{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c5","title":{"source":"V. У Илюшиной постельки","translated":"By Ilusha's Bedside"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c5","lines":252},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c5-s1","source":"В знакомой уже нам комнате, в которой обитало семейство известного нам отставного штабс-капитана Снегирева, было в эту минуту и душно, и тесно от многочисленной набравшейся публики.","translation":"In the room we already know, the one inhabited by the family of the retired staff-captain Snegirev who is also familiar to us, the air at that moment was both stuffy and cramped from the large crowd that had gathered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой обитало семейство","title":"A relative clause with «который»","body":"«в которой» is the relative pronoun «который» governed by «в» into the prepositional case, agreeing in gender (feminine, matching «комнате») while taking the case its own clause demands. Note the bookish inversion: the verb «обитало» precedes its subject «семейство»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было… и душно, и тесно","title":"Impersonal «душно и тесно»","body":"A subjectless impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, only the neuter «было» plus the invariable predicatives «душно» (stuffy) and «тесно» (cramped). The doubled «и… и…» means 'both… and…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"набравшейся","title":"Past active participle «набравшейся»","body":"«набравшейся» is a reflexive past active participle from «набраться» (to gather, of a crowd), in the genitive feminine to agree with «публики». It compresses a whole «которая набралась» relative clause into one word — a hallmark of literary density."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"знакомой","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of знакомой","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обитало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обитало","lemma":"обитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"dwelt"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обитало","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитана","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известного","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"отставного","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитана","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, part of compound штабс-капитан","role":"part of compound штабс-капитан, modifies семейство","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the genitive phrase, modifies семейство","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to капитана","gloss":"Snegirev"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to душно/тесно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (temporal)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (и...и = both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"душно","lemma":"душно","morphology":"adverb (predicate of state)","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"stuffy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тесно","lemma":"тесно","morphology":"adverb (predicate of state)","role":"predicate complement of было, coordinated with душно","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публики","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"многочисленной","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"набравшейся","lemma":"набраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тесно/душно","gloss":"crowd"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c5-s2","source":"Несколько мальчиков сидели в этот раз у Илюши, и хоть все они готовы были, как и Смуров, отрицать, что помирил и свел их с Илюшей Алеша, но это было так.","translation":"Several boys were sitting with Ilusha this time, and though every one of them, like Smurov, was ready to deny that it was Alyosha who had reconciled them and brought them together with Ilusha, that is exactly how it had happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помирил и свел их с Илюшей Алеша","title":"Subject last for focus","body":"The clause delays its subject «Алеша» to the very end, after the verbs and objects. This topic-comment order throws the weight onto Alyosha as the news — it was *Alyosha* who did it — which the English renders with a cleft 'it was Alyosha who…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовы были","title":"Short adjective «готовы»","body":"«готовы» is the short (predicative) form of «готовый», used here as a predicate with «были» — 'were ready'. Short adjectives appear only as predicates and lend a slightly bookish, definitive ring typical of 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifier heading the subject phrase","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюши","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готовы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Смуров","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смуров (emphatic, \"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"отрицать","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to deny"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помирил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помирил","lemma":"помирить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of отрицать","gloss":"had reconciled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свел","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помирил","gloss":"brought together"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of свел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свел","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помирил/свел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c5-s3","source":"Всё искусство его в этом случае состояло в том, что свел он их с Илюшей, одного за другим, без «телячьих нежностей», а совсем как бы не нарочно и нечаянно.","translation":"All his artistry in this matter lay simply in his having brought them to Ilusha one after another, without any \"calf's tendernesses\", and as if entirely by accident and unintentionally.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"телячьи нежности","title":"«телячьи нежности»","body":"Literally \"calf's tendernesses.\" This is a fixed idiom for mawkish, gushing displays of affection — \"sheepish/sloppy sentimentality\" in English. Kolya scornfully repeats the phrase; note that the adjective «телячий» (\"of a calf\") gives an image of a clumsy young animal nuzzling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состояло в том, что свел он их","title":"Correlative «в том, что…»","body":"The frame «состояло в том, что…» ('consisted in [the fact] that…') uses the demonstrative «то» in the prepositional («в том») as a placeholder pointing forward to the «что»-clause. This correlative scaffolding is everywhere in Dostoevsky's expository sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не нарочно и нечаянно","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens the claim — Alyosha acted *as if* by accident. Paired with «совсем» ('quite') and the adverbs «нарочно» (on purpose) negated and «нечаянно» (inadvertently), it paints a studied, only-seemingly-casual manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of искусство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"искусство","lemma":"искусство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состояло","gloss":"artistry"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of искусство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояло","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"состояло","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояло","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свел","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had brought together"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of свел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свел","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular, part of idiom одного за другим","role":"adverbial phrase modifying свел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of за, part of idiom одного за другим","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нежностей","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"телячьих","lemma":"телячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нежностей","gloss":"calf's"},{"surface":"нежностей","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"tendernesses","note":"телячьи нежности is an idiom for mawkish, gushing displays of affection."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как бы","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of свел","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нарочно","gloss":"accidentally"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c5-s4","source":"Илюше же это принесло огромное облегчение в его страданиях.","translation":"And to Ilusha this brought an enormous relief in his sufferings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Илюше же это принесло","title":"Fronted dative + particle «же»","body":"The sentence opens with the dative «Илюше» (to Ilusha) as topic, marked by the particle «же» that signals a shift of focus to a new person ('as for Ilusha…'). The grammatical subject is the neuter «это», and «принесло» agrees with it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесло","gloss":"to Ilusha"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюше (contrastive)","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of принесло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"принесло","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"огромное","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies облегчение","gloss":"an enormous"},{"surface":"облегчение","lemma":"облегчение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесло","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of страданиях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страданиях","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies облегчение","gloss":"sufferings"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c5-s5","source":"Увидев почти нежную дружбу и участие к себе всех этих мальчиков, прежних врагов своих, он был очень тронут.","translation":"Seeing the almost tender friendship and concern shown him by all these boys, his former enemies, he was deeply moved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидев","title":"Perfective gerund «увидев»","body":"«Увидев» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «увидеть» — 'having seen / on seeing'. It names a prior action sharing the subject of the main clause (он), neatly subordinating the cause to «он был очень тронут»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежних врагов своих","title":"Reflexive possessive «своих»","body":"«своих» is the reflexive possessive «свой» (genitive plural), meaning 'his own' and pointing back to the clause's subject, Ilusha — these were *his* former enemies. Russian prefers «свой» over «его» here to keep the possession anchored to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень тронут","title":"Short passive participle «тронут»","body":"«тронут» is the short-form past passive participle of «тронуть» (to touch, to move emotionally), joined to «был» to state a result — 'was moved'. The short passive participle plus «быть» is the standard periphrastic passive of literary Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидев","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тронут","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нежную","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"нежную","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дружбу","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"дружбу","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидев","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дружбу","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of участие","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мальчиков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мальчиков","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive modifier of дружбу/участие (whose friendship)","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies врагов","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"врагов","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мальчиков","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of врагов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тронут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тронут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронут","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"тронут","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c5-s6","source":"Одного только Красоткина недоставало, и это лежало на его сердце страшным гнетом.","translation":"Krassotkin alone was missing, and that lay on his heart like a dreadful weight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одного только Красоткина недоставало","title":"Genitive of negation with «недоставало»","body":"«недоставало» (was lacking) is a negated existential, so its logical subject «Красоткина» stands in the genitive, not the nominative — the genitive of negation that governs absence. «Одного только» reinforces 'only one was missing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гнетом","title":"«гнёт» — an oppressive weight","body":"«гнёт» (here instrumental «гнётом») means an oppressive burden or yoke, weightier and more bookish than ordinary «тяжесть». The idiom «лежало на сердце» — 'lay on the heart' — completes the image of grief as a physical pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Красоткина (emphatic \"only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Красоткина","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of недоставало (logical subject)","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"недоставало","lemma":"недоставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was missing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежало","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with недоставало","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative (prepositional), neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнетом","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"гнетом","lemma":"гнёт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежало (manner)","gloss":"weight"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c5-s7","source":"Если было в горьких воспоминаниях Илюшечки нечто самое горьчайшее, то это именно весь этот эпизод с Красоткиным, бывшим единственным другом его и защитником, на которого он бросился тогда с ножиком.","translation":"If there was anything most bitter of all in little Ilusha's bitter memories, it was precisely this whole episode with Krassotkin, who had been his one and only friend and protector, and at whom he had then flung himself with a penknife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечки","title":"Diminutive «Илюшечка»","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly affectionate diminutive of Ilya/Ilyusha, layering the tender suffix «-ечк-» onto the pet name. The narrator's choice of this softest form quietly signals pathos toward the dying boy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое горьчайшее","title":"Superlative «горьчайшее»","body":"«горьчайшее» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «горький» (bitter), formed with «-айш-». Dostoevsky even doubles it with «самое» ('the very most bitter'), an emphatic redundancy that heightens the emotional pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшим единственным другом его","title":"Predicate instrumental after «бывшим»","body":"«бывшим… другом его и защитником» — the past participle of «быть» governs predicate nouns in the instrumental ('having been his one friend and protector'). The instrumental of the predicate is the norm with forms of «быть» outside the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ножиком","title":"Diminutive «ножик»","body":"«ножик» is the diminutive of «нож» (knife) — a small knife or penknife, fitting a boy's hand. The little suffix makes the violent gesture (a child lunging with a blade) all the more poignant and childlike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"existential predicate, governs нечто","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминаниях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горьких","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies воспоминаниях","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"воспоминаниях","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспоминаниях","gloss":"little Ilusha's","note":"Diminutive of the boy's name Илюша; declines like a feminine noun though it refers to a boy."},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies горьчайшее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"горьчайшее","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of нечто","gloss":"most bitter of all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of эпизод","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь этот эпизод","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of эпизод (via с)","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"бывшим","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"who had been"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Красоткиным","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of другом and защитником","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links другом and защитником","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитником","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with другом","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Красоткиным","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ножиком","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"a penknife"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c5-s8","source":"Так думал и умненький мальчик Смуров (первый пришедший помириться с Илюшей).","translation":"So thought the clever little boy Smurov as well (the first to come and make peace with Ilusha).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умненький мальчик","title":"Expressive diminutive «умненький»","body":"«умненький» adds the affectionate-diminutive suffix «-еньк-» to «умный» (clever), giving 'clever little'. With children it conveys fondness rather than size — the narrator's warm, slightly indulgent eye on Smurov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мальчик Смуров","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"умненький","lemma":"умненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"clever little"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пришедший","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"пришедший","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying Смуров","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"помириться","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришедший","gloss":"make peace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помириться","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c5-s9","source":"Но сам Красоткин, когда Смуров отдаленно сообщил ему, что Алеша хочет к нему прийти «по одному делу», тотчас же оборвал и отрезал подход, поручив Смурову немедленно сообщить «Карамазову», что он сам знает, как поступать, что советов ни от кого не просит и что если пойдет к больному, то сам знает, когда пойти, потому что у него «свой расчет».","translation":"But Krassotkin himself, when Smurov hinted from a distance that Alyosha wished to come to him \"on a certain matter,\" at once cut off and severed the approach, charging Smurov to inform \"Karamazov\" immediately that he himself knew how to act, that he asked no one's advice, and that if he did go to the sick boy he himself knew when to go, because he had \"his own reckoning.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поручив Смурову","title":"Perfective gerund «поручив»","body":"«поручив» ('having charged/entrusted') is a perfective gerund hanging a subordinate action off the main clause; «Смурову» is its dative indirect object — the one charged. This packs an additional finite-clause's worth of action into the long sentence without a new main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"советов ни от кого не просит","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"«ни от кого… не просит» shows Russian negative concord: the negative «ни»-phrase ('from no one') still requires «не» on the verb. The object «советов» also slips into the genitive under negation ('asks no advice')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свой расчёт","title":"«свой расчёт» — his own reckoning","body":"«расчёт» means calculation, scheme, or design; «свой расчёт» is 'a plan of his own'. Kolya's haughty insistence on his private «расчёт» (set in quotation marks) captures his self-important, theatrical adolescence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Красоткин","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"отдаленно","lemma":"отдалённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (temporal) clause on оборвал","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщил","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies делу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оборвал","gloss":"severed"},{"surface":"подход","lemma":"подход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оборвал/отрезал","gloss":"the approach"},{"surface":"поручив","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оборвал","gloss":"charging"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поручив","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручив","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщить","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces infinitive clause, complement of знает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"поступать","lemma":"поступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знает","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"советов","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not...at all"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of просит","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщить, coordinated with знает","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если...знает clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on знает","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"больному","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the sick boy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, introduces the main clause знает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он (elided subject) of знает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщить","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойти","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знает (via когда)","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces causal clause modifying знает/пойти","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound потому что","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in the у него construction (he has)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the у него construction (he has his own reckoning)","gloss":"reckoning"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c5-s10","source":"Это было еще недели за две до этого воскресенья.","translation":"This was still some two weeks before that Sunday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недели за две до этого воскресенья","title":"«за две недели до» — measuring before","body":"The frame «за + accusative + до + genitive» measures an interval before a point: 'two weeks before this Sunday'. Note also the inverted «недели за две», where putting the noun first yields the approximate sense 'a couple of weeks or so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недели","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели за две","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the approximation construction недели за две","gloss":"(approx.)"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"governed by за, quantifies недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресенья","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воскресенья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воскресенья","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"Sunday"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c5-s11","source":"Вот почему Алеша и не пошел к нему сам, как намеревался.","translation":"That is why Alyosha did not go to him himself, as he had intended.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот почему Алеша и не пошел","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"The particle «и» here is not 'and' but an emphatic 'precisely/indeed' reinforcing «вот почему» — 'that is exactly why Alyosha did not go'. This emphatic «и» tightly binding a result to its cause is very characteristic of the narrator's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не пошел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Алеша","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намеревался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"намеревался","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"had intended"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c5-s12","source":"Впрочем, он хоть и подождал, но, однако же, послал Смурова к Красоткину еще раз и еще раз.","translation":"Still, though he waited, he nevertheless sent Smurov to Krassotkin once more, and then once again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впрочем, он хоть и подождал, но, однако же","title":"Concessive pile-up «хоть… но… однако же»","body":"Dostoevsky stacks concessive-adversative connectors: «впрочем» (however), «хоть и» (although), «но» (but), «однако же» (nonetheless). The redundancy is deliberate conversational texture, the narrator qualifying and re-qualifying as he thinks aloud."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ещё раз и ещё раз","title":"Iterative «ещё раз и ещё раз»","body":"The repetition «ещё раз и ещё раз» ('once more and once again') conveys repeated, insistent attempts — Alyosha sending Smurov over and over. The iterative sense is carried by this phrase alone; «послал» itself is perfective (past of «послать»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies послал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подождал and послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подождал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"concessive particle with хоть","gloss":"(concessive)"},{"surface":"подождал","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause modifying послал","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with first раз","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c5-s13","source":"Но в оба эти раза Красоткин ответил уже самым нетерпеливым и резким отказом, передав Алеше, что если тот придет за ним сам, то он за это никогда не пойдет к Илюше, и чтоб ему больше не надоедали.","translation":"But on both these occasions Krassotkin answered with a most impatient and curt refusal, sending word to Alyosha that if he came for him himself, then for that very reason he would never go to Ilusha, and that they should stop pestering him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передав Алеше","title":"Perfective gerund «передав»","body":"«передав» ('having conveyed/sent word') is again a perfective gerund subordinating Krassotkin's message-sending to the main verb «ответил». «Алеше» is its dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб ему больше не надоедали","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past for an indirect command","body":"«чтоб ему… не надоедали» uses «чтобы» with a past-form verb to report a willed demand — 'that they should stop pestering him'. The impersonal plural «надоедали» (no stated subject) leaves the agent vague, 'they / people'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of раза","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самым","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"forms superlative with нетерпеливым","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"нетерпеливым","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отказом","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резким","lemma":"резкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нетерпеливым","gloss":"curt"},{"surface":"отказом","lemma":"отказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"refusal"},{"surface":"передав","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"sending word"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передав","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complement of передав","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on пойдет","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes тот (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, introduces the main clause пойдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of передав","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надоедали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надоедали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надоедали","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надоедали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надоедали","lemma":"надоедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передав, coordinated with пойдет-clause","gloss":"pester"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c5-s14","source":"Даже до самого этого последнего дня сам Смуров не знал, что Коля решил отправиться к Илюше в это утро, и только накануне вечером, прощаясь со Смуровым, Коля вдруг резко объявил ему, чтоб он ждал его завтра утром дома, потому что пойдет вместе с ним к Снегиревым, но чтобы не смел, однако же, никого уведомлять о его прибытии, так как он хочет прийти нечаянно.","translation":"Even up to that very last day Smurov himself did not know that Kolya had decided to set out for Ilusha's that morning, and only the evening before, as they were parting, did Kolya abruptly announce to him that he was to wait for him at home the next morning, because he would go with him to the Snegirevs', but that he was not to dare, however, to give anyone notice of his coming, since he wanted to arrive unexpectedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощаясь со Смуровым","title":"Imperfective gerund «прощаясь»","body":"«прощаясь» is an imperfective present gerund (reflexive «-ся») naming a simultaneous action — 'while parting'. It frames the circumstance under which Kolya «вдруг резко объявил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он ждал… но чтобы не смел… уведомлять","title":"Reported commands with «чтоб(ы)»","body":"Both Kolya's instructions are framed with «чтоб(ы)» + past form: «чтоб он ждал» (that he wait) and «чтобы не смел… уведомлять» (that he not dare to give notice). This is the standard way to report an order or wish indirectly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечаянно","title":"«нечаянно» — unexpectedly, by surprise","body":"«нечаянно» means 'inadvertently / unexpectedly'. Here it is Kolya's calculated wish to «прийти нечаянно» — to arrive unannounced and catch everyone off guard, very much in keeping with his love of dramatic entrances."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до самого... дня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Смуров","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to set out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"the evening before"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complements накануне","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"прощаясь","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"as they parted"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смуровым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смуровым","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прощаясь","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал (second clause of the sentence)","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complements завтра","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces causal clause modifying ждал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound потому что","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (causal) clause on ждал","gloss":"he would go"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Снегиревым","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Снегиревым","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the Snegirevs"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смел, coordinated with чтоб-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил, coordinated with ждал-clause","gloss":"dare","note":"Subjunctive-style use of the past tense inside a чтобы-clause, standard in Russian."},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уведомлять","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"уведомлять","lemma":"уведомлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смел","gloss":"to notify"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of прибытии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уведомлять","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound так как","gloss":"(as)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial (causal) clause on смел","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to arrive"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"unexpectedly"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c5-s15","source":"Смуров послушался.","translation":"Smurov obeyed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послушался","title":"Reflexive verb «послушаться»","body":"«послушался» is a «-ся» verb meaning 'obeyed, heeded'; it governs the genitive of the person obeyed. The reflexive marking here is lexical — the verb simply lives in the «-ся» form — not a literal 'self'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послушался","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"послушался","lemma":"послушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c5-s16","source":"Мечта же о том, что он приведет пропавшую Жучку, явилась у Смурова на основании раз брошенных мельком слов Красоткиным, что «ослы они все, коли не могут отыскать собаку, если только она жива».","translation":"Now the dream that he would bring back the lost Zhutchka had arisen in Smurov on the strength of certain words Krassotkin had once let drop in passing, that \"they were all asses if they couldn't track down a dog, supposing it was still alive.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мечта же о том, что он приведёт","title":"Topic «же» + forward-pointing «о том, что»","body":"«Мечта же» fronts 'the dream' as topic with «же», and «о том, что…» uses the prepositional «том» as a cataphoric placeholder for the «что»-clause that names the dream's content. «приведёт» is a perfective simple future ('would bring')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брошенных мельком слов","title":"Past passive participle «брошенных»","body":"«брошенных» (genitive plural) is the past passive participle of «бросить» modifying «слов» — words 'thrown out / let drop' in passing («мельком»). The participle replaces a whole 'words that had been dropped' relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ослы","title":"«осёл» as insult","body":"«осёл» literally 'donkey/ass', is a stock Russian insult for a fool. Kolya's «ослы они все» ('they're all asses') is exactly the swaggering, contemptuous register the schoolboy affects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — colloquial 'if'","body":"«коли» is a folksy, archaic conjunction equivalent to «если» ('if'). Dostoevsky drops it into Kolya's quoted speech to give a homely, slightly old-fashioned colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"the dream"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мечта","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мечта","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приведет, complement of том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приведет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приведет","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would bring back"},{"surface":"пропавшую","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies Жучку","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приведет","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had arisen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смурова","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошенных","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"брошенных","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying слов","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошенных","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of основании","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of брошенных","gloss":"by Krassotkin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause, complement of слов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ослы","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement (they are asses)","gloss":"asses"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied copula (ослы они = they are asses)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/dialectal form of если ('if'), not the name Коля."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слов (что-clause)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"отыскать","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"track down"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыскать","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жива","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жива","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, conditional clause modifying могут","gloss":"still alive"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c5-s17","source":"Когда же Смуров робко, выждав время, намекнул о своей догадке насчет собаки Красоткину, тот вдруг ужасно озлился: «Что я за осел, чтоб искать чужих собак по всему городу, когда у меня свой Перезвон?","translation":"When Smurov, timidly and biding his time, hinted to Krassotkin at his guess about the dog, the other suddenly flew into a terrible rage: \"What sort of ass am I, to go hunting for other people's dogs all over town, when I have my own Perezvon?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выждав время","title":"Perfective gerund «выждав»","body":"«выждав» ('having bided / waited out [the time]') is a perfective gerund describing Smurov's prior action before he «намекнул». Stacked with the adverb «робко» (timidly), it sketches his cautious approach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что я за осёл, чтоб искать","title":"Exclamatory «что за» + «чтоб»","body":"«Что я за осёл, чтоб…» combines the exclamatory «что за» ('what sort of… am I') with a «чтоб»-clause of purpose/result — 'what kind of ass am I, that I should go hunting…'. It is an indignant rhetorical question rejecting the very idea."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлился","title":"«озлиться» — to fly into a rage","body":"«озлился» (perfective «-ся» verb) means he grew suddenly furious, embittered. The «о-» prefix marks the entry into the state; the «-ся» makes it a change of one's own emotional state rather than an action on another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озлился","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of намекнул","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намекнул","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"выждав","lemma":"выждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on намекнул","gloss":"having bided"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выждав","gloss":"his time"},{"surface":"намекнул","lemma":"намекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Когда","gloss":"hinted"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking догадке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of догадке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"догадке","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of намекнул","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаки","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of насчет","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of намекнул","gloss":"to Krassotkin"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озлился","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, invariant","role":"part of the idiom «что...за» modifying осел","gloss":"what","note":"«Что я за осел» is the fixed idiom «что...за» = 'what sort of'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom «что...за» marking осел","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"осел","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (idiom «что...за»)","gloss":"ass"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying осел","gloss":"go hunting for"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies собак","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"собак","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of искать","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying искать","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у, possessor in the existential clause","gloss":"I","note":"«у меня свой Перезвон» is the possessive construction 'у + genitive' = 'I have my own Perezvon'."},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Перезвон","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause with меня","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c5-s18","source":"И можно ли мечтать, чтобы собака, проглотившая булавку, осталась жива?","translation":"And can one even dream that a dog which has swallowed a pin should stay alive?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли мечтать, чтобы… осталась жива","title":"«можно ли… чтобы» — impersonal + irrealis","body":"An impersonal frame «можно ли» (is it possible/permissible?) with the interrogative particle «ли», governing a «чтобы»-clause whose verb «осталась» takes the past-irrealis form. The whole thing means 'can one even imagine that…?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проглотившая булавку","title":"Past active participle «проглотившая»","body":"«проглотившая» (perfective past active participle of «проглотить», to swallow) agrees with «собака» — 'a dog that has swallowed [a pin]'. «булавку» is its accusative object. The participle stands in for «которая проглотила»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to dream"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осталась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"проглотившая","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying собака","gloss":"having swallowed"},{"surface":"булавку","lemma":"булавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проглотившая","gloss":"a pin"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мечтать","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of осталась","gloss":"alive"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c5-s19","source":"Телячьи нежности, больше ничего!»","translation":"Calf's tendernesses, nothing more!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"больше ничего","title":"«больше ничего» — dismissive 'nothing more'","body":"«больше ничего» ('nothing more / that's all') caps Kolya's tirade with curt finality. Paired again with «телячьи нежности», it is his verbal slamming of the door on sentiment — a refrain that defines his pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Телячьи","lemma":"телячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies нежности","gloss":"Calf's"},{"surface":"нежности","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tendernesses","note":"«Телячьи нежности» ('calf tendernesses') is an idiom scoffing at mawkish sentimentality."},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c5-s20","source":"Между тем Илюша уже недели две как почти не сходил с своей постельки, в углу, у образов.","translation":"Meanwhile Ilusha had for two weeks now scarcely left his little bed in the corner, by the icons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не сходил с своей постельки","title":"Imperfective «сходил» for habitual state","body":"«не сходил» (imperfective past) describes an ongoing, durative state — 'scarcely left [over these two weeks]'. The imperfective is what carries this kind of habitual background narration. «постельки» is a tender diminutive of «постель» (bed)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, part of idiom между тем","gloss":"Mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Между, idiom между тем = meanwhile","gloss":"while","note":"«Между тем» is a fixed idiom meaning 'meanwhile'."},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил (duration)","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постельки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"little bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постельки (location)","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образов","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"образов","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"further specifies углу","gloss":"the icons"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c5-s21","source":"В классы же не ходил с самого того случая, когда встретился с Алешей и укусил ему палец.","translation":"He had not gone to his classes since that very incident when he had clashed with Alyosha and bitten his finger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В классы же не ходил","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» for habit","body":"«ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb (vs. unidirectional «идти»), the right choice for habitual, repeated going — attending classes regularly. Negated, «не ходил» means 'did not attend [as a habit]'. The fronted «В классы же» sets up the contrastive topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"укусил ему палец","title":"«укусил ему палец» — dative of the affected part","body":"Literally 'bit him the finger': the possessor of the bitten part appears in the dative «ему» rather than as a possessive 'his finger'. This dative-of-possession with body parts is idiomatic Russian and very natural here."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"классы","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies классы","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случая","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"встретился","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying случая","gloss":"clashed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретился","gloss":"bitten"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of укусил","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c5-s22","source":"Впрочем, он с того же дня и захворал, хотя еще с месяц мог кое-как ходить изредка по комнате и в сенях, изредка вставая с постельки.","translation":"Indeed, from that same day he had fallen ill, though for another month or so he could still manage somehow to walk about the room now and then, and out into the entryway, getting up from his bed from time to time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захворал","title":"Inceptive «за-» in «захворал»","body":"«захворал» (perfective) means 'fell ill / took sick'; the prefix «за-» marks the onset of a state. «хворать» itself is a homely, slightly folk word for being ill, softer than «болеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the entry passage","body":"«сени» (here prepositional «в сенях») is the cold, unheated entry passage of a traditional Russian house, between the porch and the living room. It recurs in this chapter as the place the father retreats to weep unseen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое-как","title":"«кое-как» — somehow, after a fashion","body":"«кое-как» means 'somehow, with difficulty, any old way'. It conveys that Ilusha could still get about, but only barely and clumsily — underscoring his decline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захворал","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захворал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захворал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захворал","lemma":"захворать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen ill"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on захворал (concessive)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"somehow","note":"«кое-как» is a fixed idiom meaning 'somehow, any old way'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom кое-как, modifies ходить","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"occasionally"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with комнате","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вставая","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"вставая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ходить","gloss":"getting up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставая","gloss":"his bed"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c5-s23","source":"Наконец совсем обессилел, так что без помощи отца не мог двигаться.","translation":"At last he grew so weak that he could not move without his father's help.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что без помощи отца не мог двигаться","title":"Genitive after «без»; result clause «так что»","body":"«без помощи отца» — the preposition «без» governs the genitive ('without his father's help'). «так что» introduces a result clause ('so that…'). Together they state the consequence of «обессилел»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обессилел","title":"«обессилеть» — to lose all strength","body":"«обессилел» (perfective) means 'grew utterly weak, was drained of strength'. The «о-…-е-» pattern builds a change-of-state verb from «сила» (strength) — literally 'to become strengthless'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обессилел","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обессилел","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"обессилел","lemma":"обессилеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew weak"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative of что (так что = so that), modifies обессилел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощи","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помощи","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause introduced by так что, modifies обессилел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"двигаться","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"move"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c5-s24","source":"Отец трепетал над ним, перестал даже совсем пить, почти обезумел от страха, что умрет его мальчик, и часто, особенно после того, как проведет, бывало, его по комнате под руку и уложит опять в постельку, — вдруг выбегал в сени, в темный угол и, прислонившись лбом к стене, начинал рыдать каким-то заливчатым, сотрясающимся плачем, давя свой голос, чтобы рыданий его не было слышно у Илюшечки.","translation":"His father trembled over him, even gave up drinking altogether, almost lost his mind with the fear that his boy would die, and often — especially after he had led him, as he sometimes did, around the room on his arm and laid him down again in his little bed — would suddenly run out into the entryway, into a dark corner, and, pressing his forehead to the wall, would begin to sob with a kind of choked, shuddering weeping, stifling his voice so that his sobs should not be heard by little Ilusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трепетал над ним","title":"«трепетать над» — to tremble over","body":"«трепетать» is a bookish, intense verb 'to tremble, quiver'; «трепетать над кем-то» means to hover anxiously and adoringly over someone. It captures the father's frantic, doting devotion in a single word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что умрёт его мальчик","title":"Subject-last «умрёт его мальчик»","body":"Inside the «что»-clause the verb «умрёт» (perfective future, 'will die') precedes its subject «его мальчик». This inversion, common after «страх, что…», throws dread onto the fact itself. Aspectually the perfective frames death as a single feared event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прислонившись лбом к стене","title":"Perfective gerund «прислонившись»","body":"«прислонившись» ('having leaned, pressed himself') is a perfective reflexive gerund; «лбом» is the instrumental of means ('with his forehead'), «к стене» the dative governed by «к» ('to the wall'). One clause, three coordinated grammatical signals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давя свой голос","title":"Imperfective gerund «давя»","body":"«давя» is an imperfective present gerund from «давить» (to press, choke), describing the simultaneous, ongoing effort — 'stifling his voice' — as he sobs. The «-я» form marks the action as concurrent with the main weeping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заливчатым… плачем","title":"«заливчатый» — a choked, breaking sob","body":"«заливчатый» (from «заливаться», to break into / be flooded with sound) describes weeping that comes in convulsive, overflowing bursts. Paired with «сотрясающимся» (shuddering), it renders the father's grief almost physically audible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трепетал","gloss":"His father"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трепетал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пить","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обезумел","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"обезумел","lemma":"обезуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трепетал","gloss":"lost his mind"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обезумел","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of страха","gloss":"would die"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбегал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проведет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"проведет","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"would lead"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical marking habitual action, modifies проведет","gloss":"as he used to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проведет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проведет","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проведет (manner: by the arm)","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уложит","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проведет","gloss":"laid down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уложит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"постельку","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложит","gloss":"his little bed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбегал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выбегал","lemma":"выбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепетал","gloss":"would run out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбегал","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темный","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сени","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислонившись","lemma":"прислониться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбегал","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of прислонившись","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислонившись","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепетал","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"рыдать","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to sob"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom какой-то, determiner of заливчатым","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom какой-то, modifies заливчатым","gloss":"kind of","note":"«каким-то» is the fixed indefinite pronoun 'какой-то' = 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"заливчатым","lemma":"заливчатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плачем","gloss":"gushing"},{"surface":"сотрясающимся","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies плачем","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"плачем","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of рыдать","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"давя","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рыдать","gloss":"stifling"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давя","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышно","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of слышно (genitive under negation)","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рыданий","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слышно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the чтобы-clause, modifies давя (purpose)","gloss":"audible"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшечки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышно","gloss":"little Ilusha"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c5-s25","source":"Возвращаясь же в комнату, начинал обыкновенно чем-нибудь развлекать и утешать своего дорогого мальчика, рассказывал ему сказки, смешные анекдоты или представлял из себя разных смешных людей, которых ему удавалось встречать, даже подражал животным, как они смешно воют или кричат.","translation":"On returning to the room he would usually set about amusing and comforting his dear boy with something or other, telling him fairy tales, funny anecdotes, or acting out for him various comical people he had happened to meet, and even mimicking animals, how funnily they howl or cry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возвращаясь же в комнату","title":"Imperfective gerund «возвращаясь»","body":"«Возвращаясь» (imperfective present gerund, reflexive) opens the sentence with a simultaneous frame — 'on/while returning to the room'. The particle «же» links it contrastively to the preceding scene of weeping. «в комнату» is accusative for motion-toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых ему удавалось встречать","title":"Impersonal «удавалось» + dative","body":"«ему удавалось встречать» is an impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» is in the dative and «удавалось» (it succeeded) is neuter, governing the infinitive — 'people he happened to manage to meet'. «которых» relativizes back to «людей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвращаясь","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начинал","gloss":"Returning"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Возвращаясь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Возвращаясь","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развлекать","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"instrumental complement of развлекать (means), part of idiom чем-нибудь","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чем-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"развлекать","lemma":"развлекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to amuse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утешать","lemma":"утешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развлекать","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дорогого","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развлекать","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказки","lemma":"сказка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of рассказывал","gloss":"fairy tales"},{"surface":"смешные","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies анекдоты","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"анекдоты","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сказки","gloss":"anecdotes"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"представлял","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"would act out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom представлять из себя, marking себя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of из, idiom представлять из себя = to play the part of","gloss":"himself","note":"«представлять из себя» is an idiom meaning 'to play the part of, pretend to be'."},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"смешных","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of представлял","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of встречать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удавалось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удавалось","lemma":"удаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on людей","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"встречать","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on удавалось","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подражал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подражал","lemma":"подражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"would mimic"},{"surface":"животным","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of подражал","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воют","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воют","gloss":"funnily"},{"surface":"воют","lemma":"выть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause introduced by как, describing животным","gloss":"howl"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воют","gloss":"cry"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c5-s26","source":"Но Илюша очень не любил, когда отец коверкался и представлял из себя шута.","translation":"But Ilusha very much disliked it when his father played the buffoon and made a clown of himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коверкался","title":"«коверкаться» — to contort, clown about","body":"«коверкаться» (imperfective reflexive) means to twist or distort oneself, to grimace and clown grotesquely. It carries a note of self-degradation — the father making himself ridiculous, which is precisely why Ilusha hates it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"представлял из себя шута","title":"«шут» — the fool / buffoon","body":"«шут» is the jester or buffoon; «представлять из себя шута» is 'to play the fool, make a clown of oneself'. The word shadows Snegirev throughout — the wounded man who clowns to survive, and whose son aches at his self-abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коверкался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of коверкался","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"коверкался","lemma":"коверкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"played the buffoon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представлял","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with коверкался","gloss":"made a clown"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of представлял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представлял","gloss":"a clown"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c5-s27","source":"Мальчик хоть и старался не показывать, что ему это неприятно, но с болью сердца сознавал, что отец в обществе унижен, и всегда, неотвязно, вспоминал о «мочалке» и о том «страшном дне».","translation":"Though the boy tried not to show that this was disagreeable to him, he nonetheless knew with an aching heart that his father had been humiliated in company, and he constantly, inescapably, remembered the \"bast-whisk\" and that \"terrible day\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и старался… но… сознавал","title":"Concessive «хоть… но»","body":"«хоть и старался… но… сознавал» frames a concession: 'though he tried…, he nonetheless knew…'. The correlative «хоть (и)… но» pairs a subordinate concessive with the main clause, a frequent shape in Dostoevsky's analytic sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отец в обществе унижен","title":"Short passive participle «унижен»","body":"«унижен» is the short-form past passive participle of «унизить» (to humiliate), used predicatively — 'the father had been humiliated [in company]'. The short form states the resultant condition. «в обществе» = in society / company."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of старался","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть и (although), modifies старался","gloss":"although","note":"«хоть и» is a fixed idiom meaning 'although'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть и, modifies старался","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"старался","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of старался","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неприятно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of неприятно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неприятно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неприятно","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of показывать","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болью","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознавал","gloss":"the pain"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies болью","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with старался","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унижен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унижен","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of унижен","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"унижен","lemma":"униженный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сознавал","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"неотвязно","lemma":"неотвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"obsessively"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознавал","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мочалке","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"the bast-whisk","note":"'мочалка' (a bast-fiber scrubber) recalls an earlier scene where it was used to strike Ilusha's father."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мочалке","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c5-s28","source":"Ниночка, безногая, тихая и кроткая сестра Илюшечки, тоже не любила, когда отец коверкался (что же до Варвары Николаевны, то она давно уже отправилась в Петербург слушать курсы), зато полоумная маменька очень забавлялась и от всего сердца смеялась, когда ее супруг начнет, бывало, что-нибудь представлять или выделывать какие-нибудь смешные жесты.","translation":"Ninochka, little Ilusha's legless, quiet, and gentle sister, also disliked it when their father played the fool (as for Varvara Nikolaevna, she had long since gone off to Petersburg to attend courses), whereas the half-witted mamma was greatly amused and laughed with all her heart whenever her husband would, as he sometimes did, set about acting something out or making some sort of funny gestures.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безногая","title":"«безногий» — legless","body":"«безногая» (feminine) means 'legless', formed with the privative «без-» prefix on «нога» (leg). Ninochka is a cripple, one of the suffering, gentle invalids Dostoevsky sets at the moral centre of the household."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полоумная маменька","title":"«полоумная» + «маменька»","body":"«полоумный» literally 'half-witted, half-minded' (from «пол-» half + «ум» mind) describes the mother's feeble-mindedness. «маменька» is a tender, old-fashioned diminutive of «мама» — the affectionate childish word for mother, softening the harsh epithet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начнёт, бывало, что-нибудь представлять","title":"Habitual «бывало» + «-нибудь»","body":"«бывало» is an invariable particle marking a recurring past habit ('used to, would sometimes'); with the perfective future «начнёт» it gives an iterative 'whenever he would set about…'. «что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'something or other'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"безногая","lemma":"безногий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"legless"},{"surface":"тихая","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тихая and кроткая","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроткая","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тихая, modifies сестра","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ниночка","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"Ilyushechka's"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disliked"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коверкался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of коверкался","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"коверкался","lemma":"коверкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любила","gloss":"played the fool"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что же до, introduces the aside about Варвара","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что же до","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Варвары, part of the idiom что же до","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Варвары","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николаевны","lemma":"Николаевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Варвары","gloss":"Nikolaevna"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces отправилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отправилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправилась","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправилась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отправилась","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical aside about Варвара","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправилась","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отправилась","gloss":"to attend"},{"surface":"курсы","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"courses"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast with любила","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"полоумная","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies маменька","gloss":"half-witted"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забавлялась","gloss":"mamma"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забавлялась","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"забавлялась","lemma":"забавляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любила (contrastive)","gloss":"was amused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links забавлялась and смеялась","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"her heart"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забавлялась","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнет","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies супруг","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"супруг","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеялась","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical within the clause of начнет","gloss":"as he sometimes did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of представлять","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of представлять","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"представлять","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of бывало","gloss":"act out"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"выделывать","lemma":"выделывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представлять","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"part of какие-нибудь, determiner of жесты","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"part of какие-нибудь, determiner of жесты","gloss":"-sort"},{"surface":"смешные","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies жесты","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"жесты","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of представлять","gloss":"gestures"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c5-s29","source":"Этим только ее и можно было утешить, во всё же остальное время она беспрерывно брюзжала и плакалась, что теперь все ее забыли, что ее никто не уважает, что ее обижают и проч., и проч.","translation":"This alone could comfort her, while all the rest of the time she grumbled ceaselessly and complained that everyone had forgotten her now, that no one respected her, that she was being wronged, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее никто не уважает","title":"Negative concord «никто не уважает»","body":"«никто не уважает» — the negative pronoun «никто» ('nobody') still requires «не» on the verb, Russian's obligatory negative concord. The mother's litany of grievances ('no one respects me') is built on this 'nobody… not' pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брюзжала и плакалась","title":"«брюзжать» and «плакаться»","body":"«брюзжать» is to grumble, mutter peevishly; «плакаться» (reflexive) is to whine and complain about one's lot. The verb pair fixes the mother's querulous, self-pitying register. «и проч., и проч.» = etc., etc., the narrator waving the litany away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Этим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of утешить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies можно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate, with было","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of брюзжала","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of брюзжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брюзжала","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"брюзжала","lemma":"брюзжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакалась","lemma":"плакаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with брюзжала","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забыли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of плакалась","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уважает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уважает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of уважает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважает","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of плакалась","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обижают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обижают","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обижают","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of плакалась","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и проч.","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"tag phrase, coordinated with обижают","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the repeated и проч.","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats и проч., coordinated with обижают","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c5-s30","source":"Но в самые последние дни и она вдруг как бы вся переменилась.","translation":"But in these very last days she too had suddenly seemed wholly transformed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вся переменилась","title":"Hedging «как бы» + «вся»","body":"«как бы вся переменилась» — 'seemed wholly transformed'. «как бы» softens the assertion ('as if'), and «вся» ('all, entirely') intensifies the change. «переменилась» is a perfective reflexive 'changed'. «вдруг» marks the suddenness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies последние","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переменилась","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies она","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переменилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies переменилась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies переменилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"переменилась","lemma":"перемениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was transformed"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c5-s31","source":"Она часто начала смотреть в уголок на Илюшу и стала задумываться.","translation":"She had often begun to look into the corner at Ilusha and to grow pensive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала смотреть… стала задумываться","title":"Phasal verbs + imperfective infinitive","body":"Inceptive phasal verbs «начала» and «стала» ('began') take an imperfective infinitive («смотреть», «задумываться») to mark the onset of an ongoing activity. This 'began to + imperfective' pattern is the standard way Russian narrates the start of a habit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в уголок","title":"Diminutive «уголок»","body":"«уголок» is the affectionate diminutive of «угол» (corner) — 'the little corner' where Ilusha lies. The narrator's diminutives throughout this passage («постелька», «уголок») tenderize the cramped sickroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"уголок","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"to grow"},{"surface":"задумываться","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"pensive"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c5-s32","source":"Стала гораздо молчаливее, притихла, и если принималась плакать, то тихо, чтобы не слыхали.","translation":"She had grown far more silent, subdued, and if she did fall to crying, she did it quietly, so that no one should hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если принималась плакать, то тихо, чтобы не слыхали","title":"«если… то» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"The correlative «если… то…» ('if… then…') frames a habitual condition; «принималась плакать» ('would fall to crying') is a phasal verb + imperfective infinitive. The purpose clause «чтобы не слыхали» uses «чтобы» + past form with an impersonal plural ('so that no one should hear')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчаливее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"молчаливее","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of Стала","gloss":"more silent"},{"surface":"притихла","lemma":"притихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стала","gloss":"subdued"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принималась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"принималась","lemma":"приниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on тихо","gloss":"fell to"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принималась","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces тихо","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, resumes she did it (elided verb)","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхали","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on тихо","gloss":"should hear"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c5-s33","source":"Штабс-капитан с горьким недоумением заметил эту в ней перемену.","translation":"The staff-captain noticed this change in her with bitter bewilderment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с горьким недоумением","title":"«недоумение» — bewildered perplexity","body":"«недоумение» is bewilderment, a being-at-a-loss to understand; «с горьким недоумением» pairs it with bitterness. The instrumental «с + instr.» phrase describes the manner in which the staff-captain noticed his wife's change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound title, subject of заметил","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горьким","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумением","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"недоумением","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перемену","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перемену","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"перемену","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c5-s34","source":"Посещения мальчиков ей сначала не понравились и только сердили ее, но потом веселые крики и рассказы детей стали развлекать и ее и до того под конец ей понравились, что, перестань ходить эти мальчики, она бы затосковала ужасно.","translation":"The boys' visits had not pleased her at first and only irritated her, but afterward the children's merry shouts and tales began to amuse even her, and in the end she came to like them so much that, had these boys stopped coming, she would have pined away dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестань ходить эти мальчики, она бы затосковала","title":"Imperative-form conditional + «бы»","body":"«перестань ходить эти мальчики» uses a bare imperative form not as a command but as a vivid colloquial conditional — 'were these boys to stop coming'. The main clause «она бы затосковала» is the past-form + «бы» irrealis. This imperative-for-condition is a lively 19th-century idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затосковала","title":"«затосковать» — to be seized by «тоска»","body":"«затосковала» is the inceptive of «тосковать» — to begin to pine, grieve, ache with longing. The root «тоска» is the famous untranslatable Russian word for a yearning melancholy; here, that the half-witted mother would 'pine away' without the boys is a tender stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of понравились","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Посещения","gloss":"the boys'"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравились","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравились","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had pleased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердили","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сердили","lemma":"сердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понравились","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сердили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"веселые","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказы","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with крики","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies рассказы","gloss":"the children's"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравились","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"развлекать","lemma":"развлекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to amuse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies ее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развлекать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понравились","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понравились","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"понравились","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"came to like them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"перестань","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause, protasis of затосковала","gloss":"had ... stopped"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестань","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ходить","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затосковала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of затосковала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"затосковала","lemma":"затосковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"apodosis, main verb of the conditional","gloss":"would have pined away"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затосковала","gloss":"dreadfully"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c5-s35","source":"Когда дети что рассказывали или начинали играть, она смеялась и хлопала в ладошки.","translation":"When the children told some story or began to play, she would laugh and clap her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда дети что рассказывали","title":"«что» for «что-нибудь»","body":"Here bare «что» stands colloquially for «что-нибудь» ('something, anything') — 'when the children told some story or other'. This clipped indefinite «что» is a feature of informal narration. «рассказывали… начинали» are imperfectives for the recurring scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлопала в ладошки","title":"Diminutive «ладошки»","body":"«ладошки» is the diminutive of «ладони/ладошки» (palms/little hands); «хлопать в ладошки» is 'to clap one's hands', with a childlike, endearing tinge — the grown but feeble-minded mother clapping like a delighted child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывали","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of рассказывали","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывали","gloss":"some story"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеялась","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"начинали","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывали","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинали","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлопала","lemma":"хлопать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялась","gloss":"would clap"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладошки","gloss":"[in]"},{"surface":"ладошки","lemma":"ладошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хлопала","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c5-s36","source":"Иных подзывала к себе и целовала.","translation":"Some of them she would call over to her and kiss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иных подзывала к себе","title":"«иные» fronted as object; reflexive «к себе»","body":"«Иных» (animate accusative = genitive plural of «иные», 'some others') is fronted as the topic-object before the verb. «к себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (here dative «себе» after «к») pointing back to the subject — 'over to herself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подзывала","gloss":"some of them"},{"surface":"подзывала","lemma":"подзывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would call over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of подзывала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целовала","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подзывала","gloss":"would kiss"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c5-s37","source":"Мальчика Смурова полюбила особенно.","translation":"The boy Smurov she came to love especially.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мальчика Смурова полюбила особенно","title":"Object first, verb last","body":"The animate accusative object «Мальчика Смурова» opens the sentence and the verb «полюбила» closes it, with the subject (she) dropped entirely. The fronting makes Smurov the topic; the inceptive «полюбила» ('came to love') marks the entry into the feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбила","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мальчика","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"полюбила","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбила","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c5-s38","source":"Что же до штабс-капитана, то появление в его квартире детей, приходивших веселить Илюшу, наполнило душу его с самого начала восторженною радостью и даже надеждой, что Илюша перестанет теперь тосковать и, может быть, оттого скорее выздоровеет.","translation":"As for the staff-captain, the appearance in his lodgings of children who came to cheer Ilusha filled his soul from the very first with a rapturous joy and even with the hope that Ilusha would now stop fretting and might, for that reason, recover the sooner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до штабс-капитана, то","title":"«Что (же) до… то» — as for…","body":"«Что же до X, то…» is a fixed bookish frame meaning 'as for X, …', shifting the topic to a new figure. The «же» reinforces the turn. Dostoevsky uses it (and «зато», «между тем») as connective signposts across this survey of the household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходивших веселить Илюшу","title":"Past active participle «приходивших»","body":"«приходивших» (imperfective past active participle, animate genitive plural) modifies «детей» — 'children who kept coming to cheer Ilusha'. The imperfective stem gives the repeated, ongoing sense; the participle compresses «которые приходили»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторженною радостью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«восторженною радостью» shows the old literary instrumental feminine ending «-ою» (= modern «-ой»). Dostoevsky's prose keeps this fuller «-ою/-ею» ending for solemn or rhythmic weight; it marks the elevated, period register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что же до, subject of наполнило","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что, part of the idiom","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штабс-капитана, part of the idiom","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound title, oblique complement of Что","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces наполнило","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наполнило","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of квартире","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"квартире","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies появление","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies появление","gloss":"of children"},{"surface":"приходивших","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying детей","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"веселить","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходивших","gloss":"to cheer"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of веселить","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"наполнило","lemma":"наполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наполнило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наполнило","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"восторженною","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радостью","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of наполнило","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеждой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надеждой","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with радостью","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестанет","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"перестанет","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеждой","gloss":"would stop"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тосковать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тосковать","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестанет","gloss":"fretting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть, modifies выздоровеет","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздоровеет","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздоровеет","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестанет","gloss":"recover"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c5-s39","source":"Он ни одной минуты, до самого последнего времени, не сомневался, несмотря на весь свой страх за Илюшу, что его мальчик вдруг выздоровеет.","translation":"Not for a single minute, until the very last, had he doubted, for all his terror over Ilusha, that his boy would suddenly get well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он ни одной минуты… не сомневался","title":"Genitive of time + negative concord","body":"«ни одной минуты» is a genitive-of-time phrase under negation ('not for a single minute'), reinforcing the negated «не сомневался» by negative concord. The genitive here measures the duration during which the doubt was absent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на весь свой страх","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative","body":"«несмотря на» ('in spite of') is a compound preposition governing the accusative — «весь свой страх» ('all his fear'). «свой» is the reflexive possessive, anchoring the fear to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сомневался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуты","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневался","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with минуты, oblique complement of сомневался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневался","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had he doubted"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на, modifies сомневался","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на, marking страх","gloss":"[on]"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страх","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздоровеет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сомневался","gloss":"would get well"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c5-s40","source":"Он встречал маленьких гостей с благоговением, ходил около них, услуживал, готов был их на себе возить, и даже впрямь начал было возить, но Илюше эти игры не понравились и были оставлены.","translation":"He met his little guests with reverence, hovered about them, waited on them, was ready to carry them about on his own back, and even did begin to carry them in earnest, but Ilusha did not like these games and they were given up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов был их на себе возить","title":"Multidirectional «возить» + reflexive «на себе»","body":"«возить» is the multidirectional carrying/conveying verb (vs. unidirectional «везти»), fitting the back-and-forth of carrying children about. «на себе» ('on himself, on his own back') uses the reflexive «себя» in the prepositional after «на»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было возить… были оставлены","title":"Particle «было» (interrupted action) + passive","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective verb («начал было») signals an action begun but then broken off — 'did begin… but'. The clause closes with a short-passive «были оставлены» ('were given up'), the periphrastic passive with «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встречал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"встречал","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies гостей","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встречал","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благоговением","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречал","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"hovered"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"услуживал","lemma":"услуживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"waited on them"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of возить","gloss":"his own back"},{"surface":"возить","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"did begin"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom начал было, marks an interrupted action","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"возить","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравились","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of игры","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of понравились","gloss":"games"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравились","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"did like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of оставлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"оставлены","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравились","gloss":"given up"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c5-s41","source":"Стал для них покупать гостинцев, пряничков, орешков, устраивал чай, намазывал бутерброды.","translation":"He took to buying them treats, little gingerbreads, nuts, set out tea, spread bread and butter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гостинцев, пряничков, орешков","title":"Diminutives of treats","body":"A string of affectionate diminutives: «гостинцы» (treats/presents) → плus «пряничков» (little gingerbreads, from «пряник») and «орешков» (little nuts, from «орех»). All in the genitive after «покупать»; the diminutives convey the father's loving fuss over small gifts for the children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of покупать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"покупать","lemma":"покупать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"buying"},{"surface":"гостинцев","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of покупать","gloss":"treats"},{"surface":"пряничков","lemma":"пряничек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцев","gloss":"little gingerbreads"},{"surface":"орешков","lemma":"орешек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцев","gloss":"nuts"},{"surface":"устраивал","lemma":"устраивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of устраивал","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"намазывал","lemma":"намазывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"бутерброды","lemma":"бутерброд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of намазывал","gloss":"bread and butter"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c5-s42","source":"Надо заметить, что во всё это время деньги у него не переводились.","translation":"It should be noted that throughout all this time his money never ran short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги у него не переводились","title":"Imperfective passive/middle «не переводились»","body":"«переводиться» (here «не переводились») is a «-ся» verb meaning 'to run out, give out, be exhausted'. Negated and imperfective, it gives the durative 'money never ran short throughout this time'. «у него» = 'in his keeping / on his hands'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"it should"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переводились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводились","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переводились","gloss":"his money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него, marks possession","gloss":"[his]"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переводились","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"переводились","lemma":"переводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"ran short"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c5-s43","source":"Тогдашние двести рублей от Катерины Ивановны он принял точь-в-точь по предсказанию Алеши.","translation":"The two hundred roubles he had received back then from Katerina Ivanovna he had taken exactly as Alyosha had foretold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly so","body":"«точь-в-точь» is an expressive reduplicated adverb meaning 'precisely, exactly, to a T'. It stresses that events fell out exactly as Alyosha had foretold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогдашние","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning 'exactly, precisely'; the tagger split it into three tokens."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies принял","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предсказанию","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"предсказанию","lemma":"предсказание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"the foretelling"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предсказанию","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c5-s44","source":"А потом Катерина Ивановна, разузнав подробнее об их обстоятельствах и о болезни Илюши, сама посетила их квартиру, познакомилась со всем семейством и даже сумела очаровать полоумную штабс-капитаншу.","translation":"And afterward Katerina Ivanovna, having learned in greater detail of their circumstances and of Ilusha's illness, visited their lodgings herself, became acquainted with the whole family, and even managed to charm the half-witted staff-captain's wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разузнав подробнее","title":"Perfective gerund «разузнав» + comparative","body":"«разузнав» ('having found out [in detail]') is a perfective gerund subordinating a prior action to «посетила». «подробнее» is the predicative comparative of «подробно» ('in greater detail'). The intensive prefix «раз-» on «узнать» means thorough inquiry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штабс-капитаншу","title":"Feminine «штабс-капитанша»","body":"«штабс-капитанша» is the wife of a штабс-капитан, formed with the feminine suffix «-ша» that derives 'wife of the rank-holder' (cf. «генеральша»). It is the period-correct, slightly homely way to name the officer's wife."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посетила","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посетила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"разузнав","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посетила","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"подробнее","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разузнав","gloss":"in more detail"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обстоятельствах","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"обстоятельствах","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разузнав","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обстоятельствах","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject Катерина","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"посетила","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of квартиру","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посетила","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"познакомилась","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посетила","gloss":"became acquainted"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейством","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомилась","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сумела","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посетила","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"очаровать","lemma":"очаровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумела","gloss":"to charm"},{"surface":"полоумную","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies капитаншу","gloss":"half-witted"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитанша","morphology":"noun stem, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитаншу","gloss":"staff-","note":"штабс-капитанша (\"staff-captain's wife\") is a single hyphenated compound the tagger split into two tokens."},{"surface":"капитаншу","lemma":"капитанша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of очаровать","gloss":"captain's wife"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c5-s45","source":"С тех пор рука ее не оскудевала, а сам штабс-капитан, подавленный ужасом при мысли, что умрет его мальчик, забыл свой прежний гонор и смиренно принимал подаяние.","translation":"From that time on her hand never ran dry, while the staff-captain himself, crushed by horror at the thought that his boy would die, forgot his former pride and humbly accepted the alms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рука ее не оскудевала","title":"«не оскудевала» — biblical 'ran not dry'","body":"«оскудевать» (to grow scant, to be impoverished) is a bookish, Scripture-flavoured verb. «Рука ее не оскудевала» ('her hand never ran dry') echoes the proverbial 'the giving hand will never want', casting Katerina Ivanovna's charity in a quasi-biblical light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавленный ужасом при мысли","title":"Past passive participle «подавленный» + instrumental agent","body":"«подавленный» (past passive participle of «подавить», to crush) modifies the staff-captain; «ужасом» is the instrumental naming the agent that crushes him ('crushed by horror'). The agent of a passive participle regularly stands in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гонор… подаяние","title":"«гонор» and «подаяние»","body":"«гонор» (from Polish/Latin honor) means touchy, swaggering pride or self-importance — the very vanity Snegirev now forgets. «подаяние» is alms, a charitable handout, with a religious-mendicant ring; that he 'humbly accepts alms' marks his complete humbling."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition С","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оскудевала","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рука (possessive)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскудевала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"оскудевала","lemma":"оскудевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"ran dry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes штабс-капитан","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun stem, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"подавленный","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying капитан","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"ужасом","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавленный","gloss":"by horror"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавленный","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мысли","gloss":"would die"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оскудевала","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гонор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гонор","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"гонор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимал","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"подаяние","lemma":"подаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"the alms"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c5-s46","source":"Всё это время доктор Герценштубе, по приглашению Катерины Ивановны, ездил постоянно и аккуратно через день к больному, но толку от его посещений выходило мало, а пачкал он его лекарствами ужасно.","translation":"All this time Doctor Herzenstube, at Katerina Ivanovna's request, came regularly and punctually every other day to the sick boy, but little came of his visits, while he plied him with medicines dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ездил постоянно и аккуратно через день","title":"Multidirectional «ездил» for habit","body":"«ездил» is the multidirectional vehicular motion verb (vs. unidirectional «ехать»), correct for habitual, repeated journeys — coming 'regularly, every other day'. «через день» ('every other day') reinforces the iterative routine."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачкал он его лекарствами","title":"«пачкать лекарствами» — to mess up with medicines","body":"«пачкать» literally 'to soil, smear, make a mess of'. Used of the doctor «пачкал он его лекарствами» it is dismissive — he 'plied/messed him about with medicines' to little effect. «лекарствами» is the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ездил","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приглашению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"приглашению","lemma":"приглашение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"the invitation"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приглашению","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ездил","gloss":"regularly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"аккуратно","lemma":"аккуратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with постоянно","gloss":"punctually"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase через день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"other day"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"больному","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"the sick boy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходило","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of посещений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"посещений","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies толку","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"amounted to"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"пачкал","lemma":"пачкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"plied","note":"пачкал literally means \"smeared/messed him up,\" a colloquial jab implying overmedication; the translation renders it as \"plied.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пачкал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пачкал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лекарствами","lemma":"лекарство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of пачкал","gloss":"with medicines"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пачкал","gloss":"dreadfully"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c5-s47","source":"Но зато в этот день, то есть в это воскресенье утром, у штабс-капитана ждали одного нового доктора, приезжего из Москвы и считавшегося в Москве знаменитостью.","translation":"But on this particular day, that is, on this Sunday morning, the staff-captain was awaiting a new doctor, one who had come from Moscow and was reckoned a celebrity there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приезжего из Москвы и считавшегося… знаменитостью","title":"Past active participle «считавшегося» + predicate instrumental","body":"«считавшегося» (imperfective past active participle, reflexive) modifies «доктора» — 'who was reckoned [a celebrity]'. The thing he was reckoned, «знаменитостью», takes the predicate instrumental, as complements of «считаться» do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у штабс-капитана ждали одного нового доктора","title":"Animate genitive object «доктора»","body":"«ждали… доктора» — the verb «ждать» governs its object «доктора» in the genitive (animate, but also the genitive «ждать» idiomatically takes). «одного нового» = 'a certain new'. «у штабс-капитана» locates the awaiting at his home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но зато, modifies the clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"part of a fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"part of a fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресенье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воскресенье","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воскресенье","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to день","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воскресенье","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штабс-капитана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun stem, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитана","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was awaiting"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies доктора","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"приезжего","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктора","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приезжего","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"считавшегося","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, middle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приезжего","gloss":"who was reckoned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считавшегося","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"знаменитостью","lemma":"знаменитость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считавшегося","gloss":"a celebrity"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c5-s48","source":"Его нарочно выписала и пригласила из Москвы Катерина Ивановна за большие деньги — не для Илюшечки, а для другой одной цели, о которой будет сказано ниже и в своем месте, но уж так как он прибыл, то и попросила его навестить и Илюшечку, о чем штабс-капитан был заранее предуведомлен.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna had deliberately summoned and invited him from Moscow at great expense — not for little Ilusha, but for another purpose of her own, of which more will be said below and in its proper place; but since he had arrived, she had asked him to look in on little Ilusha as well, of which the staff-captain had been forewarned beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его нарочно выписала и пригласила… Катерина Ивановна","title":"Object first, subject last","body":"The object pronoun «Его» opens the sentence and the subject «Катерина Ивановна» comes only after the two verbs. This fronting makes 'him' the topic already in play; the subject arrives as the new information at the end — classic Russian topic-comment ordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как он прибыл, то и попросила","title":"«так как… то и» — causal correlative","body":"«так как…, то (и)…» is a causal correlative: 'since he had arrived, she did then ask…'. «так как» states the cause, «то и» resumes the main clause with an emphatic «и». «прибыл» is a perfective of a single completed arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предуведомлен","title":"«предуведомлен» — forewarned","body":"«предуведомлён» is the short past passive participle of «предуведомить» (to notify in advance), built with the bookish prefixes «пред-» (before) + «у-». It is a formal,官bureaucratic-flavoured word — 'had been forewarned beforehand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписала","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had summoned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пригласила","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выписала","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase для Илюшечки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшечки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"little Ilusha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition для, coordinated with Илюшечки","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on цели","gloss":"be said"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ниже, modifies сказано","gloss":"proper place"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"part of the fixed phrase так как","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как, introduces the clause of прибыл","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on попросила","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing попросила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попросила","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навестить","lemma":"навестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросила","gloss":"to look in on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюшечку","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of навестить","gloss":"little Ilusha"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предуведомлен","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun stem, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive предуведомлен","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предуведомлен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предуведомлен","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"предуведомлен","lemma":"предуведомить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause introduced by о чем","gloss":"forewarned"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c5-s49","source":"О прибытии же Коли Красоткина он не имел никакого предчувствия, хотя уже давно желал, чтобы пришел наконец этот мальчик, по котором так мучился его Илюшечка.","translation":"Of Kolya Krassotkin's coming, however, he had no presentiment whatever, although he had long wished that this boy, over whom his little Ilusha so grieved, would finally come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не имел никакого предчувствия","title":"Genitive of negation «никакого предчувствия»","body":"Under the negated «не имел», the object «предчувствия» stands in the genitive, intensified by «никакого» ('no… whatever') with negative concord — 'had no presentiment whatever'. The genitive of negation is at its strongest with such emphatic 'none at all' objects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по котором так мучился","title":"Bookish relative «по котором»","body":"«по котором» — the relative «который» in the prepositional after «по», here in its older sense 'over whom, for whom [he grieved]'. «по + prepositional» in this grieving/longing sense is archaic-literary; «мучился» is the reflexive 'tormented himself / pined'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибытии","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прибытии","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Коли","gloss":"Krassotkin's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предчувствия","gloss":"no...whatever"},{"surface":"предчувствия","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имел","gloss":"had wished"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of желал","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучился","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мальчик","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Илюшечка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучился","gloss":"little Ilusha"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c5-s50","source":"В то самое мгновение, когда Красоткин отворил дверь и появился в комнате, все, штабс-капитан и мальчики, столпились около постельки больного и рассматривали только что принесенного крошечного меделянского щенка, вчера только родившегося, но еще за неделю заказанного штабс-капитаном, чтобы развлечь и утешить Илюшечку, всё тосковавшего об исчезнувшей и, конечно, уже погибшей Жучке.","translation":"At the very moment when Krassotkin opened the door and appeared in the room, everyone — the staff-captain and the boys — was crowded around the sick boy's little bed, examining a tiny mastiff puppy that had only just been brought in, born only the day before but ordered a week earlier by the staff-captain, so as to divert and comfort little Ilusha, who pined all the while for the vanished and, of course, by now perished Zhutchka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столпились около постельки","title":"Reflexive «столпились» + genitive after «около»","body":"«столпились» (perfective reflexive of «толпиться», to crowd) means 'crowded together'; the «-ся» here is the reciprocal/collective sense. «около постельки» — «около» governs the genitive ('around the little bed')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что принесённого… щенка","title":"Chained participles modifying «щенка»","body":"The puppy «щенка» is loaded with participial modifiers: «принесённого» (past passive, 'brought in'), «родившегося» (past active reflexive, 'born'), «заказанного» (past passive, 'ordered'). Such dense participial chains, all agreeing in the animate genitive, are a signature of Dostoevsky's long descriptive periods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё тосковавшего об исчезнувшей… Жучке","title":"Past active participles «тосковавшего», «исчезнувшей»","body":"«тосковавшего» (past active, modifying Ilusha — 'who all the while pined') and «исчезнувшей» (past active, modifying Zhutchka — 'vanished') stack two more participles. «всё» here is the adverbial 'all the while, constantly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of столпились","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мгновение","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of столпились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun stem, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан, in apposition to все","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to все, coordinated with мальчики","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with капитан","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"столпились","lemma":"столпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were crowded"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельки","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of столпились","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постельки","gloss":"of the sick boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассматривали","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with столпились","gloss":"were examining"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"part of a fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies принесенного","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"part of a fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"принесенного","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies щенка","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"крошечного","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щенка","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"меделянского","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щенка","gloss":"mastiff"},{"surface":"щенка","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривали","gloss":"puppy"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родившегося","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родившегося","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"родившегося","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying щенка, coordinated with принесенного","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за неделю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказанного","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"заказанного","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying щенка, coordinated with родившегося","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun stem, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитаном","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of заказанного","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развлечь","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"развлечь","lemma":"развлечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заказанного","gloss":"divert"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with развлечь","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развлечь","gloss":"little Ilusha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тосковавшего","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"тосковавшего","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Илюшечку","gloss":"who pined"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исчезнувшей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"исчезнувшей","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"oblique complement of тосковавшего","gloss":"the vanished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying погибшей","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибшей","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"погибшей","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"coordinated with исчезнувшей","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"Жучке","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тосковавшего","gloss":"Zhutchka"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c5-s51","source":"Но Илюша, уже слышавший и знавший еще за три дня, что ему подарят маленькую собачку, и не простую, а настоящую меделянскую (что, конечно, было ужасно важно), хотя и показывал из тонкого и деликатного чувства, что рад подарку, но все, и отец и мальчики, ясно увидели, что новая собачка, может быть, только еще сильнее шевельнула в его сердечке воспоминание о несчастной, им замученной Жучке.","translation":"But Ilusha, who had already heard and known three days before that he was to be given a little dog, and not just any dog but a real mastiff (which, of course, was terribly important), though out of a fine and delicate feeling he made a show of being glad of the gift, made everyone — both his father and the boys — plainly see that the new puppy had perhaps only stirred all the more keenly in his little heart the memory of the unhappy Zhutchka, whom he had tormented to death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже слышавший и знавший","title":"Past active participles «слышавший… знавший»","body":"«слышавший» and «знавший» (imperfective past active participles) open a long left-branching modifier on «Илюша» — 'who had already heard and known'. The imperfective stems give the prior, durative sense; they front a whole backstory before the main verb arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не простую, а настоящую","title":"Contrastive «не… а…»","body":"«не простую, а настоящую» ('not just any… but a real…') is the contrastive «не X, а Y» construction, where «а» corrects rather than merely adds. Both adjectives are accusative agreeing with «собачку»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в его сердечке","title":"Diminutive «сердечко»","body":"«сердечко» is the diminutive of «сердце» (heart) — 'little heart'. The neuter diminutive adds tenderness; the narrator keeps returning to such soft forms around the dying child («сердечко», «собачка», «ручка»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им замученной Жучке","title":"Past passive participle «замученной» + instrumental agent","body":"«замученной» (past passive participle of «замучить», to torment to death) modifies «Жучке» in the dative; «им» ('by him') is the instrumental agent — 'Zhutchka, tormented to death by him'. The «за-» prefix carries the sense of doing the action to the bitter end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic/subject, resumed later by все...увидели","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышавший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слышавший","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Илюша","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знавший","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышавший","gloss":"having known"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за три дня","gloss":"as early as","note":"«ещё за три дня» = 'as much as three days before' — ещё intensifies how far back."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знавший","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подарят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подарят","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (object of знавший)","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачку","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"собачку","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подарят","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простую","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачку, contrasted with настоящую","gloss":"an ordinary one"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with простую","gloss":"a real one"},{"surface":"меделянскую","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачку, coordinated with настоящую","gloss":"mastiff","note":"«меделянская собака» is an old name for a large mastiff-type breed."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies важно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to важно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective with было","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"показывал","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the concessive хотя-clause","gloss":"made a show"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"тонкого","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатного","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тонкого","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад (complement of показывал)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of показывал","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"подарку","lemma":"подарок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"the gift"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with все, explaining it","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with все","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидели","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"увидели","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шевельнула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачка","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"собачка","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шевельнула","gloss":"puppy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть (= perhaps), modifies шевельнула","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще сильнее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies шевельнула","gloss":"more keenly"},{"surface":"шевельнула","lemma":"шевельнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидели","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердечке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердечке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердечке","lemma":"сердечко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шевельнула","gloss":"little heart"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of шевельнула","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастной","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"несчастной","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Жучке","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of замученной","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"замученной","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies Жучке","gloss":"tormented to death"},{"surface":"Жучке","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition о, modifies воспоминание","gloss":"Zhutchka"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c5-s52","source":"Щеночек лежал и копошился подле него, и он, болезненно улыбаясь, гладил его своею тоненькою, бледненькою, высохшею ручкой; даже видно было, что собачка ему понравилась, но… Жучки всё же не было, всё же это не Жучка, а вот если бы Жучка и щеночек вместе, тогда бы было полное счастие!","translation":"The puppy lay squirming beside him, and he, smiling painfully, stroked it with his thin, pale, wasted little hand; one could even see that he liked the little dog, but… still there was no Zhutchka, still this was not Zhutchka, whereas if only Zhutchka and the puppy were both together, then there would be perfect happiness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезненно улыбаясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «улыбаясь»","body":"«улыбаясь» is an imperfective present gerund (reflexive) giving the simultaneous manner — 'smiling [painfully], he stroked it'. The adverb «болезненно» ('painfully, sickly') colours the smile of the dying boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькою, бледненькою, высохшею ручкой","title":"Diminutive adjectives + archaic «-ою»","body":"A cluster of diminutive-affectionate adjectives — «тоненькою» (thin), «бледненькою» (pale), with «-еньк-» — and the diminutive noun «ручкой» (little hand). The archaic instrumental ending «-ою» heightens the lyrical pathos of the wasted little hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы Жучка и щеночек вместе, тогда бы было полное счастие","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… тогда бы»","body":"A counterfactual wish in free indirect speech: «если бы… тогда бы было…» — the «бы» (with elided verb in the protasis) marks the irrealis, 'if only Zhutchka and the puppy were both together, then there would be perfect happiness'. This slips us into Ilusha's own yearning thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щеночек","lemma":"щеночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"The puppy"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"копошился","lemma":"копошиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"squirmed"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гладил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on гладил","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"гладил","lemma":"гладить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of гладил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручкой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тоненькою","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручкой","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"бледненькою","lemma":"бледненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тоненькою","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"высохшею","lemma":"высохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with тоненькою, бледненькою, modifies ручкой","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"ручкой","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of гладил","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one could see"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понравилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собачка","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"the little dog"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Жучки","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject (genitive of negation) of не было","gloss":"Zhutchka","note":"Genitive of negation: «Жучки не было» = 'there was no Zhutchka'."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (всё же = 'still')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, negated existential with Жучки","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (всё же = 'still')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Жучка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жучка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of вот если idiom (= 'if only')","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (predicate вместе)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вместе","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вместе (elided были)","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"щеночек","lemma":"щеночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Жучка","gloss":"the puppy"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the если-clause (elided были)","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the apodosis clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастие","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"счастие","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c5-s53","source":"— Красоткин! — крикнул вдруг один из мальчиков, первый завидевший вошедшего Колю.","translation":"\"Krassotkin!\" cried out one of the boys suddenly, the first to spy Kolya coming in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"первый завидевший вошедшего Колю","title":"Stacked participles «завидевший… вошедшего»","body":"«завидевший» (past active, 'the first to catch sight of') governs «вошедшего» (past active participle of «войти», 'who had come in') modifying «Колю». Two participles in one breath — the boy who first spotted the just-entered Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclaimed name (quoted speech)","gloss":"Krassotkin!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один (partitive)","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to один, modifies завидевший","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"завидевший","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying один","gloss":"who spotted"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies Колю","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидевший","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c5-s54","source":"Произошло видимое волнение, мальчики расступились и стали по обе стороны постельки, так что вдруг открыли всего Илюшечку.","translation":"A visible stir went through them; the boys parted and ranged themselves on either side of the little bed, so that all at once they laid little Ilusha quite open to view.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчики расступились и стали по обе стороны","title":"Reflexive «расступились» + «по обе стороны»","body":"«расступились» (perfective reflexive) means 'parted, drew apart [to make way]', the «-ся» giving the collective intransitive sense. «по обе стороны» ('on both sides') uses «по» + accusative «обе стороны»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что вдруг открыли всего Илюшечку","title":"Result clause «так что»","body":"«так что» introduces the result — 'so that they suddenly laid little Ilusha quite open to view'. «всего Илюшечку» is the animate accusative ('the whole of little Ilusha'), with «всего» emphasizing he was now fully exposed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There occurred"},{"surface":"видимое","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Произошло","gloss":"a stir"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of расступились","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"расступились","lemma":"расступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расступились","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the little bed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыли","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"открыли","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Илюшечку","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открыли","gloss":"little Ilusha"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c5-s55","source":"Штабс-капитан стремительно бросился навстречу Коле.","translation":"The staff-captain rushed headlong to meet Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремительно бросился навстречу Коле","title":"«навстречу» + dative","body":"«навстречу» ('to meet, toward') governs the dative «Коле». «бросился» is a perfective reflexive of sudden motion ('rushed, flung himself'). The adverb «стремительно» ('headlong, impetuously') marks the father's eager rush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable prefix (compound title)","role":"part of compound Штабс-капитан, modifies капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коле, modifies бросился","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of навстречу","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c5-s56","source":"— Пожалуйте, пожалуйте… дорогой гость! — залепетал он ему. — Илюшечка, господин Красоткин к тебе пожаловал…","translation":"\"Come in, come in… dear guest!\" he babbled at him. \"Ilusha, Mister Krassotkin has come to call on you…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуйте… пожаловал","title":"«пожаловать» — to deign to come","body":"«Пожалуйте» is a polite, slightly old-fashioned imperative inviting someone in ('please, do come'); «пожаловал» is the matching verb 'has graciously come, deigned to visit'. The fawning, deferential register («дорогой гость», «господин Красоткин») captures Snegirev's anxious obsequiousness before the boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетал","title":"«залепетать» — to start babbling","body":"«залепетал» is the inceptive of «лепетать» (to babble, prattle, as a child or flustered adult). The «за-» marks the sudden start. It paints Snegirev's flustered, half-coherent gush of welcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуйте","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"Please come in"},{"surface":"пожалуйте","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пожалуйте (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address term","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"залепетал","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"babbled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of залепетал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address term","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожаловал, title before Красоткин","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожаловал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожаловал","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come to call"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c5-s57","source":"Но Красоткин, наскоро подав ему руку, мигом выказал и чрезвычайное свое знание светских приличий.","translation":"But Krassotkin, having hastily given him his hand, instantly displayed his own quite extraordinary knowledge of polite manners.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наскоро подав ему руку","title":"Perfective gerund «подав»","body":"«подав» ('having given/extended') is a perfective gerund subordinating the handshake to the main verb «выказал». «ему» is the dative recipient. «наскоро» ('hastily') sets the brisk manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выказал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подав","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"подав","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выказал","gloss":"having given"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подав","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of выказал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"выказал","lemma":"выказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying знание phrase","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знание","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знание","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"знание","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказал","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies приличий","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"приличий","lemma":"приличие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies знание","gloss":"manners"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c5-s58","source":"Он тотчас же и прежде всего обратился к сидевшей в своем кресле супруге штабс-капитана (которая как раз в ту минуту была ужасно как недовольна и брюзжала на то, что мальчики заслонили собою постельку Илюши и не дают ей поглядеть на новую собачку) и чрезвычайно вежливо шаркнул пред нею ножкой, а затем, повернувшись к Ниночке, отдал и ей, как даме, такой же поклон.","translation":"At once and before all else he turned to the staff-captain's wife, who was seated in her armchair (and who at that very minute was dreadfully out of sorts and grumbling that the boys had blocked Ilusha's little bed from her with their bodies and would not let her get a look at the new puppy), and scraped his foot before her with extreme courtesy, and then, turning to Ninochka, made her the very same bow, as to a lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился к сидевшей в своём кресле супруге","title":"Past active participle «сидевшей»","body":"«сидевшей» (imperfective past active participle) agrees in the dative feminine with «супруге» — 'the wife, who was seated in her armchair'. «обратился к» governs the dative. The participle embeds her posture into the sentence's flow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслонили собою постельку и не дают ей поглядеть","title":"Instrumental «собою»; «не дают + infinitive»","body":"«собою» (instrumental of «себя», the older form for «собой») means 'with their own bodies'. «не дают ей поглядеть» — «(не) давать + infinitive» means '(not) let / allow someone to do' something, with the person in the dative «ей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шаркнул пред нею ножкой","title":"«шаркнуть ножкой» — to scrape the foot","body":"«шаркнуть ножкой» is the old gallant gesture of drawing back and scraping one foot while bowing — a courtly flourish. «пред» is the archaic-elevated form of «перед» ('before'), and «ножкой» a playful diminutive ('with his little foot'). The whole picture is Kolya's mock-ceremonious bow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился (idiom прежде всего)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"all","note":"«прежде всего» = 'above all, first of all'."},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тотчас","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруге","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сидевшей","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying супруге","gloss":"who was sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of кресле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшей","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable prefix (compound title)","role":"part of compound, modifies капитана","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруге","gloss":"captain's"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of недовольна (relative clause)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как раз, modifies минуту","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of была недовольна","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недовольна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifier modifying недовольна","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle, part of ужасно как недовольна","gloss":"so","note":"Colloquial intensifier: «ужасно как недовольна» ≈ 'terribly displeased'."},{"surface":"недовольна","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with была","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брюзжала","lemma":"брюзжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была недовольна","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of брюзжала","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заслонили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заслонили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"заслонили","lemma":"заслонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had blocked"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"modifies заслонили","gloss":"with their bodies"},{"surface":"постельку","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслонили","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постельку","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заслонили","gloss":"would not let"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дают","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дают","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собачку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачку","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"собачку","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"puppy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежливо","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шаркнул","gloss":"courteously"},{"surface":"шаркнул","lemma":"шаркнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"scraped his foot"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шаркнул","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ножкой","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of шаркнул","gloss":"with his foot"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отдал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ниночке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ниночке","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернувшись","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился, шаркнул","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies ей","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker of даме","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"comparative complement via как","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c5-s59","source":"Этот вежливый поступок произвел на больную даму необыкновенно приятное впечатление.","translation":"This courteous act made an uncommonly pleasant impression on the sick lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвёл на больную даму… впечатление","title":"Idiom «произвести впечатление на + accusative»","body":"«произвести впечатление на кого-то» ('to make an impression on someone') governs the accusative «на больную даму». «необыкновенно приятное» ('uncommonly pleasant') is the attributive describing «впечатление»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступок","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"вежливый","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даму","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даму","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятное","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"приятное","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c5-s60","source":"— Вот и видно сейчас хорошо воспитанного молодого человека, — громко произнесла она, разводя руками, — а то что прочие-то наши гости: один на другом приезжают.","translation":"\"There, now, you can see at once a well-bred young man,\" she pronounced loudly, spreading her hands, \"not like the rest of our guests: they come riding in one on top of another.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разводя руками","title":"Imperfective gerund «разводя»","body":"«разводя руками» is an imperfective present gerund — 'spreading her hands [as she spoke]', a simultaneous gesture. «руками» is the instrumental of the body part used. The idiom «разводить руками» signals helpless wonder or appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочие-то наши гости","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «прочие-то» is the emphatic topic clitic, singling out a known referent for contrast — 'the *rest* of our guests (as opposed to this fine young man)'. It is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один на другом приезжают","title":"«один на другом» — comic muddle","body":"«один на другом приезжают» literally 'they arrive one on top of another'. From the half-witted mother's mouth it is a garbled, comic image of guests piling in heedlessly — her muddled speech contrasted with Kolya's studied courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно (idiom вот и)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you can see"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитанного","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"воспитанного","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"bred"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of видно","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесла","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"разводя","lemma":"разводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнесла","gloss":"spreading"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of разводя","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of а то idiom (contrastive)","gloss":"unlike","note":"«а то» here means 'unlike' / 'not like' — sets up a contrast with the other guests."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, exclamatory","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause about гости","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"прочие","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies гости","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to прочие","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of гости","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic of the exclamation","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приезжают","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приезжают","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"приезжают","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate describing гости","gloss":"come riding"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c5-s61","source":"— Как же, мамочка, один-то на другом, как это так? — хоть и ласково, но опасаясь немного за «мамочку», пролепетал штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"How do you mean, mamma, one on top of another, how can that be?\" the staff-captain stammered, kindly enough, yet a little anxious on \"mamma's\" account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамочка","title":"«мамочка» — a tender diminutive of «мама»","body":"«мамочка» is the affectionate diminutive of «мама», something like \"mamma dear\" or \"mummy.\" The captain uses it for his wife, who is mentally fragile, and the narrator's worried quotation marks around «мамочку» flag that the word is a delicate, coaxing endearment, not a neutral term."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"один-то на другом","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «один-то» highlights a known topic that is being questioned — \"so one is on the other, you say?\" It is the emphatic topic-marking «-то», not the indefinite «кто-то» series, and it lends the captain's nervous echo its hesitant, taking-it-up tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаясь немного за «мамочку»","title":"Gerund «опасаясь» — fearing while speaking","body":"«опасаясь» is an imperfective present деепричастие (verbal adverb) from «опасаться», \"fearing / being anxious.\" It pins a simultaneous attendant circumstance onto the main verb «пролепетал»: he stammered the words while all the time anxious for his wife's sake."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to stammer, babble","body":"«пролепетать» means to murmur or stammer out, with a childlike, faltering quality (the root «лепет» is a baby's babbling). The narrator uses it repeatedly in this scene for speech that comes out timid and broken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb, head of the question","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address term","gloss":"mamma"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, elliptical echo of один на другом приезжают","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to один","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic «-то» adds emphasis, not a separate word."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces как это так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так (elided verb)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of как это так, elided verb быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive, modifies ласково","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ласково","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial concessive modifier of пролепетал","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал","gloss":"being anxious"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мамочку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мамочку","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опасаясь","gloss":"'mamma'"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable prefix (compound title)","role":"part of compound title","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"the captain"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c5-s62","source":"— А так и въезжают.","translation":"\"That's just how they ride in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А так и въезжают","title":"Topic-shifting «а» plus the focusing «и»","body":"The opener «а» is the mild contrastive \"and/but\" that pivots to a new turn in the exchange rather than opposing it. The «и» before the verb is a focusing particle (\"that's just how…\"), and the bare present «въезжают» states a general habitual fact in the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies въезжают","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"въезжают","lemma":"въезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they ride in"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c5-s63","source":"Сядет в сенях один другому верхом на плечи да в благородное семейство и въедет, сидя верхом.","translation":"One climbs astride the other's shoulders out in the entryway, and so he rides into a respectable family, sitting up there on horseback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сядет… да… и въедет","title":"Perfective present as a vivid general future","body":"«Сядет» and «въедет» are perfective verbs in their conjugated (future) forms, yet here they paint a typical, repeated scene — \"one will sit… and ride in.\" This perfective present is the gnomic, illustrative future Russian uses for how things characteristically go."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the cold entry passage","body":"«сени» (here prepositional «в сенях») is the unheated entrance hall or passage of a Russian peasant house, between the door and the living room. It appears again below as «через сени»; in a cramped изба it is a real architectural space, not a mere hallway."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя верхом","title":"Gerund «сидя» — riding while seated astride","body":"«сидя» is the imperfective gerund of «сидеть», \"sitting,\" reinforcing «верхом» (\"astride\") to picture the manner of the entrance. The construction «да… и» («да в благородное семейство и въедет») is a folksy, emphatic \"and then he just rides right in.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Сядет","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Сядет","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сядет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of плечи (the other's)","gloss":"the other's"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сядет (manner)","gloss":"astride"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"благородное","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейство","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of въедет","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"въедет","lemma":"въехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сядет","gloss":"he rides in"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on въедет","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"astride"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c5-s64","source":"Какой же это гость?","translation":"What sort of guest is that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой же это гость?","title":"The particle «же» sharpening a rhetorical question","body":"«же» after the interrogative «какой» loads the question with indignant emphasis: \"What kind of guest is that, then?\" It is the modal particle that English can only render with stress, and it gives the mother's challenge its insistent, almost scornful edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гость","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Какой","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject linked to гость","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun linked to это","gloss":"guest"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c5-s65","source":"— Да кто же, кто же, мамочка, так въезжал, кто же?","translation":"\"But who, who, mamma, rode in like that, who?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да кто же, кто же… кто же?","title":"«да» plus «же» in an urgent repeated question","body":"The opening «да» here is not \"yes\" but an impatient discourse-starter (\"but really, come now\"), and the thrice-repeated «кто же» piles the emphatic «же» onto «кто» for mounting urgency. The triple repetition mimics the captain's flustered, coaxing pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of въезжал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто (w2)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"repetition, coordinated with кто (w2)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто (w4)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mamma"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies въезжал","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"въезжал","lemma":"въезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rode in"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"repetition, coordinated with кто (w2)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто (w9)","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c5-s66","source":"— Да вот этот мальчик на этом мальчике сегодня въехал, а вот тот на том…","translation":"\"Why, this boy rode in on that boy today, and there's that one on top of that one…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот мальчик на этом мальчике… тот на том","title":"Demonstratives «этот» and «тот» pointing in the room","body":"The mother answers by pointing: «этот» (\"this one,\" nearer) against «тот» (\"that one,\" farther), both fully declined — «на этом мальчике» and «на том» are prepositional after «на». Her vague gesturing at the boys reveals that her grasp on the scene is loosening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этот мальчик","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of въехал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчике","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчике","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of въехал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies въехал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"въехал","lemma":"въехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rode in"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тот","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (coordinated with мальчик)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"that one"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c5-s67","source":"Но Коля уже стоял у постельки Илюши.","translation":"But Kolya was already standing by Ilusha's little bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у постельки Илюши","title":"Diminutive «постелька» in the genitive","body":"«постельки» is the genitive (after «у») of «постелька», the tender diminutive of «постель», \"bed.\" The diminutive is not about size but pity and tenderness — the narrator keeps the dying boy's bed in caressing, sorrowful forms throughout the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"little bed"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постельки","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c5-s68","source":"Больной видимо побледнел.","translation":"The sick boy visibly turned pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больной видимо побледнел","title":"Substantivized adjective «больной» as subject","body":"«Больной» (\"the sick one / the patient\") is an adjective used as a noun, declining like an adjective but standing as the full subject. «побледнел» is perfective past — a single completed change, \"turned pale,\" against which the imperfective would have given a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"the sick boy"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned pale"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c5-s69","source":"Он приподнялся на кроватке и пристально-пристально посмотрел на Колю.","translation":"He raised himself up on his cot and gazed and gazed intently at Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приподнялся","title":"Prefix «при-» plus reflexive «-ся»","body":"«приподнялся» stacks the prefix «при-» (a slight, partial degree — \"raised himself up a little\") onto «поднялся», with reflexive «-ся» making it intransitive (\"raised himself,\" not \"raised something\"). The perfective marks the single completed effort it costs the weak boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пристально-пристально","title":"Doubled «пристально» for intensity","body":"Repeating «пристально» (\"intently, fixedly\") is a characteristically Russian way to intensify — \"intently, intently,\" i.e. with an unbroken, piercing stare. Dostoevsky reuses the very same doubling at s94, marking Ilusha's long wordless gaze."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на кроватке","title":"«кроватка» — diminutive of «кровать»","body":"«кроватка» is the diminutive of «кровать», \"bed,\" \"little bed / cot.\" Like «постелька», the soft form is heavy with tenderness and pathos rather than literal smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приподнялся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"приподнялся","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised himself up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кроватке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кроватке","lemma":"кроватка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнялся","gloss":"cot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"intently","note":"Reduplicated (пристально-пристально) for emphasis; rendered as \"gazed and gazed intently.\""},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел, coordinated with пристально (w6)","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподнялся","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c5-s70","source":"Тот не видал своего прежнего маленького друга уже месяца два и вдруг остановился пред ним совсем пораженный: он и вообразить не мог, что увидит такое похудевшее и пожелтевшее личико, такие горящие в лихорадочном жару и как будто ужасно увеличившиеся глаза, такие худенькие ручки.","translation":"The latter had not seen his former little friend for some two months now, and suddenly he stopped short before him, utterly struck: he could never have imagined that he would see such a wasted, sallow little face, such eyes burning with feverish heat and seeming dreadfully enlarged, such thin little hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот не видал своего прежнего маленького друга","title":"«тот» as a tracking pronoun and genitive of negation","body":"«Тот» (\"the latter, that one\") tracks the referent — Kolya — without naming him, a hallmark of Russian's free word order. Under the negated «не видал», the object slips into the genitive: «своего прежнего маленького друга» is genitive of negation, with «своего» the reflexive possessive pointing back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"месяца два","title":"Inverted numeral phrase «месяца два» — 'some two months'","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «месяца два» instead of «два месяца» — turns an exact count into an approximation, \"a couple of months or so.\" «месяца» is genitive singular, the case the numeral «два» governs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увеличившиеся глаза","title":"Past active participles chained in description","body":"«увеличившиеся» (\"that had become enlarged\") is a past active participle in «-вш-» with reflexive «-ся», agreeing with «глаза»; «похудевшее», «пожелтевшее» (s. «личико») and «горящие» work the same way. These participial modifiers stack one clause of description after another into a single dense sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"личико… ручки","title":"A cluster of pitying diminutives","body":"«личико» (little face, from «лицо»), «худенькие ручки» (thin little hands, from «руки» via «руч-ка» plus the expressive «-еньк-») saturate the description with diminutives. They are pure pathos: the suffixes make us feel the wasting child, not measure him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяца два","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пораженный","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Тот","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вообразить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мог","gloss":"he would see"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of личико","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"похудевшее","lemma":"похудевший","morphology":"participle, past, active, neuter, accusative, singular, perfective","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожелтевшее","lemma":"пожелтевший","morphology":"participle, past, active, neuter, accusative, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похудевшее","gloss":"sallow"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидит","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"горящие","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лихорадочном","lemma":"лихорадочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жару","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горящие","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увеличившиеся","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"увеличившиеся","lemma":"увеличиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"enlarged"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with личико (object of увидит)","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ручки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"худенькие","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ручки","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with личико (object of увидит)","gloss":"little hands"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c5-s71","source":"С горестным удивлением всматривался он, что Илюша так глубоко и часто дышит и что у него так ссохлись губы.","translation":"With grieved astonishment he stared at how deeply and rapidly Ilusha was breathing and how dried up his lips had become.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всматривался он, что Илюша так… дышит","title":"Imperfective «всматривался» and «что»-clauses of perception","body":"«всматривался» is imperfective past — the prolonged process of peering, fittingly drawn out. Two «что»-clauses report what he observed (\"that Ilusha was breathing… that his lips had dried\"), each a subordinate clause introduced by «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него так ссохлись губы","title":"Possessor with «у» plus genitive","body":"«у него… губы» uses the «у» + genitive pattern (\"his lips,\" lit. \"by him the lips\") — Russian's standard way of expressing belonging and bodily states. «ссохлись» is perfective with «-ся», \"had dried up,\" a completed result the boy now wears."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестным","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всматривался","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"всматривался","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of всматривался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дышит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышит","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубоко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышит","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with глубоко","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"дышит","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of всматривался","gloss":"breathes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ссохлись","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ссохлись (possessor)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ссохлись","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ссохлись","lemma":"ссохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дышит","gloss":"had dried up"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ссохлись","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c5-s72","source":"Он шагнул к нему, подал руку и, почти совсем потерявшись, проговорил:","translation":"He stepped up to him, gave him his hand, and, almost completely losing his composure, said:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потерявшись","title":"Perfective gerund «потерявшись» — having lost his nerve","body":"«потерявшись» is a perfective past gerund in «-вши» from «потеряться» (\"to lose oneself, become flustered\") with reflexive «-ся». It states a prior completed action coloring the main verb: having lost his composure, he then spoke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагнул… подал… проговорил","title":"A chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «шагнул», «подал», «проговорил» — fire off the narrative as a sequence of single completed steps. This is the perfective's storytelling job: each verb advances the event line one beat against the imperfective background of description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерявшись","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"потерявшись","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"losing his composure"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c5-s73","source":"— Ну что, старик… как поживаешь?","translation":"\"Well, old man… how are you getting on?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старик","title":"«старик» as a friendly address","body":"Kolya keeps calling the dying boy «старик», literally \"old man.\" Here it has nothing to do with age: among Russian boys and young men «старик» is warm, chummy slang, roughly \"old chap\" or \"buddy.\" We render it \"old man\" throughout, but read it as the affectionate tease it is in the Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как поживаешь?","title":"«поживаешь» — the everyday 'how are you'","body":"«как поживаешь?» (\"how are you getting on?\") is the stock informal greeting, second-person present of imperfective «поживать». The «ты»-form ending marks the intimacy between the two boys; the breezy formula is precisely what jars against Ilusha's deathbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of interjection Ну что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies поживаешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"поживаешь","lemma":"поживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you getting on"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c5-s74","source":"Но голос его пресекся, развязности не хватило, лицо как-то вдруг передернулось, и что-то задрожало около его губ.","translation":"But his voice broke off, his easy manner failed him, his face somehow suddenly twitched, and something quivered about his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развязности не хватило","title":"«развязность» — breezy over-familiarity","body":"«развязность» is studied nonchalance, an unbuttoned, cocky ease of manner — a key word for Kolya, who cultivates exactly this pose. In the genitive after «не хватило» (\"there wasn't enough of it\"), it names the swagger that suddenly fails him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то задрожало","title":"Indefinite «что-то» — something quivered","body":"«что-то» is the indefinite pronoun \"something\" — a specific but unnamed thing — built with the particle «-то» on «что». The vagueness is expressive: the narrator declines to name the emotion betraying itself around the boy's lips."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голос его пресекся","title":"«пресечься» — to break off, falter","body":"«пресечься» (here «пресекся», perfective past with «-ся») means a voice that suddenly snaps off or gives out. It is a notch more literary than a plain \"stopped,\" lending the failed bravado a written, almost solemn fall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекся","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пресекся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"развязности","lemma":"развязность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хватило","gloss":"self-assurance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пресекся","gloss":"was lacking"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of передернулось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то (\"somehow\") is a single word split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передернулось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"передернулось","lemma":"передернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пресекся","gloss":"twitched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"first part of что-то, subject of задрожало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of что-то, subject of задрожало","gloss":"something","note":"что-то (\"something\") is a single indefinite pronoun split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"задрожало","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пресекся","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задрожало","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c5-s75","source":"Илюша болезненно ему улыбался, всё еще не в силах сказать слова.","translation":"Ilusha smiled at him painfully, still unable to utter a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в силах сказать слова","title":"«не в силах» plus genitive of negation","body":"«не в силах» is a fixed predicate meaning \"unable, not strong enough to.\" Under its negation the object «слова» stands in the genitive singular (genitive of negation) — \"unable to say a (single) word.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезненно ему улыбался","title":"Imperfective «улыбался» with dative «ему»","body":"«улыбался» is imperfective past — the smile held, a lingering state rather than a single act. «ему» is dative, the person smiled at; «улыбаться» governs its addressee in the dative (\"smiled to/at him\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбался","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбался","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбался","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"улыбался","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё ещё (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase всё ещё, modifies не в силах","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах (negates не в силах)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate describing Илюша (idiom: не в силах = unable)","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-c5-s76","source":"Коля вдруг поднял руку и провел для чего-то своею ладонью по волосам Илюши.","translation":"Kolya suddenly raised his hand and for some reason passed his palm over Ilusha's hair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего-то","title":"«для чего-то» — for some reason","body":"«для чего-то» (\"for something, for some reason\") again uses the indefinite «-то», marking a motive that exists but goes unidentified. It quietly underlines that Kolya's tender gesture surprises even the narrator's account of him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею ладонью по волосам","title":"Instrumental of means and «по» plus dative","body":"«своею ладонью» is instrumental — the means by which he stroked (\"with his palm\"), with «своею» the reflexive possessive and the older long ending «-ою». «по волосам» uses «по» + dative for movement over a surface, \"along/over the hair.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"провел","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего, part of для чего-то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of провел (part of чего-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чего-то","gloss":"reason","note":"для чего-то = \"for some reason,\" split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонью","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провел (instrument)","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосам","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"волосам","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провел","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies волосам","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-c5-s77","source":"— Ни-че-го! — пролепетал он ему тихо, не то ободряя его, не то сам не зная, зачем это сказал.","translation":"\"Never mind!\" he murmured softly to him, half to hearten him, half not knowing himself why he said it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то ободряя его, не то сам не зная","title":"Correlative «не то… не то» with gerunds","body":"«не то… не то» is the \"half… half / either… or\" correlative for an unresolved alternative. It pairs two imperfective gerunds — «ободряя» (heartening) and «не зная» (not knowing) — each naming a simultaneous frame of mind he himself can't choose between."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ни-че-го!","title":"«Ничего!» as \"never mind\"","body":"Drawn out as «Ни-че-го!», this is the idiomatic «ничего» meaning \"it's all right / never mind,\" not the literal \"nothing.\" The syllable-by-syllable spelling renders how Kolya forces the consoling word out softly and slowly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"first syllable of Ничего (spelled out)","gloss":"never mind","note":"Илюша spells out ничего (\"never mind\"/\"it's nothing\") syllable by syllable: Ни-че-го."},{"surface":"че","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"second syllable of Ничего (spelled out)","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"го","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"third syllable of Ничего (spelled out)","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пролепетал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of correlative не то...не то","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of correlative не то...не то","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"ободряя","lemma":"ободрять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал","gloss":"heartening"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ободряя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of correlative не то...не то","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of correlative не то...не то","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes зная (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал, coordinated with ободряя","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"he said"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-c5-s78","source":"С минутку опять помолчали.","translation":"For a minute they fell silent again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С минутку опять помолчали","title":"«помолчать» — to be silent for a while","body":"«помолчали» pairs the prefix «по-» (a bounded, brief spell of an action) with «молчать», giving \"they stayed silent for a little while.\" «С минутку» (\"for about a minute,\" with the diminutive «минутка») reinforces the short, measured pause; the verb is subjectless plural, \"they.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчали","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"помолчали","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-c5-s79","source":"— Что это у тебя, новый щенок? — вдруг самым бесчувственным голосом спросил Коля.","translation":"\"What's that you've got, a new puppy?\" Kolya suddenly asked, in the most unfeeling voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что это у тебя","title":"«у тебя» possessive in a casual question","body":"«Что это у тебя?» literally \"what is this by you?\" is the ordinary way to ask \"what have you got there?\" — the «у» + genitive possessive again. The bluntness suits Kolya's deliberately offhand approach to the new puppy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щенок","title":"«щенок» — a puppy","body":"«щенок» is a puppy; its plural is irregular («щенки/щенята»). The casual word launches the whole hidden drama of Zhutchka the dog, which Kolya is about to stage with cruel showmanship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement identifying это (interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя (idiom: you have)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of у (possessor)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щенок","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"щенок","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, appositive to это","gloss":"puppy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"forms superlative with бесчувственным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"бесчувственным","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-c5-s80","source":"— Да-а-а! — ответил Илюша длинным шепотом, задыхаясь.","translation":"\"Ye-e-es!\" answered Ilusha in a long whisper, gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"задыхаясь","title":"Gerund «задыхаясь» — gasping as he answered","body":"«задыхаясь» is the imperfective gerund of «задыхаться» (\"to choke, gasp for breath\"), reflexive «-ся». As an attendant circumstance it overlays the act of answering with the boy's struggle for air — \"he answered, gasping.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"first part of elongated interjection Да-а-а (yes)","gloss":"ye-"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of elongated interjection Да-а-а","gloss":"-e-"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"third part of elongated interjection Да-а-а","gloss":"-es"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил (manner)","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"gasping"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-c5-s81","source":"— Черный нос, значит, из злых, из цепных, — важно и твердо заметил Коля, как будто всё дело было именно в щенке и в его черном носе.","translation":"\"A black nose — that means he's from the fierce ones, the watchdog breed,\" Kolya observed weightily and firmly, as though the whole matter lay precisely in the puppy and its black nose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из злых, из цепных","title":"«из» plus genitive — 'one of the fierce ones'","body":"«из злых, из цепных» uses «из» + genitive plural of substantivized adjectives: \"from among the vicious ones, the chained ones.\" «цепной» (chained, kept on a chain — «цепь») describes a guard dog; Kolya pronounces it as the expert verdict of a knowing dog-fancier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто всё дело было именно в щенке","title":"«как будто» plus «в» of the matter at issue","body":"«как будто» (\"as though\") frames the pretence in the narrator's ironic comment. «дело было… в щенке» uses the idiom «дело в…» + prepositional, \"the matter lies in…,\" sharpened by «именно» (\"precisely\") — the affected gravity Kolya lavishes on a black nose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черный","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нос","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"злых","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"predicate complement of значит (substantivized: the fierce ones)","gloss":"the fierce ones"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цепных","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"цепных","lemma":"цепной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with злых","gloss":"the watchdog breed"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"weightily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the как будто clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies щенке","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щенке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"щенке","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the puppy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of носе","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"черном","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носе","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"носе","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with щенке","gloss":"nose"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-c5-s82","source":"Но главное было в том, что он всё еще изо всех сил старался побороть в себе чувство, чтобы не заплакать как «маленький», и всё еще не мог побороть. — Подрастет, придется посадить на цепь, уж я знаю.","translation":"But the main thing was that he was still straining with all his might to master the feeling within him, so as not to cry like a \"little boy,\" and still could not master it. \"When he grows up he'll have to be chained, I know that for sure.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старался побороть в себе чувство, чтобы не заплакать","title":"«чтобы» plus negated past — purpose 'so as not to'","body":"«чтобы не заплакать» is the purpose clause built on «чтобы» with the irrealis; here the infinitive «заплакать» (perfective \"to start crying\") carries the «не». «в себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional — to master the feeling \"within himself.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подрастет, придется посадить на цепь","title":"Dative-less impersonal «придётся»","body":"«придётся» is the impersonal \"it will be necessary / one will have to,\" governing the infinitive «посадить на цепь» (\"to put on a chain\"). Such subjectless modal constructions, where there is no nominative \"who,\" are everywhere in Russian; «уж я знаю» tags on the insistent particle «уж»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking главное and том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement anticipating the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of старался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of старался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё ещё, modifies старался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase всё ещё, modifies старался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of старался","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"старался","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was trying"},{"surface":"побороть","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of старался","gloss":"to master"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of побороть","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of побороть","gloss":"the feeling"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заплакать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплакать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on побороть","gloss":"to cry"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison маленький","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакать (comparison, substantivized)","gloss":"a little boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё ещё, modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase всё ещё, modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with старался","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"побороть","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"master it"},{"surface":"Подрастет","lemma":"подрасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional/temporal clause, modifies придется","gloss":"when he grows up"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"he'll have to"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"chain him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цепь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"цепь","lemma":"цепь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадить","gloss":"a chain"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-c5-s83","source":"— Он огромный будет! — воскликнул один мальчик из толпы.","translation":"\"He'll be enormous!\" exclaimed one boy out of the crowd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он огромный будет!","title":"Compound future «будет» with predicate adjective","body":"«будет» is the future of «быть»; with the long adjective «огромный» it predicts \"he'll be enormous.\" Note the word order — predicate adjective fronted before the auxiliary for excited emphasis, the comment carrying the new, exclaimed information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"огромный","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with будет","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мальчик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"толпы","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"the crowd"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-c5-s84","source":"— Известно, меделянский, огромный, вот этакий, с теленка, — раздалось вдруг несколько голосков.","translation":"\"Of course, a mastiff, enormous, this big, like a calf,\" several little voices suddenly piped up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздалось… несколько голосков","title":"Numeral-like «несколько» plus genitive plural","body":"«несколько голосков» (\"several little voices\") takes the genitive plural «голосков» — quantifiers behave like the numerals \"five and up.\" «голосков» is itself the diminutive «голосок», and the neuter singular verb «раздалось» agrees with the quantifier phrase, not a plural subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известно","lemma":"известно","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form (predicate)","role":"parenthetical remark opening the list","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"меделянский","lemma":"меделянский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with огромный","gloss":"a mastiff","note":"меделянский names a specific large mastiff breed; used elliptically as a noun."},{"surface":"огромный","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меделянский","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этакий","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этакий","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with огромный","gloss":"this big"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теленка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"теленка","lemma":"телёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"a calf"},{"surface":"раздалось","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on голосков","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"голосков","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздалось","gloss":"little voices"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-c5-s85","source":"— С теленка, с настоящего теленка-с, — подскочил штабс-капитан, — я нарочно отыскал такого, самого-самого злющего, и родители его тоже огромные и самые злющие, вот этакие от полу ростом… Присядьте-с, вот здесь на кроватке у Илюши, а не то здесь на лавку. Милости просим, гость дорогой, гость долгожданный… С Алексеем Федоровичем изволили прибыть-с?","translation":"\"Like a calf, like a real calf, sir,\" the staff-captain leapt in, \"I sought one out on purpose, the very, very fiercest, and his parents are huge too, the fiercest of all, standing this high off the floor… Do sit down, sir, here on the cot beside Ilusha, or else here on the bench. Welcome, welcome, dear guest, long-awaited guest… You've been good enough to come with Alexei Fyodorovich, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теленка-с… Присядьте-с… прибыть-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto «теленка-с», «присядьте-с», «прибыть-с» is the «словоерс», a fossilized contraction of «сударь» (\"sir\"). It signals obsequious deference and flusterment; the captain sprays it over his speech, marking him as humble and ingratiating before his betters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злющего","title":"«злющий» — the expressive 'fierce as can be'","body":"«злющий» is the augmentative-expressive form of «злой» (\"vicious\"), with the suffix «-ющ-» intensifying it to \"downright savage, fierce as anything.\" The doubled «самого-самого злющего» piles superlative on intensifier — the captain out-boasting the boys."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милости просим, гость дорогой, гость долгожданный","title":"«Милости просим» — a formulaic welcome","body":"«Милости просим» (lit. \"we beg your favour\") is the traditional warm Russian welcome, \"you're most welcome, do come in.\" Coupled with «гость дорогой… гость долгожданный» («долгожданный» = long-awaited), it shows the captain heaping ceremonious hospitality on the boy — touching in so poor a household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изволили прибыть-с","title":"«изволить» — deferential 'were so good as to'","body":"«изволили прибыть» uses the archaic-polite auxiliary «изволить» (\"to deign, be pleased to\") plus infinitive, an obsequious way of saying \"you came.\" It belongs to the same servile register as «-с» and «милости просим», period-marked deference toward a guest."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теленка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"теленка","lemma":"телёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a calf"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теленка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies теленка","gloss":"a real"},{"surface":"теленка","lemma":"телёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with теленка","gloss":"calf"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to теленка","gloss":"sir","note":"the archaic servile suffix \"-с\" (short for сударь) tags polite/subservient speech, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt in"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable first part of compound title","role":"part of compound штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отыскал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыскал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"отыскал","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"sought out"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of злющего","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies злющего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first самого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"злющего","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отыскал","gloss":"the fiercest one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"родители","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of огромные","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родители","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огромные","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"огромные","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of родители","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies злющие","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"злющие","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with огромные","gloss":"fiercest"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этакие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этакие","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with злющие","gloss":"this size"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic form)","role":"object of от","gloss":"the floor","note":"полу is an old genitive form of пол (\"floor\"); the idiom \"от полу ростом\" means \"knee-high / very short.\""},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of этакие","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"Присядьте","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to Присядьте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кроватке","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кроватке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кроватке","lemma":"кроватка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Присядьте","gloss":"the cot"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюши","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кроватке","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom а не то (\"or else\")","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom а не то, with не","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лавку","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Присядьте","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"Милости","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просим (fixed phrase)","gloss":"welcome","note":"\"Милости просим\" is a fixed welcoming formula, literally \"we beg your favor.\""},{"surface":"просим","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom)","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, modified by дорогой","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first гость","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"долгожданный","lemma":"долгожданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"long-awaited"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алексеем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изволили прибыть","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексеем","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pleased to","note":"изволить is an archaic, deferential auxiliary of servant/lower-class speech, roughly \"to deign, to be so good as to.\""},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to прибыть","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-c5-s86","source":"Красоткин присел на постельке, в ногах у Илюши.","translation":"Krassotkin sat down on the little bed, at Ilusha's feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ногах у Илюши","title":"Idiom «в ногах» — at the foot of the bed","body":"«в ногах у Илюши» is the set phrase \"at the foot of [the bed]\" (lit. \"at Ilusha's feet\"), again with «у» + genitive for the possessor. «присел» («при-» + «-сесть») is perfective, the completed act of perching himself down on the bed's edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присел","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"присел","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постельке","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with постельке","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюши","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ногах","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-c5-s87","source":"Он хоть, может быть, и приготовил дорогой, с чего развязно начать разговор, но теперь решительно потерял нитку.","translation":"Though perhaps he had prepared on the way how to begin the conversation breezily, now he had decidedly lost the thread.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть… и приготовил… но теперь… потерял","title":"Concessive «хоть… но» framing the lost thread","body":"«хоть… и… но» (\"although… he had… still now…\") is the concessive pair conceding a point before overturning it. «приготовил» (perfective, \"had prepared\") sets the prior plan against «потерял нитку» (\"lost the thread,\" a fixed idiom for losing one's train of thought)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовил дорогой","title":"Instrumental of route «дорогой»","body":"«дорогой» here is not the adjective \"dear\" but the instrumental of «дорога», \"on the way / along the road\" — the instrumental used adverbially for the path traversed. So: he had rehearsed his opening on the way over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приготовил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had prepared"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of приготовил","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"развязно","lemma":"развязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"breezily"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приготовил","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерял","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерял","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовил","gloss":"had lost"},{"surface":"нитку","lemma":"нитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"the thread"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-c5-s88","source":"— Нет… я с Перезвоном… У меня такая собака теперь, Перезвон. Славянское имя. Там ждет… свистну, и влетит. Я тоже с собакой, — оборотился он вдруг к Илюше, — помнишь, старик, Жучку? — вдруг огрел он его вопросом.","translation":"\"No… I came with Perezvon… I have such a dog now, Perezvon. A Slavonic name. He's waiting out there… I'll whistle and he'll come flying in. I've brought a dog too,\" he turned suddenly to Ilusha. \"Do you remember Zhutchka, old man?\" he suddenly clubbed him with the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свистну, и влетит","title":"Two perfective futures for a quick sequence","body":"«свистну» and «влетит» are both perfective verbs in their future form — \"I'll whistle, and he'll come flying in\" — naming two single, completed, near-instant events. The asyndetic pairing conveys the snap of cause and effect Kolya is boasting of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрел он его вопросом","title":"«огреть» — to clout, here 'to hit with a question'","body":"«огреть» literally means to land a hard blow, to wallop. Used with «вопросом» (instrumental, \"with a question\") it is a vivid metaphor — Kolya \"clubbed him with the question\" about Zhutchka, the cruelty of the surprise rendered as a physical strike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb (came)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перезвоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Перезвоном","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at","note":"\"У меня\" is the Russian possessive idiom for \"I have.\""},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собака","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject of the possessive construction (у меня)","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to собака","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"Славянское","lemma":"славянский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"Slavonic"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a name"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is waiting"},{"surface":"свистну","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждет","gloss":"I'll whistle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"влетит","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свистну","gloss":"will fly in"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb (brought)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собакой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собакой","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"оборотился","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборотился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборотился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборотился","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Илюша","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помнишь","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огрел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"огрел","lemma":"огреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of огрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of огрел (means)","gloss":"with the question"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-c5-s89","source":"Личико Илюшечки перекосилось.","translation":"Little Ilusha's face twisted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Личико Илюшечки перекосилось","title":"«Илюшечка» — the most tender form of the name","body":"«Илюшечки» is the genitive of «Илюшечка», a doubly affectionate diminutive of Илья/Илюша (the «-ечк-» layer over «Илюша»). Beside «личико» (little face), the line is steeped in tenderness as the boy's face «перекосилось» — twisted, contorted (perfective «-ся») with feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of перекосилось","gloss":"the little face"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Личико","gloss":"little Ilusha's"},{"surface":"перекосилось","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-c5-s90","source":"Он страдальчески посмотрел на Колю.","translation":"He looked at Kolya with suffering in his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страдальчески","title":"«страдальчески» — with suffering","body":"«страдальчески» is the adverb from «страдалец» (\"a sufferer, martyr\"), \"in a suffering way, with the look of one who suffers.\" The root «страд-» (suffering, Passion) recurs through the chapter and connects Ilusha's pain to the novel's deep register of redemptive suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"страдальчески","lemma":"страдальчески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"in anguish"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-c5-s91","source":"Алеша, стоявший у дверей, нахмурился и кивнул было Коле украдкой, чтобы тот не заговаривал про Жучку, но тот не заметил или не захотел заметить.","translation":"Alyosha, who was standing by the door, frowned and tried to give Kolya a stealthy nod, signaling him not to bring up Zhutchka, but the other either did not notice or did not wish to notice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявший у дверей","title":"Past active participle «стоявший» as a built-in relative","body":"«стоявший у дверей» is a past active participle (\"who was standing by the door\") agreeing with «Алеша» — a compact substitute for a «который»-clause, set off by commas. Imperfective stem, so it describes an ongoing state, not a completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кивнул было Коле","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and undone","body":"«кивнул было» uses the particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action started or attempted but not carried through — \"made as if to nod, half-nodded.\" «чтобы тот не заговаривал» is then a negated purpose clause, signaling Kolya not to bring the subject up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"украдкой","title":"«украдкой» — stealthily, on the sly","body":"«украдкой» is a frozen adverbial (instrumental in origin) from the root of «красть», \"to steal,\" meaning \"furtively, by stealth.\" Alyosha's covert signal is precisely a stolen, unseen gesture — though Kolya pretends not to catch it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоявший","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кивнул","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурился","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an attempted or interrupted action)","role":"modifies кивнул","gloss":"almost","note":"the particle было after a past-tense verb signals an action begun or attempted, then checked."},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кивнул","gloss":"to Kolya"},{"surface":"украдкой","lemma":"украдкой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кивнул","gloss":"stealthily"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of заговаривал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговаривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговаривал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заговаривал","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause introduced by чтобы, on кивнул","gloss":"would bring up"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Жучку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговаривал","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кивнул (contrastive)","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"did not want"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to notice"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-c5-s92","source":"— Где же… Жучка? — надорванным голоском спросил Илюша.","translation":"\"Where is… Zhutchka?\" Ilusha asked in a broken little voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надорванным голоском","title":"Instrumental of manner «надорванным голоском»","body":"«надорванным голоском» is instrumental — the manner of asking, \"in a broken/strained little voice.\" «надорванным» is a past passive participle from «надорвать» (\"to tear, strain\"); «голоском» the pitying diminutive of «голос». Together they convey a voice torn by emotion and illness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb (is)","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"надорванным","lemma":"надорванный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"in a little voice"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-c5-s93","source":"— Ну, брат, твоя Жучка — фью! Пропала твоя Жучка!","translation":"\"Well, brother, your Zhutchka is — gone! Vanished, your Zhutchka!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну, брат… фью!","title":"«брат» and the whistle «фью!»","body":"«брат» (\"brother\") is, like «старик», matey slang address between boys, not a kinship term. «фью!» is an onomatopoeic whistle standing for \"gone, vanished into thin air\" — Kolya's callous, jaunty way of announcing the dog's supposed disappearance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пропала твоя Жучка!","title":"Fronted predicate «Пропала» for emphasis","body":"Standard order would be «Твоя Жучка пропала»; fronting the perfective verb «Пропала» throws the weight onto the loss itself — \"vanished, your Zhutchka is!\" This topic-comment reshuffling is how Russian stages emphasis without changing the words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate фью","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"фью","lemma":"фью","morphology":"interjection","role":"elliptical predicate of Жучка","gloss":"gone","note":"фью imitates a whistle, here used to mean \"gone in a flash.\""},{"surface":"Пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Пропала","gloss":"Zhutchka"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-c5-s94","source":"Илюша смолчал, но пристально-пристально посмотрел еще раз на Колю.","translation":"Ilusha said nothing, but gazed once more, fixedly and fixedly, at Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смолчал","title":"«смолчать» — to hold one's tongue","body":"«смолчал» («с-» + «молчать») is perfective: \"he kept silent, said nothing (in response).\" The prefix here marks the completed, deliberate restraint — Ilusha chooses not to speak, and instead the long doubled gaze «пристально-пристально» carries everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смолчал","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"смолчал","lemma":"смолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said nothing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смолчал","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-c5-s95","source":"Алеша, поймав взгляд Коли, изо всех сил опять закивал ему, но тот снова отвел глаза, сделав вид, что и теперь не заметил.","translation":"Alyosha, catching Kolya's eye, nodded to him again with all his might, but the other once more looked away, making as if he still had not noticed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймав взгляд Коли","title":"Perfective gerund «поймав» — having caught his eye","body":"«поймав» is a perfective past gerund (\"having caught\") from «поймать», naming the prior completed act that sets up the main verb «закивал». Note «изо всех сил» (\"with all his might\"), a fixed phrase that recurs across the chapter for strained, desperate effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделав вид, что… не заметил","title":"«сделать вид, что…» — to pretend that","body":"«сделав вид, что…» is the perfective gerund of the idiom «сделать вид» (\"to put on an appearance, pretend\"), introducing a «что»-clause of the feigned fact. Kolya pretends not to have noticed — the «что»-clause reports the pretence as if it were plain fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закивал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поймав","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закивал","gloss":"having caught"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймав","gloss":"the glance"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закивал","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закивал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"закивал","lemma":"закивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закивал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвел","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закивал","gloss":"looked away"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"сделав","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвел","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделав","gloss":"a show","note":"сделать вид means \"to pretend, to make as if.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of вид","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause introduced by что, modifies вид","gloss":"had noticed"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-c5-s96","source":"— Забежала куда-нибудь и пропала. Как не пропасть после такой закуски, — безжалостно резал Коля, а между тем сам как будто стал от чего-то задыхаться. — У меня зато Перезвон… Славянское имя… Я к тебе привел…","translation":"\"She ran off somewhere and was lost. How could she not be, after such a tidbit,\" Kolya hacked away mercilessly, though meanwhile he himself somehow seemed to start gasping for breath. \"But I have Perezvon now… A Slavonic name… I've brought him to you…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Забежала куда-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «куда-нибудь» — off somewhere or other","body":"«куда-нибудь» uses the «-нибудь» series for a wholly non-specific \"anywhere at all, somewhere or other\" — Kolya feigning vagueness about where the dog went. It contrasts pointedly with the specific «куда-то» he would use if he actually knew."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не пропасть после такой закуски","title":"Rhetorical «как не…» — how could she not","body":"«Как не пропасть…» is the rhetorical infinitive construction \"how could she not perish / of course she'd be lost.\" It asserts inevitability through a fake question; «закуски» (genitive after «после») literally means \"after such a snack\" — a grim euphemism for the poisoned morsel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безжалостно резал","title":"«резать» — to cut, here 'to speak cuttingly'","body":"«резал» literally is \"was cutting,\" but in «безжалостно резал» (\"mercilessly hacked away\") it figuratively means to keep speaking bluntly, woundingly. The imperfective stretches the cruelty out — Kolya goes on slicing into Ilusha with words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Забежала","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of куда-нибудь)","role":"modifies Забежала","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"куда-нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix, part of куда-нибудь)","role":"attaches to куда","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Забежала","gloss":"was lost"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (rhetorical)","role":"opens the rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропасть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пропасть","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"rhetorical exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"vanish"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закуски","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of закуски","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"закуски","lemma":"закуска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропасть","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"безжалостно","lemma":"безжалостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резал","gloss":"mercilessly"},{"surface":"резал","lemma":"резать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in bluntly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of резал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем, with между","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of idiom как будто, with как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with резал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего-то","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (part of чего-то)","role":"object of от","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix, part of чего-то)","role":"attaches to чего","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"задыхаться","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to gasp for breath"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at","note":"\"У меня\" is the Russian possessive idiom for \"I have.\""},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of the possessive construction (у меня)","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"Славянское","lemma":"славянский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"Slavonic"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a name"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of привел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-c5-s97","source":"— Не на-до! — проговорил вдруг Илюшечка.","translation":"\"I don't want it!\" little Ilusha suddenly brought out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не на-до!","title":"Impersonal «не надо» — 'don't / no need'","body":"«надо» is the impersonal modal \"it is necessary,\" and its negation «не надо» means \"don't, there's no need.\" There is no nominative subject — a classic subjectless construction. Drawn out as «Не на-до!», it renders the boy forcing the refusal through his breathlessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates на-до","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb, first part of hyphen-broken надо","role":"part of split word на-до (надо), with до","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb, second part of hyphen-broken надо","role":"part of split word на-до (надо), with на","gloss":"need","note":"the printed hyphen in \"на-до\" breaks the word надо (\"need/necessary\") into syllables for emphasis; together with Не it means \"I don't want it!\""},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"little Ilusha"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-c5-s98","source":"— Нет, нет, надо, непременно посмотри… Ты развлечешься. Я нарочно привел… такая же лохматая, как и та… Вы позволите, сударыня, позвать сюда мою собаку? — обратился он вдруг к госпоже Снегиревой в каком-то совсем уже непостижимом волнении.","translation":"\"No, no, you do, you simply must take a look… You'll be cheered up. I brought him on purpose… he's just as shaggy as the other one was… Will you permit me, madam, to call my dog in here?\" he turned suddenly to Madame Snegireva in some quite incomprehensible agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая же лохматая, как и та","title":"Comparison «такая же… как и» — just as… as","body":"«такая же… как и…» is the equative comparison \"just as [shaggy] as.\" «лохматая» (shaggy) agrees in feminine with the implied собака; «как и та» (\"as that one too\") refers back to Zhutchka. The «же» here is the identity-particle \"the very same kind.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы позволите… позвать","title":"Polite «Вы позволите» plus infinitive","body":"«Вы позволите… позвать?» (\"Will you permit me to call?\") uses the polite «вы» and the perfective future «позволите» as a courteous request, governing the infinitive «позвать». Kolya, mid-frenzy, suddenly shifts into ceremonious adult politeness toward the lady."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"you must"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотри","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"take a look"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of развлечешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"развлечешься","lemma":"развлечься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll be cheered up"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привел","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought him"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лохматая","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"лохматая","lemma":"лохматый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with та","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лохматая","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you permit"},{"surface":"сударыня","lemma":"сударыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to Снегиревой","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"позвать","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволите","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвать","gloss":"in here"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собаку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of позвать","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Снегиревой","lemma":"Снегирева","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Snegireva"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to каком (indefinite marker)","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непостижимом","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непостижимом","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"непостижимом","lemma":"непостижимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-c5-s99","source":"— Не надо, не надо! — с горестным надрывом в голосе воскликнул Илюша.","translation":"\"I don't want it, I don't want it!\" Ilusha cried out with a grieved tearing in his voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с горестным надрывом","title":"«надрыв» — a torn, anguished outburst","body":"«надрыв» (here instrumental «надрывом», \"with a tearing\") is a key Dostoevskian word: a self-lacerating, strained outpouring of feeling, an emotion pushed to a breaking, almost theatrical pitch. A whole chapter of the novel is titled «Надрывы». Here Ilusha's cry tears out of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"want it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"want it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрывом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестным","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies надрывом","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"надрывом","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"tearing sob"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-c5-s100","source":"Укор загорелся в глазах его.","translation":"Reproach flared up in his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Укор загорелся в глазах его","title":"Fronted subject «Укор» and «загореться»","body":"«Укор» (\"reproach\") is fronted as topic, the metaphor then unfolding: «загорелся» («за-» inceptive + «гореть», \"caught fire, flared up\") is perfective for the sudden kindling. «в глазах его» keeps the possessive «его» after its noun, an order common in the elevated literary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Укор","lemma":"укор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загорелся","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"загорелся","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of загорелся","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-c5-s101","source":"— Вы бы-с… — рванулся вдруг штабс-капитан с сундука у стенки, на котором было присел, — вы бы-с… в другое время-с… — пролепетал он, но Коля, неудержимо настаивая и спеша, вдруг крикнул Смурову: «Смуров, отвори дверь!» — и только что тот отворил, свистнул в свою свистульку. Перезвон стремительно влетел в комнату.","translation":"\"Perhaps you'd, sir…\" the staff-captain suddenly started up from the chest by the wall where he had sat down, \"perhaps you'd, sir… some other time, sir…\" he stammered, but Kolya, insisting irrepressibly and in a hurry, suddenly shouted to Smurov: \"Smurov, open the door!\" — and the moment he opened it, he blew on his whistle. Perezvon came flying headlong into the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы бы-с… в другое время-с","title":"Conditional «бы» softening a timid request","body":"«Вы бы-с…» is the polite, hesitant conditional: «бы» plus an unspoken verb (\"perhaps you might, sir…\"). Russian uses bare «бы» this way to soften a suggestion into deference; the trailing «-с» of «бы-с» and «время-с» adds the servile sir-particle to the captain's faltering plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что тот отворил, свистнул","title":"«только что» plus perfectives — the instant one did, the other did","body":"«только что тот отворил… свистнул» chains perfective pasts to mark immediate succession: \"the moment he opened [it], he whistled.\" «тот» again tracks Smurov without naming him. The terse perfectives drive the rapid, headlong rush of the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно влетел","title":"«влететь» — to come flying in","body":"«влетел» («в-» = into + «лететь», \"to fly\") is a prefixed verb of motion meaning to burst/dash in as if flying. With «стремительно» (\"headlong, impetuously\"), it makes Perezvon's entrance a sudden whirlwind — the prefix turning the directional motion verb into a perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to бы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"рванулся","lemma":"рвануться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рванулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound)","role":"subject of рванулся","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рванулся","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундука","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сундука","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рванулся","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стенки","lemma":"стенка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сундука","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of присел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"присел","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сундука","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to бы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролепетал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to время","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивая","gloss":"irrepressibly"},{"surface":"настаивая","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"insisting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with настаивая","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролепетал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to Smurov"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвори","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"отвори","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted imperative","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвори","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause только что тот отворил","gloss":"opened it"},{"surface":"свистнул","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"whistled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свистульку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свистульку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"свистульку","lemma":"свистулька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свистнул","gloss":"whistle"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влетел","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влетел","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-c5-s102","source":"— Прыгай, Перезвон, служи! Служи! — завопил Коля, вскочив с места, и собака, став на задние лапы, вытянулась прямо пред постелькой Илюши.","translation":"\"Jump, Perezvon, beg! Beg!\" Kolya bawled, springing up from his place, and the dog, rising on its hind legs, stretched itself up straight in front of Ilusha's little bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прыгай… служи!","title":"Imperatives «прыгай» and «служи»","body":"«Прыгай» (\"jump,\" stem in a vowel, so «-й») and «служи» (\"beg / sit up,\" consonant stem with stressed «-и») are imperatives. «служить» as a dog-command means \"beg, sit up on the hind legs\" — its everyday sense is \"to serve,\" extended to the trained-dog trick."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочив с места… став на задние лапы","title":"Paired perfective gerunds «вскочив» and «став»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds frame the action: «вскочив» (\"having sprung up,\" Kolya) and «став на задние лапы» (\"having risen on its hind legs,\" the dog). Each names a completed prior movement attached to its own subject's main verb — the dense gerund style of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прыгай","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"jump"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with Прыгай","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"служи","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прыгай","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"Служи","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служи","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вскочив","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"springing up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочив","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вытянулась","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вытянулась","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лапы","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"задние","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лапы","gloss":"hind"},{"surface":"лапы","lemma":"лапа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of став","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"вытянулась","lemma":"вытянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with завопил","gloss":"stretched itself up"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постелькой","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"постелькой","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянулась","gloss":"little bed"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постелькой","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-c5-s103","source":"Произошло нечто никем не ожиданное: Илюша вздрогнул и вдруг с силой двинулся весь вперед, нагнулся к Перезвону и, как бы замирая, смотрел на него.","translation":"Something happened that no one had expected: Ilusha gave a start and suddenly lunged forward with all his strength, bending toward Perezvon and, as if dying away, gazed at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто никем не ожиданное","title":"Instrumental of agent with a negated participle","body":"«никем не ожиданное» = \"expected by no one,\" with «никем» the instrumental of «никто» naming the (non-)agent of the passive participle «ожиданное». Note the negative concord: «никем» plus «не», two negatives for one meaning, modifying «нечто» (\"something\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы замирая","title":"Gerund «замирая» softened by «как бы»","body":"«замирая» is the imperfective gerund of «замирать» (\"to freeze, die away, grow still\"), the attendant manner of his gazing. «как бы» (\"as if, as it were\") hedges it into a simile — he gazed \"as though dying away,\" the narrator's gentle uncertainty before the dying boy's stillness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Произошло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"никем","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of ожиданное","gloss":"by no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожиданное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожиданное","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулся","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"двинулся","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"lunged"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Илюша","gloss":"with his whole body"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двинулся","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перезвону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Перезвону","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"dying away"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-c5-s104","source":"— Это… Жучка! — прокричал он вдруг надтреснутым от страдания и счастия голоском.","translation":"\"It's… Zhutchka!\" he cried out suddenly in a little voice cracked with suffering and happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надтреснутым от страдания и счастия голоском","title":"Participle plus «от» of cause, in the instrumental","body":"The whole phrase is instrumental of manner («голоском», diminutive of «голос»): \"in a little voice cracked with…\" «надтреснутым» is a past passive participle (\"cracked\"), and «от страдания и счастия» uses «от» + genitive for the cause — cracked from suffering and joy at once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счастия","title":"«счастия» — the bookish genitive of «счастье»","body":"«счастия» is the older, elevated genitive of «счастье» (\"happiness\"), where modern Russian would write «счастья». The «-ия» form belongs to the literary-archaic register Dostoevsky favours in heightened moments like this fusion of suffering and bliss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"надтреснутым","lemma":"надтреснутый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надтреснутым","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страдания","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"little voice"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-c5-s105","source":"— А ты думал кто? — звонким, счастливым голосом изо всей силы завопил Красоткин и, нагнувшись к собаке, обхватил ее и приподнял к Илюше.","translation":"\"And who did you think it was?\" Krassotkin bawled at the top of his lungs in a ringing, happy voice, and, stooping to the dog, he threw his arms around it and lifted it up to Ilusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты думал кто?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» plus elliptical question","body":"«А ты думал кто?» (\"And who did you think [it was]?\") opens with the contrastive «а» and compresses an embedded question — the copula and «это» are simply left out, as Russian readily does. «думал» is imperfective past, the held belief, not a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнувшись… обхватил и приподнял","title":"Gerund plus chained perfectives","body":"«нагнувшись» (\"having bent down,\" perfective gerund) frames two perfective verbs «обхватил» (\"flung his arms around\") and «приподнял» (\"lifted up a little,\" «при-» softening the lift). The sequence renders the rush of one continuous, joyful gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did think"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"счастливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагнувшись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обхватил","gloss":"stooping"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнувшись","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"threw his arms around"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приподнял","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обхватил","gloss":"lifted it up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнял","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-c5-s106","source":"— Гляди, старик, видишь, глаз кривой и левое ухо надрезано, точь-в-точь те приметы, как ты мне рассказал. Я его по этим приметам и разыскал! Тогда же разыскал, вскорости. Она ведь ничья была, она ведь была ничья! — пояснял он, быстро оборачиваясь к штабс-капитану, к супруге его, к Алеше и потом опять к Илюше, — она была у Федотовых на задворках, прижилась было там, но те ее не кормили, а она беглая, она забеглая из деревни… Я ее и разыскал… Видишь, старик, она тогда твой кусок, значит, не. проглотила. Если бы проглотила, так уж конечно бы померла, ведь уж конечно! Значит, успела выплюнуть, коли теперь жива. А ты и не заметил, что она выплюнула. Выплюнула, а язык себе все-таки уколола, вот отчего тогда и завизжала. Бежала и визжала, а ты и думал, что она совсем проглотила. Она должна была очень визжать, потому что у собаки очень нежная кожа во рту… нежнее, чем у человека, гораздо нежнее! — восклицал неистово Коля, с разгоревшимся и с сияющим от восторга лицом.","translation":"\"Look, old man, you see, the eye's crooked and the left ear is notched — the very markings, exactly as you described to me. It was by those markings that I tracked him down! I found him back then, soon after. Why, she had no owner, she was a stray, you know!\" he explained, turning quickly toward the staff-captain, toward his wife, toward Alyosha, and then again toward Ilusha. \"She'd been over at the Fedotovs' in the back yard, she'd taken to staying there, but they didn't feed her, and she was a runaway, a stray that had bolted from the village… I tracked her down… You see, old man, that means she didn't swallow your morsel back then. If she'd swallowed it, then of course she'd have died, of course she would! So she must have managed to spit it out, since she's alive now. And you didn't notice she'd spat it out. She spat it out, but she still pricked her tongue, and that's why she yelped so back then. She ran off yelping, and you thought she'd swallowed it whole. She must have yelped terribly, because a dog has very tender skin in its mouth… more tender than a person's, far more tender!\" Kolya exclaimed frantically, with a flushed face radiant with delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гляди… видишь","title":"Imperative «гляди» and present «видишь»","body":"«Гляди» is the imperative of «глядеть» (\"look!\"), and «видишь» its present-tense companion (\"you see\"). The pair is Kolya's breathless deictic patter, pointing the sick boy's attention again and again at the dog's identifying marks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она ведь ничья была, она ведь была ничья!","title":"The appealing particle «ведь» and «ничей»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — \"you know, after all\" — pleading with his listeners. «ничья / ничей» (\"nobody's, ownerless\") is the negative possessive from «чей»; the doubled clause, with word order flipped, hammers home that the dog belonged to no one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы проглотила… бы померла","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… бы» with past forms","body":"«Если бы проглотила, так уж конечно бы померла» is a textbook counterfactual: «если бы» plus past-form «проглотила» in the if-clause, and «бы померла» (past «помереть» + «бы») in the result. Both verbs are past in form but purely hypothetical — \"if she had swallowed it, she'd certainly have died.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли теперь жива","title":"Folksy «коли» for «если» plus short adjective «жива»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic «если» (\"if, since\"). «жива» is the short-form predicate adjective from «живой» (\"alive\") — short forms supply just this kind of predicative \"she is alive,\" common in nineteenth-century and folk speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беглая… забеглая из деревни","title":"«беглая / забеглая» — a runaway stray","body":"«беглая» (from «бежать», \"to run/flee\") means \"runaway, fugitive\"; «забеглая» is a more colloquial, regional intensification, \"a stray that had bolted in.\" The word once chiefly described runaway serfs — applied to the dog it carries a faint social undertone of the masterless and homeless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с разгоревшимся и… сияющим… лицом","title":"Past and present active participles describing the face","body":"«разгоревшимся» (past active, «-вш-», \"that had flared up\") and «сияющим» (present active, «-ющ-», \"radiant\") both modify «лицом» in the instrumental of accompanying circumstance — \"with a face flushed and radiant.\" The pairing of a completed and an ongoing participle catches both the kindling and the steady glow of his excitement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гляди","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of predicate кривой","gloss":"the eye"},{"surface":"кривой","lemma":"кривой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of глаз","gloss":"is crooked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"левое","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ухо","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of predicate надрезано","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"надрезано","lemma":"надрезать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, short form, perfective","role":"predicate of ухо, coordinated with кривой","gloss":"is notched"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed idiom)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь modifying надрезано","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning 'exactly, precisely'; the tagger split it into three tokens."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition (part of fixed idiom)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed idiom)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of приметы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"приметы","lemma":"примета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate noun restating надрезано, as описано by рассказал","gloss":"markings"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying приметы","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разыскал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приметам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of приметам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"приметам","lemma":"примета","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разыскал","gloss":"markings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies разыскал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разыскал","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tracked down"},{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"разыскал","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"soon after"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of predicate ничья","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ничья","lemma":"ничей","morphology":"pronoun/determiner, predicate, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Она","gloss":"nobody's"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with ничья","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of predicate ничья","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with ничья","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ничья","lemma":"ничей","morphology":"pronoun/determiner, predicate, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"nobody's"},{"surface":"пояснял","lemma":"пояснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пояснял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"оборачиваясь","lemma":"оборачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пояснял","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитану","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular (part of compound)","role":"part of compound noun штабс-капитану, modifies капитану","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитану","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборачиваясь","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруге","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique 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coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of predicate беглая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"беглая","lemma":"беглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"a runaway"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of predicate забеглая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"забеглая","lemma":"забеглый","morphology":"adjective (colloquial), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"a stray"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"деревни","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забеглая","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of 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проглотила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кусок","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проглотила","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse marker","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проглотила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"проглотила","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проглотила","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of проглотила","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"проглотила","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb, adverbial clause on померла","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померла","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of померла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"померла","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional result clause","gloss":"have died"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition of конечно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"выплюнуть","lemma":"выплюнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"to spit out"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (dialectal)","role":"introduces the clause of жива","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жива","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies заметил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выплюнула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выплюнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выплюнула","lemma":"выплюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"spat it out"},{"surface":"Выплюнула","lemma":"выплюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spat it out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"язык","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уколола","gloss":"her tongue"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect (reflexive) object of уколола","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase все-таки)","role":"part of phrase все-таки, modifies уколола","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase все-таки)","role":"part of phrase все-таки, modifies уколола","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"уколола","lemma":"уколоть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выплюнула, main verb of the clause","gloss":"pricked"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчего","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завизжала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завизжала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies завизжала","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завизжала","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выплюнула","gloss":"yelped"},{"surface":"Бежала","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"визжала","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бежала","gloss":"yelped"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies думал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бежала","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проглотила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проглотила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проглотила","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"проглотила","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"swallowed it"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate head, 'must'","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должна ('must have')","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies визжать","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"визжать","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"yelped"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed phrase потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of fixed phrase потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаки (possessive construction)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor in the 'у X ... Y' construction with кожа","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нежная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нежная","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кожа","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"кожа","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive construction with собаки","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рту","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кожа","gloss":"the mouth"},{"surface":"нежнее","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate continuation modifying кожа","gloss":"more tender"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человека","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нежнее","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нежнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"нежнее","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with нежнее, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"more tender"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом (with разгоревшимся)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разгоревшимся","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом, coordinated with сияющим","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом (with сияющим)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сияющим","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"radiant"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияющим","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-c5-s107","source":"Илюша же и говорить не мог.","translation":"But Ilusha could not even speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Илюша же и говорить не мог","title":"Particle «же» plus the scalar «и… не»","body":"«же» here marks a contrastive topic shift (\"Ilusha, for his part…\"), turning attention from Kolya to the boy. «и говорить не мог» uses «и» as \"even\" under negation — \"could not even speak,\" the «и» scaling up the negated «не мог»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюша","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-c5-s108","source":"Он смотрел на Колю своими большими и как-то ужасно выкатившимися глазами, с раскрытым ртом и побледнев как полотно.","translation":"He looked at Kolya with his big eyes, somehow dreadfully bulging, his mouth open and gone pale as a sheet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно выкатившимися глазами","title":"Reflexive past participle «выкатившимися»","body":"«выкатившимися» is a past active participle with «-ся», from «выкатиться» (\"to roll/bulge out\"), in the instrumental agreeing with «глазами» — \"with eyes that had bulged out.\" «как-то» (\"somehow\") and «ужасно» soften and intensify the unsettling description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побледнев как полотно","title":"Gerund «побледнев» plus the simile «как полотно»","body":"«побледнев» is a perfective past gerund (\"having gone pale\") tagging the prior change onto the scene. «как полотно» (\"like linen/canvas\") is the set simile for deathly pallor, \"white as a sheet\" — «полотно» being white woven cloth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of большими глазами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большими","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed phrase как-то)","role":"part of phrase как-то, modifies выкатившимися","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase как-то)","role":"part of phrase как-то, modifies выкатившимися","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выкатившимися","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"выкатившимися","lemma":"выкатиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел, coordinated with большими","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ртом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раскрытым","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies ртом","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"ртом","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побледнев","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), past, perfective","role":"coordinated adverbial clause describing him","gloss":"having gone pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison to полотно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"полотно","lemma":"полотно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of побледнев","gloss":"a sheet"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-c5-s109","source":"И если бы только знал не подозревавший ничего Красоткин, как мучительно и убийственно могла влиять такая минута на здоровье больного мальчика, то ни за что бы не решился выкинуть такую штуку, какую выкинул.","translation":"And had the unsuspecting Krassotkin only known how agonizingly and ruinously such a moment could tell on the sick boy's health, he would never for anything have brought himself to pull such a stunt as he had pulled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только знал… то ни за что бы не решился","title":"A full counterfactual with double «бы»","body":"This is a complete past counterfactual: «если бы… знал» (if-clause) answered by «то… бы не решился» (result), each a past form plus «бы». «ни за что» (\"for nothing on earth\") intensifies the negation with «ни», and «не подозревавший ничего» adds a participle in negative concord, \"suspecting nothing.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выкинуть такую штуку, какую выкинул","title":"«выкинуть штуку» — to pull a stunt","body":"«выкинуть штуку» is the idiom \"to pull a trick/stunt, do something outrageous.\" The figura-etymologica repetition «выкинуть… какую выкинул» (\"pull such a stunt as he pulled\") is a folk-flavoured turn underscoring the recklessness of what Kolya did."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on могла","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревавший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозревавший","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Красоткин","gloss":"suspecting"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of подозревавший","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of знал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"agonizingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийственно","lemma":"убийственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мучительно","gloss":"ruinously"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of знал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"влиять","lemma":"влиять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"affect"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влиять","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of влиять","gloss":"the health"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"boy's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause of решился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни за что","morphology":"particle (part of fixed idiom ни за что)","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"ни за что","morphology":"preposition (part of fixed idiom ни за что)","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"ни за что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (part of fixed idiom)","role":"oblique complement of решился, part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of решился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have brought himself"},{"surface":"выкинуть","lemma":"выкинуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to pull"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуку","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выкинуть","gloss":"stunt"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выкинул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выкинул","lemma":"выкинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated relative clause on решился","gloss":"he had pulled"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-c5-s110","source":"Но в комнате понимал это, может быть, лишь один Алеша.","translation":"But in the room perhaps only Alyosha alone understood this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимал это… лишь один Алеша","title":"End-weighted subject and the restrictive «лишь»","body":"The subject «лишь один Алеша» (\"only Alyosha alone\") is held to the very end, the comment slot, for maximal focus — \"understood this… only Alyosha.\" «лишь» and «один» both restrict, doubling the \"only.\" «понимал» is imperfective, the standing state of comprehension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимал","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb (part of fixed phrase может быть), present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (part of fixed phrase)","role":"complement of может, part of phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-c5-s111","source":"Что же до штабс-капитана, то он весь как бы обратился в самого маленького мальчика.","translation":"As for the staff-captain, he had turned, as it were, into the smallest of little boys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до штабс-капитана, то…","title":"The correlative «что до… то» — 'as for…'","body":"«Что (же) до X, то Y» is the bookish topicalizing frame \"as for X, [then] Y.\" The «же» adds emphasis to the shift of subject, and the resumptive «то» opens the comment. It is a neat way to foreground a new character before saying anything about him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился в самого маленького мальчика","title":"«обратиться в» plus accusative — turned into","body":"«обратился в… мальчика» (\"turned into a little boy\") uses «обратиться в» + accusative for transformation. «самого маленького» is the periphrastic superlative with «самый» (\"the very smallest\"), declined to agree with the animate-accusative «мальчика»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что до","morphology":"pronoun (part of fixed phrase что до)","role":"head of the phrase, part of idiom что до","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"что до","morphology":"preposition (part of fixed phrase что до)","role":"preposition marking капитана, part of idiom что до","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (part of compound)","role":"part of compound noun штабс-капитана","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что до","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed phrase как бы)","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies обратился","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase как бы)","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies обратился","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies маленького","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-c5-s112","source":"— Жучка! Так это-то Жучка? — выкрикивал он блаженным голосом. — Илюшечка, ведь это Жучка, твоя Жучка! Маменька, ведь это Жучка! — Он чуть не плакал.","translation":"\"Zhutchka! So this is Zhutchka, then?\" he kept crying out in a blissful voice. \"Ilusha, why, it's Zhutchka, your Zhutchka! Mamma, why, it's Zhutchka!\" He was nearly weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так это-то Жучка?","title":"Emphatic «это-то» — so this really is","body":"«это-то» loads the demonstrative «это» with the emphatic clitic «-то» (\"so this, of all things…\"), conveying the captain's incredulous wonder. «Так… ?» opens it as an astonished inference, \"so this is Zhutchka, then?\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Маменька","title":"«маменька» — an old-fashioned affectionate 'mamma'","body":"«Маменька» is a tender, slightly archaic-folksy form of «мама», warmer and more period-flavoured than «мамочка». The captain addresses his wife with it; both diminutive forms ring through the family's speech, marking their fragile, clinging affection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это Жучка","title":"Repeated «ведь» appealing for shared joy","body":"The captain twice uses «ведь» (\"why, surely, it really is\") to draw his wife and son into his discovery. The particle reaches for agreement and shared feeling — pure appeal, the texture of his overflowing, childlike delight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory head","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Жучка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies это","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"kept crying out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"блаженным","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выкрикивал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жучка","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Жучка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive, coordinated with Жучка","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mamma"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жучка","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Жучка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed phrase чуть не)","role":"part of phrase чуть не, modifies плакал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase чуть не)","role":"part of phrase чуть не, modifies плакал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-c5-s113","source":"— А я-то и не догадался! — горестно воскликнул Смуров. — Ай да Красоткин, я говорил, что он найдет Жучку, вот и нашел!","translation":"\"And I never even guessed!\" Smurov exclaimed ruefully. \"Bravo, Krassotkin, I said he'd find Zhutchka, and here he's found her!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то и не догадался!","title":"Contrastive «я-то» — I, for my part","body":"«я-то» uses the topic-emphasizing «-то» to set the speaker pointedly against the others: \"And I, of all people, never even guessed!\" The «и» is \"even\" (\"didn't even guess\"), and «а» opens with the self-deprecating contrastive turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ай да Красоткин","title":"«ай да…» — 'what a fine…!'","body":"«Ай да Красоткин!» is the admiring folk exclamation \"well done him, what a fellow that Krassotkin is!\" The construction «ай да + name» voices spontaneous praise — Smurov cheering his friend's triumph."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies догадался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"ruefully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай да","morphology":"interjection (part of fixed phrase ай да)","role":"exclamatory head, part of idiom ай да","gloss":"bravo"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"ай да","morphology":"particle (part of fixed phrase ай да)","role":"part of idiom ай да, modifies Красоткин","gloss":"bravo"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of exclamation ай да","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, juxtaposed to the exclamation «Ай да Красоткин» (говорил cannot be 'coordinated with' the interjection Ай)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of найдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"найдет","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"Жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найдет","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies нашел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with найдет","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-c5-s114","source":"— Вот и нашел! — радостно отозвался еще кто-то.","translation":"\"And here he's found her!\" someone else echoed joyfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отозвался еще кто-то","title":"Indefinite subject «кто-то» — someone else","body":"«кто-то» (\"someone, somebody\") is the indefinite pronoun for a specific but unidentified person, here the unnamed boy who echoes the cheer. «отозвался» («-ся») is perfective: a single answering call back, picking up the chorus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies нашел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"he's found her"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"echoed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто-то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кто","gloss":"-one","note":"Enclitic -то turns кто ('who') into кто-то ('someone')."}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-c5-s115","source":"— Молодец Красоткин! — прозвенел третий голосок.","translation":"\"Well done, Krassotkin!\" rang out a third little voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозвенел третий голосок","title":"«прозвенеть» — to ring out, of a young voice","body":"«прозвенел» («про-» + «звенеть», \"to ring/chime\") pictures a high, clear young voice ringing out. With the diminutive «голосок» (\"little voice\") it conveys a child's bright, bell-like piping — fittingly echoing the bell-name «Перезвон»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well done"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Молодец","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"прозвенел","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосок","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прозвенел","gloss":"little voice"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-c5-s116","source":"— Молодец, молодец! — закричали все мальчики и начали аплодировать.","translation":"\"Well done, well done!\" all the boys shouted, and they began to applaud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закричали… и начали аплодировать","title":"Inceptive «за-» and «начать» plus imperfective","body":"«закричали» uses the inceptive prefix «за-» (\"burst out shouting\"), a perfective marking the onset of the noise. «начали аплодировать» pairs «начать» with the imperfective infinitive «аплодировать» — phase verbs like начать always take the imperfective for the activity begun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well done"},{"surface":"молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Молодец","gloss":"well done"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричали","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"аплодировать","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to applaud"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-c5-s117","source":"— Да стойте, стойте, — силился всех перекричать Красоткин, — я вам расскажу, как это было, штука в том, как это было, а не в чем другом! Ведь я его разыскал, затащил к себе и тотчас же спрятал, и дом на замок, и никому не показывал до самого последнего дня. Только один Смуров узнал две недели назад, но я уверил его, что это Перезвон, и он не догадался, а я в антракте научил Жучку всем наукам, вы посмотрите, посмотрите только, какие он штуки знает! Для того и учил, чтоб уж привесть к тебе, старик, обученного, гладкого: вот, дескать, старик, какая твоя Жучка теперь! Да нет ли у вас какого-нибудь кусочка говядинки, он вам сейчас одну такую штуку покажет, что вы со смеху упадете, — говядинки, кусочек, ну неужели же у вас нет?","translation":"\"But wait, wait,\" Krassotkin strove to shout them all down, \"I'll tell you how it happened — the whole point is in how it happened, and in nothing else! Why, I tracked him down, dragged him home, and hid him at once, kept the house locked, and showed him to no one until this very last day. Only Smurov found out two weeks ago, but I assured him it was Perezvon, and he didn't guess, and meanwhile I taught Zhutchka all sorts of tricks — just watch, only watch, what tricks he knows! That's what I trained him for, so as to bring him to you, old man, all trained and sleek: there, I'd say, old man, see what your Zhutchka is now! Wouldn't you have a little scrap of beef about you? He'll do you a trick this minute that'll make you fall down laughing — a scrap of beef, just a little bit, surely you must have some?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"штука в том, как это было, а не в чем другом","title":"Idiom «штука в том, что/как…» with contrastive «а»","body":"«штука в том, как…» is colloquial for \"the (whole) point is in how…,\" parallel to the bookish «дело в том, что». The contrast «а не в чем другом» (\"and not in anything else\") uses «а» plus the prepositional «в чём» to sharpen the focus on the manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в антракте научил Жучку всем наукам","title":"«научить всем наукам» — taught him every trick","body":"«научить кого чему» takes the dative of the thing taught: «всем наукам» (dative plural, \"all the sciences/arts\"). The grand phrase \"taught him all the sciences\" is comic hyperbole for dog-tricks. «в антракте» (\"in the interval\") is a theatrical word, fitting Kolya's showmanship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб уж привесть к тебе… обученного","title":"Purpose «чтоб» plus the archaic infinitive «привесть»","body":"«чтоб» is the reduced colloquial «чтобы» (purpose, \"so as to\"). «привесть» is the older infinitive of modern «привести» (\"to bring\") — a literary-archaic form. «обученного, гладкого» are past passive participle and adjective in the animate accusative, agreeing with the dog: \"bring him trained and sleek.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот, дескать, старик","title":"The reportive particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported or imagined speech, framing what one would say or claim — \"as if to say, look here, old man.\" Kolya uses it to act out the little speech he'd planned to make on presenting the trained dog."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да нет ли у вас какого-нибудь кусочка говядинки","title":"«нет ли…» — a tentative 'might you have…?'","body":"«нет ли у вас…?» combines the existential «нет» with the question-particle «ли» for a polite, hopeful inquiry — \"you wouldn't happen to have…?\" The negated existential pulls everything into the genitive: «какого-нибудь кусочка говядинки», with «говядинки» the coaxing diminutive of «говядина» (beef)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies стойте","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стойте (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"силился","lemma":"силиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"strove"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of перекричать","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"перекричать","lemma":"перекричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силился","gloss":"to outshout"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of силился","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of расскажу","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of штука","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в чем другом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of штука","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разыскал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разыскал","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tracked down"},{"surface":"затащил","lemma":"затащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разыскал","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of затащил","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разыскал","gloss":"hid him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of an elided verb (put), coordinated with разыскал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на, modifying elided verb","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of показывал","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывал","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разыскал","gloss":"showed him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies Смуров","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found out"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уверил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Перезвон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Перезвон","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of уверил","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антракте","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"антракте","lemma":"антракт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of научил","gloss":"the intermission"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"Жучку","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of наукам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"наукам","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of научил","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of посмотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just watch"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрите (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of штуки","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"штуки","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрите","gloss":"he knows"},{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of учил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies учил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I trained him"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привесть","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привесть","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"привесть","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of учил","gloss":"to bring him","note":"Archaic/colloquial infinitive form of привести."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of привесть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"обученного","lemma":"обучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies the implied object (Zhutchka) of привесть","gloss":"trained"},{"surface":"гладкого","lemma":"гладкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied object (Zhutchka) of привесть","gloss":"sleek"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to дескать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Colloquial particle flagging the words as an imagined quotation."},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Жучка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Жучка","lemma":"жучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb 'is'","gloss":"Zhutchka"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided copula","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"isn't there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кусочка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"-нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"forms indefinite with какого","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"кусочка","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject (genitive) of нет","gloss":"a little piece"},{"surface":"говядинки","lemma":"говядинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кусочка","gloss":"of beef"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажет","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies штуку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуку","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покажет","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"покажет","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упадете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упадете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упадете","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"упадете","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of покажет","gloss":"you'll fall down"},{"surface":"говядинки","lemma":"говядинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"beef"},{"surface":"кусочек","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to говядинки","gloss":"a scrap"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have none"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-c5-s118","source":"Штабс-капитан стремительно кинулся через сени в избу к хозяевам, где варилось и штабс-капитанское кушанье.","translation":"The staff-captain rushed headlong across the entryway into the cabin to the landlords, where the staff-captain's own dinner was also being cooked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в избу к хозяевам","title":"«изба» and «хозяева» — the peasant cabin and its owners","body":"«изба» is a traditional Russian log peasant house. «к хозяевам» (\"to the landlords/hosts,\" «к» + dative plural of «хозяин», irregular plural «хозяева») shows the Snegiryovs are lodgers renting a corner — the captain must run across to the owners' part of the house to beg the meat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где варилось… кушанье","title":"Reflexive-passive «варилось»","body":"«варилось» is the imperfective reflexive «-ся» used as a passive/middle: \"[where] was being cooked,\" the food as subject without a named cook. The neuter singular agrees with «кушанье» (\"dish, food\"), a slightly elevated word for a meal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кинулся","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинулся","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"the cabin"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяевам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хозяевам","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"the landlords"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on хозяевам","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"варилось","lemma":"вариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on хозяевам","gloss":"was cooking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кушанье","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"modifies кушанье","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитанское","lemma":"капитанский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кушанье","gloss":"captain's"},{"surface":"кушанье","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive варилось","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b10-c5-s119","source":"Коля же, чтобы не терять драгоценного времени, отчаянно спеша, крикнул Перезвону: «Умри!» И тот вдруг завертелся, лег на спину и замер неподвижно всеми четырьмя своими лапками вверх.","translation":"Kolya, meanwhile, so as not to lose precious time, in desperate haste shouted to Perezvon: \"Die!\" And the dog suddenly spun round, lay down on its back, and froze motionless with all four of its little paws in the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не терять драгоценного времени","title":"Purpose «чтобы не» plus imperfective and genitive of negation","body":"«чтобы не терять… времени» — \"so as not to lose precious time.\" The infinitive «терять» is imperfective (ongoing avoidance), and under its negation the object slides into the genitive: «драгоценного времени», genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умри!","title":"Perfective imperative «Умри!»","body":"«Умри!» is the imperative of the perfective «умереть» (\"to die\") — \"Die!\" as a single, complete command, fitting the trick of playing dead. Perfective imperatives call for one decisive act, against the imperfective's \"keep doing.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завертелся… лег… и замер","title":"Three perfectives with «за-» for the trick","body":"«завертелся» («за-» inceptive + «-ся», \"started spinning\"), «лег» (\"lay down\"), «замер» («за-», \"froze still\") chain perfective pasts to choreograph the dog's three quick moves. «всеми четырьмя своими лапками вверх» piles instrumentals (\"with all four of its little paws up\"), «лапками» the affectionate diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of терять","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терять","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спеша","gloss":"to lose"},{"surface":"драгоценного","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of терять","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"отчаянно","lemma":"отчаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"desperately"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Перезвону","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to Perezvon"},{"surface":"Умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted exclamation, complement of крикнул","gloss":"Die!"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завертелся","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завертелся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"завертелся","lemma":"завертеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spun round"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завертелся","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"his back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замер","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завертелся","gloss":"froze"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замер","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of лапками","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четырьмя","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies лапками","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of лапками","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"лапками","lemma":"лапка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замер","gloss":"little paws"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лапками","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b10-c5-s120","source":"Мальчики смеялись, Илюша смотрел с прежнею страдальческою своею улыбкой, но всех больше понравилось, что умер Перезвон, «маменьке».","translation":"The boys laughed, Ilusha looked on with his former suffering smile, but the one most delighted of all that Perezvon had died was \"mamma.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех больше понравилось, что умер Перезвон, «маменьке»","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравиться»","body":"«понравилось… маменьке» is the dative-experiencer construction: «маменьке» (dative) is the one pleased, with no nominative \"subject\" — what pleased her is the «что»-clause «что умер Перезвон». «всех больше» (\"more than all,\" the superlative of «больше» with genitive «всех») marks her as most delighted of all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялись","gloss":"looked on"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежнею","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"his former"},{"surface":"страдальческою","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison, modifies больше","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was delighted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понравилось","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"маменьке","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of понравилось","gloss":"mamma"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b10-c5-s121","source":"Она расхохоталась на собаку и принялась щелкать пальцами и звать:","translation":"She burst out laughing at the dog and began snapping her fingers and calling it:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхохоталась","title":"«расхохотаться» — to burst out laughing","body":"The perfective «расхохотаться» (here past feminine «расхохоталась») means to break into loud laughter all at once. The prefix «рас-» gives the sense of a sudden outburst spreading out, sharper than plain «смеяться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялась щелкать пальцами и звать","title":"«приняться» + imperfective infinitive","body":"The perfective «приняться» (set about, begin) governs a string of imperfective infinitives — «щелкать… и звать» — naming the onset of ongoing, repeated actions. Note the instrumental «пальцами» ('with her fingers') as the means of snapping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расхохоталась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"расхохоталась","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расхохоталась","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхохоталась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"щелкать","lemma":"щёлкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"snapping"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of щелкать","gloss":"her fingers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with щелкать","gloss":"calling"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b10-c5-s122","source":"— Перезвон, Перезвон!","translation":"\"Perezvon, Perezvon!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Перезвон","title":"«Перезвон» — the dog's name","body":"«Перезвон» means the pealing or chiming of many bells together (from «звон», a ring/chime). As a dog's name it is sonorous and a little grand — the kind of resonant name a boy like Kolya would choose to show off his pet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Перезвон","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b10-c5-s123","source":"— Ни за что не подымется, ни за что, — победоносно и справедливо гордясь, прокричал Коля, — хоть весь свет кричи, а вот я крикну, и в один миг вскочит! Иси, Перезвон!","translation":"\"He won't get up for anything, not for anything,\" cried Kolya, triumphant and rightly proud, \"the whole world can call him, but I'll give one shout and in an instant he'll spring up! Ici, Perezvon!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни за что не подымется","title":"«ни за что» + negation — negative concord","body":"«ни за что» ('not for anything, no matter what') is an «ни»-phrase that intensifies the negation, and the verb still carries «не»: «ни за что не подымется». Russian requires this double marking — the «ни»-word and the verbal «не» together make one emphatic 'won't do it for anything.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подымется","title":"«подыматься» — colloquial 'get up'","body":"«подымется» is a colloquial variant of «поднимется» (will get up / rise). The «-ым-» forms of this verb are folksier and very much in a boy's spoken register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть весь свет кричи, а вот я крикну","title":"Concessive «хоть» + imperative, then perfective future","body":"«хоть… кричи» uses an imperative form generically ('let the whole world shout' / 'shout though they may') for a concession. It then pivots on contrastive «а» to «я крикну» — a perfective future ('I'll give one shout'), the single decisive act against the futile background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Иси","title":"«Иси» — French «ici» as a dog command","body":"«Иси» transliterates the French «ici» ('here'), used as a command to call the dog. Kolya peppers his speech with such borrowed flourishes; later in the chunk «Пиль!» (from French «pille!») is the same affectation — a boy showing off a smattering of fashionable French."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымется","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подымется","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he won't get up"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"победоносно","lemma":"победоносно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордясь","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордясь","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"гордясь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces concessive clause with кричи","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричи","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of concessive clause with свет","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крикну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"крикну","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll shout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вскочит","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикну","gloss":"he'll jump up"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (borrowed from French ici)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here!","note":"French \"ici\" (\"here\"), used as a dog-calling command."},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иси","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b10-c5-s124","source":"Собака вскочила и принялась прыгать, визжа от радости.","translation":"The dog sprang up and began to leap about, yelping with joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"визжа от радости","title":"«визжа» — present gerund of attendant manner","body":"«визжа» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «визжать» (to yelp, squeal), describing the manner accompanying «прыгать»: the dog leaps 'while yelping with joy.' «от радости» ('from joy') uses «от» + genitive for cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прыгать","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"to leap about"},{"surface":"визжа","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прыгать","gloss":"yelping"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of визжа","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b10-c5-s125","source":"Штабс-капитан вбежал с куском вареной говядины.","translation":"The captain came running in with a piece of boiled beef.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с куском вареной говядины","title":"Chain of genitives after «с» + instrumental","body":"«с куском» is «с» + instrumental ('with a piece'), and «куском» then governs a genitive of material, «вареной говядины» ('of boiled beef'). The genitive «говядины» depends in turn on «куском» — a typical nested 'piece-of-X' chain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking куском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"куском","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежал","gloss":"a piece"},{"surface":"вареной","lemma":"варёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies говядины","gloss":"boiled"},{"surface":"говядины","lemma":"говядина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies куском","gloss":"of beef"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b10-c5-s126","source":"— Не горяча? — торопливо и деловито осведомился Коля, принимая кусок, — нет, не горяча, а то собаки не любят горячего. Смотрите же все, Илюшечка, смотри, да смотри же, смотри, старик, что же ты не смотришь? Я привел, а он не смотрит!","translation":"\"Not too hot?\" Kolya inquired hurriedly and in a businesslike way, taking the piece. \"No, not hot — dogs don't like things hot. Now everyone look, Ilyushechka, look, do look now, look, old man, why aren't you looking? I brought him, and he isn't even looking!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не горяча?","title":"Short-form adjective «горяча»","body":"«горяча» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «горячий» (hot), agreeing with implied «говядина» (the meat). Short adjectives appear only as predicates and lend a clipped, idiomatic feel here — '(Is it) not hot?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собаки не любят горячего","title":"Genitive of negation: «горячего»","body":"Under the negated verb «не любят», the object slips into the genitive: «горячего» (the substantivized neuter adjective, 'hot things') rather than accusative «горячее». This genitive-of-negation marks a general, non-specific object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотрите же все, … смотри, да смотри же, смотри","title":"Imperatives stacked with the particle «же»","body":"Kolya piles up imperatives — polite/plural «смотрите» and intimate «смотри» — studded with insistent «же» ('do look!'). The particle «же» here is pure urging, the texture of excited spoken Russian that English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — a tender diminutive","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly affectionate diminutive of «Илья» (via «Илюша»), with the caressing suffix «-ечка». Kolya's switch to this softest form, alongside «старик» ('old man') as a gruff endearment, shows his tenderness pushing through his bravado."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горяча","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"горяча","lemma":"горяч","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, subject implied (the piece of meat)","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"торопливо","lemma":"торопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links торопливо and деловито","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деловито","lemma":"деловито","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with торопливо","gloss":"in a businesslike way"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on осведомился","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимая","gloss":"the piece"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the negation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горяча","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"горяча","lemma":"горяч","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with нет","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (part of the idiom а то)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то, introduces the clause of любят","gloss":"else","note":"«а то» is an idiom meaning \"otherwise/because\"."},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause, subject собаки","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"горячего","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любят (genitive under negation)","gloss":"hot things"},{"surface":"Смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смотрите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"addressee of Смотрите (vocative)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of Смотрите, coordinated with все","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотри","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of смотри (term of endearment)","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"adverbial, asks reason, modifies смотришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"are looking"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with привел via а","gloss":"is looking"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b10-c5-s127","source":"Новая штука состояла в том, чтобы неподвижно стоящей и протянувшей свой нос собаке положить на самый нос лакомый кусочек говядины.","translation":"The new trick consisted of balancing a choice morsel of beef on the very tip of the nose of the dog, who stood motionless with its muzzle stretched out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состояла в том, чтобы … положить","title":"«состоять в том, чтобы» + infinitive","body":"The frame «состоять в том, чтобы…» ('to consist in [doing]…') uses correlative «в том» ('in that') anticipating a «чтобы»-clause. Here «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive «положить» to define the trick's content."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижно стоящей и протянувшей свой нос собаке","title":"Two participles modifying «собаке»","body":"The dative «собаке» is framed by a present active participle «стоящей» ('standing') and a past active participle «протянувшей» ('having stretched out'), both in agreeing dative endings. This dense pre-posed participial chain — condensing two «который»-clauses — is a hallmark of literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакомый кусочек","title":"«лакомый кусочек» — a choice morsel","body":"«лакомый» means dainty, tasty, tempting (of food), and «кусочек» is the diminutive of «кусок» (piece). Together 'a choice little morsel' — the diminutive adds appeal, fitting the coaxing of a dog."}],"words":[{"surface":"Новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штука","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of положить","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоящей","gloss":"motionlessly"},{"surface":"стоящей","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies собаке","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протянувшей","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоящей, modifies собаке","gloss":"having stretched out"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протянувшей","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative possessor with на нос, complement of положить","gloss":"of the dog"},{"surface":"положить","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"to place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нос","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нос","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положить, marked by на","gloss":"tip of the nose"},{"surface":"лакомый","lemma":"лакомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кусочек","gloss":"tasty"},{"surface":"кусочек","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положить","gloss":"morsel"},{"surface":"говядины","lemma":"говядина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кусочек","gloss":"of beef"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b10-c5-s128","source":"Несчастный пес, не шевелясь, должен был простоять с куском на носу сколько велит хозяин, не двинуться, не шевельнуться, хоть полчаса.","translation":"The poor dog had to stand there without stirring, the piece on its nose, for as long as its master decreed — not budging, not twitching, even for half an hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не шевелясь","title":"Negated gerund «не шевелясь»","body":"«не шевелясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «шевелиться» (to stir, move), negated: 'without stirring.' A negated деепричастие routinely renders English 'without doing X,' the attendant non-action of the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был простоять","title":"«должен был» + perfective infinitive — obligation","body":"«должен был простоять» pairs the modal predicate «должен» (in past «был») with the perfective infinitive «простоять» ('to stand through [a span]'). The «про-» prefix means enduring an action for its whole duration — here standing stock-still for as long as commanded."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не двинуться, не шевельнуться","title":"Perfective infinitives of single non-movement","body":"«двинуться» and «шевельнуться» are the perfective (one-time) counterparts to «двигаться»/«шевелиться»: 'not to make a single move, not to give one twitch.' The «-ну-» of «шевельнуться» marks a single, momentary act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пес","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"пес","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевелясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шевелясь","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, with был as auxiliary","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"простоять","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking куском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"куском","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простоять","gloss":"the piece"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"носу","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простоять","gloss":"its nose"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"introduces the clause of велит, modifies простоять","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сколько-clause","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двинуться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двинуться","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"further complement of должен, coordinated with простоять","gloss":"budge"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевельнуться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шевельнуться","lemma":"шевельнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинуться","gloss":"twitch"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полчаса","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"accusative of duration, modifies простоять","gloss":"half an hour"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b10-c5-s129","source":"Но Перезвона выдержали только самую маленькую минутку.","translation":"But Perezvon was made to hold out only for the briefest little minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перезвона выдержали только","title":"Animate accusative «Перезвона»; subjectless «они»","body":"«Перезвона» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) object of «выдержали» ('they made him hold out'). The verb is an impersonal third-plural with no stated subject — Russian's regular way of saying 'one made / he was made to' without a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самую маленькую минутку","title":"Doubled diminution: «самую маленькую минутку»","body":"The superlative «самую маленькую» ('the very smallest') heaps onto the diminutive «минутку» ('little minute') for affectionate exaggeration — 'only the tiniest little minute.' This piling of smallness is a warm, colloquial flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержали","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"выдержали","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, impersonal plural (they made him hold out)","gloss":"made hold out"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies маленькую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"briefest"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"accusative of duration, modifies выдержали","gloss":"little minute"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b10-c5-s130","source":"— Пиль! — крикнул Коля, и кусок в один миг перелетел с носу в рот Перезвона.","translation":"\"Take it!\" cried Kolya, and in a flash the morsel flew from the nose into Perezvon's mouth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пиль!","title":"«Пиль!» — a hunting command","body":"«Пиль!» (from French «pille!», 'seize/take it!') was a Russian hunters' command to a dog to pounce on the game. Kolya uses it as the cue to snatch the meat — another of his Frenchified dog-commands, like «Иси»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелетел с носу в рот","title":"Prefixed motion «пере-» and the «-у» locative ending","body":"«перелетел» ('flew across/over') is a perfective prefixed motion verb built on «лететь». Note «с носу» — the older partitive/locative «-у» ending on «нос» (rather than «с носа»), a folksy 19th-c. form, paired with «в рот» (в + accusative for motion-into)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пиль","lemma":"пиль","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation (dog command \"take it!\")","gloss":"Take it!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перелетел","gloss":"the morsel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелетел, marked by в","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"перелетел","lemma":"перелететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"носу","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (colloquial alternate form)","role":"oblique complement of перелетел","gloss":"the nose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелетел","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рот","gloss":"Perezvon's"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b10-c5-s131","source":"Публика, разумеется, выразила восторженное удивление.","translation":"The audience, naturally, voiced its delighted astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Публика, разумеется, выразила восторженное удивление","title":"Mock-grand register: «публика», «восторженное удивление»","body":"The narrator wryly elevates a sickroom of children and parents to «публика» ('the audience/public') voicing «восторженное удивление» ('rapturous astonishment'). «разумеется» ('of course, naturally') is a parenthetical that adds the gently ironic, knowing tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Публика","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразила","gloss":"the audience"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"выразила","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"восторженное","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивление","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразила","gloss":"astonishment"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b10-c5-s132","source":"— И неужели, неужели вы из-за того только, чтоб обучить собаку, всё время не приходили! — воскликнул с невольным укором Алеша.","translation":"\"And is it really true, really, that you stayed away all this time only to train the dog!\" exclaimed Alyosha, with involuntary reproach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели, неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous question particle","body":"«неужели» introduces a question of astonished disbelief ('can it really be that…?'), here doubled for emotional force. Unlike a neutral question, it presupposes the speaker's amazement — exactly Alyosha's involuntary reproach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за того только, чтоб обучить собаку","title":"Cause «из-за того» + purpose «чтоб»","body":"«из-за того» ('because of that, on that account') is «из-за» + genitive «того», pointing forward to the purpose clause «чтоб обучить собаку». «чтоб» is the reduced form of «чтобы», taking the infinitive 'in order to train the dog.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, head of the exclamation","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, repeated, modifies приходили","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom из-за того, marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обучить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"обучить","lemma":"обучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приходили","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обучить","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"accusative of duration, modifies приходили","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the неужели-question clause, subject вы","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking укором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невольным","lemma":"невольный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies укором","gloss":"involuntary"},{"surface":"укором","lemma":"укор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b10-c5-s133","source":"— Именно для того, — прокричал простодушнейшим образом Коля. — Я хотел показать его во всем блеске!","translation":"\"For that very reason,\" cried Kolya, in the most ingenuous manner. \"I wanted to show him off in his full glory!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простодушнейшим образом","title":"Bookish superlative «-ейш-»: «простодушнейшим»","body":"«простодушнейшим» is the suffixal superlative of «простодушный» (ingenuous, simple-hearted): 'in the most ingenuous manner.' The «-ейш-» superlative is markedly bookish — the narrator's elevated phrasing wrapped around a boy's naïveté. «образом» is an instrumental of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показать его во всем блеске","title":"«во всём блеске» — prepositional of manner","body":"«во всём блеске» ('in his full glory/brilliance') is «в» + prepositional, a fixed phrase. «во» is the form of «в» used before words beginning with certain consonant clusters («всём»), easing pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical answer to the previous question","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"простодушнейшим","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"most ingenuous"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блеске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of блеске","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"блеске","lemma":"блеск","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показать","gloss":"glory"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b10-c5-s134","source":"— Перезвон! Перезвон! — защелкал вдруг своими худенькими пальчиками Илюша, маня собаку.","translation":"\"Perezvon! Perezvon!\" Ilyusha suddenly began snapping his thin little fingers, beckoning the dog.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"защелкал … своими худенькими пальчиками","title":"Inceptive «за-» + instrumental of means","body":"«защелкал» ('started snapping') uses the inceptive prefix «за-» marking the beginning of the action. The means is in the instrumental: «худенькими пальчиками» — both adjective and noun bear caressing diminutive force ('his thin little fingers'), heartbreaking on a dying child."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"маня собаку","title":"Present gerund «маня»","body":"«маня» is the imperfective present gerund of «манить» (to beckon, lure): 'beckoning the dog,' the simultaneous attendant action to «защелкал». It shares Ilyusha as its subject, as a деепричастие must."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, calling the dog","gloss":"Perezvon!"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, repeated call to the dog","gloss":"Perezvon!"},{"surface":"защелкал","lemma":"защелкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began snapping"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защелкал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of пальчиками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"худенькими","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пальчиками","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"пальчиками","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of защелкал","gloss":"little fingers"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of защелкал","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"маня","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on защелкал, subject Илюша","gloss":"beckoning"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of маня","gloss":"the dog"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b10-c5-s135","source":"— Да чего тебе! Пусть он к тебе на постель сам вскочит. Иси, Перезвон! — стукнул ладонью по постели Коля, и Перезвон как стрела влетел к Илюше.","translation":"\"Wait, what's the use! Let him jump up onto your bed himself. Ici, Perezvon!\" Kolya gave the bed a slap of his palm, and Perezvon shot to Ilyusha like an arrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да чего тебе!","title":"Dative «тебе» + genitive «чего» — colloquial idiom","body":"«Да чего тебе!» is a brusque colloquialism ('Oh, what's the use to you!'). «чего» is genitive (after an implied 'need/want'), «тебе» dative of the person concerned, and opening «Да» is a discourse particle of mild dismissal, not 'yes.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он … сам вскочит","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть он… вскочит» forms a third-person command ('let him jump up') with «пусть» plus a perfective future verb. «сам» ('himself') is the intensifier, stressing that the dog should do it unbidden."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как стрела влетел","title":"«как стрела» — simile, 'like an arrow'","body":"«как стрела влетел» ('flew in like an arrow') pairs a stock simile with the prefixed motion verb «влетел» (в- 'into' + «лететь»). The image of arrow-swift devotion is part of the scene's tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскочит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, emphasizes вскочит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вскочит","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will jump"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation (dog command \"here!\")","gloss":"Here!"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the dog","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"стукнул","lemma":"стукнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slapped"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of стукнул","gloss":"with his palm"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнул","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стукнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влетел","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies влетел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"стрела","lemma":"стрела","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison как, modifies влетел","gloss":"an arrow"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стукнул","gloss":"shot in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b10-c5-s136","source":"Тот стремительно обнял его голову обеими руками, а Перезвон мигом облизал ему за это щеку.","translation":"The boy threw both arms impulsively around its head, and in return Perezvon instantly licked his cheek.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот стремительно обнял","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as topic-tracker","body":"Sentence-initial «Тот» ('that one') picks out Ilyusha as the new grammatical subject, distinct from the dog just mentioned. Russian uses «тот» this way to switch reference cleanly without a name — a key device for tracking who-does-what."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обеими руками","title":"«обеими руками» — instrumental of «обе»","body":"«обеими руками» ('with both arms/hands') is the instrumental of feminine «обе» ('both') governing «руками». The instrumental marks the body part as the means of embracing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облизал ему … щеку","title":"«облизать» with dative of the affected person","body":"«облизал ему … щеку» literally 'licked the cheek to/for him' — «ему» is a dative of the possessor/affected party, a common Russian alternative to a possessive ('licked his cheek'). «за это» means 'in return for that.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обнял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнял","gloss":"impulsively"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обнял","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облизал","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies облизал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"облизал","lemma":"облизать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнял","gloss":"licked"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of облизал","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of облизал (idiom за это, \"in return\")","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"щеку","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облизал","gloss":"cheek"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b10-c5-s137","source":"Илюшечка прижался к нему, протянулся на постельке и спрятал от всех в его косматой шерсти свое лицо.","translation":"Ilyushechka pressed close against it, stretched out on the bed, and hid his face from everyone in its shaggy coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прижался … протянулся … спрятал","title":"Perfective chain advancing the action","body":"Three perfective past verbs in sequence — «прижался» (pressed close), «протянулся» (stretched out), «спрятал» (hid) — move the moment forward event by event. The first two carry reflexive «-ся» (middle/intransitive), the last is transitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрятал от всех … свое лицо","title":"Reflexive possessive «свое»","body":"«свое лицо» ('his own face') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which always points back to the clause's subject (Ilyusha). Using «его» instead would suggest someone else's face — «свой» keeps the reference firmly on the boy himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в его косматой шерсти","title":"«косматая шерсть» — shaggy coat","body":"«косматый» means shaggy, matted, tousled, and «шерсть» is an animal's fur/coat. The boy hides his face «в… шерсти» (в + prepositional, location), burying himself in the dog's shaggy warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прижался","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"прижался","lemma":"прижаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижался","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"протянулся","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прижался","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постельке","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянулся","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прижался","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрятал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шерсти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of шерсти","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"косматой","lemma":"косматый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шерсти","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"шерсти","lemma":"шерсть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятал","gloss":"fur"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрятал","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b10-c5-s138","source":"— Господи, господи! — восклицал штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"Lord, oh Lord!\" the captain kept exclaiming.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"oh Lord"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept exclaiming"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun stem (compound prefix)","role":"part of the compound noun штабс-капитан, modifies капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b10-c5-s139","source":"Коля присел опять на постель к Илюше.","translation":"Kolya sat down again on the bed beside Ilyusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присел опять на постель к Илюше","title":"Stacked directional prepositions «на… к…»","body":"«присел» (sat down) is followed by two motion phrases: «на постель» (в/на + accusative, onto the bed) and «к Илюше» (к + dative, toward/beside Ilyusha). Russian readily stacks such directionals to fix both the spot and the person approached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"присел","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел, marked by к","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b10-c5-s140","source":"— Илюша, я тебе могу еще одну штуку показать. Я тебе пушечку принес. Помнишь, я тебе еще тогда говорил про эту пушечку, а ты сказал: «Ах, как бы и мне ее посмотреть!» Ну вот, я теперь и принес.","translation":"\"Ilyusha, I can show you one more thing. I've brought you a little cannon. Remember, I told you about this little cannon back then, and you said: 'Ah, how I'd love to see it too!' Well, here it is — I've brought it now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пушечку","title":"«пушечка» — a little cannon (toy)","body":"«пушечка» is the diminutive of «пушка» (cannon): a small toy cannon. The diminutive recurs throughout the scene, carrying both the object's smallness and the boys' fond fascination with it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе … принес. Помнишь, я тебе … говорил","title":"Aspect: perfective «принёс» vs imperfective «говорил»","body":"«принёс» (perfective, 'have brought' — a completed result now in hand) contrasts with «говорил» (imperfective, 'was telling / told you about'), which names the past act of speaking as a process, not a one-off completed event. The pairing shows aspect choosing how each action is viewed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и мне ее посmotreть!","title":"Wish with «как бы» + dative subject","body":"«Ах, как бы и мне ее посмотреть!» expresses a longing with «как бы» + particle «бы» and an infinitive, with the wisher in the dative «мне» ('how I'd love to see it!'). The dative-experiencer plus «бы» is Russian's idiom for a heartfelt, slightly hopeless wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of могу/показать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject я","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies штуку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"a little cannon"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Помнишь","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пушечку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пушечку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"little cannon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил via а","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"modifies посмотреть","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with посмотреть","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of посмотреть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посмотреть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of the quoted clause under сказал","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ну","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies принес","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought it"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b10-c5-s141","source":"И Коля, торопясь, вытащил из своей сумки свою бронзовую пушечку.","translation":"And Kolya, in his haste, pulled his bronze little cannon out of his bag.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"торопясь, вытащил из своей сумки свою бронзовую пушечку","title":"Gerund «торопясь» + reflexive possessives","body":"«торопясь» ('hurrying') is the present gerund of «торопиться», setting the manner of «вытащил» (pulled out). Both possessives are reflexive «свой» (своей сумки, свою пушечку), tying bag and cannon to the subject Kolya himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вытащил","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сумки","lemma":"сумка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пушечку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бронзовую","lemma":"бронзовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пушечку","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"little cannon"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b10-c5-s142","source":"Торопился он потому, что уж сам был очень счастлив: в другое время так выждал бы, когда пройдет эффект, произведенный Перезвоном, но теперь поспешил, презирая всякую выдержку: «уж и так счастливы, так вот вам и еще счастья!» Сам уж он был очень упоен.","translation":"He hurried because he himself was already very happy: at another time he would have waited until the effect produced by Perezvon had worn off, but now he rushed ahead, scorning all restraint — \"They're already so happy, so here's still more happiness for you!\" He was already quite intoxicated himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в другое время так выждал бы","title":"Conditional «выждал бы» — the unrealized alternative","body":"«выждал бы» is the conditional (past form + «бы»): 'he would have waited.' It frames the counterfactual — what Kolya would normally have done «в другое время» ('at another time') — against what he actually does now, captured in the perfective «поспешил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эффект, произведенный Перезвоном","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«произведённый» is the past passive participle of «произвести» ('produced'), modifying «эффект». Its agent stands in the instrumental: «Перезвоном» ('produced by Perezvon') — the regular Russian passive-participle construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"презирая всякую выдержку","title":"Gerund «презирая»","body":"«презирая» is the present gerund of «презирать» (to despise, scorn): 'scorning all restraint,' the attitude accompanying «поспешил». «выдержку» ('restraint, self-control') is its accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упоен","title":"«упоён» — intoxicated, enraptured","body":"«упоён» is the short past-passive participle of «упоить/упоённый», meaning carried away, enraptured, 'drunk' with feeling. It is an elevated, lyrical word for Kolya's brimming happiness, not literal drunkenness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Торопился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of потому что (\"because\")","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes потому что, introduces the clause of счастлив","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in the потому что clause","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial with выждал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with бы, modifies выждал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выждал","lemma":"выждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the counterfactual clause","gloss":"would have waited"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks выждал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пройдет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выждал","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"эффект","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"the effect"},{"surface":"произведенный","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of эффект","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"Перезвоном","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of произведенный","gloss":"by Perezvon"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with выждал (но)","gloss":"rushed ahead"},{"surface":"презирая","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешил","gloss":"scorning"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выдержку","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выдержку","lemma":"выдержка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирая","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастливы","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies так счастливы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective in the quoted exclamation","gloss":"are happy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот вам","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces вам и еще счастья","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object in the exclamation","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"partitive object in the exclamation","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive упоен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of упоен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"упоен","lemma":"упоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"intoxicated"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b10-c5-s143","source":"— Я эту штучку давно уже у чиновника Морозова наглядел — для тебя, старик, для тебя. Она у него стояла даром, от брата ему досталась, я и выменял ему на книжку, из папина шкафа: «Родственник Магомета, или Целительное дурачество». Сто лет книжке, забубённая, в Москве вышла, когда еще цензуры не было, а Морозов до этих штучек охотник. Еще поблагодарил…","translation":"\"I spotted this little thing a while ago at the clerk Morozov's — for you, old man, for you. It was just sitting there idle at his place, came to him from his brother, and I bartered for it with a book from my father's cabinet: 'A Kinsman of Mahomet, or Salutary Folly.' The book is a hundred years old, an outrageous thing, came out in Moscow back when there was still no censorship, and Morozov is a great fancier of such little gadgets. He even thanked me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от брата ему досталась","title":"«достаться» + dative — 'came to him'","body":"«досталась» (perfective «достаться») means 'fell to / came into the possession of,' and the recipient stands in the dative «ему» ('came to him'). «от брата» (от + genitive) names the source: it passed to him from his brother."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выменял ему на книжку","title":"«выменять на» — to barter for","body":"«выменять на (что-то)» means to get something by trading another thing for it. Kolya «выменял… на книжку» — bartered the cannon for a book; the «на» + accusative names what was given in exchange."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забубённая","title":"«забубённый» — reckless, devil-may-care","body":"«забубённый» is an expressive colloquial adjective meaning wild, dissolute, devil-may-care. Applied to the old book it conveys 'a rollicking, outrageous thing' — a vivid bit of boyish slang the narrator lets stand in Kolya's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наглядел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штучку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штучку","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наглядел","gloss":"little thing"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наглядел","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наглядел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наглядел","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"Морозова","lemma":"Морозов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновника","gloss":"Morozov's"},{"surface":"наглядел","lemma":"наглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spotted"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to тебя","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of досталась","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of досталась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"досталась","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выменял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выменял","lemma":"выменять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"bartered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выменял","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книжку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"книжку","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выменял","gloss":"a book"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкафа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"папина","lemma":"папин","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шкафа","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"шкафа","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"cabinet"},{"surface":"Родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to книжку (book's title)","gloss":"A Kinsman"},{"surface":"Магомета","lemma":"Магомет","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Родственник","gloss":"of Mahomet"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two halves of the title","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Целительное","lemma":"целительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дурачество","gloss":"Salutary"},{"surface":"дурачество","lemma":"дурачество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Родственник (second half of title)","gloss":"Folly"},{"surface":"Сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"predicate age-phrase with dative книжке","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"книжке","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of the age-phrase Сто лет","gloss":"the book is"},{"surface":"забубённая","lemma":"забубённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing книжка","gloss":"outrageous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"цензуры","lemma":"цензура","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"censorship"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышла","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Морозов","lemma":"Морозов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of охотник","gloss":"Morozov"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штучек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of штучек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"штучек","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до, complement of охотник","gloss":"little things"},{"surface":"охотник","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Морозов","gloss":"a great fancier"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поблагодарил","gloss":"he even"},{"surface":"поблагодарил","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thanked me"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b10-c5-s144","source":"Пушечку Коля держал в руке пред всеми, так что все могли видеть и наслаждаться.","translation":"Kolya held the little cannon up in his hand before them all, so that everyone could see and admire it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пушечку Коля держал в руке пред всеми","title":"Object-first word order for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «пушечку» is fronted ahead of the subject «Коля» to make the cannon the topic — 'The little cannon, Kolya held up…'. Free word order lets Russian foreground given information this way. «пред» is a bookish, elevated variant of «перед» ('before/in front of')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все могли видеть и наслаждаться","title":"«мочь» + imperfective infinitives; «наслаждаться» + instrumental","body":"«могли видеть и наслаждаться» — past of «мочь» with two imperfective infinitives of ongoing action. «наслаждаться» ('to delight in') governs the instrumental (here understood object), a verb that takes its complement in that case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, modifies держал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes так что (\"so that\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"result clause on держал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"see it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наслаждаться","lemma":"наслаждаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"admire it"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b10-c5-s145","source":"Илюша приподнялся и, продолжая правою рукой обнимать Перезвона, с восхищением разглядывал игрушку.","translation":"Ilyusha raised himself up and, his right arm still around Perezvon, gazed at the toy in rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжая правою рукой обнимать","title":"Gerund «продолжая» + archaic instrumental «правою»","body":"«продолжая… обнимать» is the gerund of «продолжать» plus an imperfective infinitive: 'continuing to embrace.' Note «правою рукой» with the older bookish instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») on «правая» — a 19th-c. literary flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с восхищением разглядывал","title":"«с восхищением» — instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«с восхищением» ('with rapture/admiration') is «с» + instrumental, an adverbial of manner coloring «разглядывал» (imperfective, 'kept examining, gazed at'). The imperfective stresses the lingering, absorbed quality of the looking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приподнялся","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"приподнялся","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised himself up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разглядывал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обнимать","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"обнимать","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимать","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищением","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищением","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разглядывал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"разглядывал","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приподнялся","gloss":"gazed at"},{"surface":"игрушку","lemma":"игрушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывал","gloss":"the toy"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b10-c5-s146","source":"Эффект дошел до высокой степени, когда Коля объявил, что у него есть и порох и что можно сейчас же и выстрелить, «если это только не обеспокоит дам».","translation":"The effect reached its highest pitch when Kolya announced that he had gunpowder too, and that they could fire it off right now, \"if only it won't disturb the ladies.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявил, что у него есть … и что можно … выстрелить","title":"Two «что»-clauses reporting fact","body":"«объявил, что… и что…» reports content with the subordinator «что» ('that'). The second clause is impersonal: «можно… выстрелить» ('one can fire') — «можно» + perfective infinitive, with no nominative subject, a typical Russian possibility construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если это только не обеспокоит дам","title":"Conditional «если» + perfective future","body":"«если… не обеспокоит дам» is a real conditional with «если» and the perfective future «обеспокоит» ('will disturb'). «дам» is the genitive/accusative plural of «дама» (here animate accusative object). The whole quoted clause is Kolya's mock-gallant aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эффект","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"the effect"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высокой","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"pitch"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дошел","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in у него есть construction","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил (у него есть = he has)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порох","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"gunpowder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"they could"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выстрелить","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"fire it off"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обеспокоит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обеспокоит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не обеспокоит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates обеспокоит","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"обеспокоит","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of выстрелить","gloss":"disturb"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обеспокоит","gloss":"the ladies"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b10-c5-s147","source":"«Маменька» немедленно попросила, чтоб ей дали поближе посмотреть на игрушку, что тотчас и было исполнено.","translation":"\"Mama\" at once asked to be allowed to look at the toy more closely, which was immediately done.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«Маменька»","title":"«маменька» — 'mama', in quotation marks","body":"«маменька» is an affectionate, old-fashioned diminutive of «мама» ('dear mama, mummy'). The narrator sets it in quotation marks because it is how the household calls Snegiryov's simple-minded wife — a tender, slightly pitying nickname adopted by all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попросила, чтоб ей дали поближе посмотреть","title":"«попросить, чтобы» + past form (indirect request)","body":"A request is reported with «чтоб(ы)» plus a verb in the past form, «дали» ('that they let her…') — the willed/irrealis construction «чтобы» always demands. «ей» is dative ('to her'), and «поближе» is the comparative adverb ('a bit closer')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тотчас и было исполнено","title":"Past passive with «было» + short participle","body":"«было исполнено» is the analytic past passive: «было» plus the short past-passive participle «исполнено» ('was carried out'). Relative «что» here refers back to the whole preceding request — 'which was at once done.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of попросила","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"she [be allowed]"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of попросила","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"поближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies посмотреть","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игрушку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"игрушку","lemma":"игрушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотреть","gloss":"the toy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"refers back to the whole preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies исполнено","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of исполнено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"исполнено","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b10-c5-s148","source":"Бронзовая пушечка на колесках ей ужасно понравилась, и она принялась ее катать на своих коленях.","translation":"The little bronze cannon on its wheels pleased her enormously, and she began rolling it about on her knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей ужасно понравилась","title":"«нравиться» + dative experiencer","body":"«понравилась» ('pleased, came to please') takes the one who likes in the dative — «ей» ('to her') — while the thing liked (the cannon) is the grammatical subject. Russian frames liking as something that pleases the experiencer, hence the dative-first idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на колесках","title":"«колёски» — little wheels","body":"«колёски» (here «на колесках», prepositional) is the diminutive plural of «колёса» (wheels): the cannon's dear little wheels. The diminutive keeps the whole object in the affectionate, toy-like register of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бронзовая","lemma":"бронзовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пушечка","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"пушечка","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колесках","lemma":"колеска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пушечка","gloss":"wheels"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"enormously"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравилась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of катать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"катать","lemma":"катать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"rolling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of коленях","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of катать","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b10-c5-s149","source":"На просьбу о позволении выстрелить отвечала самым полным согласием, не понимая, впрочем, о чем ее спрашивают.","translation":"To the request for permission to fire it she answered with the fullest consent, without in fact understanding what she was being asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не понимая … о чем ее спрашивают","title":"Negated gerund + embedded question","body":"«не понимая» is the negated present gerund ('without understanding'). It governs an indirect question «о чём ее спрашивают» ('what she was being asked about'), where «о чём» is «о» + prepositional and «спрашивают» is an impersonal third-plural ('they ask / she is asked')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'however, for that matter'","body":"«впрочем» is a discourse word qualifying or gently walking back what was just said ('though, however, then again'). Here it tucks in the ironic caveat that she consented 'without, for that matter, understanding the question.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"просьбу","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечала","gloss":"the request"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позволении","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"позволении","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просьбу","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"выстрелить","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies позволении","gloss":"to fire it"},{"surface":"отвечала","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies полным","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласием","gloss":"fullest"},{"surface":"согласием","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of отвечала","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понимая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечала","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies понимая","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивают","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивают","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая (object via чем)","gloss":"was being asked"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b10-c5-s150","source":"Коля показал порох и дробь.","translation":"Kolya showed them the powder and the shot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порох и дробь","title":"«порох» and «дробь» — powder and shot","body":"«порох» is gunpowder; «дробь» is lead shot (the small pellets fired from a gun). The pair belongs to the practical vocabulary of firearms that runs through this boyish episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"the powder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дробь","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with порох","gloss":"the shot"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b10-c5-s151","source":"Штабс-капитан, как бывший военный человек, сам распорядился зарядом, всыпав самую маленькую порцию пороху, дробь же попросил отложить до другого раза.","translation":"The captain, as a former military man, attended to the charge himself, pouring in the very smallest portion of powder, and asked that the shot be set aside for another time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бывший военный человек","title":"«как» + nominative apposition","body":"«как бывший военный человек» ('as a former military man') uses «как» ('as, in the capacity of') with a nominative phrase in apposition to the subject «штабс-капитан». «бывший» is the past active participle of «быть», lexicalized as 'former.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всыпав самую маленькую порцию пороху","title":"Past gerund «всыпав» + partitive «пороху»","body":"«всыпав» is the perfective past gerund of «всыпать» ('having poured in'), a prior completed act shading «распорядился». Note «пороху» — the partitive genitive in «-у» ('some powder, a portion of powder'), the older masculine partitive ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дробь же попросил отложить","title":"Contrastive particle «же» fronting the object","body":"«дробь же…» fronts the object «дробь» and marks it with «же» to set it in contrast with the powder just handled: 'the shot, on the other hand…'. Here «же» is the contrastive/topic-shifting particle rather than an emphatic one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"indeclinable prefix, part of the compound rank Штабс-капитан","role":"first part of the subject title","gloss":"Staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распорядился","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause modifying капитан","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"военный","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"military"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the как-clause modifying капитан","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies капитан","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"распорядился","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took charge"},{"surface":"зарядом","lemma":"заряд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распорядился","gloss":"the charge"},{"surface":"всыпав","lemma":"всыпать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on распорядился","gloss":"pouring in"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies маленькую","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, superlative sense","role":"modifies порцию","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"порцию","lemma":"порция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of всыпав","gloss":"portion"},{"surface":"пороху","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порцию (partitive genitive)","gloss":"of powder"},{"surface":"дробь","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"topicalized direct object of отложить","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive topic marker on дробь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распорядился","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"отложить","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to set aside"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложить","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b10-c5-s152","source":"Пушку поставили на пол, дулом в пустое место, втиснули в затравку три порошинки и зажгли спичкой.","translation":"They set the cannon on the floor, muzzle pointed at an empty space, pressed three grains into the touch-hole, and lit it with a match.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поставили … втиснули … зажгли","title":"Impersonal third-plural perfective chain","body":"Three subjectless perfective verbs — «поставили», «втиснули», «зажгли» — narrate the loading step by step, each an impersonal 'they/one' with no stated subject. The perfective aspect carries the sequence of discrete completed actions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дулом в пустое место … в затравку … спичкой","title":"Firing vocabulary: «дуло», «затравка», «спичка»","body":"«дуло» is the muzzle (here instrumental «дулом», 'with the muzzle [pointed]'); «затравка» is the touch-hole/priming-hole of an old cannon; «спичка» a match («спичкой», instrumental of means). «порошинки» are individual grains of powder. A cluster of period firearm terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пушку","lemma":"пушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставили","gloss":"the cannon"},{"surface":"поставили","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставили","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"дулом","lemma":"дуло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of manner, describes orientation, modifies поставили","gloss":"muzzle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"пустое","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в, target of дулом","gloss":"a spot"},{"surface":"втиснули","lemma":"втиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставили","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking затравку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"затравку","lemma":"затравка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of втиснули","gloss":"the touch-hole"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on порошинки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"порошинки","lemma":"порошинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of втиснули","gloss":"grains"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажгли","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставили","gloss":"lit it"},{"surface":"спичкой","lemma":"спичка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажгли","gloss":"a match"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b10-c5-s153","source":"Произошел самый блистательный выстрел.","translation":"A most splendid shot rang out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Произошел самый блистательный выстрел","title":"Verb-first order; superlative «самый блистательный»","body":"Verb-initial «Произошёл…» ('there occurred…') is a presentational order that introduces a new event, holding the subject «выстрел» for the end. «самый блистательный» ('the most brilliant/splendid') is the periphrastic superlative with «самый», agreeing with «выстрел»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies блистательный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"блистательный","lemma":"блистательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выстрел","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"выстрел","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Произошел","gloss":"a shot"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b10-c5-s154","source":"Маменька вздрогнула было, но тотчас же засмеялась от радости.","translation":"Mama gave a start, but at once burst out laughing with delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнула было, но тотчас же засмеялась","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted/undone start","body":"«вздрогнула было» uses the special particle «было» to mark an action begun but at once reversed or cut short: 'she started to flinch [but…]'. The contrast lands on «засмеялась» (inceptive «за-», 'broke into laughter') right after."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнула","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вздрогнула","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted/incipient action with вздрогнула","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнула","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b10-c5-s155","source":"Мальчики смотрели с молчаливым торжеством, но более всего блаженствовал, смотря на Илюшу, штабс-капитан.","translation":"The boys watched in silent triumph, but most blissful of all, gazing at Ilyusha, was the captain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"более всего блаженствовал, смотря на Илюшу, штабс-капитан","title":"Comparative «более всего» + gerund + delayed subject","body":"«более всего» ('most of all') is the analytic comparative/superlative with «более». The subject «штабс-капитан» is held to the very end for emphasis, with the inserted gerund «смотря на Илюшу» ('gazing at Ilyusha') — a marked, weighty literary word order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блаженствовал","title":"«блаженствовать» — to be in bliss","body":"«блаженствовать» means to be in a state of bliss or beatitude — a word with a faintly spiritual coloring (cf. «блаженный», 'blessed'). It dignifies the broken captain's joy at his son's happiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торжеством","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молчаливым","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies торжеством","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"торжеством","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of блаженствовал","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"блаженствовал","lemma":"блаженствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"was blissful"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on блаженствовал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"indeclinable prefix, part of the compound rank Штабс-капитан","role":"first part of the postposed subject title","gloss":"Staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блаженствовал (postposed)","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b10-c5-s156","source":"Коля поднял пушечку и немедленно подарил ее Илюше, вместе с дробью и с порохом.","translation":"Kolya picked up the little cannon and at once made a present of it to Ilyusha, along with the shot and the powder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подарил ее Илюше, вместе с дробью и с порохом","title":"«подарить» dative recipient; «с» + instrumental accompaniment","body":"«подарил» ('made a gift of') takes the gift in the accusative «её» and the recipient in the dative «Илюше». «вместе с дробью и с порохом» ('together with the shot and the powder') uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подарил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подарил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"to Ilyusha"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подарил","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дробью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"дробью","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порохом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"порохом","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дробью","gloss":"the powder"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b10-c5-s157","source":"— Это я для тебя, для тебя! Давно приготовил, — повторил он еще раз, в полноте счастья.","translation":"\"It's for you, for you! I got it ready long ago,\" he repeated once more, in the fullness of his happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я для тебя, для тебя!","title":"Emphatic repetition; «для» + genitive","body":"«для тебя» ('for you') is «для» + genitive of «ты», doubled for emotional insistence. The zero-copula 'Это (есть)… для тебя' has no verb 'to be' in the present — Russian simply omits it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в полноте счастья","title":"«в полноте счастья» — in the fullness of happiness","body":"«в полноте счастья» ('in the fullness/completeness of [his] happiness') is a slightly elevated, almost liturgical turn («полнота», fullness; cf. 'fullness of time'). It lifts the narrator's register at this tender climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of приготовил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приготовил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"got ready"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"the fullness"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полноте","gloss":"of happiness"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b10-c5-s158","source":"— Ах, подарите мне! Нет, подарите пушечку лучше мне! — вдруг, точно маленькая, начала просить маменька.","translation":"\"Ah, give it to me! No, give the little cannon to me instead!\" Mama suddenly began begging, just like a little child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ах, подарите мне!","title":"Polite/plural imperative «подарите»","body":"«подарите» is the «-те» imperative of «подарить» ('give [as a gift]!'), addressed politely or to more than one. «мне» is the dative recipient. «лучше» here means 'rather, instead' — 'give it to me instead!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно маленькая, начала просить","title":"«точно» as 'just like'; inceptive «начала просить»","body":"«точно маленькая» means 'just like a little child' — «точно» here is a comparative particle ('as if, just like'), not 'exactly.' «начала просить» is «начать» + imperfective infinitive, marking the onset of her pleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"подарите","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give it"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подарите (w2)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"подарите","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подарите (w5)","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подарите (w5)","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подарите (w5)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленькая","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"comparative predicate describing маменька","gloss":"a little girl"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"begging"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Mama"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b10-c5-s159","source":"Лицо ее изобразило горестное беспокойство от боязни, что ей не подарят.","translation":"Her face took on a sorrowful anxiety, out of fear that it would not be given to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от боязни, что ей не подарят","title":"Cause «от боязни» + «что»-clause; impersonal «не подарят»","body":"«от боязни» ('out of fear', от + genitive of «боязнь») introduces a «что»-clause naming the feared content. «не подарят» is an impersonal negated third-plural ('they won't give [it]'), with the would-be recipient in the dative «ей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изобразило горестное беспокойство","title":"«горестный» — sorrowful, grievous","body":"«горестный» (from «горе», grief) means sorrowful, woeful, full of grief — more elevated than ordinary «грустный» (sad). «Лицо… изобразило…» literally 'her face depicted/portrayed sorrowful anxiety,' a vivid idiom for an expression coming over a face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изобразило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"изобразило","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took on"},{"surface":"горестное","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспокойство","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изобразило","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боязни","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"боязни","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подарят, complement of боязни","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарят","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подарят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подарят","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of боязни","gloss":"would be given"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b10-c5-s160","source":"Коля смутился.","translation":"Kolya was disconcerted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коля смутился","title":"Reflexive «смутился» — a change of state","body":"«смутился» is the perfective reflexive of «смущаться» (to become embarrassed/disconcerted). The «-ся» here marks an inwardly experienced change of state — he became flustered — one of the core jobs of the reflexive particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was disconcerted"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b10-c5-s161","source":"Штабс-капитан беспокойно заволновался.","translation":"The captain grew anxiously agitated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беспокойно заволновался","title":"Inceptive «за-» on a reflexive: «заволновался»","body":"«заволновался» combines the inceptive prefix «за-» ('started to') with the reflexive «волноваться» (to grow agitated/anxious): 'began to fret.' The adverb «беспокойно» ('anxiously') reinforces the captain's flutter of nerves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound noun штабс-капитан, modifies капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заволновался, compound with Штабс","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"беспокойно","lemma":"беспокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заволновался","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"заволновался","lemma":"заволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew agitated"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b10-c5-s162","source":"— Мамочка, мамочка! — подскочил он к ней, — пушечка твоя, твоя, но пусть она будет у Илюши, потому что ему подарили, но она всё равно что твоя, Илюшечка всегда тебе даст поиграть, она у вас пусть будет общая, общая…","translation":"\"Mamochka, mamochka!\" he sprang over to her. \"The little cannon is yours, yours, but let it stay with Ilyusha, since it was given to him — only it's just the same as yours, Ilyushechka will always let you play with it, let it be shared between you, shared…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мамочка, мамочка!","title":"«мамочка» — the tenderest 'mommy'","body":"«мамочка» is the most caressing diminutive of «мама» ('mommy, dear mama'), the «-очка» suffix dripping with tenderness. The captain's doubled cry softens his pleading to his afflicted wife."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть она будет у Илюши … пусть будет общая","title":"«пусть» exhortation + «у» + genitive of possession","body":"«пусть… будет» forms a let-imperative ('let it be / stay'). «у Илюши» (у + genitive) is the Russian way of saying possession/keeping ('with/at Ilyusha's'), so 'let it stay in Ilyusha's keeping.' «общая» ('common, shared') is a predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что ему подарили","title":"«потому что» + impersonal «подарили»","body":"«потому что» ('because') opens a causal clause; «подарили» is again the subjectless third-plural ('it was given'), with the recipient in the dative «ему» ('to him'). Russian habitually uses this 'they-gave' form where English reaches for a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mamochka"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мамочка (repeated vocative)","gloss":"mamochka"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang over"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пушечка","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of твоя (w8)","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of пушечка","gloss":"is yours"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with твоя (w8)","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, copula with locative phrase у Илюши","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюши","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, predicate complement of будет","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase потому что, introduces clause of подарили","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подарили","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on будет","gloss":"it was given"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всё равно, modifies равно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of она, part of idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison твоя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement in comparison, refers to пушечка","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"поиграть","lemma":"поиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of даст","gloss":"play with it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у, oblique complement of будет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to общая","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"общая","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она, head of the phrase","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"общая","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with общая (w36)","gloss":"shared"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b10-c5-s163","source":"— Нет, не хочу, чтоб общая, нет, чтобы совсем моя была, а не Илюшина, — продолжала маменька, приготовляясь уже совсем заплакать.","translation":"\"No, I don't want it shared, no, I want it to be all mine, not Ilyusha's,\" Mama persisted, already getting ready to cry outright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочу, чтоб общая … чтобы совсем моя была","title":"«хотеть, чтобы» + past form (willed outcome)","body":"Wanting that something be so takes «чтобы» + past form: «чтобы… была» ('that it be all mine'). Because the subjects differ (she wants / it should be), Russian requires «чтобы» with the past, never an infinitive — the willed-outcome construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем моя … а не Илюшина","title":"Contrastive «а не» + possessive adjective «Илюшина»","body":"«а не Илюшина» ('and not Ilyusha's') uses contrastive «а» with negation «не». «Илюшина» is a possessive adjective formed from the name «Илюша» with «-ин» (declining like an adjective) — the familiar Russian way to say 'belonging to Ilyusha.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовляясь уже совсем заплакать","title":"Gerund «приготовляясь» + inceptive «заплакать»","body":"«приготовляясь» is the present gerund of reflexive «приготовляться» ('getting ready'), governing the inceptive perfective «заплакать» ('to burst into tears'). The «за-» prefix marks the very onset of crying — she is on the brink."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of общая","gloss":"for it to be"},{"surface":"общая","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies моя","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of была","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюшина","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Илюшина","lemma":"илюшин","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with моя (predicate)","gloss":"Ilyusha's"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"persisted"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"приготовляясь","lemma":"приготовляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжала","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакать","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приготовляясь","gloss":"to cry"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b10-c5-s164","source":"— Мама, возьми себе, вот возьми себе! — крикнул вдруг Илюша. — Красоткин, можно мне ее маме подарить? — обратился он вдруг с молящим видом к Красоткину, как бы боясь, чтобы тот не обиделся, что он его подарок другому дарит.","translation":"\"Mama, take it, here, take it for yourself!\" Ilyusha suddenly cried. \"Krasotkin, may I give it to my mama?\" he turned suddenly to Krasotkin with a pleading look, as if afraid the other might be offended that he was giving his gift away to someone else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми себе, вот возьми себе!","title":"Imperative «возьми» + reflexive «себе»","body":"«возьми» is the singular imperative of «взять» ('take!'), repeated for urgency. «себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('for yourself'), a benefactive that points the taking back at the addressee — 'take it for your own.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно мне ее маме подарить?","title":"Impersonal «можно» + dative + double object","body":"«можно мне… подарить?» asks permission impersonally: «можно» ('is it permitted') with the asker in the dative «мне». The verb «подарить» then takes accusative «её» (it) and dative «маме» (to mama) — a clean ditransitive in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы боясь, чтобы тот не обиделся","title":"«как бы» + gerund + negated «чтобы»-fear clause","body":"«как бы боясь» ('as if afraid') uses «как бы» ('as if') with the gerund of the «-ся»-only verb «бояться». It governs «чтобы… не обиделся» — after verbs of fearing, Russian uses «чтобы… не» ('lest he be offended'), a redundant-looking negative that is standard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of возьми (w2)","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьми (w5)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми (w2)","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of возьми (w5)","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of можно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подарить (refers to пушечка)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарить","gloss":"to mama"},{"surface":"подарить","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молящим","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился, addressee","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies боясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обиделся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обиделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обиделся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боясь","gloss":"would be offended"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дарит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дарит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подарок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подарок","lemma":"подарок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дарит","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дарит","gloss":"to another"},{"surface":"дарит","lemma":"дарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обиделся","gloss":"was giving"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b10-c5-s165","source":"— Совершенно возможно! — тотчас же согласился Красоткин и, взяв пушечку из рук Илюши, сам и передал ее с самым вежливым поклоном маменьке.","translation":"\"Perfectly all right!\" Krasotkin agreed at once and, taking the little cannon from Ilyusha's hands, himself handed it to Mama with the most courteous of bows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяв пушечку из рук Илюши","title":"Past gerund «взяв» + «из» + genitive","body":"«взяв» is the perfective past gerund of «взять» ('having taken'), the prior act before «передал». «из рук Илюши» ('from Ilyusha's hands') is «из» + genitive «рук», with «Илюши» a genitive of possession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самым вежливым поклоном маменьке","title":"Superlative «самым вежливым» in the instrumental","body":"«с самым вежливым поклоном» ('with the most courteous of bows') is «с» + instrumental, the superlative «самым вежливым» agreeing with «поклоном». «маменьке» is the dative recipient of «передал» ('handed it to mama')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"the little cannon"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition из, oblique complement of взяв","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рук","gloss":"Ilyusha's"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies subject of передал (сам = himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вежливым","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"вежливым","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, oblique complement of передал","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"маменьке","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to Mama"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b10-c5-s166","source":"Та даже расплакалась от умиления.","translation":"She even burst into tears of tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та даже расплакалась от умиления","title":"Demonstrative «та» as subject; «рас-» outburst","body":"«Та» ('that one', f.) tracks the mother as subject without renaming her. «расплакалась» («рас-» + «плакать» + «-ся») is the perfective 'burst into tears,' the «рас-» again marking a spreading outburst. «от умиления» — 'from tenderness,' от + genitive of cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«умиление» is a key Dostoevskian word: a melting, tender, often tearful emotion of moved affection, with a spiritual nuance close to 'grace.' It recurs through the novel's scenes of love and reconciliation — hard to render with a single English word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расплакалась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расплакалась","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"расплакалась","lemma":"расплакаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умиления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расплакалась","gloss":"tenderness"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b10-c5-s167","source":"— Илюшечка, милый, вот кто мамочку свою любит! — умиленно воскликнула она и немедленно опять принялась катать пушку на своих коленях.","translation":"\"Ilyushechka, darling, see who loves his mama!\" she exclaimed with feeling, and immediately set to rolling the cannon about on her knees again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот кто мамочку свою любит!","title":"Cleft «вот кто…» with reflexive «свою»","body":"«вот кто… любит» is a cleft for emphasis — 'see who it is that loves…'. «свою» (reflexive possessive) ties «мамочку» to the clause's subject «кто», so it is the boy's own mama. Object «мамочку свою» precedes the verb for emotional weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умиленно воскликнула","title":"Adverb from a participle: «умилённо»","body":"«умилённо» ('with tender feeling') is an adverb formed from the passive participle «умилённый» (moved, touched), the adverbial echo of «умиление». It colors how she exclaims — overcome with affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Илюшечка (apposition)","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"мамочку","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause, predicate of кто","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"with feeling"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялась","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнула","gloss":"set to"},{"surface":"катать","lemma":"катать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"rolling"},{"surface":"пушку","lemma":"пушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of катать","gloss":"the cannon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of коленях","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of катать","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b10-c5-s168","source":"— Маменька, дай я тебе ручку поцелую, — подскочил к ней супруг и тотчас же исполнил намерение.","translation":"\"Mama, let me kiss your little hand,\" her husband sprang over to her and at once carried out his intention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дай я тебе ручку поцелую","title":"«дай» + первое лицо — a let-me construction","body":"«дай я… поцелую» literally 'let/allow [it that] I will kiss' — the imperative «дай» ('give/let') plus a perfective future «поцелую» is the idiomatic Russian 'let me kiss.' «тебе» is dative ('your'), «ручку» the diminutive accusative ('little hand')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супруг","title":"«супруг» — spouse, in elevated register","body":"«супруг» ('husband, spouse') is a formal, elevated word for a husband, drier and more bookish than «муж». The narrator's choice here lends a faintly ceremonious, even ironic dignity to the captain kissing his simple wife's hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поцелую","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies ручку (dative of possession)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцелую","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"поцелую","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of дай, main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"супруг","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнил","gloss":"his intention"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b10-c5-s169","source":"— И кто еще самый милый молодой человек, так вот этот добрый мальчик! — проговорила благодарная дама, указывая на Красоткина.","translation":"\"And who else is the dearest young man, why, this kind boy here!\" the grateful lady declared, pointing at Krasotkin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И кто еще самый милый молодой человек","title":"Superlative «самый милый» with «самый»","body":"«самый милый» ('the dearest, nicest') is the periphrastic superlative with «самый», agreeing with «молодой человек». The whole exclamatory question 'And who is the very dearest young man — why, this one!' is a warm rhetorical flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"указывая на Красоткина","title":"Gerund «указывая» + «на» + accusative","body":"«указывая» is the present gerund of «указывать» ('pointing'), the attendant gesture to «проговорила». «на Красоткина» is «на» + animate accusative ('at Krasotkin') — «указывать на» is the fixed verb-preposition pairing for 'point at.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies милый","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle, introduces мальчик clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase так вот, modifies мальчик","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"благодарная","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"Krasotkin"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b10-c5-s170","source":"— А пороху я тебе, Илюша, теперь сколько угодно буду носить. Мы теперь сами порох делаем. Боровиков узнал состав: двадцать четыре части селитры, десять серы и шесть березового угля, всё вместе столочь, влить воды, смешать в мякоть и протереть через барабанную шкуру — вот и порох.","translation":"\"And as for powder, Ilyusha, I'll bring you as much as you want from now on. We make our own powder these days. Borovikov found out the recipe: twenty-four parts saltpetre, ten of sulphur, and six of birch charcoal, all pounded together, water added, mixed into a paste and rubbed through a drumskin — and there's your powder.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько угодно буду носить","title":"Compound future «буду носить» + «сколько угодно»","body":"«буду носить» is the imperfective compound future (future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive «носить»), naming a repeated, ongoing bringing 'from now on.' «сколько угодно» ('as much as [you] like') is a fixed quantifier, with «носить» the multidirectional 'carry/bring habitually.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двадцать четыре части селитры, десять серы и шесть … угля","title":"Numerals governing case: «части», «серы», «угля»","body":"Compound numbers ending in «…четыре» take the genitive singular «части»; «десять» and «шесть» (5+) take the genitive plural/singular of measure — «серы», «угля» are genitives of the counted/measured substance. Russian numerals dictate the case of what they count."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столочь, влить, смешать, протереть","title":"String of perfective infinitives as a recipe","body":"The recipe is given as a chain of bare perfective infinitives — «столочь, влить, смешать… протереть» ('pound, pour, mix, rub through') — the impersonal infinitive used for instructions, like English 'pound together, add water…'. Each perfective marks one complete step."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пороху","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of носить, fronted topic","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of носить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of носить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies носить","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сколько","gloss":"as you like"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of носить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of делаем","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Мы (ourselves)","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делаем","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"делаем","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Боровиков","lemma":"боровиков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Borovikov"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found out"},{"surface":"состав","lemma":"состав","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"the recipe"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on четыре","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on части","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"части","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to состав","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"селитры","lemma":"селитра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies части","gloss":"of saltpetre"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on серы","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"серы","lemma":"сера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with части","gloss":"of sulphur"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on угля","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"березового","lemma":"берёзовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угля","gloss":"birch"},{"surface":"угля","lemma":"уголь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with части","gloss":"of charcoal"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of столочь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столочь","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"столочь","lemma":"столочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"first in a series of infinitive recipe steps","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"влить","lemma":"влить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with столочь","gloss":"pour in"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of влить","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"смешать","lemma":"смешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with столочь","gloss":"mix"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мякоть","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мякоть","lemma":"мякоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешать","gloss":"a paste"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протереть","lemma":"протереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with столочь","gloss":"rub"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкуру","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"барабанную","lemma":"барабанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шкуру","gloss":"a drum"},{"surface":"шкуру","lemma":"шкура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протереть","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот и, modifies порох","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот и, modifies порох","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вот и","gloss":"powder"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b10-c5-s171","source":"— Мне Смуров про ваш порох уже говорил, а только папа говорит, что это не настоящий порох, — отозвался Илюша.","translation":"\"Smurov already told me about your powder, only papa says it isn't real powder,\" Ilyusha responded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а только папа говорит, что это не настоящий порох","title":"Concessive «а только» + reported «что»-clause","body":"«а только» pairs contrastive «а» with «только» ('but only, except that') to qualify the previous statement. «папа говорит, что…» reports speech with «что»; «не настоящий» is plain «не»-negation of the adjective ('not real')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порох","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порох","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies папа","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порох","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of порох","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порох","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b10-c5-s172","source":"— Как не настоящий? — покраснел Коля, — у нас горит. Я, впрочем, не знаю…","translation":"\"What do you mean, not real?\" Kolya flushed. \"Ours burns. Although — I don't really know…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не настоящий?","title":"Indignant echo question «Как…?»","body":"«Как не настоящий?» ('What do you mean, not real?') is an echo-question of indignant disbelief, «как» here meaning 'how can you say / what do you mean.' It throws Ilyusha's «не настоящий» back as a challenge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас горит","title":"«у нас» + verb — 'ours burns'","body":"«у нас горит» ('ours burns / with us it burns') uses «у нас» (у + genitive) to mean 'in our case, the kind we make.' The subjectless «горит» implies 'it (the powder) burns.' Kolya's curt, defensive retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies настоящий","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of знаю","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"really know"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b10-c5-s173","source":"— Нет-с, я ничего-с, — подскочил вдруг с виноватым видом штабс-капитан. — Я, правда, говорил, что настоящий порох не так составляется, но это ничего-с, можно и так-с.","translation":"\"No, sir, I meant nothing by it, sir,\" the captain suddenly sprang forward with a guilty air. \"It's true, I did say that real powder isn't made that way, but never mind, sir, that way works too, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"настоящий порох не так составляется","title":"Reflexive passive «составляется»","body":"«составляется» is an imperfective reflexive used as a passive ('is made/composed'): 'real powder isn't made that way.' The «-ся» on a transitive verb yields a general, agentless passive — a common Russian alternative to an English passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffixed '-с' is a servile, deferential particle (short for сударь), roughly 'sir'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to ничего","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang forward"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"виноватым","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of подскочил","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying говорил","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of составляется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порох","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive составляется","gloss":"gunpowder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составляется","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"составляется","lemma":"составляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"is made"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to ничего","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to это ничего","gloss":"it's fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner complement of можно","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to так","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b10-c5-s174","source":"— Не знаю, вы лучше знаете. Мы в помадной каменной банке зажгли, славно горел, весь сгорел, самая маленькая сажа осталась. Но ведь это только мякоть, а если протереть через шкуру… А впрочем, вы лучше знаете, я не знаю… А Булкина отец выдрал за наш порох, ты слышал? — обратился он вдруг к Илюше.","translation":"\"I don't know, you know better. We lit it in a stone pomade jar, it burned splendidly, all of it burned up, only the tiniest bit of soot was left. But that's only the paste — if you rub it through a skin… Anyway, you know better, I don't know… And Bulkin's father thrashed him over our powder, did you hear?\" he turned suddenly to Ilyusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в помадной каменной банке","title":"«помадная банка» — a pomade jar","body":"«помадная… банка» is a jar for «помада» (pomade, hair-grease), here «каменная» (made of stoneware). The boys repurposed a household pomade pot as a test vessel — a homely, specific detail of their experiment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"славно горел, весь сгорел","title":"Aspect: imperfective «горел» vs perfective «сгорел»","body":"«горел» (imperfective, 'was burning' — the process) is followed by «сгорел» (perfective, «с-» = 'burned up completely' — the result). The pair captures both the splendid burning and its total completion in two strokes — a textbook aspect contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если протереть через шкуру","title":"Conditional «если» + bare infinitive","body":"«если протереть через шкуру…» uses «если» with a bare perfective infinitive for a general, impersonal condition ('if one rubs it through a skin'). The trailing dash leaves the apodosis unspoken — Kolya's confidence tailing off into doubt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выдрал … высек","title":"«выдрать» / «высечь» — to flog, thrash","body":"«выдрал» (and «высек» in the next passage) means to flog, thrash, give a whipping — domestic corporal punishment routine in the period. «А Булкина отец выдрал» = 'Bulkin's father thrashed him,' the everyday consequence of the boys' powder-making."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зажгли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking банке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"помадной","lemma":"помадный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies банке","gloss":"pomade"},{"surface":"каменной","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies банке","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"банке","lemma":"банка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажгли","gloss":"jar"},{"surface":"зажгли","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горел","gloss":"splendidly"},{"surface":"горел","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зажгли","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сгорел","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"сгорел","lemma":"сгореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зажгли","gloss":"burned up"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies маленькая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сажа","gloss":"tiniest"},{"surface":"сажа","lemma":"сажа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"soot"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зажгли","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause это мякоть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate мякоть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мякоть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мякоть","lemma":"мякоть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"paste"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of протереть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"протереть","lemma":"протереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мякоть","gloss":"rub it through"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкуру","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"шкуру","lemma":"шкура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протереть","gloss":"a hide"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying знаете","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Булкина","lemma":"Булкин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of отец","gloss":"Bulkin's"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдрал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"выдрал","lemma":"выдрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrashed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порох","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порох","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдрал","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b10-c5-s175","source":"— Слышал, — ответил Илюша.","translation":"\"I heard,\" Ilyusha answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышал … ответил Илюша","title":"Dropped subject; aspect of «слышал»","body":"«Слышал» ('[I] heard') drops the pronoun «я» — the gendered past «-л» and context make the subject clear. The imperfective «слышать» here means the general fact of having heard, not a single completed perception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b10-c5-s176","source":"Он с бесконечным интересом и наслаждением слушал Колю.","translation":"He was listening to Kolya with boundless interest and delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с бесконечным интересом и наслаждением слушал","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с бесконечным интересом и наслаждением» ('with boundless interest and delight') is «с» + instrumental, a manner phrase modifying the imperfective «слушал» ('was listening'). The imperfective stresses the absorbed, sustained quality of Ilyusha's attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интересом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бесконечным","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies интересом","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"интересом","lemma":"интерес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наслаждением","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with интересом","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening to"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b10-c5-s177","source":"— Мы целую бутылку пороху заготовили, он под кроватью и держал. Отец увидал. Взорвать, говорит, может. Да и высек его тут же. Хотел в гимназию на меня жаловаться. Теперь со мной его не пускают, теперь со мной никого не пускают. Смурова тоже не пускают, у всех прославился; говорят, что я «отчаянный», — презрительно усмехнулся Коля. — Это всё с железной дороги здесь началось.","translation":"\"We had a whole bottle of powder ready, and he kept it under his bed. His father saw it. It could blow up, he says. And he flogged him right there. He wanted to lodge a complaint against me at the school. Now they won't let him be with me, now they won't let anyone be with me. Smurov isn't allowed either — I've become famous with everyone; they say I'm 'a desperate character,'\" Kolya smirked contemptuously. \"This whole thing started here with the railway business.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взорвать, говорит, может","title":"Reported speech with parenthetical «говорит»","body":"«Взорвать, говорит, может» ('It could blow up, he says') inserts «говорит» ('he says') parenthetically inside a quoted thought — a vivid colloquial way to relay another's words mid-sentence. «может взорвать» = 'it can explode,' «мочь» + perfective infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь со мной никого не пускают","title":"Negative concord: «никого… не пускают»","body":"«никого… не пускают» ('they let no one [be] with me') shows negative concord — the «ни»-pronoun «никого» (animate genitive) together with verbal «не». «со мной» is «с» + instrumental ('with me'); «пускают» is impersonal third-plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«отчаянный»","title":"«отчаянный» — a 'desperate' daredevil","body":"«отчаянный» (from «отчаяние», despair) literally 'desperate,' but colloquially 'reckless, devil-may-care, a daredevil.' In quotation marks it is the label others have pinned on Kolya — half-condemnation, half-admiration — which he wears with contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заготовили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бутылку","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заготовили","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"пороху","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive genitive complement of бутылку","gloss":"of powder"},{"surface":"заготовили","lemma":"заготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got ready"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кроватью","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"кроватью","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заготовили","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Взорвать","lemma":"взорвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"blow up"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"высек","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flogged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высек","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высек","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гимназию","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"the school"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускают","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they let"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пускают","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускают","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пускают","gloss":"they let"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускают","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускают","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they let"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прославился","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"прославился","lemma":"прославиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пускают","gloss":"became famous"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прославился","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отчаянный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отчаянный","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отчаянный","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорят","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"железной","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of началось","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b10-c5-s178","source":"— Ах, мы слышали и про этот ваш пассаж! — воскликнул штабс-капитан, — как это вы там пролежали? И неужели вы так ничего совсем и не испугались, когда лежали под поездом. Страшно вам было-с?","translation":"\"Ah, we heard about that affair of yours too!\" exclaimed the captain. \"How did you manage to lie there? And were you really not the least bit frightened, lying under the train? Were you afraid, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пассаж","title":"«пассаж» — an 'affair', an incident","body":"«пассаж» here is a Gallicism (from French «passage») meaning a striking incident, an 'affair' or escapade. The captain's slightly genteel word for Kolya's railway stunt — 'that affair of yours' — fits his fawning, would-be-cultivated manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели вы так ничего совсем и не испугались","title":"«неужели» + genitive of «испугаться»","body":"«неужели» frames the astonished question; «испугаться» ('to take fright') is a «-ся» verb governing the genitive of what one fears — here «ничего» ('nothing at all'), reinforced by «совсем». The «и» before «не испугались» adds 'not even.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшно вам было-с?","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «страшно вам было»","body":"«Страшно вам было?» ('Were you afraid?') is a classic dative-experiencer impersonal: the neuter predicative «страшно» + past «было» + the person in the dative «вам». There is no nominative subject — fear is framed as a state coming over 'you.' Note the servile «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to слышали","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пассаж","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пассаж","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пассаж","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пассаж","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пассаж","lemma":"пассаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышали","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of воскликнул","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролежали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic filler with как","gloss":"ever","note":"'как это' is an emphatic idiom ('however did you...'), not a literal object pronoun."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пролежали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролежали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пролежали","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of испугались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"adverbial modifier of испугались","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase совсем и не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испугались","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got frightened"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on испугались","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поездом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"поездом","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scary"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Страшно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Страшно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to было","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b10-c5-s179","source":"Штабс-капитан ужасно лисил пред Колей.","translation":"The captain was fawning dreadfully on Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лисил","title":"«лисить» — to fawn, play the fox","body":"«лисил» (imperfective «лисить», from «лиса», fox) means to flatter and ingratiate slyly, to fawn — literally 'to fox.' The vivid verb pins Snegiryov's cringing eagerness to please the boy. «пред Колей» uses bookish «пред» (= «перед») + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of лисил","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лисил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лисил","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"лисил","lemma":"лисить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fawning"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Колей","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лисил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b10-c5-s180","source":"— Н-не особенно! — небрежно отозвался Коля. — Репутацию мою пуще всего здесь этот проклятый гусь подкузьмил, — повернулся он опять к Илюше.","translation":"\"N-not particularly!\" Kolya responded carelessly. \"What did most to ruin my reputation here was that cursed goose,\" he turned back again to Ilyusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Н-не особенно!","title":"Stammered «Н-не особенно»","body":"The hyphenated «Н-не» renders a faint stammer or drawl — Kolya's studied, careless 'N-not particularly!', the posing nonchalance of a boy who very much wants to seem unfazed. «небрежно» ('carelessly') in the tag confirms the affectation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подкузьмил","title":"«подкузьмить» — to do a bad turn, ruin","body":"«подкузьмить (кого-л.)» is a colorful colloquial verb meaning to play a dirty trick on, to let down, to do real harm to someone's standing. «репутацию мою… подкузьмил» — 'did most to wreck my reputation' (with object «репутацию» fronted for emphasis)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Н","lemma":"н","morphology":"interjection","role":"stutter fragment before не","gloss":"n-"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"небрежно","lemma":"небрежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"carelessly"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Репутацию","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подкузьмил","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Репутацию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкузьмил","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкузьмил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гусь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гусь","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"гусь","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкузьмил","gloss":"goose"},{"surface":"подкузьмил","lemma":"подкузьмить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to подкузьмил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b10-c5-s181","source":"Но хоть он и корчил, рассказывая, небрежный вид, а всё еще не мог совладать с собою и продолжал как бы сбиваться с тону.","translation":"But though he put on a careless air as he told the story, he still could not quite master himself and kept slipping off his tone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"корчил… небрежный вид","title":"«Хоть… а» — concessive then contrast","body":"The sentence pairs concessive «хоть он и…» (\"though he…\") with a resumptive «а всё еще» (\"yet still…\"). The mild contrastive «а» here is not \"but\" of opposition so much as a hinge marking the shift from concession to fact — a constant, hard-to-translate texture of Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказывая","title":"Gerund «рассказывая» — simultaneous action","body":"The imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») in -я names an action going on at the same time as the main verb: \"as he told it.\" It is indeclinable and must share the main subject (он), and packing it mid-clause is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совладать с собою","title":"Reflexive «собою» in the instrumental","body":"«совладать с собою» — \"to master himself\" — uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in its instrumental form «собою» (a slightly bookish variant of «собой»), governed by the preposition «с». «себя» has no nominative and points back to whoever is the clause's subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбиваться с тону","title":"«сбиваться с тону» — losing one's tone","body":"An idiom: to slip off the tone or manner one is trying to keep up. Note the archaic genitive «с тону» (modern Russian would more often say «с тона»); the partitive-flavored -у ending here is period coloring. The phrase captures Kolya's failed pose of nonchalance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with корчил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of корчил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, part of хоть...и concessive construction","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"корчил","lemma":"корчить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"рассказывая","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on корчил","gloss":"telling the story"},{"surface":"небрежный","lemma":"небрежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"careless"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of корчил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"совладать","lemma":"совладать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"control"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of совладать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сбиваться","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"slipping"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тону","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"тону","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбиваться","gloss":"his tone"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b10-c5-s182","source":"— Ах, я и про гуся слышал! — засмеялся, весь сияя, Илюша, — мне рассказывали, да я не понял, неужто тебя у судьи судили?","translation":"\"Ah, I heard about the goose too!\" laughed Ilyusha, radiant all over. \"They told me, but I didn't understand — were you really tried before the judge?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь сияя","title":"Gerund «сияя» with intensifier «весь»","body":"Another present gerund — \"all radiant\" — attendant on «засмеялся». «весь» (\"all over, entirely\") intensifies the state; agreeing in form with Ilyusha, it pictures the whole boy lit up as he laughs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужто","title":"«неужто» — a folksy «неужели»","body":"«неужто» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned variant of «неужели» (\"really?, can it be that?\"), expressing astonished disbelief. Ilyusha's choice of the homier form fits a sick child's eager, unguarded speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя у судьи судили","title":"Subjectless «судили» — the indefinite they","body":"«судили» is a bare third-person-plural past with no stated subject — Russian's way of saying \"they tried you / you were tried,\" leaving the agent vague. «тебя» is the accusative object; «у судьи» is genitive after «у», \"before the judge.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гуся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сияя","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сияя","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of засмеялся","gloss":"beaming"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"they told"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывали","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судили","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of судили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьи","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судили","gloss":"the judge"},{"surface":"судили","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b10-c5-s183","source":"— Самая безмозглая штука, самая ничтожная, из которой целого слона, по обыкновению, у нас сочинили, — начал развязно Коля. — Это я раз тут по площади шел, а как раз пригнали гусей. Я остановился и смотрю на гусей. Вдруг один здешний парень, Вишняков, он теперь у Плотниковых рассыльным служит, смотрит на меня да и говорит: «Ты чего на гусей глядишь?» Я смотрю на него: глупая, круглая харя, парню двадцать лет, я, знаете, никогда не отвергаю народа. Я люблю с народом… Мы отстали от народа — это аксиома — вы, кажется, изволите смеяться, Карамазов?","translation":"\"The most brainless business, the most trifling, and out of it, as usual, our people made a whole elephant,\" Kolya began breezily. \"I was walking across the square one day, and just then they'd driven in some geese. I stopped and stood watching the geese. Suddenly a local fellow, Vishnyakov — he's now a messenger at the Plotnikovs' — looks at me and says: 'What are you staring at the geese for?' I look at him: a stupid, round mug, the fellow's twenty years old — and you know, I never spurn the common people. I love being with the people… We've grown apart from the people — that's an axiom — you seem to be smiling, Karamazov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из которой целого слона… сочинили","title":"Relative «который» governed by «из»","body":"«из которой» — \"out of which\" — shows «который» agreeing in gender/number with «штука» (feminine) but taking the genitive its own preposition «из» demands. The idiom «сделать из мухи слона» (make an elephant out of a fly) lurks behind «целого слона… сочинили»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развязно","title":"«развязно» — breezily, too freely","body":"«развязно» means with an over-easy, cheeky, unbuttoned manner — a faintly disapproving word. It pins Kolya's affected casualness precisely: not relaxed but performing relaxation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"харя","title":"«харя» — an ugly mug","body":"«харя» is coarse, contemptuous slang for a face — \"mug, kisser.\" Paired with «глупая, круглая», it lets Kolya look down on the very «народ» (common people) he claims in the next breath to love and never spurn — a self-betraying irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изволите смеяться","title":"«изволите» — mock-deferential auxiliary","body":"«изволить» + infinitive is an archaic, ultra-polite \"to deign / be so good as to.\" «изволите смеяться» — \"you are pleased to laugh\" — is heavy with irony in Kolya's mouth: a precocious boy reaching for adult formality, half-flattering, half-needling Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы отстали от народа","title":"Perfective past «отстали» — a completed state","body":"«отстали» (perfective past of «отстать», to fall behind / grow apart) names the accomplished fact, not a process: \"we have grown apart from the people.\" «от народа» is genitive after «от». Kolya delivers it as a settled truth — «это аксиома»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies безмозглая (forms superlative \"the most\")","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"безмозглая","lemma":"безмозглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штука","gloss":"brainless"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"dislocated topic, resumed by которой (nominativus pendens)","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies ничтожная (forms superlative \"the most\")","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"ничтожная","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with безмозглая, modifies штука","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из, referring back to штука","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слона","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"слона","lemma":"слон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинили","gloss":"elephant"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновению","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обыкновению","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom \"по обыкновению\" (as usual), modifies сочинили","gloss":"usual","note":"по обыкновению is a fixed phrase meaning \"as usual.\""},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сочинили","gloss":"our","note":"у нас here means \"our people/among us,\" not literally \"at our place.\""},{"surface":"сочинили","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by которой","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"развязно","lemma":"развязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"breezily"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the following clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time adverbial, modifies шел","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was walking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase как раз, modifies пригнали","gloss":"just","note":"как раз is a fixed phrase meaning \"just then.\""},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пригнали","lemma":"пригнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"they'd driven in"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пригнали","gloss":"geese"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"stood watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гусей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"the geese"},{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies парень","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies парень","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"Вишняков","lemma":"Вишняков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to парень","gloss":"Vishnyakov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковых","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"Плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of служит","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"рассыльным","lemma":"рассыльный","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of служит","gloss":"messenger"},{"surface":"служит","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause (subject он)","gloss":"serves as"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction да и, links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"да и is colloquial for \"and (then).\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction да и, links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies глядишь (\"why/what for\")","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гусей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядишь","gloss":"the geese"},{"surface":"глядишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"are staring"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with круглая, modifies харя","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"круглая","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies харя","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"харя","lemma":"харя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal describing него, after the colon","gloss":"mug"},{"surface":"парню","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of the age construction (парню ... лет)","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun in the age construction with парню","gloss":"years old","note":"[dative person] + number + лет = \"[person] is [number] years old.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвергаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to the listener","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергаю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates отвергаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"отвергаю","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spurn"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаю","gloss":"the common people"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отстали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"отстали","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown apart"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отстали","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of аксиома (copula elided)","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"аксиома","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with это (copula elided)","gloss":"an axiom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the following clause","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question, takes infinitive смеяться","gloss":"are pleased to","note":"изволите + infinitive is an old-fashioned, ironic polite construction (\"you deign to...\")."},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of изволите","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Karamazov","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b10-c5-s184","source":"— Нет, боже сохрани, я вас очень слушаю, — с самым простодушнейшим видом отозвался Алеша, и мнительный Коля мигом ободрился.","translation":"\"No, God forbid, I'm listening to you most attentively,\" Alyosha responded with the most ingenuous air, and the touchy Kolya was reassured in a flash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самым простодушнейшим видом","title":"Double superlative «самым… -ейшим»","body":"«простодушнейший» is a bookish superlative in -ейший (\"most ingenuous\"), here doubled with «самый» for emphasis — a redundant but expressive stacking. The phrase is in the instrumental «с… видом», \"with [the most ingenuous] air.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мнительный","title":"«мнительный» — touchy, over-suspicious","body":"«мнительный» describes someone prone to reading slights and anxieties into things — \"hypersensitive, touchy.\" The narrator's one word frames Kolya's whole performance: it is the insecurity behind the swagger that makes him «мигом ободрился» (cheered up in a flash)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, initial \"no\"","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative in the idiom боже сохрани","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative in the idiom боже сохрани, addressed to боже","gloss":"forbid","note":"боже сохрани is a fixed idiom meaning \"God forbid.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of слушаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушаю","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"am listening"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простодушнейшим","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"простодушнейшим","lemma":"простодушнейший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"ingenuous"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мнительный","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"touchy"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ободрился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of ободрился","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"ободрился","lemma":"ободриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with отозвался","gloss":"was reassured"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b10-c5-s185","source":"— Моя теория, Карамазов, ясна и проста, — опять радостно заспешил он тотчас же. — Я верю в народ и всегда рад отдать ему справедливость, но отнюдь не балуя его, это sine qua… Да, ведь я про гуся. Вот обращаюсь я к этому дураку и отвечаю ему: «А вот думаю, о чем гусь думает». Глядит он на меня совершенно глупо: «А об чем, говорит, гусь думает?» — «А вот видишь, говорю, телега с овсом стоит. Из мешка овес сыплется, а гусь шею протянул под самое колесо и зерно клюет — видишь?» — «Это я оченно вижу, говорит». — «Ну так вот, говорю, если эту самую телегу чуточку теперь тронуть вперед — перережет гусю шею колесом или нет?» — «Беспременно, говорит, перережет», — а сам уж ухмыляется во весь рот, так весь и растаял. «Ну так пойдем, говорю, парень, давай». — «Давай, говорит». И недолго нам пришлось мастерить: он этак неприметно около узды стал, а я сбоку, чтобы гуся направить. А мужик на ту пору зазевался, говорил с кем-то, так что совсем мне и не пришлось направлять: прямо гусь сам собой так и вытянул шею за овсом, под телегу, под самое колесо. Я мигнул парню, он дернул и — к-крак, так и переехало гусю шею пополам! И вот надо ж так, что в ту ж секунду все мужики увидали нас, ну и загалдели разом: «Это ты нарочно!» — «Нет, не нарочно». — «Нет, нарочно!» Ну, галдят: «К мировому!» Захватили и меня: «И ты тут, дескать, был, ты подсоблял, тебя весь базар знает!» А меня действительно почему-то весь базар знает, — прибавил самолюбиво Коля. — Потянулись мы все к мировому, несут и гуся. Смотрю, а парень мой струсил и заревел, право, ревет как баба. А гуртовщик кричит: «Этаким манером их, гусей, сколько угодно передавить можно!» Ну, разумеется, свидетели.","translation":"\"My theory, Karamazov, is clear and simple,\" he hurried on again at once, joyfully. \"I believe in the people and am always glad to do them justice, but without in the least pampering them — that's a sine qua… Well, but I was on about the goose. So I turn to this dolt and answer him: 'I'm wondering what the goose is thinking about.' He looks at me utterly stupidly: 'And what's the goose thinking about?' — 'You see,' I say, 'there's a cart standing there loaded with oats. Oats are trickling out of a sack, and the goose has stretched its neck right under the wheel and is pecking at the grain — see?' — 'I see that plain enough,' he says. — 'Well then,' I say, 'if that very cart were nudged forward just a touch right now — would the wheel cut through the goose's neck or not?' — 'It'd cut it through for sure,' he says, and he's already grinning from ear to ear, simply melting all over. 'Well, let's go then,' I say, 'fellow, come on.' — 'Come on,' he says. And it didn't take us long to set up: he stationed himself near the bridle, all casual-like, and I at the side, to steer the goose. And just at that moment the peasant happened to be gawking off, talking with somebody, so that I didn't even have to do any steering: the goose stretched its own neck out after the oats, all on its own, under the cart, right under the wheel. I gave the fellow a wink, he gave a tug and — c-crack, and the wheel ran clean over the goose's neck, snapping it in two! And wouldn't you know it, at that very second all the peasants saw us, and they set up a clamor all at once: 'You did that on purpose!' — 'No, not on purpose.' — 'Yes, on purpose!' Well, they're bawling: 'To the justice of the peace!' They hauled me in too: 'You were in on it, you helped, the whole market knows you!' And indeed the whole market does know me somehow,\" Kolya added with self-importance. \"So off we all trooped to the justice, and they carry the goose along too. I look, and my fellow has lost his nerve and started bawling — really, he's blubbering like a woman. And the drover shouts: 'In a way like that you could crush as many of them, of these geese, as you please!' Well, of course, there are witnesses.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не балуя его","title":"Negated gerund «не балуя»","body":"«балуя» is the present gerund of «баловать» (to pamper), here negated: \"without pampering them.\" A negated «деепричастие» neatly renders English \"without doing X,\" attendant on the main clause and sharing its subject «я»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно","title":"«оченно» — peasant for «очень»","body":"«оченно» is a non-standard, rural pronunciation of «очень» (\"very\"). Dostoevsky uses such spellings to voice the «парень»'s class and speech against Kolya's bookish Russian — the whole scene is a comedy of registers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно","title":"«беспременно» — folk «непременно»","body":"«беспременно» is a colloquial, substandard form of «непременно» (\"without fail, certainly\"). Another marker of the lad's untutored speech as he assures Kolya the wheel will \"для sure\" sever the goose's neck."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гусь сам собой… вытянул шею","title":"«сам собой» — of its own accord","body":"«сам собой» (instrumental of «сам» + «себя») means \"of its own accord, by itself.\" The goose obligingly stretches out its own neck «сам собой», so the boys need not even steer — a darkly comic touch of the victim's complicity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загалдели","title":"«загалдели» — broke into a hubbub","body":"«загалдеть» joins the inceptive prefix за- (begin to) to «галдеть» (to jabber, make an uproar). The single verb captures the peasants all suddenly bawling at once — «разом» — and the prefix за- (cf. «заревел», «зазевался» nearby) is the chapter's workhorse for sudden onsets."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«дескать» is a particle flagging that the words are someone else's, reported with a shade of skepticism or distance — roughly \"they say / supposedly.\" Here it colors the peasants' accusation «и ты тут был» as hearsay Kolya relays."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гуртовщик","title":"«гуртовщик» — a cattle-drover","body":"A «гуртовщик» drives a «гурт», a herd or drove of animals (here geese) to market. The owner of the geese, not a peasant of the square, he is the one who must be paid a rouble for the slaughtered bird."}],"words":[{"surface":"Моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of теория","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"теория","lemma":"теория","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"theory"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Karamazov","note":"Vocative address inserted mid-sentence, not part of the grammatical clause."},{"surface":"ясна","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of теория, coordinated with проста","gloss":"is clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проста","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of теория, coordinated with ясна","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заспешил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заспешил","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"заспешил","lemma":"заспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заспешил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with верю","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies балуя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"балуя","lemma":"баловать","morphology":"verb, present adverbial participle (gerund), imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying рад/отдать","gloss":"pampering"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of балуя","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sine","lemma":"sine","morphology":"Latin word (foreign)","role":"head of the interrupted Latin phrase","gloss":"sine","note":"Latin \"sine qua non\" (\"without which not\"), cut off mid-phrase as Kolya interrupts himself."},{"surface":"qua","lemma":"qua","morphology":"Latin word (foreign)","role":"depends on sine","gloss":"qua"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, resumes the topic","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращаюсь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"обращаюсь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обращаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дураку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дураку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дураку","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаюсь","gloss":"dolt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обращаюсь","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted speech","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"am wondering"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"гусь","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"is thinking"},{"surface":"Глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Глядит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупо","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short neuter form used adverbially","role":"modifies Глядит","gloss":"stupidly"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"he says\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"гусь","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"thinking about"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted speech","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"you see\")","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"I say\")","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"телега","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking овсом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"овсом","lemma":"овёс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies телега","gloss":"oats"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is standing"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мешка","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мешка","lemma":"мешок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыплется","gloss":"the sack"},{"surface":"овес","lemma":"овёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сыплется","gloss":"oats"},{"surface":"сыплется","lemma":"сыпаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is trickling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гусь","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"its neck"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сыплется","gloss":"has stretched"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесо","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies колесо","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"колесо","lemma":"колесо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянул","gloss":"the wheel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зерно","lemma":"зерно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of клюет","gloss":"the grain"},{"surface":"клюет","lemma":"клевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with протянул","gloss":"is pecking"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"tag question","gloss":"see?"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal for очень)","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"very","note":"Dialectal/rustic form of очень (\"very\")."},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"he says\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"I say\")","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тронуть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of телегу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies телегу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тронуть","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"чуточку","lemma":"чуточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies тронуть","gloss":"just a touch"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронуть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тронуть","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of the conditional clause","gloss":"nudge"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронуть","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"перережет","lemma":"перерезать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"would cut through"},{"surface":"гусю","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession with шею","gloss":"the goose's"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перережет","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"колесом","lemma":"колесо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental of means with перережет","gloss":"the wheel"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with перережет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal for непременно)","role":"modifies перережет","gloss":"for sure","note":"Dialectal/rustic form of непременно (\"certainly\")."},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"he says\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"перережет","lemma":"перерезать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted answer","gloss":"will cut it through"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ухмыляется","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ухмыляется","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ухмыляется","lemma":"ухмыляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is grinning"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рот","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухмыляется","gloss":"ear to ear","note":"Idiom \"во весь рот\" = grinning ear to ear."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растаял","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies растаял","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the intensifying phrase так...и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"растаял","lemma":"растаять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with ухмыляется","gloss":"melted"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"I say\")","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдем","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"Давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"he says\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"not long"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of пришлось","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it took"},{"surface":"мастерить","lemma":"мастерить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to set up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"casual-like"},{"surface":"неприметно","lemma":"неприметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"inconspicuously"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking узды","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"узды","lemma":"узда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of около","gloss":"the bridle"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришлось","gloss":"stationed himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбоку (ellipsis of стал)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"at the side"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of направить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of направить","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"направить","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on сбоку","gloss":"steer"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зазевался","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пору","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пору","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пору","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"зазевался","lemma":"зазеваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gawking off"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зазевался","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем-то","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кем-то","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кем-то","gloss":"somebody","note":"кем-то is one word, \"with somebody\"; the -то suffix marks indefiniteness."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (\"so that\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of пришлось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of пришлось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не пришлось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"направлять","lemma":"направлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"steer"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытянул","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"гусь","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытянул","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гусь","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the idiom сам собой (\"on its own\")","gloss":"on its own"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытянул","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the intensifying phrase так...и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вытянул","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытянул","gloss":"its neck"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking овсом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"овсом","lemma":"овёс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"the oats"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телегу","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of под, modifies вытянул","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесо","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies колесо","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"колесо","lemma":"колесо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of под, modifies вытянул","gloss":"the wheel"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мигнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мигнул","lemma":"мигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"парню","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мигнул","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дернул","lemma":"дёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мигнул","gloss":"gave a tug"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к-крак","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia, part 1)","role":"part of the interjection к-крак","gloss":"c-"},{"surface":"крак","lemma":"к-крак","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia, part 2)","role":"exclamation, coordinated with the clause","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переехало","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the intensifying phrase так...и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"переехало","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran over"},{"surface":"гусю","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession with шею","gloss":"the goose's"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переехало","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"пополам","lemma":"пополам","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переехало","gloss":"in two"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"wouldn't you know"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (idiom надо ж так)","role":"head of the idiom","gloss":"of all things","note":"Idiom \"вот надо ж так\" = \"wouldn't you know it\"."},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes надо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мужики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of увидали","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"загалдели","lemma":"загалдеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидали","gloss":"set up a clamor"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загалдели","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the accusation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"contradicts the prior denial","gloss":"no","note":"Here \"Нет\" contradicts the previous speaker's denial (not the fact of \"on purpose\"), hence the translation renders it as \"Yes, on purpose!\""},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"галдят","lemma":"галдеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they clamor"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мировому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мировому","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"the justice of the peace"},{"surface":"Захватили","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grabbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Захватили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"in on it"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of тут","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подсоблял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подсоблял","lemma":"подсоблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of базар","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"базар","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb, part 1 (indefinite)","role":"part of the indefinite adverb почему-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix), part 2","role":"part of the indefinite adverb почему-то","gloss":"somehow","note":"почему-то is one word, \"for some reason / somehow\"."},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of базар","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"базар","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"самолюбиво","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"self-importantly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Потянулись","lemma":"потянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trooped off"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Потянулись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мировому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мировому","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Потянулись","gloss":"the justice"},{"surface":"несут","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Потянулись","gloss":"they carry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes гуся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of несут","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"Смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of струсил","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of парень","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"струсил","lemma":"струсить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрю","gloss":"lost his nerve"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заревел","lemma":"зареветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with струсил","gloss":"started bawling"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical (\"really\")","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ревет","lemma":"реветь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заревел","gloss":"blubbering"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison баба","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревет","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гуртовщик","lemma":"гуртовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"the drover"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"Этаким","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies манером","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of передавить","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of передавить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with их","gloss":"the geese"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"quantifier, accusative","role":"modifies передавить","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom сколько угодно","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"передавить","lemma":"передавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal modal)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical (\"of course\")","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical clause (\"there are witnesses\")","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b10-c5-s186","source":"Мировой мигом кончил: за гуся отдать гуртовщику рубль, а гуся пусть парень берет себе. Да впредь чтобы таких шуток отнюдь не позволять себе. А парень всё ревет как баба: «Это не я, говорит, это он меня наустил», — да на меня и показывает. Я отвечаю с полным хладнокровием, что я отнюдь не учил, что я только выразил основную мысль и говорил лишь в проекте. Мировой Нефедов усмехнулся, да и рассердился сейчас на себя за то, что усмехнулся: «Я вас, — говорит мне, — сейчас же вашему начальству аттестую, чтобы вы в такие проекты впредь не пускались, вместо того чтобы за книгами сидеть и уроки ваши учить». Начальству-то он меня не аттестовал, это шутки, но дело действительно разнеслось и достигло ушей начальства: уши-то ведь у нас длинные! Особенно поднялся классик Колбасников, да Дарданелов опять отстоял. А Колбасников зол теперь у нас на всех, как зеленый осел. Ты, Илюша, слышал, он ведь женился, взял у Михайловых приданого тысячу рублей, а невеста рыловорот первой руки и последней степени. Третьеклассники тотчас же эпиграмму сочинили:","translation":"\"The justice settled it in a flash: pay the drover a rouble for the goose, and let the fellow keep the goose for himself. And in future, kindly do not allow yourself any such jokes. But the fellow keeps on bawling like a woman: 'It wasn't me,' he says, 'he put me up to it' — and points at me. I answer with complete composure that I had done no instructing whatever, that I had merely expressed a basic idea and was speaking only in the abstract. The justice, Nefyodov, smirked, and then got angry with himself for smirking: 'I'll report you,' he says to me, 'this very minute to your school authorities, so that you don't go in for such schemes again, instead of sitting over your books and learning your lessons.' He never did report me to the authorities — that was all talk — but the matter did get about and reached the ears of the authorities: our authorities have long ears! Kolbasnikov the classicist in particular made a fuss, but Dardanelov stood up for me again. And Kolbasnikov is furious now with everyone here, like a green donkey. Did you hear, Ilyusha — he's gone and got married, took a thousand roubles' dowry off the Mikhailovs, and the bride is an ugly mug of the first water and the lowest degree. The third-formers at once composed an epigram:\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы… не позволять себе","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive as a stern injunction","body":"In the magistrate's ruling «чтобы… отнюдь не позволять себе таких шуток» — \"and in future not to allow oneself such jokes\" — «чтобы» introduces a willed, prescribed outcome rather than a plain fact. «отнюдь не» is an emphatic \"by no means.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наустил","title":"«наустить» — to put up to, incite","body":"«наустить» (\"to egg on, instigate\") is a now-rare, bookish-archaic verb. The frightened «парень» uses it to shift blame — \"he put me up to it\" — while Kolya loftily answers that he merely «выразил основную мысль», expressed a basic idea \"in the abstract.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"аттестую… вашему начальству","title":"Dative «начальству» — report to whom","body":"«вашему начальству» is dative — the party reported to. «начальство» is a collective neuter (\"the authorities, one's superiors\"); the clitic «-то» in «начальству-то он меня не аттестовал» topicalizes it: \"as for reporting me to the authorities, he didn't.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уши-то ведь у нас длинные","title":"«уши длинные» + particles «-то» and «ведь»","body":"\"Our ears are long\" — i.e. word travels fast in a small town. The clitic «-то» foregrounds «уши» as the known topic, and «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge (\"you know, after all\"). Two tiny particles do the work English needs a whole aside for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рыловорот первой руки и последней степени","title":"«рыловорот» — a hideous mug","body":"«рыловорот» is grotesque coinage from «рыло» (snout, an insulting \"face\"): an utterly ugly creature. The mock-bureaucratic flourish «первой руки и последней степени» (\"of the first water and lowest degree\") parodies official ranking language for comic abuse of Kolbasnikov's bride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мировой","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"The Justice"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of кончил","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, 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singular","role":"subject of отстоял","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстоял","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"отстоял","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"stood up for me"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Колбасников","lemma":"Колбасников","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зол","gloss":"Kolbasnikov"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зол","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (idiom у нас = here/among us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison осел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"зеленый","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies осел","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"осел","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison complement of зол","gloss":"a donkey"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"got married"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женился","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михайловых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Михайловых","lemma":"Михайловы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the Mikhailovs"},{"surface":"приданого","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял (partitive genitive)","gloss":"dowry"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifier governing рублей","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of тысячу","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рыловорот","gloss":"the bride"},{"surface":"рыловорот","lemma":"рыловорот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of невеста","gloss":"an ugly mug"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"of the first"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыловорот (idiom первой руки = of the first order)","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"of the lowest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with руки","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"Третьеклассники","lemma":"третьеклассник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сочинили","gloss":"The third-formers"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"эпиграмму","lemma":"эпиграмма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинили","gloss":"an epigram"},{"surface":"сочинили","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"composed"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b10-c5-s187","source":"Поразила весть третьеклассников, Что женился неряха Колбасников.","translation":"The third-formers were struck by the news / That slovenly Kolbasnikov had wed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поразила весть… что женился","title":"Inversion «Поразила весть» for the couplet","body":"The schoolboy epigram fronts the verb «поразила» before its subject «весть» (\"the news struck…\"), an inversion that serves the rhyme «третьеклассников / Колбасников» and gives a mock-solemn ring. «что женился» (perfective: he got married, completed) supplies the comic news."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неряха","title":"«неряха» — a slovenly person","body":"«неряха» is a common-gender noun for a slob — untidy, unkempt — applied here mockingly to the bridegroom Kolbasnikov. Its placement before the rhyme word lands the schoolboys' insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Поразила","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"третьеклассников","lemma":"третьеклассник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Поразила","gloss":"the third-formers"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что clause","gloss":"had wed"},{"surface":"неряха","lemma":"неряха","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"the sloven"},{"surface":"Колбасников","lemma":"Колбасников","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to неряха","gloss":"Kolbasnikov"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b10-c5-s188","source":"Ну и там дальше, очень смешно, я тебе потом принесу.","translation":"\"Well, and so on, it's very funny, I'll bring it to you later.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебе потом принесу","title":"Perfective future «принесу»","body":"«принесу» is the simple (perfective) future of «принести» — \"I will bring [the rest of the epigram] later.\" Conjugated like a present yet meaning a single completed future act; «тебе» is the dative recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to там дальше","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom и там дальше","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the idiom и там дальше (and so on)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"predicate adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, main clause","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесу","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"принесу","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b10-c5-s189","source":"Я про Дарданелова ничего не говорю: человек с познаниями, с решительными познаниями. Этаких я уважаю и вовсе не из-за того, что меня отстоял…","translation":"\"I say nothing against Dardanelov: he's a man of real learning, of solid learning. Men like that I respect, and not at all because he stood up for me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с познаниями, с решительными познаниями","title":"«познания» — (real) learning","body":"«познания» (plural) means acquired knowledge, erudition. Kolya's repetition with «решительными» (\"decided, solid\") underscores his grudging respect for Dardanelov — \"a man of learning, of real learning.\" The instrumental «с… познаниями» describes the man's quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этаких я уважаю","title":"Fronted object «этаких» for emphasis","body":"«этаких» (genitive/accusative of the colloquial «этакий», \"such as these\") is moved to the front of «я уважаю» — \"men like that I respect.\" Free word order lets Kolya throw the contrast forward; «этакий» is a homier, more expressive «такой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дарданелова","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Дарданелова","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, implied subject он","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking познаниями","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"познаниями","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, modifies человек","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking (second) познаниями","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"решительными","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies познаниями","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"познаниями","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with first познаниями","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"Этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner/pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"men like that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates из-за того что clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition из-за","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отстоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отстоял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отстоял","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he stood up for"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b10-c5-s190","source":"— Однако ж ты сбил его на том, кто основал Трою! — ввернул вдруг Смуров, решительно гордясь в эту минуту Красоткиным.","translation":"\"Still, you caught him out over who founded Troy!\" Smurov suddenly put in, decidedly proud of Krasotkin at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбил","title":"«сбить» — to trip up, catch out","body":"«сбить (кого-то)» literally \"to knock off\" comes to mean tripping someone up in an argument or quiz — catching them out. Smurov's «ты сбил его на том, кто основал Трою» credits Kolya with catching out the teacher Dardanelov on who founded Troy, the sore point of the whole episode."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордясь… Красоткиным","title":"Gerund «гордясь» + instrumental object","body":"«гордясь» is the present gerund of the -ся verb «гордиться» (to be proud of), which governs the instrumental: «Красоткиным» (\"proud of Krasotkin\"). The gerund renders Smurov's pride as the attendant emotion behind his interjection «ввернул»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввернул","title":"«ввернуть» — to slip in (a remark)","body":"«ввернуть» (literally \"to screw in\") is idiomatic for slipping a word neatly into a conversation. It catches Smurov's well-timed jab — naming Krasotkin (Kolya's surname) just as Kolya is preening over Dardanelov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбил","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сбил","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сбил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on том","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quote-frame verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввернул","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордясь","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"гордясь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввернул","gloss":"being proud"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal object of preposition в","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of гордясь","gloss":"of Krasotkin"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b10-c5-s191","source":"Очень уж ему понравился рассказ про гуся.","translation":"He had liked the story about the goose enormously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень уж ему понравился","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравился»","body":"«нравиться/понравиться» is built dative-first: the liked thing is the grammatical subject and the liker stands in the dative — «ему понравился рассказ» = \"the story pleased him\" → \"he liked the story.\" The particle «уж» intensifies «очень»: he liked it ever so much."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies понравился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of понравился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про, modifies рассказ","gloss":"the goose"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b10-c5-s192","source":"— Неужто так и сбили-с? — льстиво подхватил штабс-капитан. — Это про то, кто основал Трою-с? Это мы уже слышали, что сбили-с. Илюшечка мне тогда же и рассказал-с…","translation":"\"Did he really catch you out, sir?\" the captain chimed in flatteringly. \"That's about who founded Troy, sir? We already heard you'd been caught out, sir. Ilyushechka told me about it that very time, sir…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбили-с… слышали-с… рассказал-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"The captain peppers every clause with «-с», a contraction of «сударь» (\"sir\") once glued to words to signal servile politeness. This «слово-ер-с» marks the lowly штабс-капитан's fawning manner toward the boy Kolya and is a vivid period social tic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"льстиво подхватил","title":"«подхватить» — to chime in eagerly","body":"«подхватить» (lit. \"to catch up\") means to take up a remark and run with it, here «льстиво» (flatteringly). The captain pounces on Troy as a way to ingratiate himself, repeated for several speakers («подхватил и Илюшечка») as the boys pile on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — a tender diminutive","body":"«Илюшечка» stacks the affectionate suffix -ечк- onto Ilyusha's already diminutive name — a doubly endearing form a doting father would use for his dying son. The naming ladder (Илья → Илюша → Илюшечка) is itself characterization of tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбили","gloss":"Really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сбили","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught you out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"attached to сбили, marks deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"льстиво","lemma":"льстиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"flatteringly"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun (part of compound title), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound title штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition про, predicate complement of Это","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"attached to Трою, marks deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышали, fronted","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сбили","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышали","gloss":"you'd been caught out"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"attached to сбили, marks deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying рассказал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"attached to рассказал, marks deference","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b10-c5-s193","source":"— Он, папа, всё знает, лучше всех у нас знает! — подхватил и Илюшечка, — он ведь только прикидывается, что он такой, а он первый у нас ученик по всем предметам…","translation":"\"He knows everything, papa, he knows more than any of us!\" Ilyushechka chimed in too. \"He only pretends to be like that, but he's the top pupil among us in every subject…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше всех у нас знает","title":"«лучше всех» — comparative as superlative","body":"The invariable comparative «лучше» (suppletive from «хороший»/«хорошо») plus the genitive «всех» (\"than all\") makes the everyday Russian superlative: \"knows better than anyone, knows best.\" Ilyusha's hero-worship needs no «самый»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ведь только прикидывается","title":"Particle «ведь» + reflexive «прикидывается»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — \"he only pretends, you know.\" «прикидывается» is a -ся verb (\"to feign, put it on\"); the reflexive here is the \"present oneself as\" middle use, fitting Ilyusha's loving insistence that Kolya's pose is just a pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"better than"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with лучше","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (idiom у нас = among us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quote-frame verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюшечка","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прикидывается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикидывается","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикидывается","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прикидывается","lemma":"прикидываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"pretends"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of прикидывается","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ученик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ученик","gloss":"the top"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (idiom у нас = among us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ученик","lemma":"ученик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, contrastive with такой","gloss":"pupil"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предметам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of предметам","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"предметам","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition по, modifies ученик","gloss":"subject"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b10-c5-s194","source":"Илюша с беспредельным счастием смотрел на Колю.","translation":"Ilyusha gazed at Kolya with boundless happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с беспредельным счастием смотрел","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… счастием»","body":"«с беспредельным счастием» — \"with boundless happiness\" — is the instrumental of accompanying manner. Note the bookish neuter «счастием» (modern «счастьем»), the older -ие/-ье doublet that lends the line a slightly elevated cast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспредельным","lemma":"беспредельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастием","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"счастием","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b10-c5-s195","source":"— Ну это о Трое вздор, пустяки. Я сам этот вопрос считаю пустым, — с горделивою скромностью отозвался Коля.","translation":"\"Well, that business about Troy is nonsense, trifles. I consider the question an empty one myself,\" Kolya responded with proud modesty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с горделивою скромностью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«горделивою скромностью» — \"with proud modesty\" — shows the feminine instrumental in the longer literary form «-ою» (modern «-ой»). Dostoevsky favors it for rhythm and period flavor; «горделивый» is a faintly elevated «гордый»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считаю… пустым","title":"Predicate instrumental «пустым»","body":"After «считать» (to consider X to be Y) the predicate adjective takes the instrumental: «считаю вопрос пустым» — \"I consider the question empty.\" This is the same instrumental-of-the-predicate that follows «быть/стать»; the verb frames it as an assigned judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Трое","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Трое","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вздор","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"пустым","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скромностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горделивою","lemma":"горделивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скромностью","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"скромностью","lemma":"скромность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"modesty"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b10-c5-s196","source":"Он уже успел вполне войти в тон, хотя, впрочем, был и в некотором беспокойстве: он чувствовал, что находится в большом возбуждении и что о гусе, например, рассказал слишком уж от всего сердца, а между тем Алеша молчал всё время рассказа и был серьезен, и вот самолюбивому мальчику мало-помалу начало уже скрести по сердцу: «Не оттого ли де он молчит, что меня презирает, думая, что я его похвалы ищу? В таком случае, если он осмеливается это думать, то я…»","translation":"He had by now fully recovered his tone, though he was, in fact, in some uneasiness: he felt that he was in a state of great excitement and that he had told the goose story, for instance, too much from the bottom of his heart — and meanwhile Alyosha had stayed silent the whole time, and was grave, and so, little by little, it began to gnaw at the self-loving boy's heart: \"Isn't he silent because he despises me, thinking I'm fishing for his praise? In that case, if he dares to think such a thing, then I…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войти в тон","title":"Perfective «успел войти» — managed to get into","body":"«успел вполне войти в тон» — \"had by now fully got into his stride/tone.\" «успеть» (perfective, \"to manage in time\") + perfective infinitive «войти» stresses a completed achievement; the idiom «войти в тон» means to hit one's groove in speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начало уже скрести по сердцу","title":"Impersonal «начало скрести по сердцу»","body":"«скрести по сердцу» (\"to scrape at the heart\") is run impersonally with neuter «начало»: roughly \"something began to gnaw at his heart.\" The subjectless, neuter-singular framing is classic Russian for a feeling that wells up of itself — here the boy's self-loving unease."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не оттого ли… что меня презирает","title":"Particle «ли» in an anxious self-question","body":"Kolya's inner monologue uses «не… ли» (\"isn't it because…?\") to frame a tense yes/no question to himself, with «оттого… что» giving the cause. The literary «ли» raises the register of his fretting above plain question intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"де","title":"«де» — archaic reported-speech particle","body":"«де» (in «не оттого ли де…») is an old colloquial particle marking reported or supposed speech, kin to «дескать» and «мол». It tinges Kolya's imagined thought as something half-quoted, a self-conscious literary mannerism of the boy's interior voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он осмеливается… то я…","title":"«если… то…» trailing off into threat","body":"«если он осмеливается это думать, то я…» — \"if he dares think that, then I…\" — is a real conditional (indicative, no «бы»): a present condition with the apodosis left hanging. The unfinished «то я…» dramatizes wounded pride that can't yet name its revenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войти","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"get into","note":"войти в тон, lit. 'get into the tone/mood' — idiom for recovering one's composure."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тон","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies был","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to беспокойстве","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойстве","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беспокойстве","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"uneasiness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находится","gloss":"excitement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гусе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гусе","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies рассказал","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with находится, clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms idiom между тем 'meanwhile' with тем, modifies молчал","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a set phrase meaning 'meanwhile'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom между тем 'meanwhile' with между","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молчал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of the story"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to серьезен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"серьезен","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the next clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"самолюбивому","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"self-loving"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скрести","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms adverb мало-помалу with помалу, modifies начало","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb (part of set phrase мало-помалу)","role":"forms adverb мало-помалу with мало, modifies начало","gloss":"by little","note":"мало-помалу is a set phrase meaning 'little by little'."},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрести","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"скрести","lemma":"скрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начало","gloss":"to gnaw"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрести","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого, part of the не...ли question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит","gloss":"because of that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle attached to оттого","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle modifying молчит","gloss":"supposedly","note":"де marks reported/attributed speech, roughly 'they say'."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question clause","gloss":"is silent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause explaining оттого","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause explaining оттого","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on презирает","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ищу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ищу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of похвалы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"похвалы","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищу","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"ищу","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думая","gloss":"am seeking"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмеливается","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмеливается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"осмеливается","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of осмеливается","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle marking the main clause after если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the unstated main clause (sentence trails off)","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b10-c5-s197","source":"— Я считаю этот вопрос решительно пустым, — отрезал он еще раз горделиво.","translation":"\"I consider the question decidedly an empty one,\" he cut in once more, proudly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap out, cut off","body":"«отрезать» literally \"to cut off,\" used of speech, means to say something curtly and conclusively — \"he snapped.\" The verb stages Kolya's brusque repetition of his verdict on Troy, brooking no reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустым","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"пустым","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms phrase еще раз 'once more', modifies отрезал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms phrase еще раз 'once more', modifies отрезал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"горделиво","lemma":"горделиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"proudly"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b10-c5-s198","source":"— А я знаю, кто основал Трою, — вдруг проговорил совсем неожиданно один доселе ничего почти еще не сказавший мальчик, молчаливый и видимо застенчивый, очень собою хорошенький, лет одиннадцати, по фамилии Карташов.","translation":"\"And I know who founded Troy,\" one boy who had until then said almost nothing suddenly declared, quite unexpectedly — a quiet and evidently shy boy, very good-looking, about eleven years old, Kartashov by name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доселе ничего почти еще не сказавший мальчик","title":"Past active participle «не сказавший»","body":"«ничего почти еще не сказавший» is a past active participle («сказавший», from perfective «сказать») wrapping a whole который-clause into one pre-noun modifier: \"a boy who had until then said almost nothing.\" Note the negative concord «ничего… не сказавший». «доселе» (\"hitherto\") is bookish-archaic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по фамилии Карташов","title":"«по фамилии» — by surname","body":"«по фамилии Карташов» is the standard formula for introducing a character \"by the name (surname) of Kartashov.\" «по» here takes the dative «фамилии». The narrator catalogues the shy boy with almost census-like precision — age, looks, surname, seat by the door."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очень собою хорошенький","title":"«хорошенький» + «собою» — pretty to look at","body":"«хорошенький» is the affectionate diminutive of «хороший», here \"good-looking, pretty.\" «собою» (instrumental of «себя») in «хорош собою» specifies \"in himself, in appearance\" — a fixed idiom for being nice-looking."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказавший","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказавший","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказавший","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказавший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказавший","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"молчаливый","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застенчивый","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"застенчивый","lemma":"застенчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливый, modifies мальчик","gloss":"shy"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошенький","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies хорошенький","gloss":"in appearance","note":"хорош(енький) собою is idiomatic for 'good-looking'."},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"good-looking"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мальчик, indicates age","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фамилии","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"фамилии","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"Карташов","lemma":"Карташов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to фамилии","gloss":"Kartashov"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b10-c5-s199","source":"Он сидел у самых дверей.","translation":"He was sitting right by the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у самых дверей","title":"«у самых дверей» — right by the door","body":"«у» + genitive «дверей» locates him \"by the door\"; «самых» (\"the very\") intensifies to \"right by.\" «дверей» is genitive plural of «дверь», a soft third-declension feminine — Russian often uses the plural «двери» for a single doorway."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дверей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b10-c5-s200","source":"Коля с удивлением и важностию поглядел на него.","translation":"Kolya looked at him with astonishment and self-importance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с удивлением и важностию","title":"Archaic instrumental «важностию»","body":"«с удивлением и важностию» — \"with astonishment and self-importance\" — pairs two instrumentals of manner. «важностию» keeps the old bookish ending «-ию» for «-ью» (modern «важностью»), a solemn period touch ironically underscoring Kolya's pompous reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важностию","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with удивлением","gloss":"self-importance","note":"важностию is the archaic instrumental form of важность."},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b10-c5-s201","source":"Дело в том, что вопрос: «Кто именно основал Трою?» — решительно обратился во всех классах в секрет, и чтобы проникнуть его, надо было прочесть у Смарагдова. Но Смарагдова ни у кого, кроме Коли, не было.","translation":"The fact was that the question — \"Who exactly founded Troy?\" — had become a positive secret throughout all the classes, and to penetrate it one had to read Smaragdov. But no one besides Kolya had Smaragdov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы проникнуть его, надо было прочесть","title":"«надо было» — impersonal necessity","body":"«надо было прочесть» is the subjectless necessity construction: invariable «надо» + the perfective infinitive «прочесть» (\"one had to read\"). «чтобы проникнуть его» gives the purpose (\"in order to penetrate it\"). No nominative subject appears — the obligation simply hangs over everyone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смарагдова ни у кого… не было","title":"Genitive of negation «Смарагдова… не было»","body":"«Смарагдова… не было» puts the absent thing in the genitive with «не было» — the obligatory genitive of negated existence. «ни у кого… кроме Коли» (\"with no one but Kolya\") layers on negative concord with «ни». A textbook \"nobody had it\" built from two negations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (idiom дело в том)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, forms idiom дело в том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question, modifies вопрос","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, subject clause of Дело в том","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of классах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"классах","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проникнуть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"проникнуть","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"to penetrate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проникнуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"one had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прочесть","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смарагдова","gloss":"in","note":"прочесть у Смарагдова = 'read it in Smaragdov('s textbook)'."},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"Смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочесть","gloss":"Smaragdov"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"Смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject (genitive of negation) of было","gloss":"Smaragdov"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коли","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кого","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b10-c5-s202","source":"И вот раз мальчик Карташов потихоньку, когда Коля отвернулся, поскорей развернул лежащего между его книгами Смарагдова и прямо попал на то место, где говорилось об основателях Трои.","translation":"And so one day the boy Kartashov, on the sly, when Kolya had turned away, hurriedly opened the Smaragdov lying among his books and landed straight on the very passage that spoke of the founders of Troy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"развернул лежащего… Смарагдова","title":"Present active participle «лежащего»","body":"«лежащего между его книгами Смарагдова» uses the present active participle «лежащий» (from «лежать», to lie) declined to agree with animate-treated «Смарагдова» (acc.=gen.): \"the Smaragdov [that was] lying among his books.\" A book named for its author is declined like a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда Коля отвернулся","title":"Perfective «отвернулся» — a single completed turn","body":"«отвернулся» (perfective past of the -ся verb «отвернуться», to turn away) marks the discrete moment the chance opened. The reflexive -ся here is a change-of-orientation \"middle\"; against it the next perfectives «развернул… попал» drive the furtive episode forward event by event."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms phrase вот раз 'one day', modifies развернул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms phrase вот раз 'one day', modifies развернул","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развернул","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Карташов","lemma":"Карташов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Kartashov"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"stealthily"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвернулся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвернулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"отвернулся","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on развернул","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"лежащего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смарагдова","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгами","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of книгами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"книгами","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежащего","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"Смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"the Smaragdov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with развернул","gloss":"landed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорилось","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"говорилось","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on место","gloss":"it spoke"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основателях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"основателях","lemma":"основатель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"founders"},{"surface":"Трои","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основателях","gloss":"of Troy"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b10-c5-s203","source":"Случилось это довольно уже давно, но он всё как-то конфузился и не решался открыть публично, что и он знает, кто основал Трою, опасаясь, чтобы не вышло чего-нибудь и чтобы не сконфузил его как-нибудь за это Коля.","translation":"This had happened quite a while ago, but he kept somehow getting flustered and couldn't bring himself to declare publicly that he too knew who had founded Troy, afraid that something might come of it and that Kolya might somehow shame him for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаясь, чтобы не вышло… не сконфузил","title":"Apprehensive «чтобы… не» after «опасаться»","body":"Verbs of fearing take «чтобы… не» + past form: «опасаясь, чтобы не вышло чего-нибудь… не сконфузил его… Коля» — \"afraid that something might come of it and that Kolya might somehow shame him.\" The «не» is expletive (fearing that X happen), not a true negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"конфузился… сконфузил","title":"Imperfective «конфузился» vs perfective «сконфузил»","body":"The same root in both aspects sits side by side: imperfective «конфузился» (\"kept getting flustered,\" an ongoing state) against the perfective «сконфузил» (\"might shame [once]\") inside the fear-clause. A neat illustration of how the prefix с- perfectivizes and the aspects divide labor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Случилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Случилось","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of конфузился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial modifier of конфузился","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms как-то 'somehow' with то, modifies конфузился","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как-то 'somehow' with как, modifies конфузился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"конфузился","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Случилось","gloss":"got embarrassed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решался","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with конфузился","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решался","gloss":"to reveal"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыть","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of открыть","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решался","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of опасаясь","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with чего to form 'something'","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сконфузил","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сконфузил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сконфузил","lemma":"сконфузить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышло","gloss":"embarrass"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сконфузил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms как-нибудь 'somehow' with нибудь, modifies сконфузил","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как-нибудь 'somehow' with как, modifies сконфузил","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сконфузил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сконфузил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b10-c5-s204","source":"А теперь вдруг почему-то не утерпел и сказал.","translation":"But now, for some reason, he suddenly couldn't hold back and said it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не утерпел","title":"«не утерпеть» — couldn't hold back","body":"«утерпеть» (perfective, \"to endure, hold out\") appears almost only under negation: «не утерпел» = \"he couldn't help himself, couldn't resist.\" The perfective marks the single moment his self-restraint broke and the secret burst out."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms почему-то 'for some reason' with то, modifies утерпел","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms почему-то 'for some reason' with почему, modifies утерпел","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утерпел","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could hold back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утерпел","gloss":"said it"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b10-c5-s205","source":"Да и давно ему хотелось.","translation":"And he had been longing to for a long time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно ему хотелось","title":"Impersonal «ему хотелось» — he'd been longing","body":"«ему хотелось» is the dative-experiencer construction with impersonal «хотелось» (\"it had long been wished by him\" → \"he had been longing\"). The reflexive «хотеться» frames desire as something that happens to the person, not something he actively wills — a recurring Dostoevskian inwardness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"forms да и 'and besides' with и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"forms да и 'and besides' with Да, modifies давно","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had wanted"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b10-c5-s206","source":"— Ну, кто же основал? — надменно и свысока повернулся к нему Коля, уже по лицу угадав, что тот действительно знает и, разумеется, тотчас же приготовившись ко всем последствиям.","translation":"\"Well, who did found it?\" Kolya turned to him haughtily and condescendingly, already guessing from his face that he really did know, and, of course, preparing himself at once for all the consequences.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по лицу угадав… приготовившись","title":"Two perfective gerunds in a chain","body":"«угадав» and «приготовившись» are perfective past gerunds (in -в / -вшись) naming prior, completed actions attendant on «повернулся»: having guessed from his face, and having prepared himself. The -ся in «приготовившись» rides along into the gerund. Stacked gerunds are a signature of the elevated narrative style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну, кто же основал?","title":"Particle «же» pressing the question","body":"«кто же основал?» — \"well, who did found it?\" The particle «же» leans on «кто» to add impatient insistence, a challenge thrown down. English must reach for stress or \"on earth\" to match what this one syllable carries."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надменно и свысока","title":"«свысока» — from on high, condescendingly","body":"«свысока» (literally \"from a height\") means looking down on someone, with condescension; paired with «надменно» (haughtily) it doubles Kolya's lordly air toward little Kartashov. The adverb fuses «с» + «высока» into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did found"},{"surface":"надменно","lemma":"надменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"haughtily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надменно","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадав","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угадав","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"угадав","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся","gloss":"guessing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of угадав","gloss":"does know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies приготовившись","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовившись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приготовившись","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся, coordinated with угадав","gloss":"preparing himself"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствиям","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of последствиям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"последствиям","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приготовившись","gloss":"consequences"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b10-c5-s207","source":"В общем настроении произошел, что называется, диссонанс.","translation":"Into the general mood there came what is called a dissonance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что называется, диссонанс","title":"«что называется» — what they call","body":"«что называется» is a fixed parenthetical, \"what's called, so to speak,\" flagging the next word as a borrowed or fashionable term. Here it apologizes for the French/musical «диссонанс» (dissonance), gently mocking the narrator's own reach for a grand word about a schoolroom spat."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроении","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"общем","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроении","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"настроении","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there came"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of диссонанс in idiom «что называется»","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, modifies диссонанс","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"диссонанс","lemma":"диссонанс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"a dissonance"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b10-c5-s208","source":"— Трою основали Тевкр, Дардан, Иллюс и Трос, — разом отчеканил мальчик и в один миг весь покраснел, так покраснел, что на него жалко стало смотреть.","translation":"\"Troy was founded by Teucer, Dardanus, Ilus, and Tros,\" the boy rapped out all at once, and in an instant flushed all over, flushed so deeply that it was painful to look at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчеканил","title":"«отчеканить» — to rap out, enunciate sharply","body":"«отчеканить» (from «чеканить», to stamp coin) means to deliver words crisply and distinctly, as if struck on a die. Twice in the scene («разом отчеканил», later «строго отчеканил») it marks emphatic, almost mechanical precision of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так покраснел, что… жалко стало смотреть","title":"«так… что» — result clause","body":"«так покраснел, что на него жалко стало смотреть» — \"flushed so [deeply] that it became painful to look at him.\" «так… что» links intensity to result; the consequence is impersonal («жалко стало смотреть», \"it grew pitiful to look\"), a feeling with no subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основали","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"основали","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Тевкр","lemma":"тевкр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of основали","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"Дардан","lemma":"дардан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Тевкр","gloss":"Dardanus"},{"surface":"Иллюс","lemma":"иллюс","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Тевкр","gloss":"Ilus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Трос","lemma":"трос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Тевкр","gloss":"Tros"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject of покраснел","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отчеканил","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second покраснел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats покраснел for emphasis, coordinated with it","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of так покраснел","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to look"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b10-c5-s209","source":"Но мальчики все на него глядели в упор, глядели целую минуту, и потом вдруг все эти глядящие в упор глаза разом повернулись к Коле.","translation":"But the boys all stared straight at him, stared for a whole minute, and then suddenly all those staring eyes turned at once to Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все эти глядящие в упор глаза","title":"Present active participle «глядящие»","body":"«глядящие в упор глаза» — \"the eyes staring point-blank\" — is a present active participle used attributively before its noun, agreeing in nominative plural. Dostoevsky repeats «глядели в упор» then condenses it into the participle, intensifying the massed, fixed stare."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в упор","title":"«в упор» — point-blank, straight at","body":"«в упор» means at very close range, straight on — used of a gunshot fired \"point-blank\" and, as here, of a fixed, unflinching stare. The phrase makes the boys' collective gaze almost a physical pressure that then swings «разом» (all at once) onto Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of глядели","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор, idiom «в упор»","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядели","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of глядели","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глядящие","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying глаза","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор, idiom «в упор»","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядящие","gloss":"(fixedly)"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повернулись","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"повернулись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядели","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулись","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b10-c5-s210","source":"Тот с презрительным хладнокровием всё еще продолжал обмеривать взглядом дерзкого мальчика.","translation":"He, with contemptuous composure, went on measuring the impudent boy with his gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот… продолжал обмеривать","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as \"he, the latter\"","body":"«Тот» opens the sentence standing in for Kolya — the \"far\" demonstrative used to track a referent across sentences (\"he, the aforementioned\"). This is how Russian's free word order keeps participants straight: «тот» picks Kolya out against «дерзкого мальчика»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обмеривать взглядом","title":"«обмеривать взглядом» — to size up with a look","body":"«обмеривать (кого-то) взглядом» is to run one's eyes over someone measuringly, sizing them up — «взглядом» in the instrumental as the means. «с презрительным хладнокровием» (\"with contemptuous composure\") completes Kolya's chilly, appraising hauteur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хладнокровием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрительным","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies хладнокровием","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"хладнокровием","lemma":"хладнокровие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifies продолжал","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжал, part of «всё ещё»","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал, part of «всё ещё»","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"обмеривать","lemma":"обмеривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"measuring"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обмеривать","gloss":"with his gaze"},{"surface":"дерзкого","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"impudent"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмеривать","gloss":"the boy"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b10-c5-s211","source":"— То есть как же это они основали? — удостоил он наконец проговорить, — да и что значит вообще основать город или государство? Что ж они: пришли и по кирпичу положили, что ли?","translation":"\"That is, how exactly did they found it?\" he deigned at last to pronounce. \"And what does it even mean to found a city or a state? What of it — did they come along and lay it down brick by brick, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удостоил… проговорить","title":"«удостоить» + infinitive — deigned to","body":"«удостоил наконец проговорить» — \"he at last deigned to utter.\" «удостоить» (\"to honor, vouchsafe\") + perfective infinitive drips condescension, the narrator lending Kolya's reluctant reply an ironically lofty coloring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по кирпичу положили, что ли?","title":"Distributive «по кирпичу» + tag «что ли»","body":"«по кирпичу» uses distributive «по» + dative — \"a brick at a time, brick by brick.\" The sneering tag «что ли» (\"or what?\") turns the question dismissive. Together they mock the very idea of literally \"founding\" a city."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase «то есть»","gloss":"that","note":"«То есть» together is the fixed phrase 'that is'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase «то есть»","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies основали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of основали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"основали","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did found it"},{"surface":"удостоил","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорить","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"проговорить","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоил","gloss":"to pronounce"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker, part of «да и»","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase «да и»","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does mean"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"основать","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause of значит","gloss":"to found"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of основать","gloss":"a city"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with город","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase «что ж»","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кирпичу, idiom «по кирпичу»","gloss":"brick by"},{"surface":"кирпичу","lemma":"кирпич","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"brick"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришли","gloss":"laid it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «что ли»","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, idiom «что ли»","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b10-c5-s212","source":"Раздался смех.","translation":"Laughter rang out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздался смех","title":"Perfective «раздался» with end-weight subject","body":"«Раздался смех» — verb-first, subject last: \"laughter rang out.\" The perfective «раздаться» (-ся middle, \"to resound\") marks a single burst, and the inversion puts the new information — the laughter itself — in the stressed final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Раздался","gloss":"Laughter"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b10-c5-s213","source":"Виноватый мальчик из розового стал пунцовым.","translation":"The guilty boy went from pink to crimson.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из розового стал пунцовым","title":"«стать» + predicate instrumental «пунцовым»","body":"«стал пунцовым» — \"turned crimson\" — shows «стать» (to become) taking its predicate in the instrumental «пунцовым», against «из розового» (\"from pink,\" genitive after «из»). The color-shift from pink to deep crimson tracks the boy's mounting humiliation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пунцовый","title":"«пунцовый» — deep crimson","body":"«пунцовый» (from French ponceau) is a vivid, saturated red — the flush of acute embarrassment, stronger than «розовый» (pink) or «красный». Dostoevsky grades the blush precisely: «виноватый мальчик из розового стал пунцовым»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виноватый","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking розового","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"розового","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"пунцовым","lemma":"пунцовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"crimson"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b10-c5-s214","source":"Он молчал, он готов был заплакать.","translation":"He was silent, he was ready to burst into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов был заплакать","title":"Short adjective «готов» + perfective infinitive","body":"«готов был заплакать» — \"he was ready to burst into tears.\" «готов» is the predicative short form of «готовый» (masc.), used only as a predicate; the inceptive perfective «заплакать» (\"to start crying\") names the brink he stands on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to burst into tears"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b10-c5-s215","source":"Коля выдержал его так еще с минутку.","translation":"Kolya held him like that for another little minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдержал его… с минутку","title":"Diminutive «минутку» softening the time","body":"«с минутку» — \"for a little minute, for a moment or so\" — uses the diminutive «минутка» to make the span feel small and casual, with «с» + accusative giving approximate duration. The diminutive here is of measure, not endearment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выдержал","title":"«выдержать (взглядом)» — to hold someone under one's gaze","body":"«Коля выдержал его» continues «обмеривать взглядом»: Kolya \"held him\" — kept the boy pinned under his stare a moment longer. «выдержать» (perfective, \"to hold out, sustain\") here is the deliberate prolonging of a power play."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку, idiom of approximation","gloss":"for about","note":"«с» + a diminutive expresses an approximate duration: 'for about a minute'."},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдержал","gloss":"a little minute"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b10-c5-s216","source":"— Чтобы толковать о таких исторических событиях, как основание национальности, надо прежде всего понимать, что это значит, — строго отчеканил он в назидание. — Я, впрочем, не придаю всем этим бабьим сказкам важности, да и вообще всемирную историю не весьма уважаю, — прибавил он вдруг небрежно, обращаясь уже ко всем вообще.","translation":"\"To hold forth about such historical events as the founding of a nationality, one must first of all understand what that means,\" he rapped out sternly, by way of instruction. \"I, for my part, attach no importance to all these old wives' tales, and in general I don't think very much of world history,\" he added suddenly and offhandedly, now addressing them all in general.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы толковать… надо… понимать","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose, no subject","body":"«Чтобы толковать о… событиях… надо… понимать» — \"To hold forth about such events one must understand…\" Sentence-initial «чтобы» + infinitive states a purpose, answered by impersonal «надо» + infinitive. The whole maxim is subjectless, in Kolya's sententious lecturing key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не придаю… важности","title":"Genitive «важности» under negation","body":"«не придаю… важности» — the object «важность» goes genitive under negation (\"attach no importance\"), a typical genitive-of-negation with the abstract object of «придавать». «всем этим бабьим сказкам» is the dative governed by «придавать (чему)»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабьим сказкам","title":"«бабьи сказки» — old wives' tales","body":"«бабьи сказки» (\"women's/old-wives' tales\") is dismissive: «бабий» is the adjective from «баба» (peasant woman, often pejorative), so the phrase means foolish, unworthy fables. Kolya lumps all of «всемирную историю» under this contempt, posing as the hard-headed rationalist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of толковать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"толковать","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"hold forth"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событиях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of событиях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исторических","lemma":"исторический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies событиях","gloss":"historical"},{"surface":"событиях","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of толковать","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces основание as an example of событиях","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"основание","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to событиях","gloss":"the founding"},{"surface":"национальности","lemma":"национальность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основание","gloss":"of a nationality"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, main predicate","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать, part of «прежде всего»","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase «прежде всего»","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимать","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking назидание","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"назидание","lemma":"назидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отчеканил","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of придаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies придаю","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates придаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"придаю","lemma":"придавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attach"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of сказкам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of сказкам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"бабьим","lemma":"бабий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies сказкам","gloss":"old wives'"},{"surface":"сказкам","lemma":"сказка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of придаю","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of придаю","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, part of «да и»","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase «да и»","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаю","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"всемирную","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates уважаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаю","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придаю","gloss":"think much of"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"небрежно","lemma":"небрежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"offhandedly"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"in general"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b10-c5-s217","source":"— Это всемирную-то историю-с? — с каким-то вдруг испугом осведомился штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"World history, sir?\" the captain inquired with a kind of sudden alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это всемирную-то историю-с?","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + deferential «-с»","body":"The captain's «всемирную-то историю-с?» loads two particles onto the phrase: «-то» foregrounds \"world history\" as the astonishing topic (\"world history, of all things?\"), and the servile «-с» (← сударь) tacks on \"sir.\" His alarm is wholly built out of clitics."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, points forward to историю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всемирную","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on всемирную","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, complement of Это","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic attached to историю","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential suffix -с (from сударь), softens speech toward a social superior."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испугом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of испугом, part of «каким-то»","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite clitic on каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугом","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"испугом","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомился","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b10-c5-s218","source":"— Да, всемирную историю. Изучение ряда глупостей человеческих, и только. Я уважаю одну математику и естественные, — сфорсил Коля и мельком глянул на Алешу: его только одного мнения он здесь и боялся.","translation":"\"Yes, world history. The study of a series of human follies, and nothing more. I respect mathematics alone, and the natural sciences,\" Kolya put on airs, and glanced fleetingly at Alyosha: his was the only opinion here that he feared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изучение ряда глупостей человеческих","title":"Stacked genitives «ряда глупостей»","body":"«Изучение ряда глупостей человеческих» chains genitives: \"the study (of) a series (of) follies.\" «ряда» (gen. sg. of «ряд», a series) governs «глупостей» (gen. pl.); «человеческих» agrees. The postposed adjective «человеческих» (\"human\") gives a faintly aphoristic, elevated ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его только одного… он… боялся","title":"Genitive after «бояться» + fronting","body":"«его… мнения… он… боялся» — «бояться» (a -ся verb that takes its object in the genitive) governs «мнения»; «его только одного» is fronted for emphasis: \"his opinion alone he feared.\" The reordering throws the whole weight onto Alyosha as the one judge that matters to Kolya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сфорсил","title":"«сфорсить» — to show off, put on swagger","body":"«сфорсить» (from «форсить», colloquial \"to swank, show off,\" via French force) means to make a display, put on airs. The narrator catches Kolya posturing even as he sneaks an anxious sidelong glance at Alyosha — the bravado and the insecurity in one line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, affirms the question","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"всемирную","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (echoing the question)","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"Изучение","lemma":"изучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to историю","gloss":"the study"},{"surface":"ряда","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Изучение","gloss":"of a series"},{"surface":"глупостей","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ряда","gloss":"follies"},{"surface":"человеческих","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies глупостей","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Изучение, idiom «и только»","gloss":"nothing more"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies математику, means «alone»","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"математику","lemma":"математика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"mathematics"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"естественные","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with математику, elliptical for «естественные науки»","gloss":"the natural sciences"},{"surface":"сфорсил","lemma":"сфорсить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"put on airs"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сфорсил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянул","gloss":"fleetingly"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сфорсил","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мнения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мнения","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боялся","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies боялся","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b10-c5-s219","source":"Но Алеша всё молчал и был всё по-прежнему серьезен. Если бы сказал что-нибудь сейчас Алеша, на том бы оно и покончилось, но Алеша смолчал, а «молчание его могло быть презрительным», и Коля раздражился уже совсем.","translation":"But Alyosha still kept silent and was still grave as before. Had Alyosha said something just then, it would have ended right there, but Alyosha held his tongue, and \"his silence might be contemptuous,\" and Kolya was thoroughly irritated now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы сказал… на том бы оно и покончилось","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Если бы сказал что-нибудь… на том бы оно и покончилось» is a contrary-to-fact conditional: past-form verbs + «бы» in both clauses (\"had Alyosha said something, it would have ended there\"). The mobile «бы» leans on «на том» in the main clause. Then plain past «смолчал» reports what actually happened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчание его могло быть презрительным","title":"Predicate instrumental «презрительным»","body":"«могло быть презрительным» — after «быть» the predicate adjective takes the instrumental: \"[his silence] might be contemptuous.\" The quoted phrase is Kolya's own anxious thought reported as free indirect speech, the quotation marks marking the boy's inner voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to серьезен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies серьезен, part of «всё по-прежнему»","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезен, first part of «по-прежнему»","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезен, second part of «по-прежнему»","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"серьезен","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сказал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покончилось","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказал, part of «что-нибудь»","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix on что, part of «что-нибудь»","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том, idiom «на том»","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончилось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks покончилось as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of покончилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies покончилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"покончилось","lemma":"покончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смолчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смолчал","lemma":"смолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончилось","gloss":"held his tongue"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of молчание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смолчал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to презрительным","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"презрительным","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of могло быть","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"раздражился","lemma":"раздражиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смолчал","gloss":"was irritated"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражился","gloss":"thoroughly"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b10-c5-s220","source":"— Опять эти классические теперь у нас языки: одно сумасшествие, и ничего больше… Вы опять, кажется, не согласны со мной, Карамазов?","translation":"\"And then there are these classical languages we have nowadays: sheer madness, and nothing more… You seem to disagree with me again, Karamazov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы опять… не согласны со мной","title":"Short adjective «согласны» as predicate","body":"«не согласны» is the short-form predicate adjective «согласный» (plural, agreeing with polite «Вы»): \"you are not in agreement.\" Short adjectives are the normal way to predicate states like «согласен/согласна/согласны» — \"I agree / she agrees / you agree.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause (again, now)","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of языки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"классические","lemma":"классический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies языки","gloss":"classical"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (у нас = 'we have')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"языки","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic/subject of the sentence, predicate follows the colon","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies сумасшествие","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"сумасшествие","lemma":"сумасшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, after the colon","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with сумасшествие","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of согласны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласны","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies согласны","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласны","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласны","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b10-c5-s221","source":"— Не согласен, — сдержанно улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"I do disagree,\" Alyosha smiled with restraint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не согласен","title":"«согласен» — masculine short adjective","body":"Alyosha's reply «Не согласен» is the bare masculine short form: \"[I'm] not in agreement\" — i.e. \"I do disagree.\" The pronoun «я» is dropped, the short adjective alone carrying the whole answer, gently and economically contradicting Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b10-c5-s222","source":"— Классические языки, если хотите всё мое о них мнение, — это полицейская мера, вот для чего единственно они заведены, — мало-помалу начал вдруг опять задыхаться Коля, — они заведены потому, что скучны, и потому, что отупляют способности. Было скучно, так вот как сделать, чтоб еще больше было скуки? Было бестолково, так как сделать, чтобы стало еще бестолковее? Вот и выдумали классические языки. Вот мое полное о них мнение, и надеюсь, что я никогда не изменю его, — резко закончил Коля.","translation":"\"The classical languages, if you want my whole opinion of them, are a police measure — that's the sole reason they were brought in,\" Kolya suddenly began, little by little, to gasp for breath again. \"They were brought in because they're tedious and because they dull the faculties. Things were tedious — so how to make them more tedious still? Things were senseless — so how to make them even more senseless? And so they thought up the classical languages. There you have my full opinion of them, and I hope I shall never change it,\" Kolya finished sharply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было скучно… чтоб еще больше было скуки?","title":"Impersonal «было скучно» + comparative","body":"«Было скучно» / «было бестолково» are subjectless predicate constructions — neuter «было» + an adverb/short form for a general state (\"things were tedious / senseless\"). Kolya then twists them with comparatives «больше скуки», «бестолковее» (\"more boredom… more senseless\") into a sarcastic recipe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заведены потому, что… отупляют","title":"Short passive participle «заведены»","body":"«заведены» is the short past passive participle of «завести» (\"brought in, established\"): «они заведены» — \"they were instituted.\" It states a result, and «потому что» gives the (sneering) reason. Repeated «заведены… заведены» hammers Kolya's thesis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отупляют способности","title":"«отуплять» — to dull, make stupid","body":"«отуплять» (from «тупой», dull/blunt; perfective «отупить») means to blunt or stupefy. «отупляют способности» — \"they dull the faculties\" — is the core of Kolya's polemic, the same charge he repeats as «для отупления способностей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Классические","lemma":"классический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies языки","gloss":"classical"},{"surface":"языки","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate мера)","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on языки","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject-complement pronoun linking языки to мера","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"полицейская","lemma":"полицейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мера","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"мера","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the explanation","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заведены","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заведены","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive заведены","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"заведены","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, referring to языки","gloss":"were brought in"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase мало-помалу, modifies начал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase мало-помалу, modifies начал","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхаться","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"задыхаться","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"gasp"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive заведены","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"заведены","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"were brought in"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заведены, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скучны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скучны","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"tedious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скучны, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отупляют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отупляют","lemma":"отуплять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"способности","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отупляют","gloss":"faculties"},{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to скучно","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tedious"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"connects to the following rhetorical question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question, complement of как","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больше","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies скуки","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"скуки","lemma":"скука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бестолково","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"бестолково","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"connects to the following rhetorical question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, complement of как","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделать","gloss":"it became"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бестолковее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бестолковее","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"more senseless"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдумали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдумали","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выдумали","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought up"},{"surface":"классические","lemma":"классический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies языки","gloss":"classical"},{"surface":"языки","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выдумали","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the previous clause","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изменю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменю","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеюсь","gloss":"will change"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изменю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b10-c5-s223","source":"На обеих щеках его показалось по красной точке румянца.","translation":"On both his cheeks a red spot of color had appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по красной точке румянца","title":"Distributive «по красной точке»","body":"«На обеих щеках… показалось по красной точке румянца» — distributive «по» + dative «точке» means \"a red spot on each [of the two cheeks].\" «по» here distributes one item per cheek; «румянца» is the genitive \"of color/blush.\" The detail betrays the agitation under Kolya's cool."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine","role":"quantifies щеках","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"щеках","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of показалось","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of щеках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"distributive preposition marking точке","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"красной","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точке","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"точке","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject of показалось (distributive по + dative)","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"румянца","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies точке","gloss":"of color"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b10-c5-s224","source":"— Это правда, — звонким и убежденным голоском согласился вдруг прилежно слушавший Смуров.","translation":"\"That's true,\" Smurov, who had been listening intently, suddenly agreed in a ringing, convinced little voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прилежно слушавший Смуров","title":"Past active participle «слушавший»","body":"«прилежно слушавший Смуров» — \"Smurov, who had been listening diligently\" — is an imperfective past active participle («слушавший», from «слушать») used attributively, compressing a который-clause and conveying ongoing prior action up to the moment he speaks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голоском","title":"Diminutive «голосок» — a little voice","body":"«звонким… голоском» uses the diminutive «голосок» (from «голос») in the instrumental of manner: a small, ringing voice. The suffix conveys the boyish, eager piping of Smurov's quick agreement — affection and smallness at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежденным","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with звонким","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласился","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прилежно","lemma":"прилежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"слушавший","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смуров","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b10-c5-s225","source":"— А сам первый по латинскому языку! — вдруг крикнул из толпы один мальчик.","translation":"\"And yet he's top of the class in Latin himself!\" one boy suddenly shouted from the crowd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"первый по латинскому языку","title":"«по латинскому языку» — top in Latin","body":"«первый по латинскому языку» — \"first/top in Latin.\" «по» + dative «латинскому языку» expresses the subject one excels \"in.\" The jeer skewers Kolya: the loudest despiser of the classical languages is himself the class's best Latinist."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"латинскому","lemma":"латинский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языку","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"языку","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of первый","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"толпы","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies мальчик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b10-c5-s226","source":"— Да, папа, он сам говорит, а сам у нас первый по латинскому в классе, — отозвался и Илюша.","translation":"\"Yes, papa, he says all that, and he himself is top of our class in Latin,\" Ilyusha put in too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сам говорит, а сам… первый","title":"«сам… а сам» — and yet he himself","body":"Ilyusha's «он сам говорит, а сам… первый» plays «сам» (intensive \"himself\") against the contrastive «а»: \"he says it himself, and yet he himself is top.\" The repeated «сам» drives home the hypocrisy with no abstract word for it — pure syntactic point-scoring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing father","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject он, coordinated with первый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of первый","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, head of the phrase","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking латинскому","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"латинскому","lemma":"латинский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of латинскому","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b10-c5-s227","source":"— Что ж такое? — счел нужным оборониться Коля, хотя ему очень приятна была и похвала. — Латынь я зубрю, потому что надо, потому что я обещался матери кончить курс, а по-моему, за что взялся, то уж делать хорошо, но в душе глубоко презираю классицизм и всю эту подлость… Не соглашаетесь, Карамазов?","translation":"\"What of it?\" Kolya found it necessary to defend himself, though the praise was very pleasant to him. \"I cram Latin because I have to, because I promised my mother I'd finish the course, and to my mind, once you've taken something on, you should do it well — but in my soul I deeply despise classicism and all this baseness… You don't agree, Karamazov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему очень приятна была… похвала","title":"Dative «ему» + short adjective «приятна»","body":"«ему очень приятна была… похвала» — \"the praise was very pleasant to him.\" The experiencer «ему» is dative, «похвала» the nominative subject, and «приятна» the feminine short adjective agreeing with it. A textbook dative-experiencer feeling-state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что взялся, то уж делать хорошо","title":"Correlative «за что… то» proverb","body":"«за что взялся, то уж делать хорошо» — \"whatever you've taken on, that you must do well.\" The relative «что» pairs with correlative «то» in a proverbial frame; «взялся» is the reflexive «взяться (за)» (\"to take on, set about\"). Kolya excuses his Latin-cramming as mere conscientiousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зубрю","title":"«зубрить» — to cram, swot","body":"«зубрить» is schoolboy slang for rote memorization, \"to cram/swot\" — drilling something mechanically without love for it. «Латынь я зубрю, потому что надо» perfectly frames Kolya's stance: contempt for the subject, diligence in the grind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Что","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"счел","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found it"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of счел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"оборониться","lemma":"оборониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of счел","gloss":"to defend himself"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of счел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приятна","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приятна","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятна","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приятна","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the хотя-clause","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похвала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"похвала","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приятна","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"Латынь","lemma":"латынь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зубрю","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зубрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зубрю","lemma":"зубрить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cram"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of надо, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on зубрю","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of обещался, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обещался","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the potomu-chto clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of обещался","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещался","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончить","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase по-моему (parenthetical)","gloss":"in my"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase по-моему (parenthetical)","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взялся","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"взялся","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause за что...","gloss":"taken on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause делать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of презираю","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираю","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"презираю","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"классицизм","lemma":"классицизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презираю","gloss":"classicism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with классицизм","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соглашаетесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соглашаетесь","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b10-c5-s228","source":"— Ну зачем же «подлость»? — усмехнулся опять Алеша.","translation":"\"Now why 'baseness'?\" Alyosha smiled again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну зачем же «подлость»?","title":"Particles «ну» and «же» softening a challenge","body":"Alyosha's «Ну зачем же „подлость“?» opens with conversational «ну» and inserts «же» after «зачем» to gently press: \"now why ‘baseness'?\" The particles turn a flat question into a warm, probing nudge — Alyosha's characteristic mildness against Kolya's heat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подлость","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b10-c5-s229","source":"— Да помилуйте, ведь классики все переведены на все языки, стало быть, вовсе не для изучения классиков понадобилась им латынь, а единственно для полицейских мер и для отупления способностей. Как же после того не подлость?","translation":"\"Well, for pity's sake, the classics have all been translated into every language, so it stands to reason that it wasn't at all for the study of the classics that they needed Latin, but solely as a police measure and to dull the faculties. After all that, how is it not baseness?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"классики все переведены","title":"Short passive participle «переведены»","body":"«классики… переведены на все языки» — «переведены» is the short past passive participle of «перевести» (to translate): \"the classics have [all] been translated.\" The short form + (implied) «быть» states the accomplished result on which Kolya builds his argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть… как же… не подlость?","title":"«стало быть» + rhetorical «как же не»","body":"«стало быть» (\"so, it follows that\") draws the conclusion, and «Как же после того не подлость?» is a rhetorical question — «как же не…» (\"how is it not…?\") with insistent «же», expecting full agreement. Kolya argues by foregone conclusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да помилуйте","title":"«помилуйте» — \"good heavens, come now\"","body":"«Да помилуйте» (imperative of «помиловать», lit. \"have mercy\") is a fixed conversational exclamation of remonstrance: \"for pity's sake, oh come now.\" Drained of its literal religious sense, it voices Kolya's exasperated appeal as he presses his case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помилуйте","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"for pity's sake"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies переведены","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"классики","lemma":"классик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive переведены","gloss":"classics"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of классики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"переведены","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the ведь-clause","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of языки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"языки","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переведены","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"(it follows)"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the для-phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изучения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"изучения","lemma":"изучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобилась","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"классиков","lemma":"классик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies изучения","gloss":"classics"},{"surface":"понадобилась","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понадобилась","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"латынь","lemma":"латынь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понадобилась","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для мер, means 'solely'","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полицейских","lemma":"полицейский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мер","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"мер","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"purpose complement, coordinated with латынь","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отупления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отупления","lemma":"отупление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"purpose complement, coordinated with для мер","gloss":"dulling"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies отупления","gloss":"faculties"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подлость, rhetorical question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлость","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b10-c5-s230","source":"— Ну кто вас этому всему научил? — воскликнул удивленный наконец Алеша.","translation":"\"Now who taught you all this?\" exclaimed Alyosha, astonished at last.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто вас этому всему научил?","title":"Dative «этому всему» after «научить»","body":"«научить (кого) (чему)» governs an accusative person and a dative thing: «вас… этому всему научил» — \"taught you all this.\" «этому всему» is dative (\"this whole thing\"). Alyosha's astonished question quietly suggests the ideas are not Kolya's own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase этому всему, indirect object of научил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of научил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"удивленный","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивленный","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b10-c5-s231","source":"— Во-первых, я и сам могу понимать, без научения, а во-вторых, знайте, вот это же самое, что я вам сейчас толковал про переведенных классиков, говорил вслух всему третьему классу сам преподаватель Колбасников…","translation":"\"In the first place, I can understand it for myself, without being taught, and in the second place, you should know that this very thing I've just been telling you about the translated classics was said aloud to the whole third form by the teacher Kolbasnikov himself…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте","title":"Imperative «знайте» — \"you should know\"","body":"«знайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «знать», here not a true command but a discourse opener: \"know this, let me tell you.\" Paired with «во-первых… во-вторых» it stages Kolya's reply as a numbered lecture, the schoolboy organizing his self-defense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот это же самое… говорил… сам преподаватель","title":"End-weight subject «сам преподаватель Колбасников»","body":"The object «вот это же самое, что я… толковал» is fronted and the subject «сам преподаватель Колбасников» held to the very end — the climactic reveal. Free word order lets Kolya save his trump (it was the teacher himself who said it) for the stressed final slot; «сам» = \"himself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverbial phrase, part 1 of 2","role":"part of phrase во-первых, modifies могу","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverbial phrase, part 2 of 2","role":"part of phrase во-первых, modifies могу","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я, modifies могу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking научения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"научения","lemma":"научение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимать","gloss":"being taught"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverbial phrase, part 1 of 2","role":"part of phrase во-вторых, modifies знайте","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverbial phrase, part 2 of 2","role":"part of phrase во-вторых, modifies знайте","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of phrase это же самое, direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes это самое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это, together direct object of говорил","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause modifying это же самое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of толковал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of толковал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толковал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"толковал","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of relative clause modifying это же самое","gloss":"was explaining"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классиков","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"переведенных","lemma":"переведённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies классиков","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"классиков","lemma":"классик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of толковал","gloss":"classics"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of классу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"третьему","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies классу","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"классу","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преподаватель","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"преподаватель","lemma":"преподаватель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"Колбасников","lemma":"Колбасников","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to преподаватель","gloss":"Kolbasnikov"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b10-c5-s232","source":"— Доктор приехал! — воскликнула вдруг всё время молчавшая Ниночка.","translation":"\"The doctor has come!\" Ninochka, who had been silent the whole time, suddenly exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё время молчавшая Ниночка","title":"Past active participle «молчавшая»","body":"«всё время молчавшая Ниночка» — \"Ninochka, who had been silent the whole time\" — an imperfective past active participle (feminine «молчавшая», from «молчать») modifying her name, marking her long-held silence broken by the sudden cry «Доктор приехал!»"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ниночка","title":"«Ниночка» — diminutive of Нина","body":"«Ниночка» is the tender diminutive of «Нина» (the captain's crippled daughter), the -очк- suffix conveying the family's gentle affection. The whole household is named in such loving small forms — Илюшечка, Ниночка, Маменька — a register of intimacy around the dying boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"The doctor"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of quoted clause","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration modifying молчавшая","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"молчавшая","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Ниночка","gloss":"who had been silent"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Ninochka"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b10-c5-s233","source":"— Действительно, к воротам дома подъехала принадлежавшая госпоже Хохлаковой карета.","translation":"Indeed, the carriage belonging to Madame Khokhlakova had driven up to the gates of the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принадлежавшая госпоже Хохлаковой карета","title":"Participle «принадлежавшая» + dative complement","body":"«принадлежавшая госпоже Хохлаковой карета» — \"the carriage belonging to Madame Khokhlakova.\" The past active participle «принадлежавшая» (from «принадлежать», which governs the dative) takes «госпоже Хохлаковой» in the dative and agrees with «карета». A which-clause folded into one phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying подъехала","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротам","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подъехала","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воротам","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"подъехала","lemma":"подъехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had driven up"},{"surface":"принадлежавшая","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying карета","gloss":"belonging"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежавшая","gloss":"to Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"карета","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подъехала","gloss":"the carriage"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b10-c5-s234","source":"Штабс-капитан, ждавший всё утро доктора, сломя голову бросился к воротам встречать его.","translation":"The captain, who had been waiting for the doctor all morning, rushed headlong to the gates to meet him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждавший всё утро доктора","title":"Participle «ждавший» + genitive object","body":"«ждавший всё утро доктора» — \"who had been waiting all morning for the doctor.\" «ждать» typically takes the genitive of a non-specific awaited object, hence «доктора» (gen.). The imperfective past participle conveys the long, anxious vigil that erupts into «сломя голову бросился»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломя голову","title":"«сломя голову» — headlong, at breakneck speed","body":"«сломя голову» (literally \"having broken one's head\") is a frozen idiom built on an old gerund of «сломить»: it means rushing recklessly, headlong. The fossilized gerund survives only in this set phrase, capturing the captain's desperate dash to the gate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 1 of 2","role":"part of compound subject Штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 2 of 2","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ждавший","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying капитан","gloss":"who had been waiting"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration modifying ждавший","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждавший","gloss":"for the doctor"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился, idiom сломя голову","gloss":"headlong","note":"сломя голову is a fixed idiom meaning \"at breakneck speed\"; not literal."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротам","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"встречать","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b10-c5-s235","source":"Маменька подобралась и напустила на себя важности.","translation":"Mama drew herself together and put on an air of importance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Маменька","title":"«Маменька» — old-fashioned, fond \"Mama\"","body":"«Маменька» is a tender, slightly archaic diminutive of «мама», the affectionate household name for the captain's simple-minded wife. Like «Илюшечка» and «Ниночка», it bathes the family in intimate small-forms even as the narrator gently notes her «напустила на себя важности» (put on airs)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напустила на себя важности","title":"«напустить на себя» — to put on (an air)","body":"«напустить на себя важности» is an idiom: to assume an air, to give oneself importance (\"важности\" partitive genitive). The reflexive «на себя» (\"onto oneself\") makes the pose self-applied — the poor mother solemnly play-acting dignity for the doctor's visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подобралась","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"подобралась","lemma":"подобраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew herself up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напустила","lemma":"напустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подобралась","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of напустила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of напустила","gloss":"an air of importance"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b10-c5-s236","source":"Алеша подошел к Илюше и стал оправлять ему подушку.","translation":"Alyosha went up to Ilyusha and began arranging his pillow for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал оправлять ему подушку","title":"«стал» + imperfective infinitive — began to","body":"«стал оправлять» — \"began to arrange/smooth\" — uses «стать» (perfective) + imperfective infinitive «оправлять» to mark the onset of an ongoing action. «ему» is the dative of interest (\"for him\"): Alyosha tends Ilyusha's pillow on his behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"оправлять","lemma":"оправлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"arranging"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies подушку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оправлять","gloss":"pillow"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b10-c5-s237","source":"Ниночка, из своих кресел, с беспокойством следила за тем, как он оправляет постельку.","translation":"Ninochka, from her armchair, watched anxiously how he was setting the little bed to rights.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следила за тем, как он оправляет","title":"«следить за тем, как…» — watched how","body":"«следила за тем, как он оправляет постельку» — \"watched [it], how he was setting the little bed to rights.\" «следить за» governs the instrumental «за тем», the correlative pointing ahead to the «как»-clause; imperfective «оправляет» keeps the action in process before her anxious eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постельку","title":"Diminutive «постелька» — the little bed","body":"«постелька», the diminutive of «постель» (bed/bedding), is heavy with pathos here: it is the sickbed of the dying boy, and the tender suffix carries Ninochka's anxious love. The chapter's title itself, «У Илюшиной постельки», uses this very diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of следила","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of кресел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of следила","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следила","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"следила","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оправляет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оправляет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оправляет","lemma":"оправлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"was arranging"},{"surface":"постельку","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оправляет","gloss":"little bed"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b10-c5-s238","source":"Мальчики торопливо стали прощаться, некоторые из них пообещались зайти вечером.","translation":"The boys began hurriedly saying their goodbyes, some of them promising to look in that evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали прощаться… пообещались зайти","title":"Reflexive «прощаться» / «пообещались»","body":"«прощаться» (\"to say goodbye to one another / take leave\") is a reflexive -ся verb, the -ся here reciprocal/intransitive. «пообещались зайти» pairs the perfective «пообещаться» (promised, completed) with the perfective infinitive «зайти» (to drop in) — a single promised future visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"The boys"},{"surface":"торопливо","lemma":"торопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прощаться","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"saying goodbye"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пообещались","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пообещались","lemma":"пообещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пообещались","gloss":"to look in"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"that evening"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b10-c5-s239","source":"Коля крикнул Перезвона, и тот соскочил с постели.","translation":"Kolya called Perezvon, and the dog jumped down off the bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот соскочил с постели","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking the dog","body":"«Коля крикнул Перезвона, и тот соскочил» — «тот» (\"and he/it\") refers back to Perezvon the dog, keeping the referent clear across the «и». «соскочил» (perfective, \"jumped down\") + «с постели» (genitive after «с», off the bed) reports one clean completed leap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of крикнул","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"jumped down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the bed"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b10-c5-s240","source":"— Я не уйду, не уйду! — проговорил впопыхах Коля Илюше, — я пережду в сенях и приду опять, когда уедет доктор, приду с Перезвоном.","translation":"\"I won't go away, I won't go!\" Kolya said hurriedly to Ilyusha. \"I'll wait it out in the entryway and come back again once the doctor has left — I'll come with Perezvon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не уйду, не уйду!","title":"Perfective future «не уйду» — emphatic refusal","body":"«не уйду» is the perfective future of «уйти» (to leave), the simple future built right into the ending: \"I will not go away.\" «уйти» is a prefixed verb of motion (у- + the unidirectional root), made perfective by the prefix; the doubling «не уйду, не уйду» vows it absolutely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пережду… приду опять… когда уедет доктор","title":"Three perfective futures of arrival/departure","body":"«пережду… приду… когда уедет» strings perfective simple futures: «переждать» (wait out), «прийти» (come, prefixed motion), «уехать» (drive off, prefixed motion). Russian uses the perfective future in the «когда»-clause too — \"once the doctor has left\" — where English needs a present-perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will go away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду (w5)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repetition for emphasis, parallel to уйду (w3)","gloss":"will go away"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"впопыхах","lemma":"впопыхах","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to Ilyusha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пережду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пережду","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next quoted clause","gloss":"will wait out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пережду","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пережду","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду (w15)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уедет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уедет","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приду (w15)","gloss":"has left"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уедет","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repetition of приду (w15), coordinated with пережду","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перезвоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Перезвоном","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приду (w20)","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b10-c5-s241","source":"Но уже доктор входил — важная фигура в медвежьей шубе, с длинными темными бакенбардами и с глянцевито выбритым подбородком.","translation":"But the doctor was already coming in — an imposing figure in a bearskin coat, with long dark side-whiskers and a glossily shaven chin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже доктор входил","title":"Imperfective for an action in progress","body":"«входил» is imperfective past — the doctor was in the very act of entering as the previous scene closed, not a single completed «вошёл». The adverb «уже» (already) underlines that the action was already under way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в медвежьей шубе, с длинными темными бакенбардами","title":"Strings of descriptive cases","body":"The figure is built up out of prepositional phrases: «в … шубе» (prepositional, location/attire after «в») and «с … бакенбардами … с подбородком» (instrumental after «с», 'with'). Each preposition fixes the case of its noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бакенбарды","title":"«бакенбарды» — side-whiskers","body":"A period word (from German Backenbart) for the long sidewhiskers fashionable on 19th-century gentlemen; the plural is normal. They mark the doctor as a man of consequence and grooming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медвежья шуба","title":"«медвежья шуба» — a bearskin coat","body":"«шуба» is a heavy fur coat; «медвежья» (bear's) is a possessive-type adjective from «медведь». Such a coat signals wealth and self-importance — the whole sentence dresses the doctor as a «важная фигура»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was coming in"},{"surface":"важная","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фигура","gloss":"an imposing"},{"surface":"фигура","lemma":"фигура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шубе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"медвежьей","lemma":"медвежий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шубе","gloss":"bearskin"},{"surface":"шубе","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фигура","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бакенбардами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies бакенбардами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"темными","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies бакенбардами","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"бакенбардами","lemma":"бакенбарды","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies фигура","gloss":"side-whiskers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подбородком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глянцевито","lemma":"глянцевито","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбритым","gloss":"glossily"},{"surface":"выбритым","lemma":"выбритый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подбородком","gloss":"shaven"},{"surface":"подбородком","lemma":"подбородок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фигура","gloss":"chin"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b10-c5-s242","source":"Ступив через порог, он вдруг остановился, как бы опешив: ему, верно, показалось, что он не туда зашел: «Что это? Где я?» — пробормотал он, не скидая с плеч шубы и не снимая котиковой фуражки с котиковым же козырьком с своей головы.","translation":"Stepping across the threshold, he suddenly stopped short, as though taken aback: it must have seemed to him that he had come to the wrong place. \"What is this? Where am I?\" he muttered, without sliding the coat from his shoulders or lifting from his head the sealskin cap with its sealskin visor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступив через порог","title":"Perfective gerund: 'having stepped'","body":"«Ступив» is a perfective деепричастие (adverbial participle) in -в: a completed action prior to the main verb, sharing its subject — 'having stepped across the threshold, he…'. A hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы опешив","title":"Another gerund, softened by «как бы»","body":"«опешив» is again a perfective gerund ('having been taken aback'); «как бы» ('as if, as though') hedges the narrator's reading of the doctor's face. The pairing 'as though having been startled' lets Dostoevsky describe an impression rather than assert a fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему, верно, показалось, что он не туда зашел","title":"Dative experiencer with «показалось»","body":"«ему… показалось» is an impersonal construction: 'it seemed to him', with the experiencer in the dative «ему» and no nominative subject. The что-clause reports what seemed so."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не скидая с плеч шубы и не снимая котиковой фуражки","title":"Negated imperfective gerunds + genitive of negation","body":"«не скидая… не снимая» are imperfective present gerunds describing how he muttered — 'without sliding off… without taking off'. Under negation the objects slip into the genitive: «шубы» and «фуражки» (not accusative «шубу/фуражку»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опешить","title":"«опешить» — to be taken aback","body":"A colloquial perfective meaning to be momentarily stunned or thrown off balance. Here it captures the grand doctor's comic disorientation at finding himself in a hovel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"котиковая фуражка с котиковым же козырьком","title":"«котиковый» — sealskin, repeated for emphasis","body":"«котик» here is the fur seal, so «котиковый» = sealskin; «фуражка» is a peaked cap and «козырёк» its visor. The repetition 'sealskin cap with a sealskin visor too' — reinforced by the particle «же» — quietly mocks the doctor's ostentatious, all-matching finery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступив","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"Stepping"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порог","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"порог","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступив","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part 1 of 2","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies опешив","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part 2 of 2","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies опешив","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"опешив","lemma":"опешить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"taken aback"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies показалось","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зашел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies туда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашел","gloss":"the right place"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of quoted clause","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of second quoted clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"he muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скидая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скидая","lemma":"скидывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плеч","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"плеч","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of скидая","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"шубы","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скидая (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"снимая","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скидая","gloss":"lifting off"},{"surface":"котиковой","lemma":"котиковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фуражки","gloss":"sealskin"},{"surface":"фуражки","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снимая (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the cap"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking козырьком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"котиковым","lemma":"котиковый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies козырьком","gloss":"sealskin"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes котиковым","gloss":"matching"},{"surface":"козырьком","lemma":"козырёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фуражки","gloss":"visor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of головы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снимая","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b10-c5-s243","source":"Толпа, бедность комнаты, развешанное в углу на веревке белье сбили его с толку.","translation":"The crowd, the poverty of the room, the washing hung out on a line in the corner threw him off entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Толпа, бедность комнаты, развешанное в углу на веревке белье сбили его с толку","title":"Three subjects, one plural verb","body":"A compound subject — «толпа, бедность, бельё» — governs the plural perfective «сбили». The verb stands last, after the heavy build-up of nominatives, a characteristic Russian topic-first, comment-last rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развешанное в углу на веревке белье","title":"Past passive participle as a modifier","body":"«развешанное» is a past passive participle ('hung out, strung up') from «развешать», agreeing with neuter «бельё» and packing a whole relative clause — 'the washing that had been hung out on a line' — into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбить с толку","title":"Idiom: «сбить с толку»","body":"Literally 'to knock off the sense', the set phrase means to confuse, bewilder, throw someone off. «толк» (sense, point) survives almost only in such idioms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"белье","title":"«бельё» — linen / laundry","body":"A collective neuter noun for linen, underclothes, or washing. Hung on a line across the corner of a single room, it is one more stroke of the family's poverty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбили","gloss":"The crowd"},{"surface":"бедность","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Толпа","gloss":"the poverty"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бедность","gloss":"of the room"},{"surface":"развешанное","lemma":"развешать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying белье","gloss":"hung out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развешанное","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веревке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"веревке","lemma":"верёвка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развешанное","gloss":"a line"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Толпа, бедность, subject of сбили","gloss":"the washing"},{"surface":"сбили","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сбили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбили","gloss":"balance","note":"сбить с толку is an idiom meaning \"to throw off / confuse.\""}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b10-c5-s244","source":"Штабс-капитан согнулся перед ним в три погибели.","translation":"The staff-captain bent double before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"согнулся","title":"Reflexive -ся: the bending happens to him","body":"«согнулся» (from «согнуться») is a reflexive/middle verb: he bent himself double. The -ся marks the action as intransitive and turned back on the subject, where «согнул» would need an object to bend."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"согнулся в три погибели","title":"Idiom: «в три погибели»","body":"'Bent in three deaths' — a vivid fixed expression for doubling right over, bowing or cringing as low as the body will go. Here it paints the staff-captain's grovelling servility before the great doctor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 1 of 2","role":"part of compound subject Штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 2 of 2","role":"subject of согнулся","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"согнулся","lemma":"согнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согнулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погибели","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on погибели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"погибели","lemma":"погибель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согнулся","gloss":"folds","note":"в три погибели is an idiom meaning \"doubled/bent right over.\""}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b10-c5-s245","source":"— Вы здесь-с, здесь-с, — бормотал он подобострастно, — вы здесь-с, у меня-с, вам ко мне-с…","translation":"\"You are here, sir, here, sir,\" he muttered obsequiously, \"you are here, sir, at my place, sir; it is to me you have come, sir...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня-с, вам ко мне-с","title":"Prepositions «у» and «к» governing case","body":"«у меня» (genitive after «у») = 'at my place'; «ко мне» (dative after «к») = 'to me'. The two prepositions fix their pronoun's case and together sketch 'you've come here, to me, to my home'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подобострастно","title":"«подобострастно» — obsequiously","body":"An adverb from «подобострастие», fawning servility. Bookish and weighty, it names precisely the cringing, sir-ridden manner Snegirev adopts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of здесь (w2)","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies Вы","gloss":"are here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to здесь (w2)","gloss":"sir","note":"-с is an archaic deferential suffix (short for сударь, \"sir\") tacked onto the preceding word."},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetition for emphasis, parallel to здесь (w2)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to здесь (w4)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подобострастно","lemma":"подобострастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бормотал","gloss":"obsequiously"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of здесь (w10)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies вы (w9)","gloss":"are here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to здесь (w10)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement, modifies вы (w9)","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to меня (w13)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative topic, modifies мне (w17)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement, predicate of вам (w15)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to мне (w17)","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b10-c5-s246","source":"— Сне-ги-рев? — произнес важно и громко доктор. — Господин Снегирев — это вы?","translation":"\"Sne-gi-rev?\" the doctor pronounced, gravely and loudly. \"Mr. Snegirev — is that you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес важно и громко доктор","title":"Inversion: verb before subject","body":"The speech tag puts verb and adverbs first, subject «доктор» last — «произнёс важно и громко доктор». Free word order lets the action and its weighty manner land before we are told who acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господин Снегирев — это вы?","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'Mr. Snegirev — is that you?' has no verb 'to be': Russian omits the copula in the present, joining subject and predicate directly with «это». The dash marks the gap where English needs 'is'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сне","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 1 of 3","role":"part of the name Снегирев, spelled out syllable by syllable, subject of произнес","gloss":"Sne-"},{"surface":"ги","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 2 of 3","role":"part of the name Снегирев","gloss":"-gi-"},{"surface":"рев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 3 of 3","role":"part of the name Снегирев","gloss":"-rev"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links важно and громко","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with важно, modifies произнес","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Снегирев, subject of вы","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"Snegirev"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with вы","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b10-c5-s247","source":"— Это я-с!","translation":"\"That is I, sir!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я-с!","title":"«Это я» — 'It is I'","body":"Identity is stated with bare «это» plus the nominative pronoun «я» and no copula — literally 'this — I'. The clinging «-с» again throws in the deferential 'sir'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of я","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"is I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to я (w2)","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b10-c5-s248","source":"— А!","translation":"\"Ah!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b10-c5-s249","source":"Доктор еще раз брезгливо оглядел комнату и сбросил с себя шубу.","translation":"The doctor once more cast a fastidious glance around the room and threw off his coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглядел … и сбросил","title":"Two perfectives drive the action forward","body":"«оглядел» (glanced over) and «сбросил» (threw off) are both perfective past: two single completed events in sequence, moving the scene forward against the imperfective background description that surrounds them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбросил с себя шубу","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«с себя» = 'off himself', using the reflexive pronoun «себя» (which has no nominative) to point back to the subject. Distinct from the verbal clitic -ся, «себя» is here a full prepositional object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брезгливо","title":"«брезгливо» — with fastidious distaste","body":"From «брезгать» (to be squeamish, to disdain as beneath one). The adverb tells us the doctor surveys the poor room with physical, snobbish revulsion — a single word doing pointed character work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядел","gloss":"The doctor"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies оглядел","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"брезгливо","lemma":"брезгливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядел","gloss":"fastidiously"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surveyed"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбросил","lemma":"сбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглядел","gloss":"threw off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сбросил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"шубу","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сбросил","gloss":"his coat"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b10-c5-s250","source":"Всем в глаза блеснул важный орден на шее.","translation":"An imposing decoration on his neck flashed into everyone's eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всем в глаза блеснул важный орден на шее","title":"Dative + fronting for effect","body":"The dative «всем» ('to everyone, in everyone's eyes') and the prepositional «в глаза» open the sentence, holding the subject «важный орден» back to the end so the decoration 'flashes' as the new, climactic information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of блеснул","gloss":"everyone's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блеснул","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"блеснул","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies орден","gloss":"an imposing"},{"surface":"орден","lemma":"орден","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блеснул","gloss":"decoration"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies орден","gloss":"his neck"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b10-c5-s251","source":"Штабс-капитан подхватил на лету шубу, а доктор снял фуражку.","translation":"The staff-captain caught the coat in mid-air, and the doctor took off his cap.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Штабс-капитан подхватил на лету шубу, а доктор снял фуражку","title":"Contrastive «а» between the two men","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction, hinging two parallel actions and shifting the topic from the captain to the doctor — 'the captain caught the coat, while the doctor took off his cap'. Not opposition but a gentle 'meanwhile'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на лету","title":"Idiom: «на лету»","body":"'In flight, in mid-air' — to catch something «на лету» is to seize it as it falls, on the wing. It captures Snegirev's eager, servile haste to catch the great coat before it touches the floor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 1 of 2","role":"part of compound subject Штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, part 2 of 2","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лету","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лету","lemma":"лёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватил","gloss":"mid-air"},{"surface":"шубу","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подхватил","gloss":"the coat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подхватил","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"фуражку","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"his cap"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b10-c5-s252","source":"— Где же пациент? — спросил он громко и настоятельно.","translation":"\"Where, then, is the patient?\" he asked, loudly and insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же пациент?","title":"The particle «же» — impatient insistence","body":"«же» here is the emphatic modal particle that English can only render with stress: 'Where, then, is the patient?' / 'Well, where IS the patient?'. It conveys the doctor's brisk, demanding impatience."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настоятельно","title":"«настоятельно» — insistently, peremptorily","body":"An adverb meaning urgently and commandingly, brooking no delay. Paired with «громко» (loudly), it caps the doctor's whole self-important entrance with a tone of brusque authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пациент","lemma":"пациент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"the patient"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links громко and настоятельно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко, modifies спросил","gloss":"insistently"}]}]}