, круто повернув направо, быстро зашагал своею дорогой, как будто и говорить презирая с таким олухом, который Сабанеева даже не знает.","translation":"\"Well, the devil take you then!\" Kolya snapped abruptly, and turning sharply to the right, he strode off on his way at a brisk pace, as if scorning even to speak with such a blockhead as didn't so much as know Sabaneyev.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт с тобой","title":"«чёрт с тобой» — the devil take you","body":"«чёрт с тобой» (literally \"the devil [be] with you\") is a stock dismissive curse, \"to hell with you, have it your way.\" «отрезал» (\"cut off,\" perfective) marks the curt finality of the retort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"круто повернув направо","title":"Perfective gerund «повернув»","body":"«повернув» is a perfective past gerund — \"having turned sharply right\" — a completed action preceding the main «зашагал». «за-» on «зашагал» again marks the inception of striding off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто… говорить презирая с таким олухом","title":"Gerund «презирая» + instrumental «олухом»","body":"«презирая» is a present gerund (\"scorning\"), governing the infinitive «говорить»; «с таким олухом» is «с» + instrumental. «который Сабанеева даже не знает» is a «который»-clause with genitive-of-negation object («Сабанеева»). «олух» is a coarse \"blockhead, dolt.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ну и, intensifies черт","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of с (idiom черт с тобой)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to черт","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернув","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернув","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying зашагал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернув","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашагал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"strode off"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашагал","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирая (part of как будто)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of презирая","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"презирая","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying зашагал","gloss":"scorning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking олухом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of олухом","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"олухом","lemma":"олух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить (via с)","gloss":"blockhead"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on олухом","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b10-c3-s169","source":"— Стой ты, эй! Какого те Сабанеева? — опомнился парень, весь опять заволновавшись. — Это он чего такого говорил? — повернулся он вдруг к торговкам, глупо смотря на них.","translation":"\"Hold on, you, hey! What Sabaneyev of yours is it?\" the fellow recovered himself, working himself up all over again. \"What was he going on about there?\" he turned suddenly to the market women, staring at them stupidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опомнился… весь опять заволновавшись","title":"Reflexive «опомнился» + perfective gerund «заволновавшись»","body":"«опомнился» (-ся, \"came to his senses\") and «заволновавшись» (perfective gerund of «заволноваться», \"having gotten worked up\") both take -ся; «весь опять» (\"all over again\") heightens the renewed agitation. The «за-» marks the fresh onset of his fluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он чего такого говорил?","title":"Colloquial «чего такого» as object","body":"«чего такого» is the genitive-form object \"what (sort of thing)\" in a rough colloquial register — \"what was he going on about?\". Fronting «это он» and the loose word order mimic flustered speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупо смотря на них","title":"Present gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» (\"looking\"), describing his manner as he turns — \"staring stupidly at them.\" It shares the subject of «повернулся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Hold on"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Стой","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Сабанеева","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of interest with Какого","gloss":"of yours","note":"Dialectal contraction of тебе (\"to/for you\")."},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the question, complement of Какого","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"опомнился","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recovered himself"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опомнился","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заволновавшись, agrees with парень","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заволновавшись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"заволновавшись","lemma":"заволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on опомнился","gloss":"working himself up"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizes говорил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торговкам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"торговкам","lemma":"торговка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the market women"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"stupidly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b10-c3-s170","source":"Бабы рассмеялись.","translation":"The women laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бабы","title":"«бабы» — the (peasant) women","body":"«бабы» is the plain, earthy plural for peasant or common women — neither rude nor polite, simply of the people. Dostoevsky shifts between «торговки» (traders) and «бабы» (folk-women) for the same market crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of рассмеялись","gloss":"The women"},{"surface":"рассмеялись","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b10-c3-s171","source":"— Мудреный мальчишка, — проговорила одна.","translation":"\"A crafty little lad,\" said one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мудреный мальчишка","title":"«мудрёный» — crafty, hard to figure out","body":"«мудрёный» means \"tricky, intricate, hard to make out\" — here \"a sharp, knowing little lad.\" «мальчишка» is the slightly rough diminutive of «мальчик» (-ишк-), affectionate-disparaging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мудреный","lemma":"мудрёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"crafty"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"lad"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b10-c3-s172","source":"— Какого, какого это он Сабанеева? — всё неистово повторял парень, махая правою рукой.","translation":"\"What Sabaneyev, what Sabaneyev does he mean?\" the fellow kept repeating frantically, flapping his right arm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какого, какого это он Сабанеева?","title":"Reduplicated «какого» + animate object","body":"The doubled «какого, какого» conveys frantic repetition; «Сабанеева» is again the animate accusative (genitive-shaped). «неистово» (\"frantically, wildly\") and «махая правою рукой» (gerund + instrumental «рукой») paint his arm-flapping panic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правою рукой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«правою рукой» shows the older, bookish instrumental feminine ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»: «правой»), common in 19th-century prose for rhythm and elevation. It is the instrumental of means — flapping *with* his right hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Сабанеева","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Какого, determiner of Сабанеева","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with он","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (means/is talking about)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Какого","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies повторял","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"махая","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторял","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махая","gloss":"his arm"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b10-c3-s173","source":"— А это, надоть быть, Сабанеева, который у Кузьмичевых служил, вот как, надоть быть, — догадалась вдруг одна баба.","translation":"\"That'll be the Sabaneyev who worked for the Kuzmichevs, that's it, sure to be,\" one woman guessed all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надоть быть","title":"Dialect «надоть» for «надо»","body":"«надоть» is a peasant-dialect variant of «надо» (\"must, ought\"); «надоть быть» means \"it must be, that'll be the one.\" Dostoevsky writes the market women in this folk register to give their gossip its voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сабанеева, который у Кузьмичевых служил","title":"Relative «который» + «служить» idiom","body":"«который… служил» is a «который»-clause modifying «Сабанеева» (the relative takes nominative as subject of its own clause). «у Кузьмичевых служил» — \"served (worked) for the Kuzmichevs\"; «служить» + «у» + genitive is the period idiom for being in someone's employ."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the predicate Сабанеева","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the predicate","gloss":"must be","note":"Dialectal form of надо."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase надоть быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьмичевых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Кузьмичевых","lemma":"Кузьмичевы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"the Kuzmichevs"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Сабанеева","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, repeats надоть","gloss":"sure to be"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase надоть быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"догадалась","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадалась","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies баба","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of догадалась","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b10-c3-s174","source":"Парень дико на нее уставился.","translation":"The fellow stared at her wildly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дико на нее уставился","title":"Perfective «уставился» — fixed a wild stare","body":"«уставился» (perfective -ся, «уставиться» — to fasten one's eyes on) is a single completed act, \"fixed a stare at her.\" «дико» (\"wildly\") catches his unhinged bewilderment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"The fellow"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b10-c3-s175","source":"— Кузь-ми-чева? — переговорила другая баба, — да какой он Трифон?","translation":"\"The Kuz-mi-chevs?\" another woman objected. \"But how is he Trifon?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да какой он Трифон?","title":"Interrogative «какой» as predicate","body":"«какой он Трифон?» — \"how is he a Trifon?\", i.e. \"in what way is he Trifon at all?\" — uses «какой» predicatively with zero copula. The opening «да» is a folksy objecting particle, \"but, why.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кузь","lemma":"Кузьмичев","morphology":"proper noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"Kuz-","note":"The name Кузьмичева is broken into hyphenated syllables (Кузь-ми-чева) for stammering emphasis."},{"surface":"ми","lemma":"Кузьмичев","morphology":"proper noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Кузь","gloss":"-mi-"},{"surface":"чева","lemma":"Кузьмичев","morphology":"proper noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Кузь","gloss":"-chev's"},{"surface":"переговорила","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переговорила","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Трифон","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Трифон","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"Trifon"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b10-c3-s176","source":"Тот Кузьма, а не Трифон, а парнишка Трифоном Никитычем называл, стало, не он.","translation":"That one's Kuzma, not Trifon, but the lad called him Trifon Nikitich, so it can't be him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трифоном Никитычем называл","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «называть»","body":"«называл… Трифоном Никитычем» puts the name in the instrumental — «называть кого-то кем-то» (\"to call someone something\") governs the instrumental for what one is called. «Никитычем» is the colloquially contracted patronymic «Никитич»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало","title":"«стало» — colloquial \"so, therefore\"","body":"«стало» (short for «стало быть») is a folk discourse marker meaning \"so then, therefore, it follows.\" It threads the women's homespun deduction: \"so it can't be him.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Кузьма","gloss":"That one"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Тот","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Трифон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Кузьма","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"парнишка","lemma":"парнишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называл","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Никитычем","lemma":"Никитыч","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Nikitich"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Кузьма","gloss":"called him"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b10-c3-s177","source":"— Это, вишь, не Трифон и не Сабанеев, это Чижов, — подхватила вдруг третья баба, доселе молчавшая и серьезно слушавшая, — Алексей Иванычем звать его.","translation":"\"Look here, it's neither Trifon nor Sabaneyev, it's Chizhov,\" a third woman put in suddenly, one who had been silent until then and listening seriously. \"Alexey Ivanych is his name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вишь","title":"«вишь» — \"look, you see\"","body":"«вишь» is a colloquial particle worn down from «видишь» (\"you see\"), drawing attention — \"look here, mark you.\" It belongs squarely to the folk speech of the market women."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доселе молчавшая и серьезно слушавшая","title":"Paired past active participles «молчавшая… слушавшая»","body":"Two past active participles in -вш-, feminine to agree with «баба»: «молчавшая» (who had been silent) and «слушавшая» (who had been listening). «доселе» is the archaic-bookish \"hitherto, until now,\" a literary touch in the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексей Иванычем звать его","title":"Instrumental «Алексей Иванычем» + impersonal «звать»","body":"«звать его Алексей Иванычем» — the impersonal «звать» (\"to call, name\") takes the named person in the accusative «его» and the name in the instrumental of the predicate. «Иванычем» is the contracted patronymic «Иванович»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Трифон","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вишь","lemma":"вишь","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"look","note":"Dialectal for видишь (\"you see\")."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Трифон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сабанеев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Сабанеев","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Трифон","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Чижов","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"третья","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчавшая","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"молчавшая","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying баба","gloss":"who had been silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушавшая","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"слушавшая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчавшая","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of звать","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Иванычем","lemma":"Иваныч","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Ivanych"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is called","note":"Impersonal construction: \"his name is called Alexey Ivanych.\""},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b10-c3-s178","source":"Чижов, Алексей Иванович.","translation":"Chizhov, Alexey Ivanovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Чижов","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Ivanovich"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b10-c3-s179","source":"— Это так и есть, что Чижов, — настойчиво подтвердила четвертая баба.","translation":"\"That's right, it's Chizhov,\" a fourth woman confirmed emphatically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это так и есть, что Чижов","title":"Emphatic «так и есть» + «что»-clause","body":"«так и есть» (\"that's just how it is, exactly right\") is an affirming idiom where «и» reinforces «так»; the «что Чижов» clause supplies what is so. «настойчиво подтвердила» marks the fourth woman's emphatic confirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause что Чижов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердила","gloss":"emphatically"},{"surface":"подтвердила","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"четвертая","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"a fourth"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердила","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b10-c3-s180","source":"Ошеломленный парень глядел то на ту, то на другую.","translation":"The dumbfounded fellow looked from one to the other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ошеломленный","title":"«ошеломлённый» — dumbfounded","body":"«ошеломлённый» (past passive participle of «ошеломить», to stun, dumbfound) is the perfect close to the comic scene — the clerk stunned senseless. Its root «шелом» (helmet) literally suggests a blow to the head."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то на ту, то на другую","title":"Correlative «то… то» with demonstrative «ту»","body":"«то на ту, то на другую» is the correlative \"now at this one, now at that one,\" alternating actions, with «ту» the accusative of the demonstrative «та». It captures his head swiveling helplessly from woman to woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ошеломленный","lemma":"ошеломлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies парень","gloss":"Dumbfounded"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, coordinated with the second то","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, coordinated with the first то","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другую","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел, coordinated with ту","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b10-c3-s181","source":"— Да зачем он спрашивал, спрашивал-то он зачем, люди добрые? — восклицал он уже почти в отчаянии, — «Сабанеева знаешь?» А черт его знает, какой он есть таков Сабанеев!","translation":"\"But what did he ask for, what did he go and ask for, good people?\" he exclaimed, by now almost in despair. \"'Do you know Sabaneyev?' The devil only knows what sort of fellow this Sabaneyev is!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивал, спрашивал-то он зачем","title":"Imperfective repetition and the emphatic «-то»","body":"The imperfective past «спрашивал» (kept asking) is hammered out twice (спрашивал… спрашивал-то) to convey baffled exasperation, not a single completed query. The clitic «-то» pins «спрашивал» as the known topic — 'this asking of his, what was it for?' — a flavour English can only get with stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"люди добрые","title":"«люди добрые» — 'good people'","body":"A folksy vocative-style appeal to bystanders, with the adjective trailing after its noun in the old set-phrase order. It is the cry of someone seeking witnesses to his grievance, a marketplace gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А черт его знает, какой он есть таков Сабанеев","title":"«черт его знает» and the redundant «есть таков»","body":"«Чёрт его знает» — 'the devil knows', i.e. 'I've no idea'. The peasant's «какой он есть таков» piles up «есть» (an archaic, normally-omitted present of 'to be') with «таков» ('such') for an overloaded, uneducated 'what sort of fellow he even is'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he ask"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"echoed repetition of спрашивал","gloss":"go and ask"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to спрашивал","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the second спрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second спрашивал","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase, modified by добрые","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate modifier of Сабанеев","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"Сабанеев","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков, in apposition to он","gloss":"this Sabaneyev"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b10-c3-s182","source":"— Бестолковый ты человек, говорят те — не Сабанеев, а Чижов, Алексей Иванович Чижов, вот кто! — внушительно крикнула ему одна торговка.","translation":"\"You're a thick-headed man, you're told it's not Sabaneyev but Chizhov, Alexey Ivanovich Chizhov, that's who!\" one of the traders called out to him impressively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бестолковый ты человек","title":"Pronoun wedged inside the noun phrase","body":"Colloquial Russian splits «ты» into the middle of «бестолковый… человек» ('you muddle-headed man'), a vocative-like insult frame. The displaced pronoun signals spoken, emotive word order rather than the neutral «ты бестолковый человек»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорят те","title":"Dialectal «те» for «тебе»","body":"«те» is a reduced colloquial/dialectal form of the dative «тебе» ('to you'): 'you're being told'. The impersonal 3rd-plural «говорят» ('they say / one tells you') has no named subject — a common Russian way to report common talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не Сабанеев, а Чижов","title":"Corrective «а» after a negation","body":"The pattern «не X, а Y» ('not X, but rather Y') uses the contrastive conjunction «а» to substitute the right name for the wrong one. This «а» marks replacement, distinct from oppositional «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бестолковый","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"Thick-headed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сабанеев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Сабанеев","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the clause reported by говорят","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Сабанеев","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Чижов","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей Иванович, repeats Чижов","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Сабанеев","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнула","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies торговка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"торговка","lemma":"торговка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"trader"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b10-c3-s183","source":"— Какой Чижов? Ну, какой? Говори, коли знаешь.","translation":"\"What Chizhov? Well, which one? Out with it, if you know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли знаешь","title":"«коли» — folk 'if'","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, archaic-flavoured equivalent of «если» ('if'), pervasive in peasant speech throughout this scene. It opens a real (not hypothetical) conditional clause: 'if you do know'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори","title":"Imperfective imperative «Говори»","body":"The imperfective imperative «говори» ('out with it, speak') is built from the present stem with stressed «-и». Choosing the imperfective over perfective «скажи» urges the act itself — get talking — rather than a single finished utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Чижов","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"Чижов","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical, standing for какой Чижов","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal for если (\"if\")."},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying Говори","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b10-c3-s184","source":"— А длинный, возгривый, летось на базаре сидел.","translation":"\"The tall, snotty one who sat in the marketplace last summer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возгривый","title":"«возгривый» — snot-nosed","body":"A coarse, regional adjective meaning 'snotty, with a running nose' (from «возгря», snot). It is exactly the kind of earthy, dialectal lexis Dostoevsky uses to render the marketplace women's voices vividly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"летось","title":"«летось» — last summer","body":"A folk adverb meaning 'last summer / last year', built on «лето» (summer). It is dialectal and old-fashioned, untranslatable into one neat English word, and again colours the speaker as a common townswoman."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"возгривый","lemma":"возгривый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинный","gloss":"snotty"},{"surface":"летось","lemma":"летось","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"last summer","note":"Dialectal adverb meaning \"last summer.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базаре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"базаре","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the marketplace"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b10-c3-s185","source":"— А на кой ляд мне твово Чижова, люди добрые, а?","translation":"\"And what the deuce do I want with this Chizhov of yours, good people, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на кой ляд","title":"«на кой ляд» — 'what the deuce for'","body":"A vulgar, expressive idiom: 'what the devil for / what on earth do I want with'. «Ляд» is a euphemistic folk word for the devil, so the phrase is a milder dodge around outright cursing — the register of an irritated peasant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твово Чижова","title":"Dialectal genitive «твово»","body":"«твово» is a colloquial/dialectal spelling of «твоего», the genitive of «твой» ('your'). The animate accusative «Чижова» takes the genitive form, and the whole phrase is a dismissive 'this Chizhov of yours'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ляд","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ляд","gloss":"which","note":"Idiom на кой ляд = \"what the deuce/devil.\""},{"surface":"ляд","lemma":"ляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"deuce"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of the elided predicate (need)","gloss":"do I want"},{"surface":"твово","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Чижова","gloss":"your","note":"Dialectal for твоего."},{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the elided predicate, modified by твово","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase, modified by добрые","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b10-c3-s186","source":"— А я почем знаю, на кой те ляд Чижова.","translation":"\"How should I know what the deuce you want with Chizhov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почем знаю","title":"«почём знаю» — how should I know","body":"«Почём я знаю» literally 'for how much do I know', an idiom meaning 'how should I know, it's not for me to say'. «Почём» (lit. 'at what price') has frozen into a colloquial 'how'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на кой те ляд Чижова","title":"Verbless idiom with genitive object","body":"The sentence has no verb at all — «на кой те ляд Чижова» ('what the deuce you want with Chizhov') — with «те» the reduced dative «тебе» and the animate genitive/accusative «Чижова». Russian readily drops a predictable verb in such heated exchanges."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почем","lemma":"почём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"how should"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ляд","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ляд","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of interest with ляд","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ляд","lemma":"ляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"deuce"},{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of ляд construction","gloss":"with Chizhov"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b10-c3-s187","source":"— А кто тебя знает, на что он тебе, — подхватила другая, — сам должен знать, на что его тебе надо, коли галдишь.","translation":"\"Who knows what you want him for,\" another woman put in. \"You ought to know yourself what you need him for, if you're making such a racket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на что он тебе","title":"Dative «тебе» of need — 'what for'","body":"«На что он тебе» ('what do you want him for') uses the dative «тебе» to mark the person to whom something is of use. This experiencer-dative, verbless construction is the everyday Russian way to ask purpose without 'want' or 'need'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"галдишь","title":"«галдеть» — to make a din","body":"«галдишь» (you're bawling, raising a clamour), from «галдеть» — to talk loudly and confusedly, to make a racket. An expressive, colloquial verb that paints him as making noise to no purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхватила","title":"«подхватить» — to chime in","body":"Here «подхватила» means another woman 'caught up' the thread and joined in, picking up the exchange. The prefix «под-» plus «хватить» gives the sense of seizing a remark in mid-air to add one's own."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of the elided subject ты, modifies должен","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided need-verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the embedded clause, complement of знать","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"галдишь","lemma":"галдеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you're making a racket"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b10-c3-s188","source":"Ведь он тебе говорил, а не нам, глупый ты человек.","translation":"After all, he was talking to you, not to us, you foolish man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он тебе говорил, а не нам","title":"The particle «ведь» — 'after all'","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared, obvious knowledge: 'he was talking to you, after all, not to us — you know that'. It carries the woman's exasperated reasonableness, a texture English supplies only through tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе… а не нам","title":"Contrasting datives «тебе» / «нам»","body":"The indirect objects of «говорил» stand in the dative: «тебе» (to you) set against «нам» (to us), the contrast sharpened by «а не» ('and not'). The dative marks the addressee of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"After all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was talking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object, contrasted with тебе","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты, direct address","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b10-c3-s189","source":"Аль правду не знаешь?","translation":"Or don't you know the truth of it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or / or is it that'","body":"«Аль» is a colloquial, dialectal contraction of «али / или» ('or'), opening a rhetorical question: 'or don't you even know?'. It is a distinctly peasant, old-fashioned particle, rare in educated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правду не знаешь","title":"Negated object — accusative held, not genitive","body":"Under negation a direct object often slips to the genitive, but here the concrete, definite «правду» (the truth, accusative) is retained — Russian keeps the accusative when the object is specific. A small but real choice the reader can feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"Or","note":"Dialectal for или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b10-c3-s190","source":"— Кого?","translation":"\"Know what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кого?","title":"Genitive/accusative «кого?» — 'know whom?'","body":"The bare one-word retort «Кого?» is the animate accusative (= genitive) of «кто», governed by the dropped verb «знаешь»: 'know whom?'. Russian answers an elided question by simply supplying the case the verb would demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"elliptical direct object of the implied знаешь","gloss":"Know what"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b10-c3-s191","source":"— Чижова.","translation":"\"Chizhov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical direct object of the implied знаешь","gloss":"Chizhov"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b10-c3-s192","source":"— А черт его дери, Чижова, с тобой вместе! Отколочу его, вот что! Смеялся он надо мной!","translation":"\"The devil flay him, this Chizhov, and you along with him! I'll give him a drubbing, that's what! He was laughing at me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А черт его дери","title":"«чёрт его дери» — 'devil take/flay him'","body":"An imprecation: «дери» is the imperative of «драть» (to tear, flog), so literally 'let the devil flay him'. A stock curse of frustration, here flung at Chizhov 'and you along with him'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отколочу","title":"«отколотить» — to give a thrashing","body":"«Отколочу» (I'll thrash him), perfective of «колотить» (to beat). The «от-» prefix gives the sense of a thorough, finished drubbing — he pictures the whole beating done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смеялся он надо мной","title":"Imperfective «смеялся» — 'was laughing at me'","body":"«Смеялся… надо мной» (he was laughing at me) is imperfective past of the reflexive «смеяться» (a verb that exists only in «-ся» form), governing «над» + instrumental «мной». The imperfective frames the mockery as an ongoing offence still rankling."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flay","note":"Idiom чёрт дери = \"devil take/flay [him].\""},{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"this Chizhov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дери","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"Отколочу","lemma":"отколотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll thrash"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Отколочу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate complement","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Смеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b10-c3-s193","source":"— Чижова-то отколотишь? Либо он тебя! Дурак ты, вот что!","translation":"\"You'd give Chizhov a drubbing? More like he'd give you one! You're a fool, that's what!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чижова-то отколотишь?","title":"Topic-marking «-то» plus perfective future","body":"«-то» tags «Чижова» as the topic in mocking disbelief — 'Chizhov, you'll thrash?'. «Отколотишь» is the perfective present form used with future meaning ('will you give a drubbing'), since perfectives have no present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Либо он тебя!","title":"«либо» with an elided verb","body":"«Либо» ('or else') sets up the gleeful counter: «Либо он тебя!» — 'or more likely he'll thrash you!', the verb «отколотит» left unspoken but supplied by «тебя» (accusative you)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отколотишь","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Чижова","gloss":"[untranslatable emphatic particle]","note":"Colloquial emphatic \"-то\" suffixed to a topic word; not separately translatable."},{"surface":"отколотишь","lemma":"отколотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would you thrash"},{"surface":"Либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb отколотит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of elided verb отколотит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты (elided copula)","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"completes idiom вот что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b10-c3-s194","source":"— Не Чижова, не Чижова, баба ты злая, вредная, мальчишку отколочу, вот что! Давайте его, давайте его сюда, смеялся он надо мной!","translation":"\"Not Chizhov, not Chizhov, you spiteful, nasty woman, I'll thrash the boy, that's what! Hand him over, hand him over here, he was laughing at me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"баба ты злая, вредная","title":"Long-form adjectives as an insult-vocative","body":"Two attributive long-form adjectives «злая, вредная» (spiteful, harmful) agree with feminine «баба» in gender, number, and case, the pronoun «ты» wedged in for vocative bite: 'you spiteful, nasty woman'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишку","title":"Pejorative diminutive «мальчишка»","body":"«Мальчишка» is «мальчик» (boy) plus the belittling «-ишк-» suffix: a contemptuous 'brat, urchin'. The man uses it scornfully of the boy who mocked him — the suffix carries the disdain, not mere smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давайте его, давайте его сюда","title":"«давайте» imperative — 'hand him over'","body":"The repeated «давайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «давать» ('give / hand over'), with «его» (him) as object: 'give him here'. The doubling conveys his agitated, jabbing insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чижова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отколочу","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чижова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Чижова","lemma":"Чижов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Чижова","gloss":"Chizhov"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun addressing ты","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of баба","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"вредная","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злая, modifies баба","gloss":"nasty"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отколочу","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"отколочу","lemma":"отколотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll thrash"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"completes idiom вот что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Давайте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Давайте","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давайте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давайте","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause explaining the reason","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b10-c3-s195","source":"Бабы хохотали.","translation":"The women roared with laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бабы хохотали","title":"«бабы» and «хохотать»","body":"«Бабы» is the plain, slightly coarse word for peasant/common women (singular «баба»), and «хохотали» (imperfective) is 'roared / guffawed', far heartier than «смеялись» (laughed). Together they paint a raucous marketplace burst of laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хохотали","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"хохотали","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roared with laughter"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b10-c3-s196","source":"А Коля шагал уже далеко с победоносным выражением в лице.","translation":"And Kolya was already striding along far off, a triumphant expression on his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коля шагал уже далеко","title":"Imperfective «шагал» — striding along","body":"«Шагал» (was striding), imperfective past of «шагать», sets a continuous background image of Kolya already well off down the road as the women laughed behind him. Imperfective is the natural choice for such standing scene-painting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с победоносным выражением в лице","title":"«победоносный» — triumphant, bookish","body":"«Победоносный» (victorious, triumphant) is an elevated, literary adjective — almost martial — gently ironic over a thirteen-year-old's marketplace prank. The instrumental phrase «с… выражением» describes his manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was striding"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагал","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"победоносным","lemma":"победоносный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b10-c3-s197","source":"Смуров шел подле, оглядываясь на кричащую вдали группу.","translation":"Smurov walked at his side, glancing back at the shouting cluster in the distance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглядываясь на кричащую вдали группу","title":"Gerund «оглядываясь» plus participle «кричащую»","body":"Two literary non-finite forms stack here: the imperfective gerund «оглядываясь» (glancing back, simultaneous with «шёл») and the present active participle «кричащую» (shouting), which agrees as an adjective with «группу». They compress two clauses into one fluid image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подле","title":"«подле» — bookish 'beside'","body":"«Подле» ('beside, alongside', governing the genitive) is a slightly archaic, literary preposition where modern speech would say «рядом с». It lends the narration a measured, period tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"оглядываясь","lemma":"оглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"glancing back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кричащую","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies группу","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"вдали","lemma":"вдали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричащую","gloss":"in the distance"},{"surface":"группу","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оглядываясь","gloss":"cluster"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b10-c3-s198","source":"Ему тоже было очень весело, хотя он всё еще опасался, как бы не попасть с Колей в историю.","translation":"He too was having a merry time of it, though he still dreaded getting drawn into some scrape together with Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему тоже было очень весело","title":"Dative-subject construction «ему… весело»","body":"There is no nominative subject: the experiencer «ему» (to him, dative) plus the neuter predicative «весело» (merry) plus past «было» yields 'he too was having a merry time'. This dative-of-feeling is the standard Russian frame for inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не попасть","title":"Apprehensive «как бы не» with «бы»","body":"«Как бы не попасть» expresses fear that something might happen — 'lest he get drawn in'. The irrealis particle «бы» with negation and an infinitive builds this anxious 'in case…' clause after «опасался» (he dreaded)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попасть… в историю","title":"«попасть в историю» — to land in a scrape","body":"Idiomatic: «история» here is not 'history' but 'a (nasty) affair, an incident', and «попасть в историю» means 'to get mixed up in trouble'. A classic false-friend trap for the learner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of весело","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опасался","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опасался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"опасался","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы не (lest)","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы не","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попасть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of опасался","gloss":"get into"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Колей","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking историю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"scrape"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b10-c3-s199","source":"— Про какого ты его спросил Сабанеева? — спросил он Колю, предчувствуя ответ.","translation":"\"What Sabaneyev was it you asked him about?\" Smurov asked Kolya, anticipating the answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про какого ты его спросил Сабанеева?","title":"Discontinuous «какого… Сабанеева» and «про»","body":"The interrogative «какого» (which) is split far from its noun «Сабанеева» (animate accusative) for emphasis. «Про» + accusative means 'about, concerning' — a more colloquial alternative to «о» + prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствуя ответ","title":"Gerund «предчувствуя» — anticipating","body":"«Предчувствуя» (sensing in advance, foreseeing), an imperfective present gerund from «предчувствовать», marks Smurov's attendant state as he asks — he already half-knows the answer. The gerund shares the subject of «спросил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you ask"},{"surface":"Сабанеева","lemma":"Сабанеев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to какого","gloss":"Sabaneyev"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"anticipating"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствуя","gloss":"the answer"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b10-c3-s200","source":"— А почем я знаю, про какого? Теперь у них до вечера крику будет.","translation":"\"How should I know which one? Now they'll be at it, bawling away till evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у них до вечера крику будет","title":"Partitive genitive «крику» with «будет»","body":"«Крику» is a partitive genitive (the old «-у» variant of «крик», shouting): 'there'll be a lot of shouting'. With «у них… будет» it means 'they'll have shouting going on till evening' — quantity expressed in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А почем я знаю","title":"«почём знаю» as a brush-off","body":"Kolya echoes the marketwoman's own idiom «почём я знаю» ('how should I know'), a verbless-feeling rhetorical shrug. Its reuse here is a small joke: he wields the same folk phrase he just provoked."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почем","lemma":"почём","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom почем я знаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should I know"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies будет via до вечера","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"крику","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b10-c3-s201","source":"Я люблю расшевелить дураков во всех слоях общества.","translation":"I love stirring up fools in every walk of society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я люблю расшевелить дураков","title":"«люблю» + perfective infinitive «расшевелить»","body":"«Люблю расшевелить» pairs the habitual «люблю» with a perfective infinitive «расшевелить» (to stir up, rouse) — a slightly informal touch, since habit usually takes the imperfective «расшевеливать». The perfective lets each act of stirring stand as a completed little triumph."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расшевелить","title":"«расшевелить» — to stir into life","body":"From «шевелить» (to stir, move) with «рас-»: to get someone going, provoke them out of their torpor. The image is poking a sleepy animal — exactly Kolya's self-satisfied sport with 'fools'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"расшевелить","lemma":"расшевелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"stirring up"},{"surface":"дураков","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of расшевелить","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слоях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of слоях","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слоях","lemma":"слой","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расшевелить","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слоях","gloss":"of society"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b10-c3-s202","source":"Вот и еще стоит олух, вот этот мужик.","translation":"There's another blockhead standing over there — that peasant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"олух","title":"«олух» — dolt, blockhead","body":"A colloquial term of abuse for a stupid, dull person ('blockhead, oaf'). Kolya's vocabulary of contempt — «дурак», «олух» — is part of his showing-off cleverness in this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is standing"},{"surface":"олух","lemma":"олух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"blockhead"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to олух","gloss":"peasant"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b10-c3-s203","source":"Заметь себе, говорят: «Ничего нет глупее глупого француза», но и русская физиономия выдает себя.","translation":"Mind you, they say, 'There's nothing stupider than a stupid Frenchman,' but the Russian physiognomy gives itself away too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметь себе","title":"Imperative «заметь» with reflexive «себе»","body":"«Заметь себе» (mark you, take note) is the perfective imperative of «заметить» plus the dative reflexive «себе» ('to yourself') — an ethical dative giving the command a confiding, lecturing air, very like Kolya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего нет глупее глупого француза","title":"Comparative «глупее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Глупее» is the comparative of «глупый» (stupider), and «глупого француза» stands in the genitive as the standard of comparison ('than a stupid Frenchman'). With «ничего нет» the whole means 'nothing is stupider than…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"физиономия выдает себя","title":"«физиономия» and «выдавать себя»","body":"«Физиономия» (physiognomy, mug) is a faintly mocking word for the face, fitting Kolya's pseudo-intellectual pose; «выдаёт себя» (gives itself away) uses the true reflexive «себя» — the Russian face betrays its own stupidity. The era's vogue for reading character in faces lurks behind the remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Заметь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"modified by глупее","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle (negative existential)","role":"main verb of the quoted proverb clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Ничего","gloss":"stupider"},{"surface":"глупого","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies француза","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"француза","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of глупее (than)","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom но и (but also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономия","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"физиономия","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выдает","gloss":"physiognomy"},{"surface":"выдает","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"gives away"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выдает","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b10-c3-s204","source":"Ну не написано ль у этого на лице, что он дурак, вот у этого мужика, а?","translation":"Now, isn't it written all over this one's face that he's a fool — that peasant there, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну не написано ль у этого на лице, что он дурак","title":"Interrogative «ль» and short passive «написано»","body":"The enclitic «ль» (reduced «ли») forms a rhetorical yes/no question fronting «не написано»: 'isn't it written…?'. «Написано» is the short-form past passive participle (neuter), 'is written', stating a result on the man's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написано","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying написано","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дурак","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дурак","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он (elided copula)","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"clarifies этого (first mention)","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b10-c3-s205","source":"— Оставь его, Коля, пройдем мимо.","translation":"\"Leave him be, Kolya, let's just walk past.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставь его… пройдем мимо","title":"Two imperatives — singular «оставь», hortative «пройдём»","body":"«Оставь его» is the perfective imperative 'leave him (alone)'; «пройдём мимо» uses the 1st-person-plural perfective future as a 'let's walk past' exhortation. Russian commonly uses the bare «-(е)м» future this way for 'let us'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Оставь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"пройдем","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Оставь","gloss":"let's walk"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдем","gloss":"past"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b10-c3-s206","source":"— Ни за что не оставлю, я теперь поехал. Эй! здравствуй, мужик!","translation":"\"Not for anything will I leave him — I'm in full swing now. Hey! Hello there, peasant!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни за что не оставлю","title":"Emphatic «ни за что» with negative concord","body":"«Ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') intensifies the negation, and the verb still carries «не» — «не оставлю» — in Russia's obligatory double-negative concord. Together: 'I won't leave him for anything'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я теперь поехал","title":"«поехал» — 'I'm off and running'","body":"Literally 'I've set off' (perfective of the motion verb «поехать», to ride/drive), but idiomatic here for 'I'm in full swing now, off to the races'. Kolya casts his fun as a journey he's already launched on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлю","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"will I leave"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am in full swing"},{"surface":"Эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"здравствуй","lemma":"здравствуй","morphology":"interjection (greeting)","role":"greeting to мужик","gloss":"hello"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address of the greeting","gloss":"peasant"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b10-c3-s207","source":"Дюжий мужик, медленно проходивший мимо и уже, должно быть, выпивший, с круглым простоватым лицом и с бородой с проседью, поднял голову и посмотрел на парнишку.","translation":"A burly peasant, passing slowly by and evidently already a little drunk, with a round, simple face and a beard going gray, raised his head and looked at the lad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"медленно проходивший мимо и уже, должно быть, выпивший","title":"Two past active participles on «мужик»","body":"Both «проходивший» (who was passing by, imperfective) and «выпивший» (who had had a drink, perfective) are past active participles agreeing with «мужик», stacking a who-clause and a who-had-clause into one noun phrase — a hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с круглым простоватым лицом и с бородой с проседью","title":"Instrumental of attendant feature (с + instr.)","body":"The man's appearance is given in «с» + instrumental phrases: «с… лицом» (with a face), «с бородой» (with a beard). This is the standard Russian way to attach physical description, the instrumental governed by «с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дюжий… с проседью","title":"«дюжий», «проседь», «парнишка»","body":"«Дюжий» — sturdy, burly; «с проседью» — 'with gray streaks', a beard going gray; «простоватый» — simple-ish, a bit dim. The narrator calls Kolya «парнишка» (lad, young fellow), a faintly diminutive, affectionate word seen from the peasant's vantage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дюжий","lemma":"дюжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"burly"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходивший","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"проходивший","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мужик","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходивший","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпивший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom должно быть)","role":"part of idiom должно быть, modifies выпивший","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom должно быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"выпивший","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мужик, coordinated with проходивший","gloss":"a little drunk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"круглым","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"простоватым","lemma":"простоватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бородой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бородой","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проседью","gloss":"touched with"},{"surface":"проседью","lemma":"проседь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородой","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парнишку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"парнишку","lemma":"парнишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the lad"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b10-c3-s208","source":"— Ну, здравствуй, коли не шутишь, — неторопливо проговорил он в ответ.","translation":"\"Well, hello to you, if you're not joking,\" he answered unhurriedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли не шутишь","title":"Folk conditional «коли не шутишь»","body":"«Коли» again for «если» ('if'), with the imperfective present «шутишь» (you are joking): 'hello to you — if you're not making fun'. The peasant's wary, good-humoured proviso is built on this colloquial conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неторопливо проговорил","title":"«неторопливо» and «проговорить»","body":"«Неторопливо» — unhurriedly, without haste; «проговорил» (perfective «проговорить») — 'uttered, said' a complete remark. The pairing fixes the peasant's deliberate, unflappable manner against Kolya's quickness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"здравствуй","lemma":"здравствуй","morphology":"interjection (greeting)","role":"main term of the sentence","gloss":"hello"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шутишь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"you're joking"},{"surface":"неторопливо","lemma":"неторопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"unhurriedly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"reply"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b10-c3-s209","source":"— А коль шучу? — засмеялся Коля.","translation":"\"And what if I am joking?\" Kolya laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коль шучу?","title":"Clipped «коль» — folk 'and if?'","body":"«Коль» is an even shorter colloquial form of «коли/если» ('if'). The verbless-tailed «А коль шучу?» — 'and if I am joking?' — leaves the consequence hanging, a teasing challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of шучу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"шучу","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm joking"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b10-c3-s210","source":"— А шутишь, так и шути, бог с тобой. Ничего, это можно. Это всегда возможно, чтоб пошутить.","translation":"\"Well, if you're joking, then joke away, God be with you. It's nothing, that's allowed. There's always room for a bit of a joke.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шутишь, так и шути","title":"Imperative «шути» — 'then joke away'","body":"The imperfective imperative «шути» (keep joking, joke away) follows the condition «шутишь… так» ('if you're joking, then…'). The imperfective fits an open-ended invitation to go on with the activity, not finish a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб пошутить","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб пошутить»","body":"«Чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») plus the perfective infinitive «пошутить» forms a purpose clause: 'there's always room to (have a) joke'. With a bare infinitive «чтобы» means 'in order to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you're joking"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom так и (so...then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"шути","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"joke away"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (бог с тобой)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's nothing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is allowed"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошутить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пошутить","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возможно","gloss":"joke"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b10-c3-s211","source":"— Виноват, брат, пошутил.","translation":"\"I'm sorry, brother, I was joking.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Виноват, брат","title":"«виноват» and «брат» as address","body":"«Виноват» is a short adjective — 'guilty, at fault' — used idiomatically as 'sorry, my fault, excuse me'. «Брат» ('brother') is a familiar, classless term of address Kolya extends to the peasant, briefly leveling the social gap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виноват","title":"Short adjective «виноват»","body":"«Виноват» is the predicative short form of «виноватый» (guilty), agreeing only in gender/number (виноват/виновата). Short adjectives carry exactly this kind of momentary, predicative state — here a quick apology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (elided я виноват)","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"пошутил","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was joking"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b10-c3-s212","source":"— Ну и бог те прости. Ты-то прощаешь ли?","translation":"\"Well, God forgive you. And you — do you forgive?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты-то прощаешь ли?","title":"«-то» plus «ли» — 'and you, do you forgive?'","body":"The emphatic clitic «-то» on «ты» turns the question back on Kolya ('and you, for your part'), while the enclitic «ли» frames the yes/no question 'do you forgive?'. The peasant gently makes the boy the one now on trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прости","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular (dialectal contraction of тебя)","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прощаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Ты","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"прощаешь","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you forgive"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying прощаешь","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b10-c3-s213","source":"— Оченно прощаю. Ступай.","translation":"\"Heartily I forgive. Go your way.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Оченно","title":"«оченно» — folk 'very/heartily'","body":"«Оченно» is a dialectal, uneducated variant of «очень» (very). Kolya half-mimics peasant speech to play along — 'heartily I forgive' — a small condescension dressed as camaraderie."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай","title":"«ступай» — go, be off","body":"«Ступай» is the imperative of «ступать» (to step, go), an old-fashioned, faintly imperious 'go on, be off with you'. It suits Kolya's habit of dismissing people as if granting them leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = очень)","role":"modifies прощаю","gloss":"heartily"},{"surface":"прощаю","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I forgive"},{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b10-c3-s214","source":"— Вишь ведь ты, да ты, пожалуй, мужик умный.","translation":"\"Well, look at you — why, you may be a clever peasant after all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вишь ведь ты","title":"«вишь» plus «ведь» — 'well, look at you'","body":"«Вишь» is a folk contraction of «видишь» ('you see, look'), here a wondering interjection; «ведь» adds the appealing 'why, after all'. The cluster of particles registers Kolya's surprised, slightly disarmed reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожалуй","title":"«пожалуй» — 'perhaps, I daresay'","body":"A modal word meaning 'perhaps, I suppose, possibly' (not the homonymous imperative 'help yourself'). It marks Kolya's grudging, surprised concession: 'you may, after all, be a clever peasant'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вишь","lemma":"вишь","morphology":"particle (colloquial, = видишь)","role":"discourse marker introducing ты","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вишь","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (мужик predicate)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"clever"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b10-c3-s215","source":"— Умней тебя, — неожиданно и по-прежнему важно ответил мужик.","translation":"\"Cleverer than you,\" the peasant answered unexpectedly, and as gravely as before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умней тебя","title":"Comparative «умней» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Умней» (colloquial for «умнее», 'cleverer') is the invariable predicative comparative, and «тебя» is the genitive standard of comparison: 'cleverer than you'. Russian regularly puts the thing compared against in the bare genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"важно","title":"«важно» — gravely, with dignity","body":"«Важно» here is not 'importantly' but 'gravely, with weighty dignity', describing the peasant's unruffled, self-possessed delivery. The understated «важно» is what makes his retort land."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умней","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate (elided я умней)","gloss":"cleverer"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of comparison (Умней)","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"part of compound adverb по-прежнему, modifies ответил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"part of compound adverb по-прежнему, modifies ответил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неожиданно, modifies ответил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the peasant"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b10-c3-s216","source":"— Вряд ли, — опешил несколько Коля.","translation":"\"Hardly,\" Kolya was somewhat taken aback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вряд ли","title":"«вряд ли» — 'hardly, unlikely'","body":"A fixed expression of doubt — 'hardly, scarcely, I doubt it' — fossilizing the interrogative particle «ли». Kolya's one-word deflation as the tables turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опешил","title":"«опешить» — to be taken aback","body":"«Опешил» (perfective «опешить») — to be momentarily stunned, dumbfounded, thrown off balance. A single completed jolt: the clever boy is, for once, wrong-footed by a peasant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom вряд ли)","role":"head of idiom вряд ли","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вряд ли","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"опешил","lemma":"опешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taken aback"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опешил","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опешил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b10-c3-s217","source":"— Верно говорю.","translation":"\"I'm telling you true.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верно говорю","title":"Adverb-first «Верно говорю»","body":"«Верно» (truly, rightly) is fronted before the imperfective «говорю» (I say / I'm telling you) for assertive weight: 'I'm telling you true'. The free word order lets the peasant lead with his certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm telling you"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b10-c3-s218","source":"— А пожалуй что и так.","translation":"\"Well, perhaps it is so at that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А пожалуй что и так","title":"«пожалуй что и так» — 'perhaps it is at that'","body":"A loose colloquial chain: «пожалуй» (perhaps) + «что» (filler) + «и так» (so it is, at that). Kolya half-concedes the peasant's point — 'well, maybe it is so' — in genuinely spoken, particle-laden Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"head of idiom пожалуй что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b10-c3-s219","source":"— То-то, брат.","translation":"\"There you are, brother.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то, брат","title":"«то-то» — 'there you are / just so'","body":"«То-то» is an expressive particle of satisfied confirmation: 'just so, there you have it, that's the point'. The peasant closes the exchange with quiet triumph, «брат» returning the boy's earlier familiar address."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of idiom то-то","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то-то","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b10-c3-s220","source":"— Прощай, мужик.","translation":"\"Goodbye, peasant.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"peasant"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b10-c3-s221","source":"— Прощай.","translation":"\"Goodbye.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b10-c3-s222","source":"— Мужики бывают разные, — заметил Коля Смурову после некоторого молчания. — Почем же я знал, что нарвусь на умника.","translation":"\"There are peasants and peasants,\" Kolya remarked to Smurov after some silence. \"How was I to know I'd run up against a clever one?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мужики бывают разные","title":"Iterative «бывают» — 'tend to be / there are'","body":"«Бывают» (from «бывать», the iterative/habitual counterpart of «быть») states a general truth: 'peasants come in different kinds, are various'. It is the verb for what is so as a rule, beyond any single moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что нарвусь на умника","title":"Perfective future «нарвусь»","body":"«Нарвусь» is the perfective present-as-future of «нарваться» (a «-ся» verb): 'that I'd run up against / blunder into a clever one'. The perfective frames the unexpected encounter as a single, completed stumble."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умника","title":"«умник» — a smart one (often ironic)","body":"«Умник» means a clever fellow, but it carries a wry, sometimes mocking edge ('a wise guy'). Kolya, the self-styled clever one, ruefully grants the title to the peasant who out-talked him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of бывают","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to бывают","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to Smurov"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of молчания","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"молчания","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"Почем","lemma":"почём","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почем","gloss":"then","note":"emphatic particle, not separately translated."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нарвусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нарвусь","lemma":"нарваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"I'd run into"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умника","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"умника","lemma":"умник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарвусь","gloss":"a clever one"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b10-c3-s223","source":"Я всегда готов признать ум в народе.","translation":"I'm always ready to acknowledge intelligence in the common people.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов признать","title":"Short adjective «готов» + infinitive","body":"«Готов» is the predicative short form of «готовый» (ready), governing the perfective infinitive «признать» (to acknowledge): 'ready to recognize'. The short adjective plus infinitive is the standard frame for 'ready/willing/able to do'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"признать","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to acknowledge"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признать","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признать","gloss":"the common people"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b10-c3-s224","source":"Вдали на соборных часах пробило половину двенадцатого.","translation":"In the distance the cathedral clock struck half past eleven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробило половину двенадцатого","title":"Impersonal «пробило» and Russian clock-telling","body":"«Пробило» (neuter, subjectless) is the impersonal perfective 'it struck'. «Половину двенадцатого» literally 'half of the twelfth (hour)' = half past eleven — Russian counts toward the coming hour, a regular trap for learners."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдали","lemma":"вдали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробило","gloss":"in the distance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"соборных","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies часах","gloss":"cathedral"},{"surface":"часах","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробило","gloss":"clock"},{"surface":"пробило","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пробило","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"двенадцатого","lemma":"двенадцатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"eleven","note":"\"половина двенадцатого\" literally \"half of the twelfth hour\" — Russian names the half-hour by the coming hour, so it means half past eleven."}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b10-c3-s225","source":"Мальчики заспешили и остальной довольно еще длинный путь до жилища штабс-капитана Снегирева прошли быстро и почти уже не разговаривая.","translation":"The boys hurried on, and the remaining stretch to the dwelling of Staff-Captain Snegiryov — still a fairly long one — they covered quickly and almost without talking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штабс-капитан","title":"The rank \"штабс-капитан\"","body":"Штабс-капитан was a junior officer rank in the Imperial Russian army, just below капитан (captain). We render it \"Staff-Captain\" rather than flattening it to plain \"Captain\": the full term marks Snegiryov as a modest, low-ranking retired officer, which fits the family's poverty that the boys keep mentioning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заспешили… прошли быстро и почти уже не разговаривая","title":"Perfectives of result plus a gerund tail","body":"«Заспешили» («за-» = began to hurry) and «прошли» (covered, perfective) move the narration forward as completed events, while the negated imperfective gerund «не разговаривая» (not talking) describes the manner throughout. A typical literary blend of perfective backbone and gerund coloring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заспешили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"заспешили","lemma":"заспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальной","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies длинный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прошли","gloss":"stretch"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жилища","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жилища","lemma":"жилище","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"the dwelling"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитана","gloss":"Staff-","note":"First half of the compound rank \"штабс-капитан\" (\"Staff-Captain\")."},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилища","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилища","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"прошли","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заспешили","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошли","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривая","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговаривая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разговаривая","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошли","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b10-c3-s226","source":"За двадцать шагов до дома Коля остановился и велел Смурову пойти вперед и вызвать ему сюда Карамазова.","translation":"Twenty paces short of the house Kolya stopped and told Smurov to go on ahead and call Karamazov out to him here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел Смурову пойти вперед и вызвать","title":"«велел» + dative + infinitive — indirect command","body":"«Велел Смурову пойти… и вызвать» — 'told Smurov to go and call out' — frames an order with the verb «велеть» plus a dative addressee «Смурову» and perfective infinitives. The person commanded stands in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"За двадцать шагов до дома","title":"«за… до…» — 'short of, before'","body":"The frame «за двадцать шагов до дома» means 'twenty paces short of the house' — «за» + accusative measuring the distance, «до» + genitive the goal. A neat idiom for stopping just before reaching a point."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагов","gloss":"at a distance of"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on шагов","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"short of"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"on ahead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вызвать","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вызвать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызвать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвать","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b10-c3-s227","source":"— Надо предварительно обнюхаться, — заметил он Смурову.","translation":"\"We need to sniff each other out first,\" he remarked to Smurov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обнюхаться","title":"«обнюхаться» — to sniff each other out","body":"Literally 'to sniff one another all over' (reciprocal «-ся» on «обнюхать»), as dogs do on meeting. Kolya uses it half-jokingly for sizing each other up before friendship — a vivid, slightly cheeky figure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо предварительно обнюхаться","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо… обнюхаться» ('one must sniff each other out first') is the impersonal necessity construction: «надо» plus a bare infinitive, with no nominative subject. The implied 'we' is felt, not stated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"we need"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнюхаться","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"обнюхаться","lemma":"обнюхаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to sniff each other out"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Надо","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to Smurov"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b10-c3-s228","source":"— Да зачем вызывать, — возразил было Смуров, — войди и так, тебе ужасно обрадуются.","translation":"\"But why call him out?\" Smurov started to object. \"Just go in — they'll be terribly glad of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возразил было Смуров","title":"The particle «было» — an aborted action","body":"«Возразил было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun but at once checked or undone: 'Smurov started to object (but…)'. It signals that his objection went nowhere — a subtle aspectual flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе ужасно обрадуются","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural + dative «тебе»","body":"«Тебе… обрадуются» — 'they'll be delighted at you' — pairs the impersonal 3rd-person-plural «обрадуются» (no named subject, 'people will') with the dative «тебе» governed by «обрадоваться» (to be glad of). The dative marks the cause of joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызывать","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызывать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вызывать","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call him out"},{"surface":"возразил","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вызывать","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возразил","gloss":"started to","note":"\"было\" here marks an action begun and interrupted, not a copula."},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возразил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"войди","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вызывать","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войди","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадуются","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадуются","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"обрадуются","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to войди","gloss":"will be glad"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b10-c3-s229","source":"А то что же на морозе знакомиться?","translation":"Why get acquainted out here in the cold?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же на морозе знакомиться?","title":"Insistent «же» in a rhetorical question","body":"«А то что же… знакомиться?» — 'why on earth get acquainted out here?'. The particle «же» sharpens the «что» into an exasperated 'what for', and the bare infinitive «знакомиться» frames the deliberative question ('why be doing X?')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на морозе","title":"Locative «на морозе» — out in the cold","body":"«На морозе» (on/in the frost) is «на» + prepositional for location: 'out in the freezing cold'. «Мороз» means hard frost, and the boys' standing about «на морозе» quietly underlines the season and the discomfort."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знакомиться","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"at all","note":"Idiomatic \"а то что же\" = \"why on earth.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking морозе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"морозе","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомиться","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"знакомиться","lemma":"знакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get acquainted"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b10-c3-s230","source":"— Это уж я знаю, зачем мне его надо сюда на мороз, — деспотически отрезал Коля (что ужасно любил делать с этими «маленькими»), и Смуров побежал исполнять приказание.","translation":"\"I know quite well why I want him out here in the cold,\" Kolya cut him off despotically (something he was terribly fond of doing with these \"little ones\"), and Smurov ran off to carry out the order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем мне его надо сюда на мороз","title":"Dative «мне» of need with «надо»","body":"«Зачем мне его надо» — 'why I need him here' — is the impersonal «надо» (need) construction with a dative experiencer «мне» and accusative «его»: literally 'why to-me he is needed'. The needer goes in the dative, not the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деспотически отрезал","title":"«деспотически» and «отрезать»","body":"«Отрезал» — literally 'cut off', idiomatic for 'snapped, retorted curtly'; «деспотически» (despotically) names Kolya's tyrannical streak. The narrator's word choice gently satirizes the boy's love of lording it over the «маленьких» (little ones)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мороз","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"деспотически","lemma":"деспотически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"despotically"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"cut him off"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отрезал","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маленькими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of маленькими","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"маленькими","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"little ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"исполнять","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of побежал","gloss":"to carry out"},{"surface":"приказание","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнять","gloss":"the order"}]}]}