{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Жучка","translated":"The Lost Dog"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c4","lines":155},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c4-s1","source":"Коля с важною миной в лице прислонился к забору и стал ожидать появления Алеши.","translation":"Kolya leaned against the fence with an important air on his face and settled in to wait for Alyosha to appear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал ожидать","title":"Inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"The perfective «стал» ('began, set about') pairs with the imperfective infinitive «ожидать» to mark the onset of an ongoing process — 'settled in to wait.' This «стать + imperfective» pattern is Russian's standard way of saying someone began doing something durative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с важною миной в лице","title":"Instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«с важною миной» (instrumental after «с») describes the manner Kolya wears — 'with an important air.' Note the archaic adjective ending «-ою» for «-ой» («важною» for «важной»), a bookish 19th-c. variant common in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мина","title":"«мина» — facial expression","body":"From French «mine», «мина» means a deliberate facial expression or affected look, not a 'mine' (explosive). «С важною миной» is the studied, self-important face Kolya puts on — a small irony, since the narrator is about to expose how anxious he really is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислонился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"важною","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies миной","gloss":"an important"},{"surface":"миной","lemma":"мина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислонился","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies миной","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"прислонился","lemma":"прислониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забору","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"забору","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислонился","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прислонился","gloss":"settled in"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to wait for"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидать","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"of Alyosha"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c4-s2","source":"Да, с ним ему давно уже хотелось встретиться.","translation":"Yes, he had long wanted to meet him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему давно уже хотелось встретиться","title":"Dative-experiencer «хотелось»","body":"There is no nominative subject: the experiencer «ему» (dative) governs the impersonal reflexive «хотелось» — literally 'to him it had long been wanting itself.' This dative-of-the-inner-life construction is everywhere in Dostoevsky's rendering of feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да","title":"Narrative «Да» — 'Yes, and…'","body":"Here «Да» is not a reply 'yes' but a discourse particle launching the narrator's slide into Kolya's free indirect thought: 'Yes, he had long wanted…' It signals confirmation and continuation, a warm conversational entry into the inner monologue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to хотелось","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотелось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"встретиться","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c4-s3","source":"Он много наслышался о нем от мальчиков, но до сих пор всегда наружно выказывал презрительно равнодушный вид, когда ему о нем говорили, даже «критиковал» Алешу, выслушивая то, что о нем ему передавали.","translation":"He had heard a great deal about him from the other boys, but until now he had always put on an outwardly scornful, indifferent look whenever they spoke to him about him, and had even \"criticized\" Alyosha as he listened to what was reported of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушивая то, что о нем ему передавали","title":"Imperfective gerund «выслушивая»","body":"«выслушивая» is an imperfective деепричастие ('while listening to'), naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «критиковал». It shares Kolya as subject and packs a whole 'as he was listening' clause into one adverbial word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наслышался","title":"Perfective «-ся» of accumulation","body":"«наслышался» combines the prefix «на-» (an amassing, 'one's fill of') with reflexive «-ся»: 'he had heard a great deal.' The «на-…-ся» frame regularly means doing something to satiety; «о нём» here is in the prepositional case (governed by «о»), naming what he had heard about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что о нем ему передавали","title":"Correlative «то, что…»","body":"«то» is a neuter demonstrative anchoring the relative clause «что… передавали» — 'that which they reported.' This «то, что» correlative is the standard bookish way to nominalize a whole clause as the object of «выслушивая»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наружно","title":"«наружно» — outwardly","body":"A bookish adverb from «наружа/наружу» ('outside, surface'), «наружно» means 'on the surface, for show' — pointedly contrasted with «про себя» ('inwardly') in the next sentence. Dostoevsky builds the whole portrait of Kolya on this gap between the displayed and the felt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наслышался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наслышался","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"наслышался","lemma":"наслышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наслышался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наслышался","gloss":"the other boys"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выказывал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"наружно","lemma":"наружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выказывал","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"выказывал","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наслышался","gloss":"had put on"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равнодушный","gloss":"scornful"},{"surface":"равнодушный","lemma":"равнодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выказывал","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выказывал","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies критиковал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"критиковал","lemma":"критиковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"criticized"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of критиковал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выслушивая","lemma":"выслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on критиковал","gloss":"as he listened to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушивая","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передавали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was reported"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c4-s4","source":"Но про себя очень, очень хотел познакомиться: что-то было во всех выслушанных им рассказах об Алеше симпатическое и влекущее.","translation":"But privately he very, very much wanted to make his acquaintance: there was something likable and alluring in all the accounts of Alyosha he had heard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то было… симпатическое и влекущее","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + present active participle","body":"The clitic «-то» makes «что-то» a specific-but-unnamed 'something.' Its modifiers «симпатическое» and «влекущее» agree as neuter; «влекущее» ('alluring') is a present active participle from «влечь» ('to draw, attract'), declined like an adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всех выслушанных им рассказах","title":"Past passive participle «выслушанных»","body":"«выслушанных» is a past passive participle ('heard, listened-to'), agreeing in the prepositional plural with «рассказах»; the agent «им» (instrumental) names by whom — 'the accounts heard by him.' The instrumental agent is the standard way to express the doer of a passive participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про себя","title":"«про себя» — to oneself, inwardly","body":"«про себя» means 'privately, in one's own mind,' set against the «наружно» of the previous sentence. It recurs through the chapter («бормотал про себя») as the seam between Kolya's public swagger and his private doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to make his acquaintance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the pronoun что-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of рассказах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выслушанных","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying рассказах","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"agent of выслушанных","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"рассказах","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the accounts"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказах","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"симпатическое","lemma":"симпатический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of было","gloss":"likable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"влекущее","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with симпатическое","gloss":"alluring"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c4-s5","source":"Таким образом, теперешняя минута была важная; во-первых, надо было себя в грязь лицом не ударить, показать независимость: «А то подумает, что мне тринадцать лет, и примет меня за такого же мальчишку, как и эти.","translation":"And so the present moment was an important one; first of all, he must not lose face, must show his independence: \"Otherwise he'll think I'm thirteen and take me for the same sort of little boy as these others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«в грязь лицом не ударить»","title":"Idiom: not to fall face-first in the mud","body":"Literally 'not to strike one's face into the mud,' this set phrase means to make a good showing and not embarrass yourself in front of others — we render it 'must not lose face.' Kolya, anxious about his short stature, is determined to look impressive before Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было себя в грязь лицом не ударить","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + infinitive","body":"«надо было» is an impersonal modal of necessity ('one had to') with no nominative subject; the implied experiencer is Kolya, and the action stands in the infinitive «не ударить». This subjectless 'must/ought' frame is one of Russian's core ways of voicing obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"примет меня за такого же мальчишку","title":"Perfective future «примет… за»","body":"«примет» is a simple (perfective) future from «принять» — a single completed future act — and «принять за + accusative» means 'to take (someone) for, mistake as.' The particle «же» in «такого же» reinforces 'the very same sort.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишка","title":"«мальчишка» — pejorative for 'boy'","body":"The suffix «-ишк-» belittles: «мальчишка» is a 'mere kid, brat,' dismissive where «мальчик» is neutral. Kolya, at thirteen, dreads being taken for a mere child and lumped in with these younger «мальчишки» — the whole anxiety of the scene is about not being a child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies была","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"теперешняя","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of важная","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to важная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"важная","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies надо","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to важная","gloss":"he must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"грязь","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"the mud"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ударить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"hit","note":"Idiom \"ударить лицом в грязь\" = \"to disgrace oneself.\""},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударить","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"независимость","lemma":"независимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"his independence"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"he'll think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тринадцать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of лет","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"тринадцать","lemma":"тринадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of подумает","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумает","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of примет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчишку","gloss":"the same sort of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примет","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction marking эти","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчишку","gloss":"these others"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c4-s6","source":"И что ему эти мальчишки?","translation":"And what are these boys to me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ему эти мальчишки?","title":"Verbless 'what are X to me?' with dative","body":"A copula-less rhetorical question: «что» (what) + dative «ему» (to him) + nominative «эти мальчишки» — 'and what are these boys to him?' Russian needs no verb in the present, and the dative carries the 'to me / for me' sense of dismissive indifference."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement of мальчишки","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мальчишки","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчишки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c4-s7","source":"Спрошу его, когда сойдусь.","translation":"I'll ask him once we've gotten acquainted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спрошу его, когда сойдусь","title":"Two perfective futures","body":"Both verbs are perfective simple futures: «спрошу» ('I'll ask,' from спросить) and «сойдусь» ('once I've come together with him,' from сойтись). They stage two completed future events in sequence, with the subject pronoun «я» dropped because the endings already mark it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сойдусь","title":"«сойтись» — to get acquainted, hit it off","body":"Beyond literal 'come together,' «сойтись (с кем-то)» means to strike up a closeness or get on well with someone. The reflexive «-сь» here is reciprocal — two people converging — which is why we render it 'once we've gotten acquainted.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Спрошу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойдусь","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"сойдусь","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Спрошу","gloss":"we've gotten acquainted"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c4-s8","source":"Скверно, однако же то, что я такого маленького роста.","translation":"It's a bad business, though, that I'm of such a small stature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"Concessive «однако же»","body":"«однако» means 'however, yet,' and the particle «же» tacked on adds emphatic insistence — 'still, all the same.' The pairing gives the rueful, conceding tone of Kolya admitting the one thing he can't dismiss: his height."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я такого маленького роста","title":"Genitive of description («такого… роста»)","body":"'Of such a small stature' uses the genitive «такого маленького роста» to describe an inherent quality — the genitive of qualitative description, parallel to English 'of small height.' The full predicate is copula-less in the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скверно","title":"«скверно» — a bad business","body":"«скверный/скверно» carries a strong note of 'nasty, foul, wretched,' heavier than plain 'bad.' Kolya uses the neuter predicative «скверно» impersonally — 'it's a foul thing that…' — coloring his self-pity with disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скверно","lemma":"скверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's a bad business"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Скверно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of роста","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of роста","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роста","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate genitive complement of the clause","gloss":"stature"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c4-s9","source":"Тузиков моложе меня, а на полголовы выше.","translation":"Tuzikov is younger than I am, yet half a head taller.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"моложе меня","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«моложе» is the predicative comparative of «молодой» ('younger'), and the standard of comparison «меня» stands in the bare genitive — 'younger than I.' This genitive-of-comparison is an alternative to «чем + nominative» and is the more compact, common pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а на полголовы выше","title":"Contrastive «а» + comparative «выше»","body":"The hinge «а» sets a mild contrast ('yet, while'), and «выше» is the comparative of «высокий» ('taller'); «на полголовы» (accusative of measure with «на») gives the extent — 'taller by half a head.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тузиков","lemma":"Тузиков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of моложе","gloss":"Tuzikov"},{"surface":"моложе","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is younger"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of моложе","gloss":"than I am"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полголовы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"полголовы","lemma":"полголовы","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"half a head"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with моложе","gloss":"taller"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c4-s10","source":"Лицо у меня, впрочем, умное; я не хорош, я знаю, что я мерзок лицом, но лицо умное.","translation":"My face, however, is clever; I'm not good-looking, I know my face is hideous, but it's a clever face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо у меня… умное","title":"Possession with «у меня» + fronting","body":"Russian expresses 'my face' as «лицо у меня» (literally 'the face at me'), the «у + genitive» possessive. Fronting «Лицо» to topic position — 'as for my face' — sets it up as the theme against which «умное» is the new comment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я мерзок лицом","title":"Short adjective «мерзок» + instrumental of respect","body":"«мерзок» is the predicative short form of «мерзкий» ('vile, loathsome'), used here for a state — 'I'm hideous'; «лицом» (instrumental) specifies the respect in which — 'hideous as to my face.' Short adjectives are markedly bookish and confined to the predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'however, then again'","body":"A favorite Dostoevskian connective, «впрочем» marks the speaker doubling back to qualify or concede what he just said ('then again, however'). It punctuates Kolya's self-assessment, each clause swinging between vanity and self-disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умное","gloss":"my face"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of умное","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to умное","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"умное","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хорош","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорош","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хорош","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умное","gloss":"good-looking"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хорош","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мерзок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мерзок","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"мерзок","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерзок","gloss":"in face"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умное","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"умное","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мерзок","gloss":"clever"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c4-s11","source":"Тоже надо не очень высказываться, а то сразу-то с объятиями, он и подумает… Тьфу, какая будет мерзость, если подумает!..»","translation":"I mustn't say too much, either, or he'll be right into embraces and he'll think… Ugh, what a vile thing it would be if he thought that!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо не очень высказываться","title":"Impersonal «надо» + reflexive infinitive","body":"Again the subjectless «надо» of obligation governs an infinitive — here the reflexive «высказываться» ('to speak out, express oneself fully'). The «-ся» gives a middle sense: to let oneself go in speech, which Kolya warns himself against."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая будет мерзость, если подумает","title":"Conditional «если» + perfective futures","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если подумает» (perfective future, 'if he thinks it') with main-clause «будет мерзость» (compound future of быть, 'it will be a vile thing'). «если» without «бы» states an open, possible condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тьфу","title":"«Тьфу!» — the spitting interjection","body":"«Тьфу» onomatopoeically renders a spit of disgust or self-annoyance — 'Ugh!, Pah!' It punctuates the rush of Kolya's anxious inner speech, the sound a Russian makes to ward off or dismiss something distasteful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказываться","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"высказываться","lemma":"высказываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объятиями","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сразу","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятиями","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"объятиями","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подумает","gloss":"embraces"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"he'll think"},{"surface":"Тьфу","lemma":"тьфу","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзость","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мерзость","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"мерзость","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"vile thing"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on какая","gloss":"he thought that"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c4-s12","source":"Так волновался Коля, изо всех сил стараясь принять самый независимый вид.","translation":"So Kolya fretted, straining with all his might to assume the most independent air possible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех сил стараясь принять… вид","title":"Imperfective gerund «стараясь»","body":"«стараясь» ('straining, trying') is an imperfective деепричастие naming the manner in which Kolya «волновался» — a simultaneous attendant action sharing his subject. «изо всех сил» ('with all one's might') is a fixed adverbial of effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый независимый вид","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"The superlative is built periphrastically: «самый» ('most') declines with and precedes the adjective «независимый» — 'the most independent air.' This is the everyday superlative, beside the bookish suffixal «-ейший»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies волновался","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"волновался","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fretted"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of волновался","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил, idiom изо всех сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition изо, idiom изо всех сил","gloss":"his might","note":"Idiom изо всех сил = \"with all one's might.\""},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on волновался","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to assume"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms superlative with независимый","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"независимый","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c4-s13","source":"Главное, его мучил маленький его рост, не столько «мерзкое» лицо, сколько рост.","translation":"Above all, it was his small stature that tormented him, not so much his \"hideous\" face as his height.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его мучил маленький его рост","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The accusative object «его» ('him') is fronted before the verb «мучил» and the nominative subject «рост» ('his height'), so the sentence reads object-verb-subject. Cases keep the roles clear, freeing word order to foreground the tormented Kolya as topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столько… сколько","title":"Correlative «не столько… сколько»","body":"'Not so much X as Y' — «не столько [«мерзкое» лицо], сколько рост» — a balanced correlative that rates one thing above another. Here it sharpens the point: not the face but the height is the true torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying мучил","gloss":"Above all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучил","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рост","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of рост","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рост","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучил","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb (correlative with сколько)","role":"introduces the не столько...сколько comparison","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"мерзкое","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"\"hideous\""},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first term of не столько...сколько comparison","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb (correlative with столько)","role":"introduces the second term of the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"рост","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"second term of не столько...сколько comparison","gloss":"his height"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c4-s14","source":"У него дома, в углу на стене, еще с прошлого года была сделана карандашом черточка, которою он отметил свой рост, и с тех пор каждые два месяца он с волнением подходил опять мериться: на сколько успел вырасти?","translation":"At home, in a corner on the wall, there had been a pencil mark made since the year before, with which he had marked his height, and ever since, every two months he would walk up again with a thrill of anxiety to measure himself: how much had he managed to grow?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была сделана карандашом черточка","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«была сделана» is the periphrastic passive — past tense of быть plus the short past passive participle «сделана» (agreeing fem. with «черточка») — 'a mark had been made.' «карандашом» (instrumental) is the means: 'made with a pencil.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"черточка, которою он отметил свой рост","title":"Relative «которою» in the instrumental","body":"«которою» (an archaic «-ою» instrumental of «который») agrees in gender/number with its antecedent «черточка» but takes the instrumental its own clause demands — 'the mark with which he marked.' «свой рост» uses the reflexive possessive, his own height."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждые два месяца он… подходил опять мериться","title":"Iterative imperfectives + prefixed motion","body":"The imperfectives «подходил» ('would walk up') and «мериться» ('to measure oneself') render a habitual, repeated routine — 'every two months.' «подходил» is a prefixed motion verb (под- 'up to'), now an ordinary imperfective; «мериться» is reflexive (measuring oneself)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточка","title":"«черточка» — a little mark/dash","body":"Diminutive of «черта» ('line, stroke'), «черточка» is 'a little dash' — a small pencil tick on the wall. The diminutive lends a tender, almost pitying intimacy to this private ritual of a boy measuring whether he has grown."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него, idiom у него дома","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была сделана (location)","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"location modifying была сделана","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с прошлого года","gloss":"as far back as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of была сделана","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделана","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сделана","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence (passive)","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"карандашом","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of сделана","gloss":"in pencil"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive сделана","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"relative pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of отметил, introduces relative clause","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отметил","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had marked"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рост","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рост","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отметил","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, idiom с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, feminine","role":"part of the idiom с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"каждые","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил (time expression)","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отметил","gloss":"would come up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"мериться","lemma":"мериться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подходил","gloss":"to measure himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сколько, idiom на сколько","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, accusative","role":"object of на, modifies вырасти","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"вырасти","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to grow"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c4-s15","source":"Но увы! вырастал он ужасно мало, и это приводило его порой просто в отчаяние.","translation":"But alas! he was growing terribly little, and this drove him at times to sheer despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырастал он ужасно мало","title":"Imperfective «вырастал» + subject inversion","body":"The imperfective «вырастал» ('he was growing, kept growing') views the failure as an ongoing, repeated fact, not a single event. The verb-subject inversion («вырастал он») throws emphatic weight onto the verb after the exclamation «увы!»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это приводило его… в отчаяние","title":"Idiomatic «приводить в + accusative»","body":"«приводить в отчаяние» ('to drive to despair') uses «в + accusative» of an abstract state — a fixed pattern for 'to bring/throw into (a state).' The imperfective «приводило» marks it as a recurring effect, 'at times.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увы","title":"«увы!» — alas","body":"A literary interjection of lament, «увы» ('alas') is consciously elevated, half-mock-tragic here as the narrator dramatizes a schoolboy's despair over his height. The tone hovers warmly between sympathy and gentle irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"вырастал","lemma":"вырастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырастал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырастал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приводило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"приводило","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вырастал","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приводило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"порой","lemma":"пора","morphology":"adverb (instrumental form used adverbially)","role":"modifies приводило","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в отчаяние","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяние","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приводило","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c4-s16","source":"Что же до лица, то было оно вовсе не «мерзкое», напротив, довольно миловидное, беленькое, бледненькое, с веснушками.","translation":"As for his face, it was not at all \"hideous\"; on the contrary, it was rather pleasant, fair, a little pale, sprinkled with freckles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до лица, то…","title":"Topic frame «что (же) до… то»","body":"«что до X, то…» is a fixed bookish frame for shifting topic — 'as for X, …' — with «то» resuming the main clause and «же» adding emphasis. It cleanly hands the spotlight from height (the real worry) over to the face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было оно вовсе не «мерзкое»","title":"Negation «вовсе не» + verb-subject order","body":"«вовсе не» is an emphatic 'not at all, by no means' negating «мерзкое». The inversion «было оно» (verb before pronoun subject) is a narratorial flourish; the past «было» supplies the copula the present would omit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беленькое, бледненькое","title":"Affectionate diminutive adjectives","body":"«беленькое» (from белый, 'white/fair') and «бледненькое» (from бледный, 'pale') carry the «-еньк-» suffix that softens and endears — 'nicely fair, a little pale.' The narrator's diminutives quietly correct Kolya's harsh «мерзкое»: the face is in fact rather sweet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom что до","role":"part of idiom что до лица","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom что до, preposition marking лица","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"resumptive conjunction","role":"resumes the topic, correlate of что...то","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мерзкое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мерзкое","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мерзкое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мерзкое","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"\"hideous\""},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миловидное","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"миловидное","lemma":"миловидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, coordinated with мерзкое","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"беленькое","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with миловидное","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"бледненькое","lemma":"бледненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with миловидное","gloss":"a little pale"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веснушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"веснушками","lemma":"веснушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with миловидное, describes оно","gloss":"freckles"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c4-s17","source":"Серые, небольшие, но живые глазки смотрели смело и часто загорались чувством.","translation":"His small gray eyes were lively; they looked out boldly and often kindled with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазки смотрели… и часто загорались","title":"Imperfective pair for habitual description","body":"Both verbs are imperfective: «смотрели» ('looked') and «загорались» ('would kindle, light up'), portraying a standing, characteristic trait rather than one event. «часто» ('often') reinforces the habitual reading typical of descriptive portraiture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки","title":"«глазки» — little eyes","body":"Diminutive of «глаза» ('eyes'), «глазки» conveys tenderness toward Kolya's small but lively eyes. The whole portrait is studded with such diminutives, the narrator's warmth toward this proud, vulnerable boy made audible in the morphology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Серые","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глазки, coordinated with небольшие","gloss":"Gray"},{"surface":"небольшие","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Серые, modifies глазки","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"живые","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глазки","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрели and загорались","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"смело","lemma":"смело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загорались","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"загорались","lemma":"загораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"kindled"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорались","gloss":"with feeling"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c4-s18","source":"Скулы были несколько широки, губы маленькие, не очень толстые, но очень красные; нос маленький и решительно вздернутый: «Совсем курносый, совсем курносый!» — бормотал про себя Коля, когда смотрелся в зеркало, и всегда отходил от зеркала с негодованием.","translation":"His cheekbones were somewhat broad, his lips small, not very full but very red; his nose was small and decidedly turned up: \"Absolutely snub-nosed, absolutely snub-nosed!\" Kolya would mutter to himself whenever he looked in the mirror, and he always walked away from it in indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скулы были несколько широки, губы маленькие","title":"Short adjective «широки» in portrait predicates","body":"«широки» is the predicative short form of «широкий» ('broad'), agreeing as nominative plural — the bookish predicate form favored for describing fixed qualities. Beside it «маленькие» keeps the long form, a natural mix in 19th-c. descriptive prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда смотрелся в зеркало","title":"Reflexive «смотреться» — to look at oneself","body":"«смотреться (в зеркало)» means 'to look at oneself (in the mirror),' the «-ся» turning the gaze back on the subject. It contrasts with plain «смотреть» ('to look at' something else); here it captures Kolya scrutinizing his own reflection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"курносый","title":"«курносый» — snub-nosed","body":"«курносый» means having a short, turned-up ('snub') nose — a homely, faintly comic feature in Russian. Kolya's doubled muttering «совсем курносый, совсем курносый!» is the self-mocking despair of a boy who wants to look serious and dignified."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скулы","lemma":"скула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of широки","gloss":"His cheekbones"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to широки","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies широки","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"широки","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of маленькие (elliptical были)","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement (elliptical были), coordinated with широки","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толстые","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"толстые","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with маленькие","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красные","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"красные","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with толстые","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of маленький (elliptical был)","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elliptical был), describes нос","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздернутый","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"вздернутый","lemma":"вздёрнутый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленький, describes нос","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies курносый","gloss":"Absolutely"},{"surface":"курносый","lemma":"курносый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"snub-nosed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies курносый","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"курносый","lemma":"курносый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats the exclamation","gloss":"snub-nosed"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of бормотал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрелся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"смотрелся","lemma":"смотреться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"looked at himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркало","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зеркало","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрелся","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отходил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бормотал","gloss":"walked away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"зеркала","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходил","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходил","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c4-s19","source":"«Да вряд ли и лицо умное?» — подумывал он иногда, даже сомневаясь и в этом.","translation":"\"And is the face even clever, after all?\" he sometimes wondered, doubting even that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да вряд ли и лицо умное?","title":"Doubt particle cluster «да вряд ли»","body":"«вряд ли» means 'hardly, scarcely likely'; the opening «да» and the added «и» ('even, also') layer on rueful doubt — 'and is the face even clever, after all?' Russian builds such fine shades of skepticism almost entirely from stacked particles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сомневаясь и в этом","title":"Gerund «сомневаясь» + governed «в»","body":"«сомневаясь» is an imperfective деепричастие of the reflexive-only verb «сомневаться» ('to doubt'), which governs «в + prepositional» («в этом», 'in this'). The gerund adds the attendant circumstance — 'doubting even that.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom вряд ли","role":"part of idiom вряд ли, modifies умное","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, part of idiom вряд ли","role":"part of idiom вряд ли","gloss":"at all","note":"вряд ли is a fixed idiom meaning \"hardly, scarcely.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умное","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"умное","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"подумывал","lemma":"подумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted question","gloss":"wondered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумывал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневаясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сомневаясь","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумывал","gloss":"doubting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневаясь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c4-s20","source":"Впрочем, не надо полагать, что забота о лице и о росте поглощала всю его душу.","translation":"We must not suppose, however, that concern over his face and his height swallowed up his whole soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо полагать, что…","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + что-clause","body":"«не надо полагать» ('one must not suppose') is a subjectless modal directed, with avuncular tact, at the reader. «что» opens the reported-content clause — the plain factual subordinator, distinct from purposive «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поглощала всю его душу","title":"«поглощать душу» — to swallow up the soul","body":"«поглощать» ('to absorb, devour, swallow up') is a weighty, almost elevated verb; paired with «всю его душу» ('his whole soul') it lifts a boy's vanity to mock-grand scale. The narrator's irony is affectionate, never cruel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"полагать","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поглощала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поглощала","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking росте","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"росте","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лице","gloss":"his height"},{"surface":"поглощала","lemma":"поглощать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of полагать","gloss":"swallowed up"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поглощала","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c4-s21","source":"Напротив, как ни язвительны были минуты пред зеркалом, но он быстро забывал о них, и даже надолго, «весь отдаваясь идеям и действительной жизни», как определял он сам свою деятельность.","translation":"On the contrary, however galling those minutes before the mirror were, he quickly forgot about them, and for a long while at that, \"giving himself wholly over to ideas and to real life,\" as he himself defined his activity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни язвительны были минуты","title":"Concessive «как ни…» + short adjective","body":"«как ни + predicate» means 'however much, no matter how' — a concessive built with the particle «ни». «язвительны» is the predicative short form of «язвительный» ('stinging, galling'). Together: 'however galling the minutes were.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь отдаваясь идеям и действительной жизни","title":"Gerund «отдаваясь» + dative objects","body":"«отдаваясь» is an imperfective деепричастие of reflexive «отдаваться» ('to give oneself over to'), which governs the dative «идеям… жизни». «весь» ('wholly, entirely') intensifies the surrender. The gerund condenses Kolya's self-description into one adverbial flourish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"действительной жизни","title":"«действительная жизнь» — 'real life'","body":"«действительный» means 'actual, real,' so «действительная жизнь» is 'real life' as opposed to childish trifles. In Kolya's self-important quotation marks it parodies the radical, world-engaged earnestness of the 1860s–70s intelligentsia he is aping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"On the contrary"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of concessive как ни","role":"modifies язвительны","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, part of concessive как ни","role":"modifies язвительны","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"язвительны","lemma":"язвительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"galling"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to язвительны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of язвительны","gloss":"the minutes"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркалом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"зеркалом","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of язвительны","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of забывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надолго","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with быстро, modifies забывал","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject он of отдаваясь","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"отдаваясь","lemma":"отдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"quoted converb clause, complement of как определял","gloss":"giving himself over"},{"surface":"идеям","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of отдаваясь","gloss":"to ideas"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительной","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with идеям","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of определял","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"определял","lemma":"определять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"defined"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of определял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деятельность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"деятельность","lemma":"деятельность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of определял","gloss":"activity"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c4-s22","source":"Алеша появился скоро и спеша подошел к Коле; за несколько шагов еще тот разглядел, что у Алеши было какое-то совсем радостное лицо.","translation":"Alyosha appeared soon and came up to Kolya in a hurry; while still several steps off, Kolya could make out that Alyosha's face was somehow utterly joyful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша подошел к Коле","title":"Gerund «спеша» + prefixed motion «подошел»","body":"«спеша» ('hurrying') is an imperfective gerund of manner; «подошел» is the perfective prefixed motion verb «подойти» ('to come up to'), governing «к + dative» («к Коле»). The pair stages a single completed approach done in haste."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Алеши было какое-то совсем радостное лицо","title":"Possessive «у Алеши» + indefinite «какое-то»","body":"«у + genitive» («у Алеши») expresses 'Alyosha had,' and «какое-то» ('some sort of') makes the face vaguely, strikingly joyful from a distance. «совсем» ('utterly') intensifies — Kolya perceives an unmistakable but unplaceable joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with появился","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, masculine","role":"object of numeral несколько, part of adverbial phrase modifying разглядел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за несколько шагов","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разглядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши, idiom у Алеши было","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разглядел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо, part of какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle, part of какое-то","role":"part of indefinite determiner какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостное","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"радостное","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c4-s23","source":"«Неужели так рад мне?» — с удовольствием подумал Коля.","translation":"\"Can he really be so glad to see me?\" Kolya thought with pleasure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели так рад мне?","title":"Incredulity particle «неужели» + dative","body":"«неужели» voices astonished disbelief — 'can it really be?, surely not?' «рад» is the short adjective 'glad,' governing the dative «мне» ('glad at/to me'). The whole question is Kolya's flattered, half-suspicious surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"Can it be that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"to see me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c4-s24","source":"Здесь кстати заметим, что Алеша очень изменился с тех пор, как мы его оставили: он сбросил подрясник и носил теперь прекрасно сшитый сюртук, мягкую круглую шляпу и коротко обстриженные волосы.","translation":"Here we may note in passing that Alyosha had changed greatly since we left him: he had cast off the cassock and now wore a beautifully tailored frock coat, a soft round hat, and his hair cut short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тех пор, как мы его оставили","title":"Temporal frame «с тех пор, как»","body":"«с тех пор, как» ('ever since, from the time when') is a fixed subordinating expression of time. The perfective «оставили» ('left, last saw') marks the completed point of departure — a self-conscious narratorial nod to the reader."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прекрасно сшитый сюртук","title":"Past passive participle «сшитый»","body":"«сшитый» ('sewn, tailored,' from perfective сшить) is a past passive participle agreeing with «сюртук»; the adverb «прекрасно» modifies it — 'beautifully tailored.' Such attributive participles do the work of an English relative clause ('that was beautifully made')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметим","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметим","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"заметим","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first person, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we may note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменился","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"изменился","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметим","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, idiom с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, feminine","role":"oblique complement of изменился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставили","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тех пор","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сбросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сбросил","lemma":"сбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"cast off"},{"surface":"подрясник","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сбросил","gloss":"the cassock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбросил","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сшитый","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"сшитый","lemma":"сшитый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртук","gloss":"tailored"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"мягкую","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпу","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"круглую","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпу","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртук","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коротко","lemma":"коротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обстриженные","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"обстриженные","lemma":"обстричь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies волосы","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сюртук","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c4-s25","source":"Всё это очень его скрасило, и смотрел он совсем красавчиком.","translation":"All this had improved his looks considerably, and he seemed quite a handsome fellow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел он совсем красавчиком","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «смотреть»","body":"«смотреть + instrumental» idiomatically means 'to look like, appear as' — «смотрел… красавчиком», 'he looked quite a handsome fellow.' The predicate noun takes the instrumental, the same case that follows быть/стать for a role or appearance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"красавчиком","title":"«красавчик» — a pretty fellow","body":"Diminutive of «красавец» ('a handsome man'), «красавчик» is faintly playful — 'a good-looking young fellow,' with a touch of fondness or teasing. The suffix keeps the narrator's tone light and warm toward the made-over Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это, subject of скрасило","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скрасило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрасило","gloss":"considerably"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрасило","gloss":"his looks"},{"surface":"скрасило","lemma":"скрасить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"improved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрасило","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красавчиком","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"красавчиком","lemma":"красавчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of смотрел","gloss":"a handsome fellow"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c4-s26","source":"Миловидное лицо его имело всегда веселый вид, но веселость эта была какая-то тихая и спокойная.","translation":"His pleasant face always wore a cheerful look, but it was a cheerfulness of a quiet and calm kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веселость эта была какая-то тихая","title":"Postposed demonstrative «эта» + indefinite «какая-то»","body":"«эта» follows its noun («веселость эта»), a common literary order giving 'this cheerfulness of his'; «какая-то» ('some kind of') makes the quality elusive — 'a cheerfulness of some quiet, calm kind.' Russian's free order lets the demonstrative trail for rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миловидное","lemma":"миловидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of имело","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"имело","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имело","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имело","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"веселость","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"this cheerfulness"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веселость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тихая/спокойная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular, part of какая-то","role":"determiner, part of indefinite какая-то","gloss":"of some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle, part of какая-то","role":"part of indefinite determiner какая-то","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"тихая","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, coordinated with спокойная","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойная","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тихая","gloss":"calm"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c4-s27","source":"К удивлению Коли, Алеша вышел к нему в том, в чем сидел в комнате, без пальто, видно, что поспешил.","translation":"To Kolya's surprise, Alyosha had come out to him just as he had been sitting indoors, without a coat — plainly he had been in a hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том, в чем сидел в комнате","title":"Correlative «в том, в чём»","body":"«в том, в чём» pairs a demonstrative «том» with the relative «чём» (both prepositional after «в») — 'in that which / in what he had been sitting in,' i.e. 'just as he was.' Both members take their case from their own clause's preposition «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел к нему","title":"Prefixed motion «выйти к»","body":"«вышел» is the perfective prefixed motion verb «выйти» ('to come/go out'), governing «к + dative» («к нему», 'out to him'). The вы- prefix gives the precise direction — emerging from indoors — a single completed move."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"видно, что поспешил","title":"«видно» — 'evidently, plainly'","body":"«видно» here is an impersonal evidential — 'one can see, evidently' — not the adjective 'visible.' It frames «что поспешил» ('that he had hurried') as an inference Kolya draws from Alyosha's coatlessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of К","gloss":"the surprise"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies удивлению","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел, antecedent of в чем","gloss":"that (state)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying том","gloss":"he'd been sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular, indeclinable","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"a coat"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"plainly","note":"Impersonal predicate ('it's plain that...'), not modifying вышел."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of видно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"he'd hurried"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c4-s28","source":"Он прямо протянул Коле руку.","translation":"He held his hand straight out to Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он прямо протянул Коле руку","title":"Dative recipient «Коле» + accusative «руку»","body":"A classic ditransitive frame: «протянул» ('held out') takes the accusative thing «руку» ('his hand') and the dative recipient «Коле' ('to Kolya'). «прямо» ('straight, directly') stresses the frank, unhesitating gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to Kolya"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c4-s29","source":"— Вот и вы наконец, как мы вас все ждали.","translation":"— So here you are at last; how we have all been waiting for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот и вы наконец","title":"Presentative «вот» + emphatic «и»","body":"«вот» presents and points ('here, there'), and «и» here is the emphatic 'at last, indeed' rather than 'and' — 'so here you are at last.' The cluster gives the warm, relieved deixis of greeting someone long awaited."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мы вас все ждали","title":"Imperfective «ждали» of process","body":"«ждали» (imperfective past of «ждать») renders the drawn-out process of waiting — 'how we have all been waiting.' «ждать» governs the accusative «вас» here; the exclamatory «как» colors it with feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Вот","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вот","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"have waited"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c4-s30","source":"— Были причины, о которых сейчас узнаете.","translation":"— There were reasons, which you'll learn about presently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"причины, о которых сейчас узнаете","title":"Relative «о которых» + perfective future","body":"«о которых» (relative «который» in the prepositional plural after «о») agrees with «причины' but takes the case its own clause's «узнать о» demands. «узнаете» is a perfective future ('you will learn'); «сейчас» here means 'presently, in a moment.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнаете","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on причины","gloss":"you'll learn"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c4-s31","source":"Во всяком случае, рад познакомиться.","translation":"In any case, I'm glad to make your acquaintance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рад познакомиться","title":"Short adjective «рад» + perfective infinitive","body":"«рад» is the predicative short adjective 'glad,' which idiomatically takes an infinitive — «рад познакомиться», 'glad to get acquainted.' The dropped «я» is recoverable from context; the perfective «познакомиться» frames the meeting as a single accomplished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad","note":"Elliptical: implied subject 'I' — [Я] рад."},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to meet you"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c4-s32","source":"Давно ждал случая и много слышал, — пробормотал, немного задыхаясь Коля.","translation":"I've long awaited the chance, and I've heard a great deal, — muttered Kolya, a little out of breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немного задыхаясь","title":"Gerund «задыхаясь» of attendant state","body":"«задыхаясь» is an imperfective деепричастие of reflexive «задыхаться» ('to gasp, be out of breath'), naming the state in which Kolya speaks — 'a little out of breath.' It nicely undercuts his attempted composure with a physical tell."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давно ждал случая","title":"Imperfective «ждал» + genitive object","body":"«ждать» typically governs the genitive for an abstract or non-specific awaited thing — «ждал случая» ('awaited the/a chance'). The imperfective «ждал» with «давно» conveys a long-standing, ongoing anticipation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've awaited"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхаясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"out of breath"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c4-s33","source":"— Да мы с вами и без того бы познакомились, я сам о вас много слышал, но здесь-то, сюда-то вы запоздали.","translation":"— Why, the two of us would have gotten acquainted anyway; I've heard a great deal about you myself, but it's here, in coming to this place, that you've been slow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы с вами… бы познакомились","title":"Conditional «бы» + comitative «мы с вами»","body":"«бы» plus the past-form «познакомились» makes the irrealis — 'we would have gotten acquainted (anyway).' «мы с вами» literally 'we with you' is Russian's inclusive way of saying 'you and I,' taking plural agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"здесь-то, сюда-то вы запоздали","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on locatives","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the emphatic topic-marker (not the indefinite suffix), stressing the contrast 'it's here, in coming to this place, that…' on «здесь» (location) and «сюда» (direction toward). Distinguishing this emphatic «-то» from indefinite «кто-то» is a recurring reading puzzle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies познакомились","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of познакомились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомились","gloss":"that","note":"'без того' is idiomatic for 'anyway, regardless.'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of познакомились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"познакомились","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have gotten acquainted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запоздали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on здесь","gloss":"right","note":"Postpositive '-то' emphasizes the preceding word; cleft-like 'it's here that...'"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запоздали","gloss":"to this place"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on сюда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запоздали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"запоздали","lemma":"запоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"you've been slow"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c4-s34","source":"— Скажите, как здесь?","translation":"— Tell me, how are things here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажите, как здесь?","title":"Polite imperative «скажите»","body":"«скажите» is the imperative of perfective «сказать» with the plural/polite «-те» ending — 'tell (you, formal).' Kolya and Alyosha address each other with «вы», the respectful 'you,' throughout, a marker of their new, careful acquaintance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"clausal complement of Скажите","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c4-s35","source":"— Илюша очень плох, он непременно умрет.","translation":"— Ilusha is very bad; he is sure to die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень плох","title":"Short adjective «плох» of state","body":"«плох» is the predicative short form of «плохой» ('bad'), used of health to mean gravely ill — 'very bad, in a bad way.' The short form here signals a present, critical condition, the idiom for someone near death."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он непременно умрет","title":"Perfective future «умрёт»","body":"«умрёт» is the perfective simple future of «умереть» ('to die') — a single, final completed event. With «непременно» ('without fail, certainly') it states the death as a settled certainty, the blunt prognosis softening nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плох","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плох","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"плох","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is bad"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плох","gloss":"is sure to die"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c4-s36","source":"— Что вы! Согласитесь, что медицина подлость, Карамазов, — с жаром воскликнул Коля.","translation":"— You don't say! Admit it, medicine is a vile thing, Karamazov, — Kolya exclaimed heatedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"медицина подлость","title":"Zero-copula equation","body":"Present-tense 'X is Y' needs no verb: «медицина подлость» juxtaposes two nominatives — 'medicine [is] a vile thing.' This copula-less equating, with both nouns in the nominative, is the default present-tense predication in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Согласитесь, что…","title":"Reflexive imperative «согласитесь»","body":"«согласитесь» is the polite imperative of reflexive «согласиться» ('to agree'); «-тесь» = imperative «-те» + reflexive «-сь». Followed by «что», it means 'admit/grant that…' — Kolya's pushy, debating manner buttonholing his interlocutor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что вы!","title":"«Что вы!» — 'You don't say! / Come now!'","body":"An idiomatic exclamation of surprise or protest, «Что вы!» means roughly 'You don't say!, Surely not!, Come, come!' depending on tone. Here it registers Kolya's startled, theatrical reaction to the news of Ilusha's coming death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"what","note":"Idiom 'Что вы!' = 'You don't say!'"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of Согласитесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"медицина","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подлость","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of медицина","gloss":"a vile thing"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c4-s37","source":"— Илюша часто, очень часто поминал об вас, даже, знаете, во сне, в бреду.","translation":"— Ilusha has spoken of you often, very often, even, you know, in his sleep, in his delirium.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поминал об вас","title":"Imperfective «поминал» + «об» variant","body":"«поминал» (imperfective past) renders the repeated 'kept mentioning, spoke of'; «часто, очень часто» underscores the iteration. «вас» is consonant-initial, so this is not the euphonic «об» used before vowels; «об вас» is a bookish/archaic variant of the modern standard «о вас»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поминал","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поминал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поминал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"поминал","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has spoken of"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of поминал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминал","gloss":"his sleep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сне","gloss":"his delirium"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c4-s38","source":"Видно, что вы ему очень, очень были дороги прежде… до того случая… с ножиком.","translation":"It's plain that you were once very, very dear to him — before… before that business… with the penknife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ему очень… были дороги","title":"Short adjective «дороги» + dative","body":"«дороги» is the short predicative plural of «дорогой' ('dear, precious'), governing the dative «ему» ('dear to him'). The past «были» supplies tense — 'you were very dear to him.' Short adjectives of feeling regularly take a dative of the person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's plain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of Видно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дороги","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with очень","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking вы to дороги","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, complement of были","gloss":"dear","note":"Short-form adjective (dear), not the noun 'дорога' (road)."},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случая","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ножиком","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случая","gloss":"the penknife"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c4-s39","source":"Тут есть и еще причина… Скажите, это ваша собака?","translation":"There's another reason as well… Tell me, is that your dog?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ваша собака?","title":"Possessive «ваша» agreeing with «собака»","body":"The possessive «ваша» ('your,' formal) agrees in feminine singular with «собака' ('dog'); «это» is the invariable presentative 'is this…?'. The whole question is verbless, the present copula simply absent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of собака","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собака","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"dog"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c4-s40","source":"— Моя. Перезвон.","translation":"— Mine. Perezvon.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c4-s41","source":"— А не Жучка? — жалостно поглядел Алеша в глаза Коле. — Та уже так и пропала?","translation":"— And not Zhutchka? — Alyosha looked Kolya ruefully in the eyes. — So she's lost for good?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та уже так и пропала?","title":"Demonstrative «та» + «так и»","body":"«Та» ('that one,' feminine) refers back to Zhutchka, distinguishing her from Perezvon. «так и пропала» uses the emphatic «так и» ('just so, for good') with perfective «пропала» ('vanished') — 'so she's truly lost.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жалостно поглядел… в глаза","title":"«жалостно» — pityingly, ruefully","body":"«жалостно» ('with pity, plaintively,' from «жалость», 'pity') colors Alyosha's look into Kolya's eyes. The detail signals Alyosha's tenderness — he grasps how much the lost dog matters to the dying Ilusha — against Kolya's cooler enigmatic manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жучка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"жалостно","lemma":"жалостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"ruefully"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c4-s42","source":"— Знаю, что вам хотелось бы всем Жучку, слышал всё-с, — загадочно усмехнулся Коля. — Слушайте, Карамазов, я вам объясню всё дело, я, главное, с тем и пришел, для этого вас и вызвал, чтобы вам предварительно объяснить весь пассаж, прежде чем мы войдем, — оживленно начал он. — Видите, Карамазов, весной Илюша поступает в приготовительный класс.","translation":"— I know you'd all of you like it to be Zhutchka; I've heard all about it, sir, — Kolya smirked enigmatically. — Listen, Karamazov, I'll explain the whole affair to you; that's chiefly why I came, that's what I called you out for, to explain the whole episode to you beforehand, before we go in, — he began animatedly. — You see, Karamazov, in the spring Ilusha entered the preparatory class.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам хотелось бы всем Жучку","title":"Dative-experiencer conditional «хотелось бы»","body":"No nominative subject: dative «вам» (with appositive «всем», 'all of you') experiences «хотелось бы» — the impersonal reflexive «хотеться» softened by «бы» into 'you would all like.' The desired «Жучку» stands in the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для этого вас и вызвал, чтобы… объяснить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» here introduces purpose with an infinitive sharing the subject — 'in order to explain.' It echoes the earlier «с тем… пришёл» and «для этого' ('for that purpose'), Kolya triply underscoring his deliberate, self-important plan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слышал всё-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«-с» (from «сударь», 'sir') is an obsequious or ironic politeness clitic tacked onto a word — «всё-с» = 'everything, sir.' By the 1870s it sounds antiquated and servile; Kolya deploys it with knowing, faintly mocking affectation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пассаж","title":"«пассаж» — affair, episode (Gallicism)","body":"A bookish borrowing from French «passage», «пассаж» means an awkward incident or surprising turn of events — 'the whole episode.' Kolya's fondness for such fancy foreign words is part of his showing-off; the narrator lets it expose his youthful pretension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотелось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"you'd like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хотелось","gloss":"Zhutchka","note":"Elliptical: 'you'd all like it to be Zhutchka.'"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attaches to всё","gloss":"sir","note":"Old deferential particle '-с' (like 'sir/ma'am'), attached to the previous word."},{"surface":"загадочно","lemma":"загадочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"enigmatically"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объясню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объясню","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll explain"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объясню","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызвал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызвал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объяснить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснить","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вызвал","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пассаж","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"пассаж","lemma":"пассаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of войдем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"войдем","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объяснить","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"оживленно","lemma":"оживленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"animatedly"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause of поступает","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"весной","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступает","gloss":"in the spring"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступает","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"поступает","lemma":"поступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking класс","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"приготовительный","lemma":"приготовительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies класс","gloss":"preparatory"},{"surface":"класс","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступает","gloss":"class"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c4-s43","source":"Ну, известно, наш приготовительный класс: мальчишки, детвора.","translation":"Well, you know our preparatory class: little boys, mere children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детвора","title":"«детвора» — 'the kids, small fry'","body":"A collective, slightly affectionate noun for a crowd of children — 'kids, little ones,' grammatically singular but plural in sense. Set beside the pejorative «мальчишки», it paints the preparatory class as a swarm of mere children."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну, известно, наш приготовительный класс","title":"Predicative «известно» + colloquial «ну»","body":"«известно» is an impersonal predicative — 'it's well known, you know how it is' — introducing a shared assumption, very like «ведь». The opening «ну» ('well') is a colloquial filler launching Kolya's narrative in a chatty register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introductory discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"parenthetical predicate","gloss":"you know","note":"Impersonal 'известно' = 'as is known.'"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of класс","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"приготовительный","lemma":"приготовительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies класс","gloss":"preparatory"},{"surface":"класс","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to класс","gloss":"little boys"},{"surface":"детвора","lemma":"детвора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мальчишки","gloss":"mere children"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c4-s44","source":"Илюшу тотчас же начали задирать.","translation":"They began baiting Ilusha at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начали задирать","title":"Inceptive «начали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начали» (perfective 'began') governs the imperfective infinitive «задирать' ('to bait, pick on') — phase verbs of beginning, continuing, and stopping always take the imperfective. «тотчас же» ('at once') with the emphatic «же» stresses the immediacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задирать","title":"«задирать» — to bait, provoke","body":"«задирать» means to needle, pick fights with, or torment someone — schoolyard bullying. The verb's edge of deliberate provocation sets up the contrast with Ilusha, who «не подчиняется» and fights back rather than submitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задирать","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"задирать","lemma":"задирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"baiting"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c4-s45","source":"Я двумя классами выше и, разумеется, смотрю издали, со стороны.","translation":"I'm two classes higher up and, naturally, I watch from a distance, from the sidelines.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я двумя классами выше","title":"Instrumental of measure with a comparative","body":"«двумя классами» (instrumental) gives the extent of difference with the comparative «выше» — 'higher by two classes.' The instrumental of measure ('by how much') is the regular partner of comparatives, as in «на год старше» / «двумя годами старше»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрю издали, со стороны","title":"Vivid historic present «смотрю»","body":"Kolya narrates past events in the present tense («смотрю», «вижу») for immediacy — the historic present, dropping «я» since the imperfective ending marks first person. «издали' and «со стороны» both mean 'from afar / from the side,' the detached observer's stance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выше","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies классами","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"классами","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"higher up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical verb","role":"parenthetical modifying смотрю","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"I watch"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрю","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"the sidelines"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c4-s46","source":"Вижу, мальчик маленький, слабенький, но не подчиняется, даже с ними дерется, гордый, глазенки горят.","translation":"I see: a little boy, frail, but he won't submit, he even fights them, proud, his little eyes blazing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вижу, мальчик маленький, слабенький… глазенки горят","title":"Asyndeton: stacked verbless predicates","body":"Kolya's breathless sketch piles up copula-less nominative predicates with no conjunctions — 'a boy, little, frail… proud, his little eyes blazing.' The historic-present «вижу' ('I see') frames it, and the absent copula makes the portrait staccato and immediate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слабенький, глазенки","title":"Diminutives of sympathy","body":"«слабенький» (from «слабый», 'weak') and «глазенки» (from «глаза», 'eyes') carry the «-еньк-» and «-енк-» suffixes of tender pity — 'frail little, little eyes.' Through them Kolya's bravado lets real affection for the small, defiant Ilusha show through."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the descriptive clause","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"слабенький","lemma":"слабенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленький","gloss":"frail"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подчиняется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подчиняется","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"describes мальчик","gloss":"won't submit"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерется","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of дерется","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дерется","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"describes мальчик","gloss":"fights"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"глазенки","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of горят","gloss":"his little eyes"},{"surface":"горят","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"final clause of the description","gloss":"blazing"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c4-s47","source":"Я люблю этаких.","translation":"I love that sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я люблю этаких","title":"Colloquial demonstrative «этаких»","body":"«этакий» is a colloquial, expressive variant of «такой» ('such, that sort'); the animate accusative plural «этаких» ('such ones, that kind of boy') borrows the genitive form by the animacy rule. Kolya's word choice is breezy and self-assured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"that sort"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c4-s48","source":"А они его пуще.","translation":"And they went at him all the harder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А они его пуще","title":"Elliptical clause + contrastive «а»","body":"The verb is omitted and understood from context ('went at him') — «А они его пуще» is 'and they [did it to] him all the harder.' «а» marks the contrastive turn, «его» is the accusative object, and the gapped verb is recovered from «задирать/бить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще","title":"«пуще» — all the more (archaic)","body":"«пуще» is a colloquial-archaic comparative meaning 'more, all the harder, worse' (related to «пуще прежнего», 'worse than before'). It has a folk, expressive ring, fitting Kolya's animated storytelling voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical verb","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"all the harder","note":"Elliptical: verb of baiting (задирали) is omitted, understood from context."}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c4-s49","source":"Главное, у него тогда было платьишко скверное, штанишки наверх лезут, а сапоги каши просят.","translation":"The main thing was that his clothes were wretched then, his little trousers riding up, and his boots begging for gruel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"платьишко, штанишки, сапоги","title":"Diminutive suffixes","body":"Russian piles on diminutive suffixes (-ишко, -ишки, -енки) to color a noun with pity, contempt, or affection. Платьишко is not just 'clothes' but 'wretched little clothes'; глазенки is 'little eyes' said tenderly. The base words are платье and глаза; the suffix carries the emotion that English must add with adjectives like 'poor' or 'little.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сапоги каши просят","title":"Idiom: 'boots begging for gruel'","body":"«сапоги каши просят» ('the boots are asking for porridge') is a folk idiom for boots so worn that the sole gapes open at the toe like a mouth — gaping, falling apart. The vivid image marks Ilusha's family's poverty, the very thing the other boys mocked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"штанишки наверх лезут","title":"Imperfective «лезут» in descriptive present","body":"«лезут» (3rd plural present of «лезть», 'to climb, creep') describes the trousers 'riding up' — an ongoing, characteristic state in the descriptive present. «лезть» is the unidirectional motion verb here used figuratively of inching upward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the sentence","gloss":"mainly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor, complement of было","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"платьишко","lemma":"платьишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"his little outfit"},{"surface":"скверное","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьишко","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"штанишки","lemma":"штанишки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лезут","gloss":"his little trousers"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лезут","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"лезут","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with было","gloss":"riding up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of просят","gloss":"his boots"},{"surface":"каши","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просят","gloss":"gruel","note":"'каши просят' (lit. 'ask for gruel') is an idiom for worn-through, gaping boots."},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with было","gloss":"begging"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c4-s50","source":"Они его и за это. Унижают.","translation":"They went at him for that too. They humiliated him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они его и за это","title":"Verbless clause + emphatic «и за это»","body":"Again the verb of bullying is gapped: «Они его и за это» = 'them [at] him for this too,' with «и» meaning 'also' and «за это» ('for that') naming the reason. The terse fragment, completed by the next word «Унижают», mimics Kolya's clipped indignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical verb","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Унижают","lemma":"унижать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they humiliate him"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c4-s51","source":"Нет, это уж я не люблю, тотчас заступился и экстрафеферу задал.","translation":"No, that I won't have; I took his side at once and gave them a thorough drubbing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уж я не люблю","title":"Fronted object «это» + particle «уж»","body":"The object «это» is fronted as topic ('that — I don't like'), with the verb «не люблю» last for emphasis. «уж» is an intensifying particle here ('really, that I will not have'), lending Kolya's verdict its forceful, decided tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экстрафеферу задал","title":"«задать феферу» — to give a thrashing","body":"«задать феферу» (from German «Pfeffer», 'pepper') is slang for 'to give a hot time, a real drubbing'; Kolya inflates it to «экстрафеферу» ('extra pepper') for comic swagger. The German-derived schoolboy slang flags both his bookishness and his showmanship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't have","note":"'не люблю' = idiomatic 'I don't stand for [that].'"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заступился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заступился","lemma":"заступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"took his side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"экстрафеферу","lemma":"экстрафефер","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"idiomatic object of задал","gloss":"a thorough drubbing","note":"Coined intensifier of the idiom 'задать феферу' ('give a scolding/thrashing')."},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заступился","gloss":"gave them"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c4-s52","source":"Я ведь их бью, а они меня обожают, вы знаете ли это, Карамазов? — экспансивно похвастался Коля. — Да и вообще люблю детвору.","translation":"You see, I beat them and yet they adore me — do you know that, Karamazov? — Kolya boasted expansively. — And generally I'm fond of children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь их бью, а они меня обожают","title":"«ведь» + contrastive «а»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('you see, after all'); the contrastive «а» pivots between the two clauses — 'I beat them, and yet they adore me.' The paradox, framed by these two tiny particles, is the very point Kolya wants to drive home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы знаете ли это","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«ли» turns the statement into a literary yes/no question, attaching after the focused «знаете» — 'do you know this?' More bookish than mere question intonation, it suits Kolya's slightly performative, button-holing rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бью","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of бью","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"бью","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обожают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обожают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обожают","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бью","gloss":"adore"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to бью","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing вы","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"экспансивно","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похвастался","gloss":"expansively"},{"surface":"похвастался","lemma":"похвастаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to бью","gloss":"boasted"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похвастался","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообще","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond of"},{"surface":"детвору","lemma":"детвора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c4-s53","source":"У меня и теперь на шее дома два птенца сидят, даже сегодня меня задержали.","translation":"Even now I've two nestlings at home hanging round my neck; this very day they held me up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня… два птенца сидят","title":"Possessive «у меня» + numeral «два птенца»","body":"«у меня… сидят» is the 'I have' possessive, and «два птенца» shows the numeral rule: «два» takes the genitive singular «птенца». The plural verb «сидят» agrees notionally with the two creatures."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"птенца","title":"«птенцы» — 'nestlings' (the little ones)","body":"«птенец» is a baby bird, a nestling; Kolya calls the small children he looks after «два птенца», 'two nestlings.' The fond metaphor — little birds hanging round his neck — captures his self-appointed protector's role and his real tenderness toward younger kids."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"me","note":"Idiom «у меня» = “I have,” lit. “at me.”"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"my neck"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on птенца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"птенца","lemma":"птенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"nestlings"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задержали","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of задержали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"задержали","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сидят","gloss":"held up"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c4-s54","source":"Таким образом, Илюшу перестали бить, и я взял его под мою протекцию.","translation":"And so they stopped beating Ilusha, and I took him under my protection.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Илюшу перестали бить","title":"Phase verb «перестали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«перестали» (perfective 'stopped') governs the imperfective infinitive «бить» ('to beat') — verbs of ceasing always require the imperfective. The object «Илюшу» is fronted (animate accusative, borrowing the genitive form), making him the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял его под мою протекцию","title":"Possessive «мою» vs reflexive «свою»","body":"«под мою протекцию» ('under my protection') uses the first-person possessive «мою», which agrees with «протекцию» (fem. accusative). Since the subject is also 'I,' Russian could use reflexive «свою» here; «мою» is equally idiomatic for a first-person subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"протекцию","title":"«протекция» — patronage (Gallicism)","body":"Another fancy borrowing (French «protection»), «протекция» means patronage or sponsorship, with a faintly grand, bureaucratic flavor. Kolya's choice of this lofty word for a schoolboy's shielding of a smaller boy is part of his self-dramatizing vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"way","note":"Idiom «таким образом» = “thus, in this way.”"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестали","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протекцию","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of протекцию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"протекцию","lemma":"протекция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"protection"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c4-s55","source":"Вижу, мальчик гордый, это я вам говорю, что гордый, но кончил тем, что предался мне рабски, исполняет малейшие мои повеления, слушает меня как бога, лезет мне подражать.","translation":"I see he's a proud boy — I tell you he's proud — but he ended by giving himself over to me slavishly, carrying out my slightest commands, listening to me as to a god, trying to imitate me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил тем, что предался мне рабски","title":"Idiom «кончить тем, что…»","body":"«кончить тем, что…» ('to end by [doing]') uses the instrumental «тем» resumed by a «что»-clause — a fixed bookish frame for a final outcome. «предался» (reflexive «предаться», 'gave himself over') governs the dative «мне»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушает меня как бога, лезет мне подражать","title":"Historic present + dative with «подражать»","body":"The present-tense verbs continue Kolya's vivid narration. «подражать» ('to imitate') governs the dative «мне» ('imitate me'); «лезет… подражать» colloquially is 'keeps trying to imitate.' «слушает… как бога' likens obedience to worship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гордый","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Вижу","gloss":"is proud"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Вижу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гордый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вижу","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предался","lemma":"предаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"gave himself over"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"рабски","lemma":"рабски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предался","gloss":"slavishly"},{"surface":"исполняет","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предался","gloss":"carries out"},{"surface":"малейшие","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies повеления","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of повеления","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"повеления","lemma":"повеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of исполняет","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"слушает","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исполняет","gloss":"listens to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушает","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушает","gloss":"tries"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подражать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подражать","lemma":"подражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of лезет","gloss":"to imitate"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c4-s56","source":"В антрактах между классами сейчас ко мне, и мы вместе с ним ходим.","translation":"In the breaks between classes he'd come straight to me, and the two of us would go about together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В антрактах… сейчас ко мне, и мы вместе… ходим","title":"Verbless rush + multidirectional «ходим»","body":"The first clause has no verb — «сейчас ко мне» = '[he'd come] straight to me' — a clipped, vivid ellipsis. «ходим» is the multidirectional motion verb («ходить»), here imperfective for habitual 'we'd go about together,' not a single trajectory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В антрактах между классами","title":"«антракт» — interval, break (Gallicism)","body":"«антракт» (French «entr'acte», a theatrical interval) is used here for the breaks between lessons — 'in the intervals between classes.' The theatrical borrowing is mildly elevated for a school recess, another touch of Kolya's bookish diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антрактах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"антрактах","lemma":"антракт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the breaks"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"классами","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies антрактах","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies антрактах","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходим","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ходим","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go about"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c4-s57","source":"По воскресеньям тоже.","translation":"On Sundays too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По воскресеньям","title":"«по + dative» of recurring time","body":"«по воскресеньям» (dative plural after «по») means 'on Sundays,' the regular construction for habitual, repeated days. «по» + dative plural of a weekday is the standard way to say 'every Sunday / on Sundays.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресеньям","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"воскресеньям","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Sundays"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскресеньям","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c4-s58","source":"У нас в гимназии смеются, когда старший сходится на такую ногу с маленьким, но это предрассудок.","translation":"At our school they laugh when an older boy gets on such a footing with a little one, but that's a prejudice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда старший сходится… с маленьким","title":"Substantivized adjectives «старший / маленький»","body":"The adjectives «старший» ('the elder one') and «маленький» ('the little one') stand alone as nouns — substantivized, keeping adjective endings («с маленьким», instrumental after «с»). «сходится» (reflexive 'gets on intimate terms') governs «с + instrumental»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на такую ногу","title":"Idiom «на такую ногу» — on such a footing","body":"«сходиться/быть на короткой (такой) ноге с кем-то» ('to be on a [short / such a] footing with someone') is an idiom for a degree of intimacy or familiarity. Kolya defends his close friendship with a younger boy against school 'prejudice.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"us","note":"Idiom «у нас» = “at our place,” here “at our school.”"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сходится","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходится","gloss":"an older boy"},{"surface":"сходится","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеются","gloss":"gets on footing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходится","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маленьким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходится","gloss":"a little one"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предрассудок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"a prejudice"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c4-s59","source":"Такова моя фантазия, и баста, не правда ли?","translation":"Such is my fancy, and there's an end of it — isn't that right?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не правда ли?","title":"Tag question «не правда ли?»","body":"«не правда ли?» ('is it not true?') is the standard invariable tag inviting agreement — 'isn't that so?, right?'. The «ли» makes it interrogative; Kolya appends it to extract Alyosha's assent to his self-justification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и баста","title":"«и баста» — 'and that's that'","body":"«баста» (from Italian/Spanish «basta», 'enough') is a breezy 'and that's the end of it, full stop.' The cosmopolitan loanword caps Kolya's declaration with a flourish of finality — and of his fondness for worldly-sounding expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фантазия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Такова","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"баста","lemma":"баста","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Такова","gloss":"that's it","note":"Colloquial exclamation (from Italian) meaning “enough!”/“that's that.”"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Такова","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c4-s60","source":"Я его учу, развиваю — почему, скажите, я не могу его развивать, если он мне нравится?","translation":"I teach him, I develop him — why, tell me, should I not develop him, if I like him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему… я не могу его развивать, если он мне нравится?","title":"Conditional «если» + dative «нравится»","body":"A real condition with «если» ('if'), no «бы». The main clause «не могу… развивать' pairs a modal with an imperfective infinitive; the «если»-clause uses the dative-experiencer «он мне нравится» ('he pleases me / I like him'), where the liked thing is the grammatical subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of учу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of учу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"учу","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"развиваю","lemma":"развивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with учу","gloss":"develop"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question, complement of скажите","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"развивать","lemma":"развивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"develop"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нравится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нравится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"is likable","note":"«он мне нравится» literally “he is pleasing to me” = “I like him.”"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c4-s61","source":"Ведь вот вы же, Карамазов, сошлись со всеми этими птенцами, значит, хотите действовать на молодое поколение, развивать, быть полезным?","translation":"After all, you yourself, Karamazov, have taken up with all these nestlings, which means you want to act upon the rising generation, to develop them, to be of use, don't you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вот вы же","title":"A pile-up of speech particles","body":"Kolya opens with three particles at once: «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'), «вот» points and presents, and «же» insists with emphasis. English can only render this stack with intonation and a tag like 'don't you?'; in Russian it is the very fingerprint of eager, buttonholing speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"птенцами","title":"«птенец» — a fledgling, a nestling","body":"«птенец» is a baby bird still in the nest; here it is affectionately-condescending for the little schoolboys. The instrumental plural «птенцами» follows «со всеми этими» under the preposition «с» (with)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошлись со всеми этими птенцами","title":"Reflexive «сойтись» + instrumental of company","body":"The perfective «сойтись» (to come together, take up with) carries the reflexive clitic «-сь», and its companions stand in the instrumental after «с» — «со всеми этими птенцами». The pile of agreeing instrumental endings (-еми/-ими/-ами) makes the case audible across the whole phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошлись","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing вы","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking птенцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of птенцами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of птенцами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"птенцами","lemma":"птенец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"nestlings"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"which means"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сошлись","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"действовать","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поколение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"молодое","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколение","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"поколение","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of действовать","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"развивать","lemma":"развивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with действовать","gloss":"develop"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полезным","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"полезным","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with действовать","gloss":"useful"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c4-s62","source":"И признаюсь, эта черта в вашем характере, которую я узнал понаслышке, всего более заинтересовала меня.","translation":"And I confess, this trait in your character, which I learned of by hearsay, interested me more than anything else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую я узнал понаслышке","title":"«который» agreeing in gender but bending to its own case","body":"The relative «которую» points back to feminine «черта» (so feminine singular), yet takes the accusative because inside its own clause it is the object of «узнал» — a textbook split between agreement and case-role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"понаслышке","title":"«понаслышке» — by hearsay","body":"A frozen adverb meaning 'by rumor, at second hand' (from «по слуху», by what is heard). It quietly signals that Kolya has been collecting reports about Alyosha before ever meeting him."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to заинтересовала","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовала","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характере","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on черта","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"понаслышке","lemma":"понаслышке","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"by hearsay"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовала","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"заинтересовала","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовала","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c4-s63","source":"Впрочем, к делу: примечаю, что в мальчике развивается какая-то чувствительность, сентиментальность, а я, знаете, решительный враг всяких телячьих нежностей, с самого моего рождения.","translation":"But to the point: I notice that some sort of sensitivity, some sentimentality, is developing in the boy, and I, you know, have been from my very birth a resolute enemy of all calf-like tendernesses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в мальчике развивается какая-то чувствительность","title":"Reflexive «развивается» as a middle/intransitive","body":"The «-ся» on «развивается» turns the verb intransitive — the sensitivity 'is developing' of itself, with no agent. The location «в мальчике» ('in the boy') sits in the prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"телячьих нежностей","title":"«телячьи нежности» — calf-like tendernesses","body":"A set idiom (literally 'calf tendernesses') for mawkish, gushing sentimentality, the slobbering affection of a young calf. The genitive plural after «враг» ('enemy of…') keeps the whole phrase scornful and dismissive — exactly Kolya's pose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"примечаю","title":"Narrative present for vividness","body":"«примечаю» (I notice) is imperfective present used to narrate a past episode as if unfolding now — the 'historic present' that runs through Kolya's whole anecdote and keeps it breathless and immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"примечаю","lemma":"примечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I notice"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развивается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мальчике","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развивается","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"развивается","lemma":"развиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of примечаю","gloss":"is developing"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувствительность","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувствительность","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"чувствительность","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of развивается","gloss":"sensitivity"},{"surface":"сентиментальность","lemma":"сентиментальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чувствительность","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of враг","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to враг","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"решительный","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies враг","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"враг","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to развивается","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of нежностей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"телячьих","lemma":"телячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нежностей","gloss":"calf-like"},{"surface":"нежностей","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies враг","gloss":"tendernesses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рождения","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рождения","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies враг","gloss":"birth"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c4-s64","source":"И к тому же противоречия: горд, а мне предан рабски, — предан рабски, а вдруг засверкают глазенки и не хочет даже соглашаться со мной, спорит, на стену лезет.","translation":"And on top of that, the contradictions: proud, yet devoted to me slavishly — devoted slavishly, and then suddenly his little eyes flash and he won't even agree with me, he argues, he climbs the walls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горд, а мне предан рабски","title":"Short-form adjectives as a predicate","body":"«горд» (proud) and «предан» (devoted) are short-form adjectives, used only predicatively and lending a crisp, almost diagnostic terseness — 'proud; devoted' — well suited to Kolya cataloguing the boy's character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горд, а мне предан рабски","title":"Contrastive «а» and dative «мне»","body":"The little «а» hinges two opposed traits ('proud, yet devoted'), Russian's mild adversative that English must render with 'yet/but'. «мне» is dative — devoted to me — the indirect object of devotion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазенки","title":"«глазёнки» — those little eyes","body":"An expressive diminutive of «глаза» (eyes), here tender and slightly pitying — the flashing little eyes of a child. The suffix carries the feeling, not the size."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на стену лезет","title":"«на стену лезет» — climbs the walls","body":"An idiom for flying into a frenzy, becoming wild with frustration. The vivid present «лезет» keeps the boy's tantrum live on the page."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"on top","note":"Idiom «к тому же» = “besides, on top of that.”"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"противоречия","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the contradictions"},{"surface":"горд","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to противоречия","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предан","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"предан","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"рабски","lemma":"рабски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предан","gloss":"slavishly"},{"surface":"предан","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"рабски","lemma":"рабски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предан","gloss":"slavishly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкают","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засверкают","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"flash"},{"surface":"глазенки","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of засверкают","gloss":"his little eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соглашаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"соглашаться","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to agree"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спорит","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"argues"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"climbs"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c4-s65","source":"Я проводил иногда разные идеи: он не то что с идеями не согласен, а просто вижу, что он лично против меня бунтует, потому что я на его нежности отвечаю хладнокровием.","translation":"I would sometimes float various ideas: it isn't that he disagreed with the ideas, but I simply saw that he was personally rebelling against me, because I answered his tenderness with coolness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я проводил иногда разные идеи","title":"Imperfective «проводил» for repeated trial","body":"The imperfective past «проводил» with «иногда» (sometimes) reads as habitual, repeated action — 'I would float ideas from time to time.' Aspect, not a separate tense, carries this iterative sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что с идеями не согласен, а просто","title":"The «не то что… а» correction frame","body":"«не то что X, а Y» is a fixed construction that pre-empts a wrong reading: 'it's not so much that X, but rather Y.' Here it walks back 'disagreed with the ideas' toward the truer 'was rebelling against me.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я на его нежности отвечаю хладнокровием","title":"Instrumental of means with «отвечать»","body":"«отвечать» takes its means in the instrumental: I answer his tenderness 'with coolness' — «хладнокровием». The bookish «хладнокровие» (cold-bloodedness, composure) uses the Church-Slavonic full-vowel «хлад-» rather than «холод-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проводил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"проводил","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would float"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проводил","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of проводил","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not","note":"Idiom «не то что» = “it's not that...”"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of согласен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"идеями","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of согласен","gloss":"the ideas"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by то что","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проводил","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бунтует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бунтует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бунтует","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бунтует","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бунтует","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of отвечаю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нежности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of нежности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нежности","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечаю","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бунтует","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"хладнокровием","lemma":"хладнокровие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of отвечаю","gloss":"with coolness"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c4-s66","source":"И вот, чтобы его выдержать, я, чем он нежнее, тем становлюсь еще хладнокровнее, нарочно так поступаю, таково мое убеждение.","translation":"And so, in order to toughen him up, the tenderer he was, the cooler I'd grow still — I did it on purpose; such is my conviction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем он нежнее, тем становлюсь еще хладнокровнее","title":"The «чем… тем…» correlative with comparatives","body":"«чем X-ее, тем Y-ее» is Russian's 'the more… the more…' frame, both halves built on predicative comparatives — «нежнее» (tenderer) against «хладнокровнее» (cooler). It sets the boy's warmth and Kolya's chill in proportion to each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы его выдержать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose ('in order to toughen him up'); with one shared subject it simply takes an infinitive, «выдержать», rather than a past-form clause. «выдержать» here means to make him hold out, to harden him."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдержать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выдержать","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступаю","gloss":"toughen up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нежнее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нежнее","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нежнее","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on становлюсь","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of становлюсь","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"становлюсь","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступаю","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хладнокровнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"хладнокровнее","lemma":"хладнокровный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies становлюсь","gloss":"cooler"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступаю","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступаю","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"поступаю","lemma":"поступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"таково","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to поступаю","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of таково","gloss":"conviction"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c4-s67","source":"Я имел в виду вышколить характер, выровнять, создать человека… ну и там… вы, разумеется, меня с полслова понимаете.","translation":"I had it in mind to drill his character, to even him out, to make a man of him… and so on… you, of course, take my meaning from half a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вышколить","title":"«вышколить» — to drill, to school harshly","body":"From «школа» but far sterner than 'to teach': to break in and discipline by relentless training (cf. the German Schule behind it). It frames Kolya's whole pedagogy as a deliberate hardening of the boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с полслова понимаете","title":"«понимать с полслова» — to catch one's meaning from half a word","body":"An idiom for being so in tune that you grasp a point before it's even finished — the flattering intimacy Kolya keeps pressing on Alyosha. «полслова» is 'half a word' in the genitive after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had","note":"Idiom «иметь в виду» = “to have in mind.”"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of имел","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"вышколить","lemma":"вышколить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имел","gloss":"to drill"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вышколить","gloss":"his character"},{"surface":"выровнять","lemma":"выровнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышколить","gloss":"even out"},{"surface":"создать","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышколить","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создать","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to понимаете","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полслова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полслова","lemma":"полслова","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаете","gloss":"half a word"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c4-s68","source":"Вдруг замечаю, он день, другой, третий смущен, скорбит, но уж не о нежностях, а о чем-то другом, сильнейшем, высшем.","translation":"Suddenly I notice he's troubled for a day, two days, three, grieving, but no longer over the tendernesses — over something else, something stronger, higher.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем-то другом, сильнейшем, высшем","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший/-айший»","body":"«сильнейшем» and «высшем» are the bookish synthetic superlatives ('strongest/highest', i.e. something much stronger and higher), formed with the suffix rather than «самый». In the prepositional after «о», they pile up to dignify the boy's nameless deeper grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем-то другом","title":"Indefinite «-то»: a specific but unnamed thing","body":"«что-то» with the clitic «-то» marks a real but unidentified referent — 'something' definite that Kolya can sense but not yet name. The whole phrase sits in the prepositional after «о»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скорбит","title":"«скорбеть» — to grieve, to sorrow","body":"A bookish, somewhat elevated verb for deep grief, weightier than ordinary «грустить». It lifts the boy's distress toward the tragic register Kolya is about to invoke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"замечаю","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I notice"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смущен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time-duration expression modifying смущен/скорбит ('a day')","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular (elliptical for another day)","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular (elliptical for a third day)","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"смущен","lemma":"смущённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"скорбит","lemma":"скорбеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смущен","gloss":"grieves"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не (uzh ne = 'no longer')","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates о нежностях","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нежностях","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нежностях","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скорбит","gloss":"the tendernesses"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of скорбит (parallel to нежностях)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"attaches to чем forming чем-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"сильнейшем","lemma":"сильнейший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другом","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"высшем","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другом","gloss":"higher"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c4-s69","source":"Думаю, что за трагедия?","translation":"I think to myself: what tragedy is this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что за трагедия?","title":"The «что за…?» exclamatory question","body":"«что за» (modeled on German 'was für') means 'what sort of…?' and needs no case marking on what follows — «трагедия» stays nominative. Half question, half wonder, it captures Kolya thinking aloud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что за (marks трагедия)","gloss":"what","note":"\"что за\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"what kind of.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom что за, marking трагедия","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the idiom что за трагедия","gloss":"tragedy"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c4-s70","source":"Наступаю на него и узнаю штуку: каким-то он образом сошелся с лакеем покойного отца вашего (который тогда еще был в живых) Смердяковым, а тот и научи его, дурачка, глупой шутке, то есть зверской шутке, подлой шутке — взять кусок хлеба, мякишу, воткнуть в него булавку и бросить какой-нибудь дворовой собаке, из таких, которые с голодухи кусок, не жуя, глотают, и посмотреть, что из этого выйдет.","translation":"I press him and learn the whole thing: somehow he had fallen in with Smerdyakov, the lackey of your late father (who was still alive then), and that fellow had taught him, the little fool, a stupid trick — or rather a brutal trick, a vile trick — to take a piece of bread, the soft inside, stick a pin in it, and toss it to some stray yard-dog, the kind that, half-starved, gulps down a morsel without chewing, and then to watch what comes of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штуку","title":"«штука» — the whole business","body":"Colloquially «штука» means not 'a thing/item' but 'the trick, the business, the catch' — 'I press him and learn the whole story.' A casual, knowing word that suits Kolya's man-of-the-world tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а тот и научи его","title":"Imperative form «научи» as a vivid past","body":"«а тот и научи» uses an imperative-shaped form for a sudden, decisive past action — a folk-narrative device ('and he up and taught him'). Reinforced by «и», it gives the teaching of the cruel trick an abrupt, fateful snap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурачка","title":"«дурачок» — the little fool","body":"A diminutive of «дурак» (fool) that softens into pity rather than insult — 'the poor little fool.' Here it is the animate-accusative «дурачка» in apposition to the boy who was misled."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с голодухи","title":"«с голодухи» — out of sheer hunger","body":"A coarse, colloquial expression ('from starvation') for a dog so famished it bolts food without chewing. The low register matches the brutality of the trick being described."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наступаю","lemma":"наступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I press"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наступаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present/narrative-future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Наступаю","gloss":"I learn"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнаю","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"attaches to каким forming каким-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошелся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner adverbial with каким-то, modifies сошелся","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"сошелся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнаю (explains штуку)","gloss":"had fallen in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лакеем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лакеем","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лакеем","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of relative clause (был в живых = was alive)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of idiom в живых (complement of был)","gloss":"alive","note":"\"быть в живых\" is the idiom \"to be alive.\""},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with лакеем, oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of научи","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научи (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"научи","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, imperative form used colloquially as narrative past, active, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошелся","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of научи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дурачка","lemma":"дурачок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with его","gloss":"the little fool"},{"surface":"глупой","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутке","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"шутке","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of научи","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom, part 1)","role":"part of idiom то есть, introduces restatement of шутке","gloss":"that is","note":"\"то есть\" is the idiom \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom, part 2)","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"зверской","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутке","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"шутке","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with шутке (restated via то есть)","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"подлой","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутке","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"шутке","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with шутке","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive clause explaining шутке","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"a piece"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кусок","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"мякишу","lemma":"мякиш","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive, -у ending), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with кусок","gloss":"the soft crumb","note":"мякиш is the soft inner crumb of bread, in apposition to кусок хлеба."},{"surface":"воткнуть","lemma":"воткнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воткнуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"булавку","lemma":"булавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воткнуть","gloss":"a pin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"toss"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собаке","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"-нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"attaches to какой forming какой-нибудь","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"дворовой","lemma":"дворовый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаке","gloss":"stray yard"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросить","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies elliptical собак ('of such dogs')","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глотают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голодухи","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"голодухи","lemma":"голодуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глотают","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of глотают","gloss":"a morsel"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жуя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"жуя","lemma":"жевать","morphology":"verb, gerund, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of глотают (manner)","gloss":"chewing"},{"surface":"глотают","lemma":"глотать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of relative clause (которые...глотают)","gloss":"gulp down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотреть","gloss":"would come"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c4-s71","source":"Вот и смастерили они такой кусок и бросили вот этой самой лохматой Жучке, о которой теперь такая история, одной дворовой собаке из такого двора, где ее просто не кормили, а она-то весь день на ветер лает.","translation":"So they fixed up such a piece and threw it to that very shaggy Zhutchka, the one there's all this story about now — a yard-dog from a yard where they simply never fed her, so that she'd be barking at the wind all day long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смастерили","title":"«смастерить» — to knock together, contrive","body":"A homely, slightly ironic verb for cobbling something together by hand — used here of the boys 'fixing up' the pin-baited bread. The casual craftsmanship word sharpens the horror of what they made."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Жучке","title":"«Жучка» — a typical dog's name","body":"«Жучка» (from «жук», beetle — i.e. a small dark dog) is a stock peasant name for a mongrel, like English 'Spot' or 'Rover.' That the lost dog is so anonymously named makes Ilusha's grief over her all the more piercing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а она-то весь день на ветер лает","title":"Topic-marking «-то» on «она»","body":"The clitic «-то» pins «она» as the known topic and gives it a wry stress — 'and she, mind you, barks at the wind all day.' It is distinct from the indefinite «-то»; here it simply foregrounds the poor dog."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смастерили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смастерили (emphatic, part of вот и)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"смастерили","lemma":"смастерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they fixed up"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смастерили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кусок","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смастерили","gloss":"a piece"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросили","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смастерили","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой (emphatic)","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Жучке (intensifier)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лохматой","lemma":"лохматый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Жучке","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"Жучке","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросили","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on Жучке","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies история","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of история","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause (о которой теперь такая история)","gloss":"a story"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies собаке","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"дворовой","lemma":"дворовый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаке","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with Жучке","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of двора","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собаке","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кормили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кормили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кормили","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кормили","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"кормили","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on двора","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"attaches to она, emphasizing subject","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time-duration expression, oblique complement of лает","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ветер","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лает","gloss":"the wind"},{"surface":"лает","lemma":"лаять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кормили (contrast clause)","gloss":"barks"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c4-s72","source":"(Любите вы этот глупый лай, Карамазов? Я терпеть не могу).","translation":"(Are you fond of that stupid barking, Karamazov? I can't bear it.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я терпеть не могу","title":"«терпеть не могу» — I can't stand it","body":"A fixed negated idiom (literally 'I cannot endure') with the imperfective infinitive «терпеть» under negation. The whole phrase is the standard, emphatic way to say 'I detest' something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лай","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"лай","lemma":"лай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Любите","gloss":"barking"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative/vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c4-s73","source":"Так и бросилась, проглотила и завизжала, завертелась и пустилась бежать, бежит и всё визжит, и исчезла — так мне описывал сам Илюша.","translation":"She just pounced, swallowed it down, and gave a yelp, spun round and bolted, running and yelping the whole way, and vanished — so Ilusha himself described it to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась, проглотила и завизжала, завертелась и пустилась бежать","title":"A chain of perfectives driving the action","body":"Five perfective verbs fire off in sequence — pounced, swallowed, yelped, spun, set off (бросилась, проглотила, завизжала, завертелась, пустилась) — each a single completed event nudging the story forward, the last completing in «пустилась бежать» (perfective + imperfective infinitive «бежать», 'set off to run'). The prefix «за-» on «завизжала/завертелась» marks the sudden onset of yelping and spinning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бежит и всё визжит, и исчезла","title":"Aspect switch: imperfective duration, then perfective close","body":"Note the shift mid-sentence into imperfective present «бежит… визжит» to hold the dog's running and yelping in continuous view, then back to perfective «исчезла» to snap it shut with her vanishing. The adverbial «всё» ('the whole time') reinforces the durative stretch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pounced"},{"surface":"проглотила","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завизжала","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проглотила","gloss":"yelped"},{"surface":"завертелась","lemma":"завертеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"spun round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустилась","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"bolted"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустилась","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пустилась (narrative present)","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb/particle (continuative)","role":"modifies визжит ('keeps on')","gloss":"keeps on","note":"Continuative всё before a verb means \"keeps on doing X.\""},{"surface":"визжит","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежит","gloss":"yelping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описывал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of описывал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"описывал","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the closing clause","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Илюша","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описывал","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c4-s74","source":"Признается мне, а сам плачет-плачет, обнимает меня, сотрясается: «Бежит и визжит, бежит и визжит» — только это и повторяет, поразила его эта картина.","translation":"He confesses it to me, weeping and weeping all the while, hugging me, shuddering: \"She runs and yelps, runs and yelps\" — that's all he keeps repeating; the sight had struck him to the core.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плачет-плачет","title":"Reduplication for ongoing intensity","body":"Doubling a verb — «плачет-плачет» (weeps and weeps) — conveys drawn-out, unrelenting action, a colloquial intensifier. The same device runs through the quoted «бежит и визжит, бежит и визжит»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразила его эта картина","title":"Comment-first inversion: verb before subject","body":"The verb «поразила» leads, with subject «эта картина» pushed to the end for weight — 'struck him, this sight did.' Russian's free word order lets the emotional verb land first and the cause arrive as the new, stressed information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признается","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he confesses"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Признается","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плачет (emphasizes subject он)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Признается","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reduplication of плачет (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"and weeps","note":"Reduplicated verbs like плачет-плачет intensify continuous action."},{"surface":"обнимает","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Признается","gloss":"hugs"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнимает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сотрясается","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Признается","gloss":"shudders"},{"surface":"Бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"direct-speech quotation, object of повторяет","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"визжит","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бежит","gloss":"yelps"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бежит","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"визжит","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бежит","gloss":"yelps"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторяет (emphatic, 'только это и повторяет')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"повторяет","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (repeats the quoted phrase)","gloss":"repeats"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of final clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of картина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"sight"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c4-s75","source":"Ну, вижу, угрызения совести. Я принял серьезно.","translation":"Well, I see it's the pangs of conscience. I took it seriously.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle preceding вижу","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"seriously"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-c4-s76","source":"Мне, главное, и за прежнее хотелось его прошколить, так что, признаюсь, я тут схитрил, притворился, что в таком негодовании, какого, может, и не было у меня вовсе: «Ты, говорю, сделал низкий поступок, ты подлец, я, конечно, не разглашу, но пока прерываю с тобою сношения.","translation":"Above all, I wanted to school him for his earlier behavior too, so that, I confess, I was a bit cunning here; I pretended to be in such indignation as perhaps I didn't feel at all: \"You,\" I say, \"have done a base thing, you're a scoundrel; I won't tell on you, of course, but for the time being I'm breaking off relations with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне… хотелось его прошколить","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне хотелось»","body":"«хотелось» is impersonal and reflexive, with the wanter in the dative «мне» — 'I felt the urge to.' This subjectless, feeling-first frame (the experiencer in the dative, no nominative) pervades the inner life of Dostoevsky's speakers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого, может, и не было у меня вовсе","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"With negated «не было» ('there wasn't'), the thing absent stands in the genitive — «какого» (the indignation), agreeing back with «негодовании». The «у меня» frames it as a 'having': 'such indignation as I perhaps didn't have at all.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"A strong moral insult, 'a vile, base person,' from «подлый» (base, mean). It is one of Dostoevsky's key terms of contempt and self-contempt, recurring whenever a character is weighed on the scale of honor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прерываю с тобою сношения","title":"«прерывать сношения» — to break off relations","body":"A grandly formal, almost diplomatic phrase ('to sever relations') comically applied to a quarrel between schoolboys — part of Kolya's pompous, grown-up vocabulary. «сношения» here simply means 'dealings, relations.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifier of хотелось","gloss":"mainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за прежнее ('also/too')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежнее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотелось","gloss":"earlier things"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прошколить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прошколить","lemma":"прошколить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to school"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (idiom, part 1)","role":"part of idiom так что, introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (idiom, part 2)","role":"part of idiom так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схитрил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схитрил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"схитрил","lemma":"схитрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of result clause (так что...схитрил)","gloss":"was a bit cunning"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схитрил","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of притворился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодовании","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of что-clause (implied 'being')","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of было, refers to негодования","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, short for может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifier of было","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не было (emphatic, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the negated existential clause (complement of притворился)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (у меня не было = I didn't have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause to сделал","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"низкий","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"a base"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of ты (new clause: ты подлец)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разглашу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies разглашу","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разглашу","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"разглашу","lemma":"разгласить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"new clause (я не разглашу)","gloss":"tell on you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерываю","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"прерываю","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разглашу (contrast clause)","gloss":"I'm breaking off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of прерываю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сношения","lemma":"сношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прерываю","gloss":"relations"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-c4-s77","source":"Дело это обдумаю и дам тебе знать через Смурова (вот этого самого мальчика, который теперь со мной пришел и который всегда мне был предан) : буду ли продолжать с тобою впредь отношения, или брошу тебя навеки, как подлеца».","translation":"I'll think this matter over and let you know through Smurov (the very boy who has come with me now and who has always been devoted to me) whether I'll go on with you in future, or cast you off forever as a scoundrel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду ли продолжать с тобою впредь отношения","title":"Interrogative «ли» introducing an embedded 'whether'","body":"«ли» follows the focused «буду» to set up an indirect yes/no question — 'whether I'll go on with you.' It is the bookish, literary alternative to mere question intonation. «буду продолжать» is the compound imperfective future (быть + infinitive)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впредь","title":"Archaic «впредь»","body":"«впредь» means 'henceforth, in future' — lending Kolya's pronouncement a deliberately solemn, old-fashioned weight. (This segment uses the standard «через Смурова»; the archaic contracted «чрез» for «через» appears later, at s80.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обдумаю","gloss":"this matter"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обдумаю","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll think over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обдумаю","gloss":"I'll let"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дам (idiom дать знать = let know)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смурова","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дам (via Smurov)","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with Смурова","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мальчика","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предан","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предан","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предан","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предан","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"предан","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду (question particle)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду (future periphrastic: буду ли продолжать)","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of продолжать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"in future"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"брошу","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжать (parallel to буду ли construction)","gloss":"I'll cast off"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of брошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошу","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition/conjunction (comparative)","role":"preposition marking подлеца","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (predicative, modifies тебя)","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-c4-s78","source":"Это страшно его поразило.","translation":"This struck him terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страшно","title":"«страшно» as an intensifying adverb","body":"«страшно» literally means 'frighteningly' but here works as a colloquial intensifier, 'terribly, awfully' — 'it struck him terribly.' Russian readily turns words of fear and pain into pure degree-adverbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-c4-s79","source":"Я, признаюсь, тогда же почувствовал, что, может быть, слишком строго отнесся, но что делать, такова была моя тогдашняя мысль.","translation":"I confess that even then I felt I had perhaps come down too hard, but what's to be done — such was my thinking at the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что делать","title":"«что делать» — the bare infinitive of resignation","body":"A subjectless infinitive question, 'what's to be done?', expressing helpless resignation. It echoes the famous title and is a constant verbal shrug in Russian — note the absence of any nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тогдашняя","title":"«тогдашний» — of that time, then-current","body":"An adjective coined from the adverb «тогда» (then): 'my thinking of that time, my then-thinking.' Russian freely builds such time-adjectives (cf. «теперешний», 'present-day')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause to почувствовал","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отнесся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"adverb (idiom, part 1)","role":"parenthetical modifier of отнесся","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"adverb (idiom, part 2)","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнесся","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"отнесся","lemma":"отнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"I had treated it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"idiom что делать ('what's to be done'), coordinated with отнесся","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of мысль (copula была)","gloss":"such was"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking такова and мысль","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тогдашняя","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"then-current"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-c4-s80","source":"День спустя посылаю к нему Смурова и чрез него передаю, что я с ним больше «не говорю», то есть это так у нас называется, когда два товарища прерывают между собой сношения.","translation":"A day later I send Smurov to him and have him pass on the word that I'm \"not speaking\" to him anymore — that's what we call it when two comrades break off relations between themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылаю… передаю","title":"Historic present again","body":"Kolya keeps narrating in the imperfective present — «посылаю» (I send), «передаю» (I pass on) — to relive the episode in the moment. The technique sustains the immediacy of his whole performance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"Again the contracted bookish «чрез» (through) — 'and through him I pass on the word' — one of Kolya's reflexive reachings for elevated diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"товарища","title":"«товарищ» — comrade, fellow","body":"Here in its old, pre-Soviet sense: a comrade, a schoolmate or peer. «когда два товарища прерывают между собой сношения» — the boys' code of falling-out is solemnized in this word."}],"words":[{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of спустя (temporal phrase modifying посылаю)","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition (governs accusative)","role":"postposition governing День","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"посылаю","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I send"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылаю","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition (governs accusative)","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чрез, modifying передаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"передаю","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посылаю (second main verb)","gloss":"I pass on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передаю","gloss":"am speaking"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«то есть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of называется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называется","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of называется","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause explaining говорю","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прерывают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on товарища","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"товарища","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (counted after два)","role":"subject of прерывают","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"прерывают","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"break off"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of прерывают","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"сношения","lemma":"сношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прерывают","gloss":"relations"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-c4-s81","source":"Тайна в том, что я хотел его выдержать на фербанте всего только несколько дней, а там, видя раскаяние, опять протянуть ему руку.","translation":"The secret was that I meant to keep him on this ban for only a few days, and then, seeing his repentance, to hold out my hand to him again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на фербанте","title":"«фербант» — schoolboy slang for being 'in Coventry'","body":"A garbled borrowing (apparently from German Verband / verbannt, 'banned') for being put under a boycott, sent to social exile. The exotic, half-understood word is itself a joke about boyish posturing — Kolya wields it like a technical term."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя раскаяние, опять протянуть ему руку","title":"Present gerund «видя» — attendant circumstance","body":"«видя» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»), 'seeing/upon seeing,' compressing a whole 'when I saw' clause into one word that shares the main subject. It sets up the simultaneous condition for holding out his hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (implied copula) of the sentence","gloss":"The secret"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of в, anaphoric to the что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел, in apposition to том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause modifying том","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выдержать","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фербанте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фербанте","lemma":"фербант","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдержать","gloss":"the ban","note":"schoolboy slang coinage for the boys' ostracism game, roughly \"banishment\"."},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выдержать (duration)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянуть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянуть","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянуть","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"протянуть","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержать (second complement of хотел)","gloss":"to hold out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянуть","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянуть","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-c4-s82","source":"Это было твердое мое намерение.","translation":"That was my firm intention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердое мое намерение","title":"Possessive after the noun for emphasis","body":"Placing «мое» after «твердое» («твердое мое намерение» rather than «мое твердое намерение») throws weight onto 'firm' and gives the sentence a measured, declarative cadence — Kolya solemnly underlining his resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это to намерение","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намерение","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"intention"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-c4-s83","source":"Но что же вы думаете: выслушал от Смурова, и вдруг у него засверкали глаза.","translation":"But what do you suppose: he heard Smurov out, and suddenly his eyes flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него засверкали глаза","title":"«у него» possessor + inceptive «за-»","body":"Russian locates bodily reactions with «у» + genitive: «у него засверкали глаза» — 'his eyes flashed' (lit. 'by him the eyes flashed'). The perfective prefix «за-» on «засверкали» marks the sudden onset of the flashing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause (subject он, understood)","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смурова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in у него глаза (\"his eyes\")","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"засверкали","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of засверкали","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-c4-s84","source":"«Передай, — закричал он, — от меня Красоткину, что я всем собакам буду теперь куски с булавками кидать, всем, всем!» — «А, думаю, вольный душок завелся, его надо выкурить», — и стал ему выказывать полное презрение, при всякой встрече отвертываюсь или иронически улыбаюсь.","translation":"\"Tell Krassotkin from me,\" he cried, \"that I'll throw pieces of bread with pins in them to every dog now, every one, every one!\" — \"Aha,\" I think, \"a spirit of rebellion has set in; he must be smoked out\" — and I began to show him utter contempt, turning away at every encounter or smiling ironically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду… кидать… всем собакам куски","title":"Compound future + dative recipients","body":"«буду кидать» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive), framing an ongoing future threat. «всем собакам» is the dative of the recipients — 'I'll throw pieces to every dog' — the indirect object of the throwing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вольный душок завелся","title":"«вольный душок» — a whiff of rebellion","body":"«душок» is a diminutive of «дух» (spirit) but with a faintly negative tang — 'a little spirit, a whiff' (the word also means a bad smell). «вольный душок завелся» = 'a streak of insubordination has set in.' Kolya diagnoses defiance as something to be 'smoked out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Передай","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause (he cried), interrupting Передай","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of от, modifying Передай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Передай","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кидать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the буду кидать clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of собакам","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"собакам","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of кидать","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, first, singular","role":"future auxiliary of кидать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кидать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"куски","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of кидать","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking булавками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"булавками","lemma":"булавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies куски","gloss":"pins"},{"surface":"кидать","lemma":"кидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of буду","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"emphatic repetition, in apposition to собакам","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"emphatic repetition, in apposition to собакам","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces думаю","gloss":"Aha"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause (I think)","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"вольный","lemma":"вольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душок","gloss":"rebellious"},{"surface":"душок","lemma":"душок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завелся","gloss":"whiff","note":"диминутив of дух (\"spirit\"); idiom \"вольный душок завелся\" = a whiff of insubordination has crept in."},{"surface":"завелся","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has taken hold"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выкурить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate governing выкурить, coordinated with завелся","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"выкурить","lemma":"выкурить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"smoke out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with закричал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выказывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выказывать","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрение","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказывать","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встрече","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встрече","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"встрече","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвертываюсь / улыбаюсь","gloss":"encounter"},{"surface":"отвертываюсь","lemma":"отвёртываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"иронически","lemma":"иронически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаюсь","gloss":"ironically"},{"surface":"улыбаюсь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвертываюсь","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-c4-s85","source":"И вдруг тут происходит этот случай с его отцом, помните, мочалка-то?","translation":"And then suddenly there comes this business with his father — remember, the bit about the wisp of tow?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifying случай","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical question (remember?)","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to случай, nickname for the incident","gloss":"the wisp of tow","note":"Nickname referring back to an earlier incident involving a \"wisp of tow\" (мочалка), used here as shorthand for the whole episode."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial enclitic -то)","role":"attaches to мочалка, topicalizing","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-c4-s86","source":"Поймите, что он таким образом уже предварительно приготовлен был к страшному раздражению.","translation":"Understand that he had thus already been primed in advance for terrible exasperation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже предварительно приготовлен был","title":"Short passive participle + «был» — the periphrastic passive","body":"«приготовлен» is the short-form past passive participle of «приготовить», joined to «был» to state a result: 'he had been primed/prepared.' This быть + short-participle pattern is Russian's true passive, and «предварительно» ('beforehand') stresses the prior groundwork."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поймите","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приготовлен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приготовлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in such"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлен (idiom таким образом = \"thus\")","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовлен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовлен","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"приготовлен","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"primed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приготовлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страшному","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражению","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"раздражению","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлен","gloss":"exasperation"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-c4-s87","source":"Мальчики, видя, что я его оставил, накинулись на него, дразнят: «Мочалка, мочалка».","translation":"The boys, seeing that I had dropped him, fell upon him, taunting him: \"Wisp of tow, wisp of tow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя, что я его оставил, накинулись","title":"Gerund «видя» framing the boys' onslaught","body":"«видя» (seeing) is again the present gerund, fixing the boys' motive as simultaneous with their attack: 'seeing that I'd dropped him, they fell on him.' The perfective «накинулись» and present «дразнят» then carry the pounce and the ongoing taunting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of накинулись","gloss":"The boys"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on накинулись","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"had dropped"},{"surface":"накинулись","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинулись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дразнят","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with накинулись (historical present)","gloss":"taunt"},{"surface":"Мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted content of дразнят","gloss":"Wisp of tow"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мочалка (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"wisp of tow"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-c4-s88","source":"Вот тут-то у них и начались баталии, о которых я страшно сожалею, потому что его, кажется, очень больно тогда раз избили.","translation":"It was then that the pitched battles started between them, which I bitterly regret, because they once, it seems, beat him very painfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баталии","title":"«баталия» — a (mock-)grand 'battle'","body":"A bookish loan ('battle,' via French/Italian) used half-ironically for schoolyard brawls — 'pitched battles.' The lofty word against the petty fights is part of the chapter's gently comic-tragic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которых я страшно сожалею","title":"Relative «которых» governed by the verb's preposition","body":"«сожалеть» governs «о» + prepositional, so the relative appears as «о которых» ('which I regret'), agreeing in number/gender with «баталии» but taking the case its own clause demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начались","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial enclitic -то)","role":"attaches to тут, emphatic","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of начались","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies начались","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"баталии","lemma":"баталия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"battles"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сожалею","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сожалею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалею","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"сожалею","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on баталии","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of the idiom потому что","role":"introduces the clause of избили","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying избили","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избили","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избили","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"избили","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the potому что-clause","gloss":"beat"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-c4-s89","source":"Вот раз он бросается на всех на дворе, когда выходили из классов, а я как раз стою в десяти шагах и смотрю на него.","translation":"One day he flings himself at the whole crowd in the yard as they were coming out of class, and I happen to be standing ten paces off, watching him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бросается на всех… а я как раз стою","title":"Contrastive «а» pairing two simultaneous scenes","body":"«а» here is not 'but' so much as a hinge between two parallel pictures — the boy lunging, Kolya standing by — both in the vivid present. This topic-shifting «а» is one of Russian's most characteristic, untranslatable connectives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в десяти шагах","title":"Numeral + noun in the prepositional","body":"Under «в» the whole numeral phrase stands in the prepositional: «шагах» is the prepositional plural (the genitive plural would be «шагов»), agreeing in case with the declined numeral «десяти» ('ten paces off'). The 'five-and-up takes the genitive plural' rule applies only when the numeral phrase is nominative or accusative; in oblique cases the counted noun re-declines to match the numeral. Distance is regularly measured this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (temporal)","role":"oblique complement of бросается","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросается","lemma":"бросаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flings himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросается","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросается","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросается","gloss":"were coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"классов","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom как раз","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom как раз","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies стою","gloss":"happen to"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросается","gloss":"am standing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стою","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-c4-s90","source":"И клянусь, я не помню, чтоб я тогда смеялся, напротив, мне тогда очень, очень стало жалко его, и еще миг, и я бы бросился его защищать.","translation":"And I swear I don't remember laughing then; on the contrary, I felt very, very sorry for him just then, and one more instant and I'd have rushed to defend him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помню, чтоб я тогда смеялся","title":"«чтобы» (here «чтоб») after a negated verb of perception","body":"After negated «не помню» Russian uses «чтоб(ы)» + past-form verb for the unasserted content — 'I don't recall that I laughed.' The clipped «чтоб» (for «чтобы») is colloquial. This is the irrealis-flavored complement, not plain reported «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще миг, и я бы бросился его защищать","title":"Conditional «бы» for the near-miss","body":"«я бы бросился» is the conditional (past form + «бы»): 'I would have rushed' — an action that almost happened. The terse «еще миг, и…» ('one more instant and…') sets up the unrealized rescue with quiet pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне… стало жалко его","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне жалко»","body":"Pity is framed impersonally: «мне жалко его» — 'to me it became pitiful of him,' the feeler in the dative, the object of pity in the genitive/accusative, and no nominative subject. The inceptive «стало» marks the feeling welling up."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I swear) modifying помню","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the following clause","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of стало жалко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалко (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся (impersonal construction)","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of pity in жалко его","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical subject, parallel to the бросился clause","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional mood marker)","role":"forms the conditional with бросился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"would have rushed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to defend"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-c4-s91","source":"Но он вдруг встретил мой взгляд: что ему показалось — не знаю, но он выхватил перочинный ножик, бросился на меня и ткнул мне его в бедро, вот тут, у правой ноги.","translation":"But he suddenly caught my eye: what he imagined I don't know, but he whipped out a penknife, threw himself at me, and stabbed me with it in the thigh, right here, by the right leg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ему показалось — не знаю","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему показалось»","body":"«показаться» takes its experiencer in the dative: «ему показалось» — 'it seemed to him, what he imagined.' Fronting the embedded question before «не знаю» heightens the suspense of the boy's sudden, unreadable impulse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перочинный ножик","title":"«перочинный ножик» — a penknife","body":"Literally a 'quill-mending little knife' (from «перо», pen/quill, + «чинить», to mend) — the small folding knife once used to cut quills. The diminutive «ножик» (little knife) makes the weapon almost pathetically small against the violence of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of показалось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with встретил","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выхватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"whipped out"},{"surface":"перочинный","lemma":"перочинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножик","gloss":"pen-"},{"surface":"ножик","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватил","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ткнул","lemma":"ткнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ткнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ткнул (refers to ножик)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедро","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бедро","lemma":"бедро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ткнул","gloss":"the thigh"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, marking location of бедро","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тут, specifying location","gloss":"leg"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-c4-s92","source":"Я не двинулся, я, признаюсь, иногда бываю храбр, Карамазов, я только посмотрел с презрением, как бы говоря взглядом: «Не хочешь ли, мол, еще, за всю мою дружбу, так я к твоим услугам».","translation":"I didn't budge; I confess I can be brave at times, Karamazov — I only looked at him with contempt, as if to say with my glance: \"Would you like some more, perhaps, in return for all my friendship? Then I'm at your service.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы говоря взглядом","title":"«как бы» + gerund «говоря» — 'as if saying'","body":"«как бы говоря» pairs the hedging «как бы» ('as it were, as if') with the present gerund «говоря» (saying) to mean 'as if to say.' «взглядом» is the instrumental of means — saying it 'with a glance.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочешь ли, мол, еще","title":"«ли» offer + the reportative particle «мол»","body":"«не хочешь ли» softens an offer into a sardonic question via «ли» ('wouldn't you like…?'). «мол» is a quotative particle flagging reported/imagined speech — 'as if to say.' Together they stage Kolya's silent, mocking challenge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я к твоим услугам","title":"«к вашим услугам» — at your service","body":"A formula of formal courtesy ('at your service'), here turned coldly ironic — Kolya offering his own body to be stabbed again as if granting a favor. The clash of politeness and menace is the whole point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of двинулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двинулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двинулся","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"budged"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I confess) modifying бываю","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бываю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"бываю","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with двинулся","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"храбр","lemma":"храбрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бываю","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулся","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря (means)","gloss":"with a glance"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говоря","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle (interrogative)","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"мол","lemma":"мол","morphology":"particle (reported speech marker)","role":"parenthetical modifying хочешь","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дружбу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дружбу","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дружбу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дружбу","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of за, modifying хочешь-clause","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the consequence clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate к твоим услугам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking услугам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of услугам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"услугам","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement (idiom к твоим услугам, \"at your service\")","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-c4-s93","source":"Но он другой раз не пырнул, он не выдержал, он сам испугался, бросил ножик, заплакал в голос и пустился бежать.","translation":"But he didn't strike a second time; he couldn't keep it up, he frightened himself, flung down the knife, broke into loud sobs, and took to his heels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пырнул","title":"«пырнуть» — to jab, stab once","body":"An expressive, low-register verb for a single quick stab. Its «-ну-» (semelfactive) shape names one sharp instantaneous act — 'he didn't strike a second time.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сам испугался, бросил ножик, заплакал… и пустился бежать","title":"Perfective string + reflexive «испугался»","body":"A run of perfectives ('frightened himself, flung, burst out crying, took off') drives the collapse, with the inceptive «за-» on «заплакал» marking the sudden onset of weeping. «испугался» carries the reflexive «-ся» (to take fright, get scared)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of пырнул","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пырнул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пырнул","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"got scared"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"flung down"},{"surface":"ножик","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"the knife"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"broke into sobs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"loud voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-c4-s94","source":"Я, разумеется, не фискалил и приказал всем молчать, чтобы не дошло до начальства, даже матери сказал, только когда всё зажило, да и ранка была пустая, царапина.","translation":"I, of course, didn't tell on him, and ordered everyone to keep quiet so it wouldn't reach the authorities; I didn't even tell my mother until it had all healed over — and the wound was a slight one anyway, a scratch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фискалил","title":"«фискалить» — to tell tales, inform","body":"Schoolboy slang (from «фискал», an old word for a state informer, ultimately Latin fiscalis) for snitching to authority. Among the boys, not 'fiscalling' is a point of honor — Kolya prides himself on it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не дошло до начальства","title":"Negative purpose «чтобы не»","body":"«чтобы не дошло» = 'so that it wouldn't reach…', purpose «чтобы» plus the past-form irrealis verb (here «дошло»). «начальства» ('the authorities, the school heads') is genitive after «до»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ранка… царапина","title":"«ранка» — a little wound","body":"«ранка» is the diminutive of «рана» (wound), and «царапина» is a scratch — Kolya playing the injury down. The small-making suffix matches his casual bravado: 'the wound was nothing, a scratch.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of фискалил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical to фискалил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фискалил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фискалил","lemma":"фискалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told on him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with фискалил","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приказал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приказал","gloss":"to keep quiet"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошло","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of молчать","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальства","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"начальства","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"my mother"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with фискалил","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зажило","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зажило","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зажило","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"зажило","lemma":"зажить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"healed over"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ранка","lemma":"ранка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the wound"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пустая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пустая","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of ранка","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"царапина","lemma":"царапина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ранка","gloss":"a scratch"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-c4-s95","source":"Потом слышу, в тот же день он бросался камнями и вам палец укусил, — но, понимаете, в каком он был состоянии!","translation":"Then I hear that the very same day he was throwing stones and bit your finger — but, you understand, think what a state he was in!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком он был состоянии!","title":"Exclamatory «в каком… состоянии»","body":"«какой» here is exclamatory ('what a state!'), with the whole phrase in the prepositional after «в» — «в каком… состоянии». Word order wraps the noun around the verb for an emphatic, exclamatory close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of бросался","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросался","lemma":"бросаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышу","gloss":"was throwing"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросался","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of укусил","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросался","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you understand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каком","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to состоянии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимаете","gloss":"state"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-c4-s96","source":"Ну что делать, я сделал глупо: когда он заболел, я не пошел его простить, то есть помириться, теперь раскаиваюсь.","translation":"Well, what's to be done, I acted stupidly: when he fell ill, I didn't go to forgive him, that is, to make peace, and now I'm sorry for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не пошел его простить, то есть помириться","title":"Reflexive «помириться» — to reconcile","body":"«помириться» carries the reciprocal «-ся»: to make peace 'with each other,' to be reconciled — Kolya correcting «простить» (to forgive him) into the more mutual «помириться». The reflexive marks the two-sided nature of reconciliation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь раскаиваюсь","title":"Reflexive «раскаиваться» — to repent","body":"«раскаиваюсь» (I repent, I'm sorry) is a «-ся» verb of inner feeling — repentance turned back on the self. Set against Ilusha's «раскаяние» earlier, the theme of contrition runs through the whole episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"stupidly"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заболел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сделал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"part of the phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"part of the phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"помириться","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to простить","gloss":"to make peace"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаиваюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"раскаиваюсь","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"I regret it"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-c4-s97","source":"Но тут уж у меня явились особые цели.","translation":"But by then I had particular aims of my own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня явились особые цели","title":"«у меня» possessor + reflexive «явились»","body":"«у меня явились… цели» frames it as a 'having': 'I came to have particular aims' (lit. 'aims appeared by me'). «явились» is the perfective reflexive of «являться», here 'arose, appeared,' agreeing with plural «цели»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явились","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явились","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of явились","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"особые","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"aims"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-c4-s98","source":"Ну вот и вся история… только, кажется, я сделал глупо…","translation":"Well, that's the whole story… only it seems I acted stupidly…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сделал глупо","title":"«сделать глупо» — to act stupidly","body":"«сделал глупо» — 'I acted stupidly,' with the neuter-form adverb «глупо» modifying the verb rather than describing a thing. The repeated «я сделал глупо» bookends Kolya's confession with rueful self-judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот и","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of история","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"stupidly"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-c4-s99","source":"— Ах, как это жаль, — воскликнул с волнением Алеша, — что я не знал ваших этих с ним отношений раньше, а то бы я сам давно уже пришел к вам вас просить пойти к нему со мной вместе.","translation":"— Ah, what a pity, — Alyosha exclaimed with emotion, — that I didn't know of these relations of yours with him sooner, or I'd have come to you myself long ago to ask you to go to him together with me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то бы я сам давно уже пришел","title":"«а то бы» — counterfactual 'otherwise I would have'","body":"«а то» means 'otherwise, or else,' and with «бы» + past «пришел» it becomes a counterfactual: 'or else I'd long since have come.' The mobile «бы» leans on «а то» rather than the verb — exactly the irrealis particle's habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просить пойти к нему со мной вместе","title":"Stacked infinitives of purpose","body":"A chain of infinitives — «пришел… просить пойти» ('come… to ask… to go') — each naming a further purpose without any conjunction, a compact Russian way to nest intentions. «пойти» is the perfective of single-trajectory motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical to жаль","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жаль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отношений","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отношений","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отношений","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отношений","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"part of the phrase а то","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of пришел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а то clause","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просить","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-c4-s100","source":"Верите ли, в жару, в болезни, он бредил вами.","translation":"Would you believe it, in his fever, in his illness, he raved about you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верите ли","title":"«верите ли» — 'would you believe it'","body":"«ли» turns «верите» into an appealing rhetorical question — 'would you believe it?' — a buttonholing opener that recurs three times in Alyosha's speech here. It draws the listener into shared astonishment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бредил вами","title":"Instrumental object of «бредить»","body":"«бредить» (to rave, be delirious) governs the instrumental: «бредил вами» — 'he raved about you' (lit. 'with/by you'). The case turns Alyosha into the very substance of the boy's feverish delirium."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question in Верите","gloss":"(marks question)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative (second locative -у), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бредил","gloss":"his fever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бредил","gloss":"his illness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бредил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бредил","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raved"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бредил","gloss":"about you"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-c4-s101","source":"Я и не знал, как вы ему дороги!","translation":"I never knew how dear you were to him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы ему дороги","title":"Short adjective «дороги» + dative","body":"«дороги» is the short-form predicative adjective ('dear'), agreeing with «вы» (plural/polite), and «ему» is the dative of the one to whom Alyosha is dear: 'how dear you were to him.' Short forms are the natural predicate of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of дороги","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дороги","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of вы, clausal complement of знал","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-c4-s102","source":"И неужели, неужели вы так и не отыскали эту Жучку?","translation":"And can it really be, really be, that you never found this Zhutchka?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И неужели, неужели… так и не отыскали","title":"Incredulous «неужели» + emphatic «так и не»","body":"«неужели» voices astonished doubt ('can it really be?'), doubled for intensity, while «так и не» means 'never did after all, simply failed to' — together a wave of disbelief that the dog was never found. «отыскали» is perfective: the search came to no result."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical to отыскали","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отыскали","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отыскали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отыскали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отыскали","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыскали","gloss":"Zhutchka"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-c4-s103","source":"Отец и все мальчики по всему городу разыскивали.","translation":"His father and all the boys searched the whole town over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по всему городу разыскивали","title":"«по» + dative for spread-out motion","body":"«по всему городу» — 'all over the town,' «по» + dative expressing diffuse movement across an area. The imperfective «разыскивали» views the searching as a prolonged, repeated effort rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разыскивали","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отец","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыскивали","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"разыскивали","lemma":"разыскивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"searched"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-c4-s104","source":"Верите ли, он, больной, в слезах, три раза при мне уж повторял отцу: «Это оттого я болен, папа, что я Жучку тогда убил, это меня бог наказал», — не собьешь его с этой мысли!","translation":"Would you believe it, three times in my presence, the sick boy, in tears, repeated to his father: \"It's because I killed Zhutchka back then that I'm ill, papa; God is punishing me for it\" — and there's no shaking him from that idea!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не собьешь его с этой мысли","title":"Generalized 2nd-person «не собьёшь»","body":"«не собьёшь» is a 2nd-person singular perfective future used impersonally — 'you can't shake him,' i.e. one cannot — a common Russian way to state a general impossibility. The «с» + genitive «с этой мысли» means 'off that idea.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question in Верите","gloss":"(marks question)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of повторял","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повторял","gloss":"to his father"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"because of this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, quoted clause","gloss":"am sick"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address within the quote","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement explaining оттого болен","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наказал","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of наказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наказал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"наказал","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to болен, within the quote","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собьешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"собьешь","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the closing remark","gloss":"you'll shake"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собьешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собьешь","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-c4-s105","source":"И если бы только достали теперь эту Жучку и показали, что она не умерла, а живая, то, кажется, он бы воскрес от радости.","translation":"And if only this Zhutchka could be found now and shown to him alive, that she hadn't died, then it seems he'd rise again from sheer joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только достали… он бы воскрес","title":"Full counterfactual conditional with «бы… бы»","body":"Both clauses carry «бы»: «если бы… достали» (if only they got) sets the unreal condition, «он бы воскрес» (he would rise) the unreal result — a textbook irrealis built on past-form verbs plus the particle. The wish hangs entirely in the hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of достали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"достали","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достали","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with достали","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умерла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умерла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умерла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умерла","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показали","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"живая","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement parallel to умерла (ellipsis: она жива)","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative of если, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскрес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of воскрес","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"воскрес","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"come back to life"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскрес","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-c4-s106","source":"Все мы на вас надеялись.","translation":"We all set our hopes on you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вас надеялись","title":"«надеяться на» + accusative","body":"«надеяться» governs «на» + accusative for the one hoped in: «на вас надеялись» — 'we set our hopes on you.' Fronting «на вас» before the verb puts the whole weight of expectation onto Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of надеялись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of надеялись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надеялись","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were counting"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-c4-s107","source":"— Скажите, с какой же стати надеялись, что я отыщу Жучку, то есть что именно я отыщу? — с чрезвычайным любопытством спросил Коля, — почему именно на меня рассчитывали, а не на другого?","translation":"— Tell me, on what grounds did you hope that I would find Zhutchka, that is, that I in particular would find her? — Kolya asked with the keenest curiosity. — Why was it on me in particular that you counted, and not on someone else?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какой же стати","title":"«с какой стати» + insistent «же»","body":"«с какой стати» is an idiom meaning 'on what grounds, why on earth,' and the inserted «же» sharpens the demand ('why ever…?'). The particle gives Kolya's challenge its prickly, self-important edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что именно я отыщу… на меня рассчитывали","title":"Emphatic «именно» + «рассчитывать на»","body":"«именно я» pins the focus — 'that I in particular would find her.' «рассчитывать на» governs «на» + accusative («на меня»): to count on someone. Kolya's vanity is built right into the syntax of insistent self-reference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стати","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"стати","lemma":"стать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялись","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"надеялись","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажите","gloss":"did you hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отыщу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отыщу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отыщу","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеялись","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыщу","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"part of the phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"part of the phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of отыщу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отыщу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отыщу","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отыщу","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажите","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассчитывали","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеялись (parallel question inside Скажите's clause; спросил is the parenthetical reporting verb)","gloss":"did you count"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на другого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывали (ellipsis)","gloss":"someone else"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-c4-s108","source":"— Какой-то слух был, что вы ее отыскиваете и что когда отыщете ее, то приведете.","translation":"— There was some rumor that you were looking for her and that when you found her you'd bring her back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда отыщете ее, то приведете","title":"Perfective future for sequenced events","body":"«отыщете… приведете» are perfective futures ('when you find her, you'll bring her'), each a single completed act, with «когда» here meaning 'once.' The correlative «то» ('then') ties the condition to its result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Какой-то слух","title":"«какой-то» — some (unspecified) rumor","body":"«какой-то» with the «-то» clitic marks a real but vague referent — 'some rumor or other.' It keeps the source of the hope deliberately hazy, which is just what nettles Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"слух","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отыскиваете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отыскиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыскиваете","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отыскиваете","lemma":"отыскивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of был","gloss":"were looking for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приведете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отыщете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отыщете","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приведете","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыщете","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative of когда, introduces the clause of приведете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приведете","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отыскиваете","gloss":"would bring her back"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-c4-s109","source":"Смуров что-то говорил в этом роде.","translation":"Smurov said something to that effect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то говорил в этом роде","title":"Indefinite «что-то» as vague object","body":"«что-то» ('something') leaves the content unspecified — 'said something to that effect.' «в этом роде» ('of that sort') is the set phrase for an approximate paraphrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"lines"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-c4-s110","source":"Мы, главное, всё стараемся уверить, что Жучка жива, что ее где-то видели.","translation":"The main thing is we keep trying to assure him that Zhutchka is alive, that she's been seen somewhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё стараемся уверить, что Жучка жива","title":"Durative «всё стараемся» + zero-copula predicate","body":"«всё стараемся» — the adverb «всё» ('keep on') with imperfective present gives ongoing, repeated effort. Inside the «что»-clause, «Жучка жива» has no copula: present-tense 'X is Y' simply juxtaposes subject and short adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее где-то видели","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural for the impersonal 'they'","body":"«видели» with no stated subject is the indefinite 'they saw / she was seen' — Russian's everyday impersonal. «где-то» ('somewhere') is the specific-but-unknown place, again the «-то» series."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стараемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, main clause of the sentence","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стараемся","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"стараемся","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we try"},{"surface":"уверить","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараемся","gloss":"to assure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жива","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жива","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of уверить","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of где-то)","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of где-то)","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"she's been seen"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-c4-s111","source":"Мальчики ему живого зайчика откуда-то достали, только он посмотрел, чуть-чуть улыбнулся и попросил, чтобы выпустили его в поле.","translation":"The boys got him a live hare from somewhere, but he only looked at it, smiled a little, and asked that it be let go in the field.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зайчика","title":"«зайчик» — a little hare","body":"The affectionate diminutive of «заяц» (hare), 'a little bunny,' fitting the boys' tender wish to console the sick child. The animate-accusative «зайчика» also shows animacy borrowing the genitive ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попросил, чтобы выпустили его в поле","title":"«чтобы» of indirect request","body":"After «попросил» (asked), «чтобы выпустили» uses «чтобы» + past-form verb to report a request/command — 'asked that it be let go.' This is the willed, non-factual «чтобы», distinct from reporting «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of достали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of достали","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"живого","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"modifies зайчика","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"зайчика","lemma":"зайчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достали","gloss":"hare"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of откуда-то)","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of откуда-то)","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"достали","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast with достали","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with достали","gloss":"only looked"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть-чуть","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of чуть-чуть)","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть-чуть","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of чуть-чуть)","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with улыбнулся","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выпустили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выпустили","lemma":"выпустить","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective, subjunctive","role":"clausal complement of попросил","gloss":"it be let go"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпустили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпустили","gloss":"the field"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-c4-s112","source":"Так мы и сделали.","translation":"So that's what we did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так мы и сделали","title":"The confirming «так… и» frame","body":"«так… и сделали» ('that's just what we did') uses «так» plus emphatic «и» to confirm an action exactly as described — a tidy, idiomatic way to close the little episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сделали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-c4-s113","source":"Сию минуту отец воротился и ему щенка меделянского принес, тоже достал откуда-то, думал этим утешить, только хуже еще, кажется, вышло…","translation":"Just this minute his father came back and brought him a mastiff puppy, also got from somewhere, thinking to comfort him with it, only it seems to have turned out even worse…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сию минуту","title":"«сию минуту» — this very minute","body":"«сию» is the accusative of the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), surviving in fixed phrases: «сию минуту» = 'right this minute, just now.' A bookish fossil that has outlived «сей» in ordinary speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воротился","title":"Reflexive «воротиться» — to return","body":"«воротился» is the older, slightly folksy variant of «вернуться» (to come back), carrying the reflexive «-ся». The «-ся» here marks a middle/change-of-state verb, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular (part of Сию минуту)","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying воротился","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"щенка","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"a puppy"},{"surface":"меделянского","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щенка","gloss":"mastiff"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"достал","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, restates принес","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of откуда-то)","role":"modifies достал","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of откуда-то)","role":"modifies достал","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with принес","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешить","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to comfort him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast with думал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of вышло","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying вышло","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-c4-s114","source":"— Еще скажите, Карамазов: что такое этот отец? Я его знаю, но что он такое по вашему определению: шут, паяц?","translation":"— Tell me one more thing, Karamazov: what sort of man is this father? I know him, but what is he, by your reckoning — a buffoon, a clown?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что такое этот отец?","title":"«что такое X?» — what sort of thing is X?","body":"«что такое этот отец» asks for the essence or character of someone ('what is this father, really?'), keeping «отец» nominative. Kolya wants a definition, a label — which his next words («шут, паяц?») supply."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шут, паяц","title":"«шут» and «паяц» — buffoon and clown","body":"«шут» is the old word for a court jester/buffoon (also «шут гороховый», a figure of fun); «паяц» is a Punch-like clown from the Italian commedia. Kolya reaches for both to ask whether the captain is merely ridiculous — the very label Alyosha will complicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажите","gloss":"one more thing"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to скажите","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of отец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что такое","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что такое","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking определению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of определению","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"определению","lemma":"определение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of что такое","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate in apposition to что","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"паяц","lemma":"паяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шут","gloss":"a clown"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-c4-s115","source":"— Ах нет, есть люди глубоко чувствующие, но как-то придавленные.","translation":"— Ah no, there are people who feel deeply but are somehow crushed down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть люди глубоко чувствующие, но… придавленные","title":"Present active participle «чувствующие»","body":"«чувствующие» is the present active participle of «чувствовать» ('feeling, who feel'), a bookish one-word compression of a «который»-clause, agreeing with «люди» as an adjective. It is balanced against the past passive participle «придавленные» ('crushed down')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"negates the implied statement","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствующие","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"чувствующие","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"who feel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как-то)","role":"modifies придавленные","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как-то)","role":"modifies придавленные","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"придавленные","lemma":"придавленный","morphology":"adjective, participle, plural, nominative, past passive","role":"coordinated with чувствующие","gloss":"crushed down"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-c4-s116","source":"Шутовство у них вроде злобной иронии на тех, которым в глаза они не смеют сказать правды от долговременной унизительной робости пред ними.","translation":"Their buffoonery is a kind of spiteful irony directed at those to whose faces they dare not speak the truth, out of a long-standing, humiliating timidity before them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тех, которым в глаза они не смеют сказать правды","title":"Genitive of negation + relative «которым»","body":"Under negated «не смеют сказать», the object «правды» (the truth) shifts to genitive — the genitive of negation. The relative «которым» is dative ('to whom they dare not speak'), agreeing in number with «тех» but cased by its own clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ними","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the contracted, elevated form of «перед» (before, in front of), governing the instrumental «ними». It lends Alyosha's diagnosis of cringing 'timidity before them' a slightly literary solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шутовство","lemma":"шутовство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of head noun иронии","gloss":"buffoonery"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Шутовство","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иронии","gloss":"is a kind of"},{"surface":"злобной","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies иронии","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"иронии","lemma":"ирония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the predicate phrase","gloss":"irony"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of иронии","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to whose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеют","gloss":"dare not"},{"surface":"смеют","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеют","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking робости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"долговременной","lemma":"долговременный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies робости","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"унизительной","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies робости","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"робости","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-c4-s117","source":"Поверьте, Красоткин, что такое шутовство чрезвычайно иногда трагично.","translation":"Believe me, Krassotkin, that such buffoonery is sometimes extraordinarily tragic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно иногда трагично","title":"Neuter short adjective «трагично» as predicate","body":"«трагично» is the short neuter form ('is tragic'), the predicate of «шутовство» — abstract subjects naturally take neuter short adjectives. «чрезвычайно» ('extraordinarily') intensifies the claim that buffoonery can be deeply tragic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутовство","title":"«шутовство» — buffoonery as a condition","body":"An abstract noun in «-ство» built from «шут» (buffoon): not a single jest but the whole stance of playing the fool. Alyosha turns it into a tragic psychology — buffoonery as the mask of the humiliated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Поверьте","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трагично","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of шутовство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шутовство","lemma":"шутовство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of трагично","gloss":"buffoonery"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трагично","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трагично","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"трагично","lemma":"трагичный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of что-clause","gloss":"is tragic"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-c4-s118","source":"У него всё теперь, всё на земле совокупилось в Илюше, и умри Илюша, он или с ума сойдет с горя, или лишит себя жизни.","translation":"Everything for him now, everything on earth, has come together in Ilusha, and should Ilusha die, he'll either go out of his mind with grief or take his own life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умри Илюша, он… сойдет с ума","title":"Bare imperative «умри» as a conditional","body":"«умри Илюша» uses an imperative form not as a command but as a vivid hypothetical — 'should Ilusha die…' — a compact conditional clause without «если». This archaic, expressive construction heightens the dread of the supposed loss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совокупилось в Илюше","title":"Reflexive «совокупиться» + locative","body":"«совокупилось» (came together, was concentrated) is a bookish perfective reflexive; the «-ся» makes it intransitive — everything 'has gathered itself' in Ilusha. «в Илюше» is the prepositional of location."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишит себя жизни","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» — to take one's own life","body":"«лишить себя жизни» (lit. 'deprive oneself of life') uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object, distinct from the verbal «-ся». «жизни» is genitive after «лишить» ('deprive of'). The euphemism names suicide with grave restraint."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совокупилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совокупилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совокупилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to первое всё","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"совокупилось","lemma":"совокупиться","morphology":"verb, past, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совокупилось","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, conditional/imperative form used as conditional, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying сойдет","gloss":"should die"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умри","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойдет","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"сойдет","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лишит","gloss":"will go out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойдет","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лишит","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, future, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойдет","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"direct complement of лишит","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of лишит","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b10-c4-s119","source":"Я почти убежден в этом, когда теперь на него смотрю!","translation":"I'm almost convinced of it when I look at him now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я почти убежден в этом","title":"Short passive participle «убеждён» as predicate","body":"«убежден» is the short-form past passive participle of «убедить» ('convinced'), here a predicate of state — 'I am almost convinced.' Its object of conviction follows «в» + prepositional («в этом»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрю","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"I look"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b10-c4-s120","source":"— Я вас понимаю, Карамазов, я вижу, вы знаете человека, — прибавил проникновенно Коля.","translation":"— I understand you, Karamazov; I see that you know human nature, — Kolya added with deep feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы знаете человека","title":"Animate accusative «человека»","body":"«человека» is the animate masculine accusative (borrowing the genitive ending) — but the phrase «знать человека» means 'to understand human nature, to know people,' a generalized human, not one man. Animacy is visible right in the ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проникновенно","title":"«проникновенно» — with heartfelt penetration","body":"An adverb from «проникнуть» (to penetrate): speaking 'penetratingly,' from the depths of feeling, with earnest sincerity. It marks Kolya at his most genuinely moved, dropping his usual swagger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to понимаю","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"human nature"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"with deep feeling"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b10-c4-s121","source":"— А я, как увидал вас с собакой, так и подумал, что вы это привели ту самую Жучку.","translation":"\"And the moment I saw you with the dog, I thought you had brought along that very Zhuchka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как увидал… так и подумал","title":"The «как… так и» correlative","body":"«как… так и» here is temporal: 'the moment / as soon as I saw…, [then] I thought'. Both verbs are perfective past, marking two single completed events in quick succession; «так и» reinforces the immediacy of the reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увидал","title":"Colloquial «увидал» for «увидел»","body":"«увидал» is a folksy/colloquial past of «увидеть», common in 19th-century speech alongside the standard «увидел». The -ал- stem gives Kolya's chatter a slightly informal, breathless ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту самую Жучку","title":"«тот самый» — 'that very one'","body":"«тот самый» means 'that very, the very same'; here in the accusative feminine «ту самую» as the object of «привели». The demonstrative «тот» and intensifier «самый» both agree with «Жучку»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидал","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собакой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собакой","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of так и)","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"так и","morphology":"particle (part 2 of так и)","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of привели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes привели","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"привели","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Жучку","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привели","gloss":"Zhuchka"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b10-c4-s122","source":"— Подождите, Карамазов, может быть, мы ее и отыщем, а эта — это Перезвон.","translation":"\"Wait, Karamazov, maybe we'll yet track her down, but this one — this is Perezvon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подождите","title":"Polite imperative «подождите»","body":"Perfective imperative of «подождать» (to wait a while), with the plural/polite -те Kolya uses for the elder Alyosha. The perfective frames the waiting as a single bounded request, 'wait a moment'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы ее и отыщем","title":"Perfective future «отыщем»","body":"«отыщем» is the simple (perfective) future of «отыскать» — 'we will (manage to) track her down'. The particle «и» here means 'after all / even yet', and «может быть» softens it to a hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Подождите","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (part of может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying отыщем","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective (part of может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отыщем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыщем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes отыщем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"отыщем","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подождите","gloss":"track down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Перезвон","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive linking эта to Перезвон","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of эта","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b10-c4-s123","source":"Я впущу ее теперь в комнату и, может быть, развеселю Илюшу побольше, чем меделянским щенком.","translation":"\"I'll let him into the room now, and perhaps I'll cheer Ilyusha up more with him than with the mastiff pup.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впущу","title":"Perfective future «впущу»","body":"«впущу» — 'I will let in' — is the perfective future of «впустить», a single completed act. The whole sentence chains future intentions, each viewed as a discrete event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развеселю Илюшу побольше, чем","title":"Comparative «побольше» with «чем»","body":"«побольше» is the comparative «больше» softened by the prefix по- ('a bit more'); «чем» introduces the second term of the comparison. So: 'cheer Ilyusha up rather more… than with the mastiff pup'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меделянским щенком","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«меделянским щенком» is instrumental — 'with/by means of the mastiff pup' — the tool by which one might cheer Ilyusha. Adjective and noun agree in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of впущу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впущу","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, future, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll let him in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of впущу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впущу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впущу","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (part of может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying развеселю","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective (part of может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"развеселю","lemma":"развеселить","morphology":"verb, future, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with впущу","gloss":"I'll cheer up"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развеселю","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"побольше","lemma":"побольше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies развеселю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of щенком","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"меделянским","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щенком","gloss":"mastiff"},{"surface":"щенком","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чем","gloss":"pup"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b10-c4-s124","source":"Подождите, Карамазов, вы кой-что сейчас узнаете.","translation":"\"Wait, Karamazov, you're about to learn a thing or two.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кой-что","title":"«кой-что» — archaic 'something'","body":"«кой-что» is an old-fashioned variant of «кое-что» ('a thing or two, something'). The indefinite element «кой-/кое-» on «что» marks a specific-but-unspecified thing Kolya is about to reveal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнаете","title":"Perfective future «узнаете»","body":"«узнаете» — 'you will (come to) learn / find out' — perfective future of «узнать», promising a single moment of discovery. The adverb «сейчас» ('right now, in a moment') pins it to the near future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Подождите","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой-что","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of кой-что)","role":"direct object of узнаете","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кой-что","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of кой-что)","role":"direct object of узнаете","gloss":"or two"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подождите","gloss":"you'll learn"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b10-c4-s125","source":"Ах, боже мой, что ж я вас держу! — вскричал вдруг стремительно Коля. — Вы в одном сюртучке на таком холоде, а я вас задерживаю; видите, видите, какой я эгоист!","translation":"\"Oh, good heavens, why am I keeping you standing here!\" Kolya cried out suddenly, all in a rush. \"You're in nothing but a thin frock coat in this kind of cold, and here I am holding you up; you see, you see what an egoist I am!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боже мой","title":"Vocative «боже»","body":"«боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» — 'O God'. Frozen into the exclamation «боже мой» ('my God, good heavens'), it is one of the most common vocatives a reader of Dostoevsky meets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж я вас держу","title":"Particle «ж» (же) of vexation","body":"«ж» is the reduced form of the emphatic particle «же», here loading the rhetorical question with self-reproach: 'why on earth am I keeping you standing here!' It adds the speaker's exasperated attitude."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в одном сюртучке на таком холоде","title":"Locative «на холоде»","body":"«на холоде» uses на + prepositional to mean 'out in the cold'. «в одном сюртучке» means 'in just a thin frock-coat', where «один» here works as 'only, nothing but'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сюртучке","title":"Diminutive «сюртучок»","body":"«сюртучок» is the affectionate diminutive of «сюртук» (a frock-coat), in the prepositional «сюртучке». The diminutive underlines how thin and inadequate the coat is against the cold — pity, not size."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative in the exclamation Ах боже мой","gloss":"heavens"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative adverbial (why/what for), not object of держу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of держу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of держу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"держу","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"am keeping"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"all in a rush"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртучке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сюртучке","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"сюртучке","lemma":"сюртучок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Вы","gloss":"a thin frock coat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холоде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of холоде","gloss":"this kind of"},{"surface":"холоде","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задерживаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of задерживаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"задерживаю","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Вы","gloss":"am holding up"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, second, plural, imperfective","role":"emphatic repetition of видите","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of я","gloss":"what an"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of эгоист","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эгоист","lemma":"эгоист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видите","gloss":"egoist"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b10-c4-s126","source":"О, все мы эгоисты, Карамазов!","translation":"\"Oh, we are all egoists, Karamazov!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все мы эгоисты","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'We are all egoists' has no verb 'to be': Russian drops the present-tense copula, joining subject «мы» directly to the nominative predicate «эгоисты». The fronted «все» ('all') gives Alyosha's reply its sweeping, sententious weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of эгоисты","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эгоисты","lemma":"эгоист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"are egoists"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b10-c4-s127","source":"— Не беспокойтесь; правда, холодно, но я не простудлив.","translation":"\"Don't worry; it's true, it's cold, but I don't catch cold easily.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь","title":"Negated reflexive imperative","body":"«беспокойтесь» is the imperative of the -ся verb «беспокоиться» (to worry), with negation «не»: 'don't trouble yourself, don't worry'. The reflexive -ся (-тесь after the imperative) turns 'disturb' inward to 'be disturbed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простудлив","title":"Short adjective «простудлив»","body":"«простудлив» (from «простуда», a cold) means 'prone to catching cold'. It is a short-form predicative adjective, and the -лив- suffix denotes a disposition or tendency, as in «счастливый», «терпеливый»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"particle/adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying холодно","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"it's cold"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простудлив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простудлив","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"простудлив","lemma":"простудливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"catch cold easily"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b10-c4-s128","source":"Пойдемте, однако же. Кстати: как ваше имя, я знаю, что Коля, а дальше?","translation":"\"Let's go in, all the same. By the way: what is your name? I know it's Kolya, but after that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пойдемте","title":"Hortative «пойдёмте»","body":"«Пойдёмте» — 'let's go' — is the first-person-plural exhortative of the perfective «пойти», with -те making it polite/inclusive of the addressee. It is a common Russian way to say 'let us…' without «давайте»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"«однако же» — 'and yet, all the same'","body":"«однако» is an adversative 'however/yet'; the appended «же» lends a mild insistence ('all the same, do let's go'). Together they signal Alyosha gently pressing on past Kolya's chatter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ваше имя","title":"Zero-copula identity question","body":"'What is your name?' is literally 'how [is] your name' with no verb — «имя» stands in the nominative as the subject of an implied 'to be'. «как» rather than «что» is the idiomatic way to ask a name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, first, plural (hortative), perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пойдемте","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical introducing the question","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"predicate of имя","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of как","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Коля","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"it's Kolya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Коля","gloss":"after that"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b10-c4-s129","source":"— Николай, Николай Иванов Красоткин, или, как говорят по-казенному, сын Красоткин, — чему-то засмеялся Коля, но вдруг прибавил: — Я, разумеется, ненавижу мое имя Николай.","translation":"\"Nikolai, Nikolai Ivanov Krasotkin, or, as they put it in officialese, son Krasotkin,\" Kolya laughed at something or other, but suddenly added: \"I detest my name Nikolai, of course.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-казенному","title":"«по-казённому» — 'in officialese'","body":"Built on «казённый» ('belonging to the state treasury, official, bureaucratic'), the adverb «по-казённому» means 'in the official/bureaucratic way'. For Kolya it is a term of contempt — everything «казённый» is dull and impersonal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему-то засмеялся","title":"Dative «чему-то» + reflexive «засмеялся»","body":"«засмеяться» (perfective, with -ся) means 'to break into laughter'; the za- prefix marks the inceptive moment. «чему-то» is the dative of «что-то» ('at something'), the cause one laughs at, with indefinite -то marking it as specific-but-unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавижу мое имя","title":"«мой» vs reflexive «свой»","body":"Kolya says «моё имя» ('my name'), not «своё», because here the possessor and subject are the same emphatic 'I' — «мой» is natural for marked first-person feeling. The reflexive «свой» would be used when subject and possessor coincide neutrally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Николай (full name)","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Иванов","lemma":"иванов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Ivanov"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they put it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-казённому","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of по-казённому)","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"казенному","lemma":"по-казённому","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of по-казённому)","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"officialese"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Николай (full name)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative (part 1 of чему-то)","role":"indirect object of засмеялся","gloss":"at something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of чему-то)","role":"indirect object of засмеялся","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies ненавижу","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of прибавил's quoted clause","gloss":"detest"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to имя","gloss":"Nikolai"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b10-c4-s130","source":"— Почему же?","translation":"\"Why is that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же?","title":"Particle «же» pressing for a reason","body":"«же» after «почему» turns a bare 'why?' into an insistent 'but why, then?' — Alyosha leaning in for the explanation. The particle carries the conversational push that English gives by intonation alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"is that"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b10-c4-s131","source":"— Тривиально, казенно…","translation":"\"It's trivial, official...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тривиально, казенно","title":"«тривиально, казённо» — clipped predicatives","body":"Both are neuter short-form adjectives/adverbs used as bald predicates: 'it's trivial, it's official'. «тривиально» is a fashionable Latinate word, exactly the kind of precocious vocabulary Kolya flaunts; «казённо» echoes his contempt for the bureaucratic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тривиально","lemma":"тривиальный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"казенно","lemma":"казённый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"coordinated with Тривиально","gloss":"official"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b10-c4-s132","source":"— Вам тринадцатый год? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"Are you in your thirteenth year?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам тринадцатый год?","title":"Dative of age + ordinal idiom","body":"Age 'in one's Nth year' is expressed impersonally: «вам» in the dative (the person the year belongs to) plus the ordinal «тринадцатый год» as subject, copula dropped — literally 'to you [is] the thirteenth year?'. This is the standard subjectless way to ask someone's age in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer with год","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тринадцатый","lemma":"тринадцатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"thirteenth"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b10-c4-s133","source":"— То есть четырнадцатый, через две недели четырнадцать, весьма скоро.","translation":"\"That is, my fourteenth — in two weeks I'll be fourteen, very soon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"через две недели четырнадцать","title":"«через» + accusative of time","body":"«через две недели» — 'in two weeks' time' — uses через + accusative to mean 'after the lapse of'. The numeral «две» governs the genitive singular «недели» (after 2/3/4), the standard counting pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весьма скоро","title":"Bookish «весьма»","body":"«весьма» ('very, exceedingly') is a markedly bookish intensifier, more formal than «очень». Kolya's fondness for such elevated words is part of Dostoevsky's affectionate portrait of a clever, self-conscious boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, fixed phrase","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"четырнадцатый","lemma":"четырнадцатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of через, quantified by две","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"elliptical predicate (\"[I'll turn] fourteen\"), parallel to четырнадцатый","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четырнадцать","gloss":"soon"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b10-c4-s134","source":"Признаюсь пред вами заранее в одной слабости, Карамазов, это уж так пред вами, для первого знакомства, чтобы вы сразу увидели всю мою натуру: я ненавижу, когда меня спрашивают про мои года, более чем ненавижу… и наконец… про меня, например, есть клевета, что я на прошлой неделе с приготовительными в разбойники играл.","translation":"\"I'll confess one weakness to you in advance, Karamazov — and I'm telling you straight off, on first acquaintance, so that you can see my whole nature at once: I hate it when people ask me about my age, hate it more than... and finally... there's a slander going round about me, for instance, that last week I was playing robbers with the kids from the preparatory class.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признаюсь пред вами","title":"Reflexive «признаюсь» + archaic «пред»","body":"«признаюсь» is a -ся verb, 'I confess' (reflexive/middle). «пред» is the bookish, elevated variant of «перед» ('before') — period-flavoured speech, fitting Kolya's theatrical self-presentation; it governs the instrumental «вами»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы сразу увидели всю мою натуру","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + past form","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose ('so that you might see…') and requires the past-form irrealis «увидели», not a present/future. This is the willed-outcome construction, distinct from factual «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда меня спрашивают про мои года","title":"Impersonal 'they' / unstated subject","body":"«спрашивают» is a 3rd-plural verb with no stated subject — the 'people / they' construction: 'when people ask me…'. «про» + accusative «мои года» means 'about', a more colloquial alternative to «о» + prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клевета","title":"«клевета» — slander","body":"«клевета» means 'slander, calumny' — a deliberately weighty, almost legal word for a boy's grievance about being teased. The mismatch between the grand term and the trivial matter (playing robbers) is precisely the comedy of Kolya's pomposity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Признаюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Признаюсь","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабости","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"слабости","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Признаюсь","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"how it is"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знакомства","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидели","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидели","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"увидели","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying Признаюсь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натуру","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натуру","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"натуру","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидели","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ненавижу","gloss":"they ask"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивают","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ненавижу","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase более","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"elliptical repetition of ненавижу (comparative complement of более чем)","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть (introduces final clause)","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies клевета","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"клевета","lemma":"клевета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"slander"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of играл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приготовительными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приготовительными","lemma":"приготовительный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized: \"prep-school pupils\"), instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"the prep-school boys"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбойники (idiom играть в X)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разбойники","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, plural (fixed game-name form)","role":"oblique complement of играл (object of в)","gloss":"robbers","note":"Idiom играть в разбойники, \"play robbers,\" names the game rather than referring to actual robbers."},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause modifying клевета","gloss":"was playing"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b10-c4-s135","source":"То, что я играл, это действительность, но что я для себя играл, для доставления себе самому удовольствия, то это решительно клевета.","translation":"\"That I was playing — that's a fact, but that I was playing for myself, for my own amusement, that is decidedly a slander.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То, что я играл… но что я… играл","title":"Correlative «то, что…»","body":"«То, что…» sets up a correlative: the neuter pronoun «то» ('the [fact] that') is the subject, unpacked by the «что»-clause. Kolya contrasts two such facts — 'that I played' (true) versus 'that I played for myself' (slander)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для себя… для доставления себе самому удовольствия","title":"Reflexive «себя» / «себе»","body":"The reflexive pronoun «себя» points back to the subject 'I': «для себя» 'for myself', dative «себе самому» 'to my very self'. «себя» has no nominative and serves any person, here intensified by «самому» ('my own self')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решительно","title":"«решительно» — 'decidedly, absolutely'","body":"Here «решительно» is an emphatic adverb, 'decidedly, downright' (not 'decisively' in action). It is another of Kolya's strong, categorical words: «это решительно клевета» — 'that is downright slander'."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, resumed by это (w5)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of играл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying То","gloss":"was playing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes То, subject of действительность","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"действительность","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of играл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of что-clause, parallel to играл (w4)","gloss":"was playing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доставления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доставления","lemma":"доставление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для, purpose phrase modifying играл","gloss":"affording"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of доставления","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies себе","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"удовольствия","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доставления","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumes что-clause (w8), correlative to это (w19)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of клевета","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клевета","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"клевета","lemma":"клевета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это, parallel to действительность (w6)","gloss":"a slander"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b10-c4-s136","source":"Я имею основание думать, что до вас это дошло, но я не для себя играл, а для детворы играл, потому что они ничего без меня не умели выдумать.","translation":"\"I have grounds to think it reached even your ears, but I wasn't playing for myself, I was playing for the little ones, because without me they couldn't think up anything at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до вас это дошло","title":"«дойти до» — 'reach' someone","body":"«дойти до вас» literally 'to reach as far as you' uses prefixed-motion «дойти» (perfective) with до + genitive «вас». Idiomatically 'it reached you / came to your ears' — news arriving at a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они ничего без меня не умели выдумать","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"Two negatives, one meaning: the ни-word «ничего» (genitive) and the verbal «не умели» both stand — 'they couldn't think up anything at all'. «без меня» (genitive after без) frames Kolya as the indispensable inventor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детворы","title":"«детвора» — 'the little kids'","body":"«детвора» is a collective noun for a crowd of small children ('the kiddies, the little ones'), warmer and more informal than «дети». In genitive «детворы» after «для», it casts Kolya as benefactor of the small fry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"основание","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies основание","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates для себя (modifies играл)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, parallel to играл (w19)","gloss":"was playing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детворы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"детворы","lemma":"детвора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"the little ones"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with играл (w15)","gloss":"was playing"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of умели (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of умели/выдумать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of умели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умели","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the because-clause, modifies играл","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умели","gloss":"think up"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b10-c4-s137","source":"И вот у нас всегда вздор распустят.","translation":"\"And so it goes — among us they're forever spreading nonsense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздор распустят","title":"Impersonal 'they' future «распустят»","body":"«распустят» is 3rd-plural perfective future with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they spread / will spread'. Combined with «всегда» it reads as a recurrent truth: 'people are forever spreading nonsense here'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"«вздор» — 'nonsense, rot'","body":"«вздор» is a colloquial, dismissive word for 'nonsense, twaddle'. «распустить вздор» is to 'set loose / spread' idle talk — the verb «распустить» (un-bind, let loose) vividly pictures gossip turned free."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies у нас","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of распустят","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распустят","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распустят","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"распустят","lemma":"распустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they spread"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b10-c4-s138","source":"Это город сплетен, уверяю вас.","translation":"\"This is a town of gossip, I assure you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это город сплетен","title":"Genitive plural «сплетен»","body":"«город сплетен» — 'a town of gossip(s)' — uses the genitive plural «сплетен» (from «сплетня») as 'of'. The zero-ending genitive plural is typical of feminine -я nouns. The pointer «это» plus zero copula gives a flat, judging declaration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уверяю вас","title":"«уверяю вас» — 'I assure you'","body":"«уверять» (to assure, from «верить», to believe) governs the accusative person «вас». The phrase is a stock conversational tag of earnest insistence — Kolya forever certifying the truth of his pronouncements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of город","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a town"},{"surface":"сплетен","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies город","gloss":"of gossip"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb, parallel to the город clause","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b10-c4-s139","source":"— А хоть бы и для своего удовольствия играли, что ж тут такого?","translation":"\"And even if you had been playing for your own amusement, what's so wrong with that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А хоть бы и… играли","title":"Concessive «хоть бы» + past form","body":"«хоть бы и… играли» is concessive-hypothetical: 'even if you had been playing'. The particle «бы» plus past-form «играли» builds the irrealis, and «хоть… и» grants the point — 'so what, even granting that'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж тут такого?","title":"Idiom «что тут такого?»","body":"«что ж тут такого?» — 'what's so [wrong] about it?' — is a fixed dismissive idiom; «такого» is genitive after the implied negative-quantitative sense. The particle «ж» (же) gives the easy, shrugging tone of Alyosha's reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть бы и, introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствия","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"удовольствия","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"you were playing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"interrogative pronoun, head of the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of что","gloss":"wrong with that"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b10-c4-s140","source":"— Ну для себя… Не станете же вы в лошадки играть?","translation":"\"Well, for myself... You wouldn't go playing horsey, would you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не станете же вы… играть?","title":"«не станете же» — incredulous future","body":"«стать» + infinitive forms a future ('you won't [go and] play…'); negated and laced with «же», it becomes an incredulous rhetorical question: 'surely you wouldn't go playing horsey?' The particle «же» carries the appeal to shared common sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в лошадки","title":"Diminutive «лошадки» (playing horsey)","body":"«лошадки» is the diminutive plural of «лошадь» (horse); «играть в лошадки» is the toddlers' game of 'playing horsey'. The diminutive flags it as babyish — exactly the indignity the self-important Kolya refuses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станете","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станете","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лошадки","lemma":"лошадки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"horsey"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on станете","gloss":"play"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b10-c4-s141","source":"— А вы рассуждайте так, — улыбнулся Алеша, — в театр, например, ездят же взрослые, а в театре тоже представляют приключения всяких героев, иногда тоже с разбойниками и с войной — так разве это не то же самое, в своем, разумеется, роде?","translation":"\"But look at it this way,\" Alyosha smiled. \"Grown-ups go to the theater, for instance, and at the theater they also act out the adventures of all sorts of heroes, sometimes with robbers and warfare too — so isn't that the very same thing, in its own way, of course?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассуждайте так","title":"Imperfective imperative «рассуждайте»","body":"«рассуждайте» is the imperfective imperative of «рассуждать» (to reason, argue a point) — 'reason it out this way'. The imperfective invites a manner/process ('go about it like this') rather than a single completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в театр… ездят же взрослые","title":"Multidirectional «ездят» of habit","body":"«ездят» is the multidirectional motion verb (vs unidirectional «едут»), here naming the habitual round trip: 'grown-ups [regularly] go to the theatre'. The particle «же» underlines the shared, obvious fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве это не то же самое","title":"Particle «разве» of rhetorical surprise","body":"«разве» opens an incredulous/leading question, 'isn't it really…?'. «не то же самое» means 'not the very same thing' — note «то же» (the same) written apart, distinct from the conjunction «тоже» (also)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в своем… роде","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«в своём роде» — 'in its own way/kind' — is a set phrase using the reflexive possessive «свой», which always refers back to the clause's own subject. Here it means 'each in its own genre'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассуждайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассуждайте","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждайте","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театр","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"театр","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездят","gloss":"the theater"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies ездят","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"ездят","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ездят","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"взрослые","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ездят","gloss":"grown-ups"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляют","gloss":"the theater"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляют","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"представляют","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ездят","gloss":"act out"},{"surface":"приключения","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of представляют","gloss":"adventures"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of героев","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"героев","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies приключения","gloss":"heroes"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляют","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляют","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбойниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разбойниками","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of представляют","gloss":"robbers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking войной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"войной","lemma":"война","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with разбойниками","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse connective, introduces the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"interrogative particle heading the question","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, head of то же самое","gloss":"the same thing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of то же самое","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies роде","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в, modifies то же самое","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b10-c4-s142","source":"А игра в войну у молодых людей, в рекреационное время, или там в разбойники — это ведь тоже зарождающееся искусство, зарождающаяся потребность искусства в юной душе, и эти игры иногда даже сочиняются складнее, чем представления на театре, только в том разница, что в театр ездят смотреть актеров, а тут молодежь сами актеры.","translation":"\"And playing at war among the young, in their recreation time, or there, playing robbers — that, after all, is also a budding art, a budding need for art in a young soul, and these games are sometimes even composed more cleverly than the performances at the theater; the only difference is that at the theater people go to watch actors, whereas here the youngsters are themselves the actors.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарождающееся искусство, зарождающаяся потребность","title":"Present active participle «зарождающееся»","body":"«зарождающийся» is a present active participle from the -ся verb «зарождаться» (to be born, take its rise) — 'a budding / nascent [art]'. It declines and agrees like an adjective (neuter «-ееся», feminine «-аяся»), condensing 'art that is coming to birth' into one bookish word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочиняются складнее","title":"Passive -ся + comparative «складнее»","body":"«сочиняются» is the imperfective -ся passive: 'are composed / get composed'. «складнее» is the predicative comparative of «складный» ('well-put-together, coherent') — 'more cleverly composed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том разница, что","title":"Correlative «в том… что»","body":"«только в том разница, что…» — 'the only difference lies in this, that…' — uses the demonstrative «том» (prepositional) as a cataphoric pointer resolved by the «что»-clause. A neat, formal way to frame a contrast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рекреационное время","title":"«рекреация» — school recreation time","body":"«рекреационное время» / «рекреация» was gymnasium jargon for the break between lessons (Latin recreatio). Kolya's Latinate school-vocabulary is itself characterisation — the bright boy parading his learning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of искусство","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking войну","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"войну","lemma":"война","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"рекреационное","lemma":"рекреационный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recreation"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase, coordinated with у молодых людей, modifies игра","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбойники","gloss":"or, say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбойники","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"разбойники","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, plural (fixed game-name form)","role":"coordinated with войну (game name), object of в","gloss":"robbers","note":"Idiom играть в разбойники, \"play robbers.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject of искусство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искусство","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарождающееся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"зарождающееся","lemma":"зарождаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies искусство","gloss":"budding"},{"surface":"искусство","lemma":"искусство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"art"},{"surface":"зарождающаяся","lemma":"зарождаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"budding"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with искусство, second predicate noun","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"искусства","lemma":"искусство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"for art"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юной","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of игры","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сочиняются","gloss":"games"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочиняются","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочиняются","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сочиняются","lemma":"сочиняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are composed"},{"surface":"складнее","lemma":"складный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сочиняются","gloss":"more skillfully"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представления","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of складнее","gloss":"the performances"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies представления","gloss":"the theater"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разница","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разница","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate в том)","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ездят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театр","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"театр","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездят","gloss":"the theater"},{"surface":"ездят","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (explains том)","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ездят","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"актеров","lemma":"актёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of смотреть","gloss":"actors"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause (locative adverb)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"молодежь","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate актеры)","gloss":"the young people"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic, modifies молодежь (\"themselves\")","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"актеры","lemma":"актёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, describes молодежь","gloss":"actors"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b10-c4-s143","source":"Но это только естественно.","translation":"\"But that is only natural.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это только естественно","title":"Neuter predicative «естественно»","body":"«естественно» here is a neuter short-form/adverbial predicate, 'it is only natural', with the subject «это» and no copula. Such impersonal '[it is] X' statements are the natural Russian shape for value judgements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of естественно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies естественно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"natural"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b10-c4-s144","source":"— Вы так думаете? Таково ваше убеждение? — пристально смотрел на него Коля. — Знаете, вы довольно любопытную мысль сказали; я теперь приду домой и шевельну мозгами на этот счет.","translation":"\"You think so? That's your conviction?\" Kolya gazed at him intently. \"You know, you've said a rather curious thing; now I'll go home and rack my brains over it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таково ваше убеждение?","title":"Short demonstrative «таково»","body":"«таково» is the short neuter of «таков» ('such, of that nature'), agreeing with «убеждение» — literally 'such [is] your conviction?'. The short «таков» is a bookish predicate, lending Kolya's question a weighty, almost forensic ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально смотрел на него","title":"Imperfective «смотрел» of sustained gaze","body":"«смотрел» (imperfective past) presents the gazing as an ongoing process — 'kept looking intently at him' — the durative backdrop against which Kolya's speech unfolds. «на него» is на + accusative for the target of a look."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приду домой и шевельну мозгами","title":"Chained perfective futures","body":"«приду» and «шевельну» are both perfective futures ('I'll come home and rack my brains'), two single completed acts in sequence. «приду» is prefixed-motion (прийти), «шевельну» governs the instrumental «мозгами» ('stir [with] my brains')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Таково","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Таково","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse-marker main verb, parallel to сказали","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытную","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"любопытную","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказали","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шевельну","lemma":"шевельнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"I'll rack"},{"surface":"мозгами","lemma":"мозги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of шевельну (idiom \"rack one's brains\")","gloss":"my brains"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шевельну (на этот счет, \"on this account\")","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b10-c4-s145","source":"Признаюсь, я так и ждал, что от вас можно кой-чему поучиться. Я пришел у вас учиться, Карамазов, — проникновенным и экспансивным голосом заключил Коля.","translation":"\"I confess, I just knew there was something to be learned from you. I've come to learn from you, Karamazov,\" Kolya concluded in a heartfelt and effusive voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так и ждал, что… можно кой-чему поучиться","title":"Impersonal «можно» + dative object «кой-чему»","body":"«можно… поучиться» is the impersonal 'one can learn a little'; «поучиться» (with по- 'a bit' and -ся) governs the dative «кой-чему» ('at a thing or two') — the dative of the thing one learns. «так и ждал» = 'I just expected, sure enough'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел у вас учиться","title":"«учиться у» + genitive","body":"«учиться у вас» — 'to learn from you' — uses the -ся verb «учиться» with у + genitive «вас» to name the source/teacher. The construction literally locates the learning 'at' the person from whom one learns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проникновенным и экспансивным голосом","title":"«проникновенный» / «экспансивный»","body":"«проникновенный» means 'heartfelt, penetrating, earnest'; «экспансивный» (a borrowing) 'effusive, demonstrative'. Both stand in the instrumental of manner («голосом», 'in a voice'), the narrator gently smiling at Kolya's overflowing sincerity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main clause","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал, part of так и ждал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (emphatic)","gloss":"just","note":"так и ждал is an idiom meaning \"just knew/was sure\"."},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew/expected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (formal singular address)","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"clausal complement of ждал","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, part of compound кой-чему","role":"part of the compound кой-чему (= кое-чему)","gloss":"some-","note":"кой-чему is an old-fashioned spelling of кое-чему, split here by the tagger."},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поучиться","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"поучиться","lemma":"поучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to pick up"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (formal singular address)","role":"oblique complement of учиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"учиться","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"проникновенным","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"экспансивным","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with проникновенным","gloss":"effusive"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b10-c4-s146","source":"— А я у вас, — улыбнулся Алеша, пожав ему руку.","translation":"\"And I from you,\" Alyosha smiled, pressing his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я у вас","title":"Elliptical reply with «у вас»","body":"Alyosha echoes Kolya by ellipsis: «А я у вас [учиться пришёл]» — 'And I [have come to learn] from you'. The contrastive «а» ('and/whereas') turns the words back, and «у вас» again marks the source of learning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожав ему руку","title":"Perfective gerund «пожав»","body":"«пожав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «пожать» — 'having pressed / shaking his hand'. It names a single completed accompanying act, sharing Alyosha's subject, and «ему» is the dative of the person whose hand is pressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding line","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (учусь)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (formal singular address)","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"you","note":"Alyosha echoes Kolya's line, eliding \"учусь\" (\"I [learn] from you\")."},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пожав","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбнулся","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожав","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожав","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b10-c4-s147","source":"Коля был чрезвычайно доволен Алешей.","translation":"Kolya was extraordinarily pleased with Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доволен Алешей","title":"Short adjective «доволен» + instrumental","body":"«доволен» is the short-form predicative of «довольный» ('pleased, satisfied'); it governs the instrumental «Алёшей» — 'pleased with Alyosha'. Russian regularly construes the cause of satisfaction in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of доволен","gloss":"with Alyosha"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b10-c4-s148","source":"Его поразило то, что с ним он в высшей степени на ровной ноге и что тот говорит с ним как с «самым большим».","translation":"What struck him was that the man treated him as a complete equal, and that he spoke to him as he would to someone \"quite grown up.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его поразило то, что…","title":"Accusative experiencer «его поразило»","body":"«его поразило» — 'it struck him' — has the neuter verb «поразило» with the cataphoric subject «то» ('the [fact] that…'), and «его» as the accusative person affected. The 'thing that struck' is then unpacked by the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на ровной ноге","title":"Idiom «на ровной ноге»","body":"«быть на ровной ноге с кем» is an idiom, 'to be on an equal footing with someone'; «ровной» (instrumental-of-state phrase governed by на + prepositional «ноге») literally 'on an even foot'. Kolya marvels that Alyosha treats him fully as an equal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как с «самым большим»","title":"Comparative-as-superlative «самым большим»","body":"«самый большой» builds the superlative ('the biggest, grown-up-est'), here in instrumental «самым большим» after с ('as with the very biggest'). The childish phrase, set in quotation marks, renders how Kolya himself thinks of being treated 'like a really big boy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clausal complement of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the predicate ровной ноге","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate ровной ноге","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the predicate ровной ноге","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ровной","lemma":"ровный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (elided copula)","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clausal complement of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the second что-clause, complement of то","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with большим","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies большим","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, comparative sense","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"grown-up"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b10-c4-s149","source":"— Я вам сейчас один фортель покажу, Карамазов, тоже одно театральное представление, — нервно засмеялся он, — я с тем и пришел.","translation":"\"I'm going to show you a trick now, Karamazov, also a kind of theatrical performance,\" he laughed nervously, \"that's just what I came for.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покажу","title":"Perfective future «покажу»","body":"«покажу» — 'I'll show' — is the perfective future of «показать», a single promised act. «вам» is the dative recipient, «фортель» the accusative object: 'I'll show you a trick'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фортель","title":"«фортель» — a stunt, a clever trick","body":"«фортель» (from German Vorteil, 'advantage') is a slangy word for an unexpected trick or stunt. Kolya's use of this raffish term, twice in the passage, fits his pose as a worldly showman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я с тем и пришел","title":"Idiom «с тем и пришёл»","body":"«я с тем и пришёл» — 'that's the very thing I came for'. «с тем» is с + instrumental of «то» ('with that [purpose]'), and the particle «и» means 'precisely/just'. A compact way to state one's motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies фортель","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"фортель","lemma":"фортель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представление","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies представление","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"театральное","lemma":"театральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies представление","gloss":"theatrical"},{"surface":"представление","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to фортель","gloss":"performance"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying с тем","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b10-c4-s150","source":"— Зайдем сначала налево к хозяевам, там все ваши свои пальто оставляют, потому что в комнате тесно и жарко.","translation":"\"Let's go in to the left first, to the landlords' part — that's where your people all leave their coats, because the room is cramped and stuffy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зайдем сначала налево","title":"Hortative «зайдём»","body":"«Зайдём» is the 1st-plural perfective ('let's drop in'), the bare future used as a 'let's…' exhortation. «зайти» is prefixed-motion (за- 'call in on the way'), so it means stopping by en route, not a destination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все ваши свои пальто оставляют","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«свои пальто» — 'their own coats' — uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the subject «все ваши» ('all your people'). Note «пальто» is an indeclinable neuter borrowing, unchanged in the plural object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зайдем","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective (hortative)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go in"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Зайдем","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Зайдем","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяевам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хозяевам","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Зайдем","gloss":"the landlords' (side)"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставляют","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставляют, part of phrase все ваши","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of subject phrase все ваши (\"your people\")","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of оставляют","gloss":"coats"},{"surface":"оставляют","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the там-clause","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, part of compound потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of compound потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тесно","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"тесно","lemma":"тесно","morphology":"adverb (predicate of state)","role":"predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жарко","lemma":"жарко","morphology":"adverb (predicate of state)","role":"coordinated with тесно","gloss":"stuffy"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b10-c4-s151","source":"— О, ведь я на мгновение, я войду и просижу в пальто.","translation":"\"Oh, I'm only here a moment; I'll go in and sit in my coat.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я на мгновение","title":"Particle «ведь» appealing to the obvious","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but I'm only here a moment, you see / after all'. It softens Alyosha's refusal to undress, taking it as something Kolya already understands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"войду и просижу в пальто","title":"Chained perfective futures «войду… просижу»","body":"«войду» ('I'll go in', prefixed-motion войти) and «просижу» ('I'll sit out [the time]') are perfective futures. The про- in «просидеть» marks duration spent through — 'I'll sit there [a while] in my coat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying the clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (буду)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of войду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просижу","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войду","gloss":"will sit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просижу","gloss":"my coat"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b10-c4-s152","source":"Перезвон останется здесь в сенях и умрет: «Иси, Перезвон, куш и умри!» — видите, он и умер.","translation":"\"Perezvon will stay out here in the entryway and play dead: 'Ici, Perezvon, down and die!' — see, there, he's dead.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"останется здесь в сенях и умрет","title":"Perfective futures «останется… умрёт»","body":"«останется» ('will stay') and «умрёт» ('will die [= play dead]') are perfective futures describing the dog's commanded acts as single events. The future tense here doubles as a confident prediction of the trick's outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the entry passage","body":"«сени» (plural only, here prepositional «в сенях») is the cold entrance passage or vestibule of a traditional Russian house, between the door and the heated rooms — exactly where a dog would be left to wait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куш и умри","title":"Singular imperatives «куш… умри»","body":"«умри» is the familiar singular imperative of «умереть» ('die!'), with the stressed -и ending; «куш» mimics a clipped command. Addressing the dog with the singular (ты-)imperative contrasts with the polite -те Kolya gives Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stay"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останется","gloss":"will 'die'"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (dog command, French \"ici\")","role":"command directed at Перезвон","gloss":"here!","note":"\"Иси\" transliterates the French \"ici\" (here), a dog-training command."},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (the dog's name)","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"куш","lemma":"куш","morphology":"interjection (dog command, from French \"couche\")","role":"command coordinated with Иси","gloss":"down!"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"command coordinated with куш","gloss":"die!"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умер (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останется","gloss":"is dead"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b10-c4-s153","source":"А я сначала войду, высмотрю обстановку и потом, когда надо будет, свистну: «Иси, Перезвон!» — и вы увидите, он тотчас же влетит как угорелый.","translation":"\"And I'll go in first, scout out the lay of the land, and then, when the moment's right, I'll whistle: 'Ici, Perezvon!' — and you'll see, he'll come flying in instantly like a thing possessed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войду, высмотрю… и потом… свистну","title":"Sequence of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective futures in a row — «войду», «высмотрю», «свистну» — stage the plan as discrete steps: 'I'll go in, scout it out, and then whistle'. The perfective is the natural aspect for a numbered sequence of completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда надо будет","title":"Impersonal «надо будет»","body":"«надо будет» is the future of the impersonal necessity word «надо» ('it will be necessary'), with no subject — 'when it's needed / when the moment's right'. Such subjectless necessity phrases are pervasive in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же влетит","title":"«тотчас же» + perfective «влетит»","body":"«влетит» ('will come flying in', prefixed-motion влететь) is a vivid perfective future; «тотчас же» ('that very instant') with intensifying «же» stresses the immediacy. The image is the dog bursting in the moment it's whistled for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как угорелый","title":"Idiom «как угорелый»","body":"«как угорелый» (literally 'like one overcome by charcoal fumes/угар') means 'like mad, headlong, like a thing possessed'. A lively colloquial simile for the dog's frantic dash into the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of войду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войду","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go in"},{"surface":"высмотрю","lemma":"высмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войду","gloss":"will scout out"},{"surface":"обстановку","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высмотрю","gloss":"the lay of the land"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свистну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"adverbial clause on свистну","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"свистну","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войду","gloss":"will whistle"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (dog command, French \"ici\")","role":"content of the whistle-call","gloss":"here!"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Иси","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влетит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влетит","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас (emphatic)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"влетит","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by увидите","gloss":"will fly in"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with угорелый","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"угорелый","lemma":"угорелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (substantive use)","role":"predicate complement of как, describing он","gloss":"one possessed","note":"как угорелый is a fixed idiom, \"like a madman/like crazy.\""}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b10-c4-s154","source":"Только надо, чтобы Смуров не забыл отворить в то мгновение дверь.","translation":"\"Only Smurov mustn't forget to open the door at that very moment.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо, чтобы Смуров не забыл отворить","title":"«надо, чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"Impersonal «надо» ('it's necessary') takes a «чтобы»-clause of willed outcome, and «чтобы» forces the past-form «не забыл» ('that Smurov not forget'). This is the standard frame for 'X must happen / someone must do Y'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отворить","title":"«отворить» — to open (a door)","body":"«отворить» is the slightly old-fashioned, literary verb for opening a door or gate (vs the everyday «открыть»). Its non-reflexive form takes a door as object; the -ся form «отвориться» means a door opening of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворить","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b10-c4-s155","source":"Уж я распоряжусь, и вы увидите фортель…","translation":"\"I'll see to it, and you'll see the trick...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж я распоряжусь","title":"Emphatic particle «уж» + reflexive future","body":"«уж» (a reduced «уже», here purely emphatic) gives a confident, reassuring stress: 'I'll see to it, never fear'. «распоряжусь» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «распорядиться» ('to give orders, arrange'), a single decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы увидите фортель","title":"Perfective future «увидите»","body":"«увидите» — 'you'll see' — perfective future of «увидеть», promising a single moment of beholding. It closes Kolya's build-up with the showman's classic assurance: 'and you'll see the trick'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распоряжусь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of распоряжусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"распоряжусь","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see to it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with распоряжусь","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"фортель","lemma":"фортель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидите","gloss":"the trick"}]}]}