{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Раннее развитие","translated":"Precocity"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c6","lines":202},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c6-s1","source":"— Как вы думаете, что ему скажет доктор? — скороговоркой проговорил Коля, — какая отвратительная, однако же, харя, не правда ли?","translation":"\"What do you suppose the doctor will tell him?\" Kolya rattled out. \"What a repulsive mug, though, isn't it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скороговоркой","title":"«скороговоркой» — at a gabble","body":"An instrumental-of-manner adverb from «скорый» (fast) + «говорить» (to speak): \"in a patter, rapidly, tripping over the words.\" The same noun also means a tongue-twister. It paints Kolya's nervous, breathless rush to impress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"харя","title":"«харя» — an ugly mug","body":"A coarse, slangy word for a face — \"mug, snout, ugly phiz\" — much ruder than «лицо». Kolya's reaching for low, swaggering register here is part of the boy's pose; Dostoevsky lets the vulgar word betray him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"«однако же» — emphatic 'and yet'","body":"«однако» means 'however, yet'; the appended particle «же» does not translate as a word but lends insistence and a conversational shrug — \"and yet, you know.\" Such particles are the texture of Dostoevsky's spoken Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не правда ли?","title":"«не правда ли?» — a tag question","body":"Literally \"is it not the truth?\", this fixed tag seeks the listener's agreement, like English \"isn't it?\" / \"don't you think?\" Kolya leans on it repeatedly through the chapter, a verbal tic of someone anxious to be confirmed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"in a rapid patter"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rattled out"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of харя (via отвратительная)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"отвратительная","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies харя","gloss":"repulsive"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying харя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"харя","lemma":"харя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"mug"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of tag question не...ли","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms tag question with не правда","gloss":"isn't it","note":"не...ли forms a yes/no tag question, like English \"isn't it?\""}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c6-s2","source":"Терпеть не могу медицину!","translation":"I can't abide medicine!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Терпеть не могу","title":"«терпеть не могу» — I can't stand it","body":"A set idiom, literally \"I cannot endure,\" used for strong dislike — \"I can't abide / can't stand.\" The infinitive «терпеть» (to bear, endure) under the negated «не могу» is fully lexicalized into one emphatic expression of distaste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stand","note":"Терпеть не могу is a fixed idiom meaning \"I can't stand/abide,\" not a literal \"I can't endure.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"медицину","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Терпеть","gloss":"medicine"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c6-s3","source":"— Илюша умрет.","translation":"\"Ilusha is going to die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умрет","title":"«умрёт» — perfective future","body":"A perfective verb («умереть», to die) conjugated with present-tense endings yields the simple future: \"he will die.\" There is no auxiliary — the futurity sits in the ending, and the perfective frames the death as a single, completed certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is going to die"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c6-s4","source":"Это, мне кажется, уж наверно, — грустно ответил Алеша.","translation":"That seems to me quite certain now,\" Alyosha answered sadly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне кажется","title":"«мне кажется» — it seems to me","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, and the experiencer stands in the dative «мне» while the verb «кажется» (it seems) carries reflexive «-ся». This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in the novel's reporting of inner states."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уж наверно","title":"«уж наверно» — pretty surely now","body":"The particle «уж» (a worn-down «уже», 'already') here adds intensity and resignation rather than literal time — \"by now, surely, quite definitely.\" «наверно» means 'for certain' (in 19th-c. usage stronger than today's hedging 'probably'). Alyosha's quiet grief is in that little «уж»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"quite certain"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кажется","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c6-s5","source":"— Шельмы!","translation":"\"Scoundrels!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шельмы","title":"«шельмы» — rogues, scoundrels","body":"A German loan (Schelm, 'rogue') long naturalized in Russian as an expressive insult — \"scoundrels, rascals.\" The bare exclamatory plural, flung out here by Kolya against the doctors, has the flavour of old-fashioned, theatrical abuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шельмы","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Scoundrels!"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c6-s6","source":"Медицина шельма!","translation":"Medicine is a scoundrel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Медицина шельма","title":"Zero copula: \"Medicine [is] a scoundrel\"","body":"Russian uses no present-tense 'to be': two nominatives are simply juxtaposed — «Медицина шельма», 'Medicine [is] a rogue.' The English supplies \"is\"; the Russian leaves the link unspoken, which gives the line its blunt, proverb-like punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Медицина","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шельма","gloss":"Medicine"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Медицина","gloss":"is a scoundrel"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c6-s7","source":"Я рад, однако, что узнал вас, Карамазов.","translation":"All the same, I'm glad I've come to know you, Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что узнал вас","title":"«узнал» — perfective 'to get to know'","body":"The perfective «узнать» here means not 'recognize' but 'come to know, make the acquaintance of' — a completed, momentous event for Kolya. Contrast the imperfective «знать» (to know as a state); the prefix and perfective aspect mark the threshold he feels he has crossed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am glad"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying рад","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"I've come to know"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c6-s8","source":"Я давно хотел вас узнать.","translation":"I've long wanted to know you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я давно хотел вас узнать","title":"Imperfective «хотел» of a long-standing wish","body":"The imperfective past «хотел» with «давно» ('long [since]') expresses an enduring, ongoing desire — \"I have long wanted.\" Russian uses a plain past where English needs a perfect; the imperfective supplies the sense of a wish that has lasted up to now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c6-s9","source":"Жаль только, что мы так грустно встретились…","translation":"It's only a pity that we've met under such sad circumstances...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жаль только, что","title":"«жаль» — impersonal 'it's a pity'","body":"«жаль» is an invariable predicative word taking no nominative subject — \"[it is] a pity.\" The clause it heads is opened by subordinating «что» ('that'). The construction belongs to the same subjectless, feeling-first family as «мне кажется» and «мне холодно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретились","title":"«встретились» — reciprocal «-ся»","body":"From «встретиться», to meet one another: the clitic «-ся» (here «-сь» after a vowel) carries reciprocal meaning — the two of them met each other. It is the same «-ся» that turns «целовать» (to kiss) into «целоваться» (to kiss each other)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's a pity"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жаль","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встретились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"встретились","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Жаль","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c6-s10","source":"Коле очень бы хотелось что-то сказать еще горячее, еще экспансивнее, но как будто что-то его коробило.","translation":"Kolya would dearly have liked to say something still warmer, still more expansive, but something seemed to hold him back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коле очень бы хотелось","title":"«хотелось бы» — conditional dative desire","body":"Three Russian habits fuse here: the dative experiencer «Коле» (no nominative subject), the impersonal reflexive «хотелось» (it was wished to him), and the irrealis particle «бы» making it conditional — \"Kolya would dearly have liked.\" A perfect specimen of how Russian frames longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то","title":"«что-то» — a specific but unknown 'something'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «что» marks a definite-but-unidentified referent: \"something [in particular],\" not just 'anything.' It recurs in the same sentence as the subject of «коробило» — \"something held him back\" — leaving the inhibiting force deliberately vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коробило","title":"«коробило» — it made him cringe","body":"Impersonal «коробить» literally means 'to warp, buckle (as wood)'; figuratively, \"to jar on, to make one wince/cringe.\" The neuter past with no subject — «что-то его коробило» — conveys an inner recoil he can't quite name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of хотелось","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have liked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (indefinite root), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать (with -то)","gloss":"something","note":"что-то (\"something\") is split across two tokens, что and то, by the tagger; they form one indefinite pronoun."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"attaches to что forming что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"горячее","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"warmer"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies экспансивнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"экспансивнее","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with горячее","gloss":"more expansive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom как будто, modifies коробило","gloss":"as if","note":"как будто is a fixed idiom meaning \"as if/as though.\""},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (indefinite root), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of коробило (with -то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"attaches to что forming что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of коробило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"коробило","lemma":"коробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with хотелось","gloss":"seemed to bother"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c6-s11","source":"Алеша это заметил, улыбнулся и пожал ему руку.","translation":"Alyosha noticed it, smiled, and pressed his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил, улыбнулся и пожал","title":"Three perfectives in a chain","body":"A string of perfective past verbs — noticed, smiled, pressed — moves the action forward event by event. This is narrative aspect at work: each perfective marks a discrete completed step, against which imperfectives would have given background or process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожал","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожал","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c6-s12","source":"— Я давно научился уважать в вас редкое существо, — пробормотал опять Коля, сбиваясь и путаясь.","translation":"\"I learned to respect you long ago as a rare being,\" Kolya muttered again, faltering and getting tangled up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уважать в вас редкое существо","title":"«в вас» — to respect a quality 'in' someone","body":"The idiom «уважать в ком-то что-то» = 'to value something in someone.' «в вас» (in you) takes the prepositional after «в», while «редкое существо» ('a rare being/creature') is the accusative object of «уважать». The phrasing casts Alyosha as a rare specimen Kolya has learned to honour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбиваясь и путаясь","title":"«сбиваясь и путаясь» — paired gerunds","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds (деепричастия) in -я, 'getting muddled and tangled,' describe Kolya's manner simultaneously with «пробормотал» (muttered). They must share the main verb's subject, and stacking them is a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies научился","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"научился","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of научился","gloss":"to respect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of уважать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"редкое","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"a rare"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of уважать","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to научился","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"сбиваясь","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"путаясь","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбиваясь","gloss":"getting tangled up"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c6-s13","source":"— Я слышал, вы мистик и были в монастыре.","translation":"\"I've heard you're a mystic and that you were in the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мистик","title":"«мистик» — a 'mystic'","body":"In the mouth of radical youth «мистик» is half-pejorative — a credulous religious dreamer, out of step with rational, scientific progress. Kolya means it as a diagnosis, which is why Alyosha gently asks what he means by the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мистик","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"мистик","lemma":"мистик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"a mystic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to монастыре","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были, clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c6-s14","source":"Я знаю, что вы мистик, но… это меня не остановило.","translation":"I know you're a mystic, but... that hasn't stopped me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это меня не остановило","title":"«не остановило» — negated perfective past","body":"«остановить» (to stop) is perfective; negated, «не остановило» denies that a single completed event took place — \"it didn't stop me.\" The inanimate neuter «это» is the subject and «меня» the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мистик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мистик","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"мистик","lemma":"мистик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"a mystic"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker introducing contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of остановило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of остановило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановило","gloss":"hasn't"},{"surface":"остановило","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c6-s15","source":"Прикосновение к действительности вас излечит…","translation":"Contact with reality will cure you...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прикосновение к действительности","title":"«прикосновение к действительности» — contact with reality","body":"A bookish abstract noun «прикосновение» (a touching, contact) in -ие governs «к» + dative «действительности» ('reality, actuality'). The phrasing is the language of journalism and ideas — exactly the second-hand intellectual register Kolya is performing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"излечит","title":"«излечит» — perfective future cure","body":"Perfective «излечить» (to cure completely) conjugated for the future: \"will cure [you].\" The prefix «из-» and the perfective aspect promise a finished, total healing — Kolya confidently predicting Alyosha's recovery from faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прикосновение","lemma":"прикосновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of излечит","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действительности","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"действительности","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Прикосновение","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of излечит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"излечит","lemma":"излечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cure"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c6-s16","source":"С натурами, как вы, не бывает иначе.","translation":"With natures like yours it can't be otherwise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С натурами, как вы","title":"«с натурами» — instrumental after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» ('with') governs the instrumental, here the plural «натурами» ('with natures [like yours]'). «натура» is a slightly bookish word for a person's fundamental cast of character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бывает иначе","title":"«не бывает» — impersonal habitual negation","body":"«бывает» is the iterative/habitual of «быть» — 'it [generally] happens, tends to be.' Negated and subjectless, «не бывает иначе» means \"it never turns out otherwise.\" The form states a settled general truth rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натурами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"натурами","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison modifying натурами","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"object of comparison как, referring to натурами","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"otherwise"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c6-s17","source":"— Что вы называете мистиком?","translation":"\"What do you mean by a mystic?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы называете мистиком?","title":"«называете ... мистиком» — instrumental of the predicate","body":"«называть кого-то кем-то» (to call someone something) puts the naming complement in the instrumental: «мистиком» ('[as] a mystic'). The interrogative «что» asks what Kolya so labels — \"What do you call a mystic?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of называете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of называете","gloss":"do you"},{"surface":"называете","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"мистиком","lemma":"мистик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называете","gloss":"a mystic"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c6-s18","source":"От чего излечит? — удивился немного Алеша.","translation":"Cure me of what?\" Alyosha asked, a little surprised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От чего излечит?","title":"«от чего» — genitive after «от»","body":"The preposition «от» ('from, of') governs the genitive, here the interrogative «чего». «излечить от чего-либо» = to cure of something, so Alyosha asks \"Cure [me] of what?\" The verb's subject (reality) is understood from the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of излечит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"излечит","lemma":"излечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cure me"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked, surprised"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c6-s19","source":"— Ну там бог и прочее.","translation":"\"Oh, God and all the rest of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну там бог и прочее","title":"«ну ... там ... и прочее» — dismissive filler","body":"A cluster of throwaway particles: «ну» ('well'), the vague gesturing «там» (here not 'there' but 'oh, you know'), and «и прочее» ('and the rest, et cetera'). Together they wave God off as a tiresome topic — Kolya affecting worldly indifference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse filler","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бог","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c6-s20","source":"— Как, да разве вы в бога не веруете?","translation":"\"What, do you mean you don't believe in God?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да разве вы в бога не веруете?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"The particle «разве» registers surprise or disbelief — \"do you mean to say...? / surely not...?\" Coupled with opening «да», it makes Alyosha's astonishment palpable. Such attitudinal particles carry what English would mark only by intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"веруете","title":"«веровать» — to believe (in the religious sense)","body":"«веровать» (here «веруете», 'you believe') is the elevated, churchly verb of religious faith, distinct from everyday «верить». «веровать в Бога» = 'to believe in God' as an act of faith. Its solemn register suits the subject under debate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses surprise","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to разве, intensifies surprise","gloss":"do you mean"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруете","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c6-s21","source":"— Напротив, я ничего не имею против бога.","translation":"\"On the contrary, I have nothing against God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ничего не имею против бога","title":"«ничего не имею» — negative concord","body":"Russian requires double negation: the ни-pronoun «ничего» ('nothing') co-occurs with the negated verb «не имею» — literally \"I have nothing not against God,\" meaning \"I have nothing against God.\" Both negatives are obligatory; together they make a single denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying имею","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"[negation]"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c6-s22","source":"Конечно, бог есть только гипотеза… но… я признаю, что он нужен, для порядка… для мирового порядка и так далее… и если б его не было, то надо бы его выдумать, — прибавил Коля, начиная краснеть.","translation":"Of course, God is merely a hypothesis... but... I admit that he is necessary, for the sake of order... for the order of the world and so on... and if he didn't exist, then he would have to be invented,\" Kolya added, beginning to blush.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б его не было, то надо бы его выдумать","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A textbook irrealis: «если б ... не было» (if [he] did not exist) in the protasis and «надо бы ... выдумать» (it would be necessary to invent) in the apodosis, both built on past-form/predicative + the particle «бы» («б»). «его не было» also shows the genitive of negation — the absent subject stands in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гипотеза ... для мирового порядка","title":"«гипотеза», «мировой порядок» — the freethinker's lexicon","body":"«гипотеза» (a hypothesis) and «мировой порядок» (the order of the world / cosmic order) are the bookish, Westernizing vocabulary of 1860s–70s rationalism. The Latinate diction itself signals Kolya ventriloquizing ideas he has read rather than thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying есть","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гипотеза","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"гипотеза","lemma":"гипотеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a hypothesis"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of признаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаю","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of признаю","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядка","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"порядка","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужен","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядка, parallel to first для","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мирового","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядка","gloss":"the world's"},{"surface":"порядка","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужен, parallel to first для порядка phrase","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"so","note":"и так далее is a fixed idiom meaning \"and so on.\""},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker forming если б with если","gloss":"would","note":"б here is the short form of бы, the conditional particle, not a preposition."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative 'then', introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"would be necessary"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to invent"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"краснеть","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начиная","gloss":"to blush"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c6-s23","source":"Ему вдруг вообразилось, что Алеша сейчас подумает, что он хочет выставить свои познания и показать, какой он «большой».","translation":"It suddenly struck him that Alyosha might think he was trying to parade his learning and show off what a \"big\" person he was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вдруг вообразилось","title":"«ему вообразилось» — dative + reflexive impersonal","body":"Another subjectless construction: «вообразиться» ('to come into one's imagination') with reflexive «-ся» and the experiencer in the dative «ему» — \"it suddenly struck him / he suddenly fancied.\" The thought presents itself to Kolya rather than being actively thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"большой","title":"«большой» in quotation marks — a 'big' boy","body":"Ordinarily «большой» = 'big, grown-up.' Dostoevsky's quotation marks flag it as Kolya's own childish, self-conscious word: he dreads looking like a kid showing off how grown-up and clever he is. The marks let the boy's anxious self-image leak through the narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вообразилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вообразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вообразилось","lemma":"вообразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумает","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразилось","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумает","gloss":"was trying"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to parade"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of познания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"познания","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выставить","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выставить","gloss":"show off"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of большой","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of большой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of показать","gloss":"\"big\" person"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c6-s24","source":"«А я вовсе не хочу выставлять пред ним мои познания», — с негодованием подумал Коля.","translation":"\"But I don't want to parade my learning in front of him at all,\" Kolya thought with indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ним","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, literary variant of the everyday «перед» ('in front of, before'), governing the instrumental «ним». The clipped form belongs to the higher, slightly archaic register and adds a faintly theatrical dignity to Kolya's inner protest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с негодованием","title":"«негодование» — indignation","body":"«негодование» is a strong, somewhat lofty word for moral indignation or outrage; «с негодованием» = 'with indignation.' The grand emotion clashes comically with the triviality of Kolya's worry, sharpening Dostoevsky's affectionate satire of the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"выставлять","lemma":"выставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to parade"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставлять, governed by пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of познания","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"познания","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выставлять","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c6-s25","source":"И ему вдруг стало ужасно досадно.","translation":"And all at once he felt terribly vexed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг стало ужасно досадно","title":"«ему стало досадно» — dative of sudden feeling","body":"The fullest dative-experiencer pattern: «ему» (dative) + «стало» (it became) + the predicative «досадно» ('vexing, galling'). No nominative subject — a state simply befalls Kolya: \"he suddenly felt terribly vexed.\" «стало» marks the entering into the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies досадно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"досадно","lemma":"досадный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"vexed"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c6-s26","source":"— Я, признаюсь, терпеть не могу вступать во все эти препирания, — отрезал он, — можно ведь и не веруя в бога любить человечество, как вы думаете?","translation":"\"I confess I can't bear getting into all these wrangles,\" he snapped, \"after all, one can love mankind even without believing in God, don't you think?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не веруя в бога любить человечество","title":"«не веруя» — negated gerund","body":"«веруя» is the imperfective present gerund of «веровать» (believing); negated, «не веруя» = 'without believing.' The deeper structure is «можно ... любить» (one can love) — an impersonal modal with infinitive — so: \"one can love mankind even without believing in God.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ведь","title":"«ведь» — appeal to shared sense","body":"The particle «ведь» invokes common ground — \"after all, surely, you know.\" Kolya uses it to make his proposition sound self-evident and to draw Alyosha into agreement, reinforced by the closing tag «как вы думаете?» (don't you think?)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"препирания","title":"«препирания» — squabbles, wrangles","body":"«препирательство» / «препирания» means petty argument, bickering, wrangling. The slightly bookish plural, dismissed with «отрезал» (he snapped/cut off), shows Kolya pretending to rise above a debate he is in fact eager to win."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying могу","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear","note":"терпеть не могу is the same fixed idiom as in s2: \"I can't bear/stand.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вступать","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"getting into"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking препирания","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of препирания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of препирания","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"препирания","lemma":"препирание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступать","gloss":"wrangles"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal, can)","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies веруя","gloss":"even","note":"и here means \"even,\" not \"and.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"веруя","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on можно","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруя","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical tag question","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical tag question, modifies можно","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c6-s27","source":"Вольтер же не веровал в бога, а любил человечество? («Опять, опять!» — подумал он про себя).","translation":"Voltaire, now, didn't believe in God, yet he loved mankind, didn't he?\" (\"Again, there I go again!\" he thought to himself.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вольтер же не веровал","title":"«же» — contrastive emphasis on Voltaire","body":"Here «же» fastens onto the topic «Вольтер» to single it out and press the point — \"Voltaire, now / take Voltaire.\" The particle marks the named example as the very pivot of the argument Kolya is rolling out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал он про себя","title":"«про себя» — the reflexive 'to oneself'","body":"«про себя» ('to oneself, inwardly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the clause's own subject and has no nominative. «думать про себя» = to think silently, an aside the reader overhears but Alyosha does not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вольтер","lemma":"вольтер","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"Voltaire"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вольтер","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веровал","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Again"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Опять","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c6-s28","source":"— Вольтер в бога верил, но, кажется, мало и, кажется, мало любил и человечество, — тихо, сдержанно и совершенно натурально произнес Алеша, как бы разговаривая с себе равным по летам или даже со старшим летами человеком.","translation":"\"Voltaire did believe in God, only not much, it seems, and he loved mankind not much either, it seems,\" Alyosha pronounced quietly, with restraint, and quite naturally, as though he were talking with someone his own age, or even older than himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы разговаривая","title":"«как бы» + gerund — 'as though talking'","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens and hedges, here over the imperfective gerund «разговаривая» (talking, conversing) — \"as though conversing.\" The gerund describes Alyosha's manner simultaneously with «произнёс» (he pronounced). «как бы» recurs through the chapter as Dostoevsky's marker of tentativeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с себе равным по летам ... со старшим летами","title":"«равный», «старший» + instrumental of respect","body":"«равный кому-то» (equal to someone) takes the dative «себе» ('to himself'), while «по летам» and the instrumental «летами» specify the respect 'in years/age.' «летами» is the instrumental plural of the old «лето» in its sense 'year' — the same root behind «сколько вам лет?»"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по летам / летами","title":"«лета» — years of age","body":"«лето» means 'summer,' but its plural «лета» supplies the suppletive plural of «год» in counting age and in fixed expressions (\"сколько вам лет?\"). Here «по летам» and «летами» both mean 'in years, in age' — a slightly elevated turn for someone's age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вольтер","lemma":"вольтер","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"Voltaire"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies мало (w7)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил (degree)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies мало (w10)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верил (second main verb)","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человечество","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натурально","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сдержанно","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies разговаривая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"разговаривая","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of равным (equal to himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"равным","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"летам","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of равным (по летам = in years)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старшим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старшим","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"летами","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies старшим (in years)","gloss":"in years"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition со/с, complement of разговаривая","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c6-s29","source":"Колю именно поразила эта как бы неуверенность Алеши в свое мнение о Вольтере и что он как будто именно ему, маленькому Коле, отдает этот вопрос на решение.","translation":"What struck Kolya in particular was this seeming uncertainty of Alyosha's about his own opinion of Voltaire, and the way he seemed to be leaving the question to him, little Kolya, to decide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Колю именно поразила эта ... неуверенность","title":"Object-first word order for focus","body":"The accusative object «Колю» (Kolya) is fronted before the verb «поразила», whose true subject is «неуверенность» (the uncertainty) — \"what struck Kolya was this uncertainty.\" Free case-marked order lets Russian foreground who was affected before naming the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"маленькому Коле","title":"«маленькому Коле» — dative in apposition","body":"«отдаёт ... ему, маленькому Коле» — the indirect object «ему» (to him) is restated by the appositive dative «маленькому Коле» ('to little Kolya'), adjective and name agreeing in the dative. The diminutive of the scene is sharpened by the narrator's wry «маленький»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неуверенность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies неуверенность","gloss":"seeming"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"неуверенность","lemma":"неуверенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"uncertainty"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неуверенность","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнение","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies неуверенность","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вольтере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Вольтере","lemma":"вольтер","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"Voltaire"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies отдает","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдает","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"маленькому","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коле","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"отдает","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is leaving"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдает","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдает (на решение = for a decision)","gloss":"decision"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c6-s30","source":"— А вы разве читали Вольтера? — заключил Алеша.","translation":"\"And have you actually read Voltaire?\" Alyosha asked in conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы разве читали Вольтера?","title":"«разве» again — gentle incredulity","body":"Opening «а» (a soft contrastive 'and/but') plus «разве» turns this into a probing, faintly skeptical question — \"And have you really read Voltaire?\" The imperfective «читали» asks about the experience of reading, not its completion, leaving room for Kolya's evasive answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of читали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читали","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"читали","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"Вольтера","lemma":"вольтер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читали","gloss":"Voltaire"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c6-s31","source":"— Нет, не то чтобы читал… Я, впрочем, «Кандида» читал, в русском переводе… в старом, уродливом переводе, смешном… (Опять, опять!)","translation":"\"No, it isn't that I've read him exactly... Though I did read 'Candide,' in a Russian translation... an old, hideous translation, a ridiculous one...\" (\"Again, there I go again!\")","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не то чтобы читал","title":"«не то чтобы» — 'it's not exactly that'","body":"A fixed hedging construction, «не то чтобы ...» = 'it's not exactly that..., not so much that...'. Kolya uses it to half-deny having read Voltaire while leaving himself an escape, the very picture of a boy caught out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в старом, уродливом переводе","title":"«в ... переводе» — agreement in the prepositional","body":"After «в» (location) the noun «переводе» stands in the prepositional, and the adjectives «старом, уродливом» agree with it in the prepositional masculine singular. The piled-up modifiers ('old, ugly, ridiculous') mark Kolya's flustered over-explaining."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, precedes the clause","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of читал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал (w9)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies читал (w9)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Кандида","lemma":"кандид","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читал (w9)","gloss":"'Candide'"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did read"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переводе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русском","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переводе","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"переводе","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читал","gloss":"translation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переводе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старом","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переводе","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"уродливом","lemma":"уродливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старом","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"переводе","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first переводе","gloss":"translation"},{"surface":"смешном","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старом, уродливом","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Опять","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c6-s32","source":"— И поняли?","translation":"\"And you understood it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И поняли?","title":"«поняли?» — perfective of full comprehension","body":"The bare perfective past «поняли» ('did you understand [it fully]?') asks whether comprehension was actually achieved as a completed result — a pointed, slightly teasing one-word question from Alyosha. The subject «вы» is dropped, recoverable from the verb's plural/polite ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you understand"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c6-s33","source":"— О да, всё… то есть… почему же вы думаете, что я бы не понял?","translation":"\"Oh yes, all of it... that is... why should you suppose I wouldn't understand it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же вы думаете, что я бы не понял?","title":"«я бы не понял» — conditional + «же»","body":"«бы» + past «не понял» forms the irrealis — \"that I wouldn't have understood.\" The particle «же» on «почему» adds indignant emphasis ('but why on earth...'). The whole is an embedded clause introduced by reporting «что» under «думаете»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, precedes да","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to всё","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional mood marker","role":"auxiliary of понял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c6-s34","source":"Там, конечно, много сальностей…","translation":"There's a good deal that's bawdy in it, of course...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сальностей","title":"«сальности» — smut, bawdy bits","body":"«сальность» (from «сало», 'fat, grease') means a coarse or obscene remark — 'smut, ribaldry.' The genitive plural «сальностей» follows «много» ('much, many'). Kolya's prim acknowledgement that Candide has \"a good deal that's bawdy\" is part of his grown-up pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies много","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"сальностей","lemma":"сальность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"bawdiness"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c6-s35","source":"Я, конечно, в состоянии понять, что это роман философский и написан, чтобы провести идею… — запутался уже совсем Коля.","translation":"I'm quite capable, of course, of grasping that it's a philosophical novel and was written to put across an idea...\" Kolya floundered hopelessly by now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"написан, чтобы провести идею","title":"«написан» + «чтобы» of purpose","body":"«написан» is the short-form past passive participle ('[it] was written'), the basis of the periphrastic passive. It is followed by purpose «чтобы» + the infinitive «провести» ('to put across, carry through [an idea]') — the willed-result conjunction, not plain reporting «что»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запутался уже совсем","title":"«запутался» — got thoroughly tangled","body":"Perfective «запутаться» (with «-ся») = 'to get tangled up, lost (in one's words).' Reinforced by «уже совсем» ('completely by now'), the narrator's verb deflates Kolya's intellectual flourish at the very moment he delivers it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of состоянии","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies состоянии","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of состоянии","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of роман","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of роман","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"a novel"},{"surface":"философский","lemma":"философский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"написан","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with роман","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of провести","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"провести","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on написан","gloss":"put across"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of провести","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"запутался","lemma":"запутаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"floundered"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запутался","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запутался","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запутался","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c6-s36","source":"— Я социалист, Карамазов, я неисправимый социалист, — вдруг оборвал он ни с того ни с сего.","translation":"\"I'm a socialist, Karamazov, I'm an incorrigible socialist,\" he suddenly broke off, apropos of nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни с того ни с сего","title":"«ни с того ни с сего» — out of the blue","body":"A frozen idiom, literally 'from neither this nor that,' meaning 'for no reason at all, apropos of nothing.' It preserves the old demonstrative «сей» («с сего» = from this) and shows the ни...ни negative-concord pattern fused into a set phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of социалист","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a socialist"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of социалист (w6)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"неисправимый","lemma":"неисправимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies социалист (w6)","gloss":"incorrigible"},{"surface":"социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with социалист (w2)","gloss":"socialist"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни с того ни с сего","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборвал (idiom)","gloss":"any reason"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"any cause"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c6-s37","source":"— Социалист? — засмеялся Алеша, — да когда это вы успели?","translation":"\"A socialist?\" Alyosha laughed. \"Why, when did you find the time?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да когда это вы успели?","title":"«успели» + «это» of mild astonishment","body":"Perfective «успеть» = 'to manage [in time], find the time to.' «когда это вы успели?» — \"when did you ever find the time?\" — where «это» is not 'this' but an emphatic, almost teasing particle thrown into the question. Alyosha's laughter is built into the syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A socialist"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успели","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle intensifying когда (idiom когда это..., not a true object)","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of успели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find the time"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c6-s38","source":"Ведь вам еще только тринадцать лет, кажется?","translation":"You're only thirteen, I think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам еще только тринадцать лет","title":"«вам ... лет» — dative of age + numeral case","body":"Age is impersonal and dative: «вам ... лет» = 'to you [there are] ... years.' The numeral «тринадцать» (13, like all 5-and-above) takes the genitive plural «лет». «ещё только» ('still only') gently underscores his youth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of the age construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тринадцать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тринадцать","lemma":"тринадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of вам (age construction)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c6-s39","source":"Колю скрючило.","translation":"Kolya winced as if he'd been pinched.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Колю скрючило","title":"«Колю скрючило» — impersonal accusative experiencer","body":"A vivid subjectless construction: the neuter past «скрючило» ('it twisted/cramped [him] up') with the experiencer in the accusative «Колю». Such accusative-impersonals describe a force seizing the body — Kolya literally writhing at the dig about his age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрючило","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"скрючило","lemma":"скрючить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winced"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c6-s40","source":"— Во-первых, не тринадцать, а четырнадцать, через две недели четырнадцать, — так и вспыхнул он, — а во-вторых, совершенно не понимаю, к чему тут мои лета?","translation":"\"In the first place, not thirteen but fourteen — fourteen in two weeks,\" he flared up at once, \"and in the second place, I utterly fail to see what my age has to do with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Во-первых ... во-вторых","title":"«во-первых ... во-вторых» — firstly, secondly","body":"Ordinal adverbs marking the points of an argument, 'in the first place... in the second place.' Their formal, list-making cadence — in a furious boy correcting his age by two weeks — is comic, the rhetoric of a debater deployed over a triviality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему тут мои лета?","title":"«к чему» — 'to what end / what's the point'","body":"«к чему» (literally 'to what,' dative-governing «к» + «что») is idiomatic for 'why? what for? what's the relevance?' — \"what have my years to do with it?\" «тут» ('here') colloquially means 'in this matter.' Note again «лета» for 'years/age.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, introductory","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тринадцать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тринадцать","lemma":"тринадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"predicate numeral, elliptical age statement","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with тринадцать","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of четырнадцать (w10)","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"repeats w6, elliptical predicate","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспыхнул (intensifier)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"вспыхнул","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, introductory","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лета","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the embedded clause","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c6-s41","source":"Дело в том, каковы мои убеждения, а не который мне год, не правда ли?","translation":"What matters is what my convictions are, not how old I am, isn't that so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каковы мои убеждения","title":"«каковы» — bookish short interrogative","body":"«каков» (short, predicative 'what is ... like / of what sort') is a more formal, literary alternative to «какой». Its short plural «каковы» agrees with «убеждения» ('convictions') — \"what my convictions are like.\" The elevated form fits Kolya's debating posture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"который мне год","title":"«который мне год» — 'how old I am'","body":"An idiom using the interrogative «который» ('which') with dative «мне»: «который мне год» literally 'which year is to me,' i.e. 'what year of my life I'm in / how old I am.' It contrasts pointedly with «каковы мои убеждения» — character versus age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"is in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"каковы","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, plural, predicative","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"what... are"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of убеждения","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of каковы","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies который","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год (idiom: который год = how old)","gloss":"how old"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of the age construction","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the age construction, coordinated with убеждения","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(tag)"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c6-s42","source":"— Когда вам будет больше лет, то вы сами увидите, какое значение имеет на убеждение возраст.","translation":"\"When you're older, you'll see for yourself how much one's age has to do with one's convictions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда вам будет больше лет, то вы сами увидите","title":"Real future conditional: «когда ... будет ... увидите»","body":"A future-time «когда»-clause pairs two futures: imperfective compound «будет ... лет» ('when you have more years') and perfective «увидите» ('you will see [for yourself]'). The correlative «то» links the clauses. «сами» (you yourselves) drives the point home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of the age construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the age construction, governs лет","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of будет (age construction)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying увидите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значение","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидите","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеет","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"возраст","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c6-s43","source":"Мне показалось тоже, что вы не свои слова говорите, — скромно и спокойно ответил Алеша, но Коля горячо его прервал.","translation":"It also seemed to me that you weren't speaking your own words,\" Alyosha answered modestly and calmly, but Kolya cut him off heatedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы не свои слова говорите","title":"«свои слова» — the reflexive possessive","body":"«свой» means 'one's own,' referring to the subject of its clause: «не свои слова» = 'not your own words.' Using «ваши» instead would merely mean 'your words' without the pointed sense of authenticity — Alyosha's quiet charge that Kolya is parroting others."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коля горячо его прервал","title":"«прервал» — perfective interruption","body":"Perfective «прервать» (to interrupt, cut off) marks a single sharp event breaking into Alyosha's speech, the adverb «горячо» ('hotly, heatedly') colouring Kolya's manner. The perfective is the natural aspect for an abrupt, completed action in narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свои","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"were speaking"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"heatedly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прервал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with ответил","gloss":"cut off"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c6-s44","source":"— Помилуйте, вы хотите послушания и мистицизма.","translation":"\"Come now, you want obedience and mysticism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«помилуйте» — 'come now! / for pity's sake!'","body":"Literally the imperative 'have mercy [on me]!' (from «помиловать»), but in polite speech it is a fixed exclamation of protest — \"come now! / good heavens! / how can you?\" Kolya opens three retorts with it in this exchange, a marker of agitated 19th-c. politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"interjection, imperative exclamation","gloss":"Come now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"послушания","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мистицизма","lemma":"мистицизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушания","gloss":"mysticism"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c6-s45","source":"Согласитесь в том, что, например, христианская вера послужила лишь богатым и знатным, чтобы держать в рабстве низший класс, не правда ли?","translation":"You'll grant, for instance, that the Christian faith has served only the rich and the high-born, so as to keep the lower class in bondage, won't you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Согласитесь в том, что","title":"«согласитесь» — polite imperative + reflexive","body":"Imperative «согласитесь» (from reflexive «согласиться», to agree), with the polite/plural «-те» and the correlative «в том, что...» ('in this, that...') opening the subordinate clause. \"You'll grant that...\" — Kolya marshalling Alyosha toward a concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы держать в рабстве низший класс","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы держать» ('so as to keep') gives the purpose served by the Christian faith. When the purpose-subject is the same as the main clause's, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than the past-form irrealis. «в рабстве» (in bondage) is location in the prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You'll grant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Согласитесь","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies послужила","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"христианская","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послужила","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"послужила","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"has served"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies богатым","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"богатым","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of послужила","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знатным","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатым","gloss":"the high-born"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of держать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on послужила","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рабстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рабстве","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держать","gloss":"bondage"},{"surface":"низший","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies класс","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"класс","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag-question particle, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(tag)"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c6-s46","source":"— Ах, я знаю, где вы это прочли, и вас непременно кто-нибудь научил! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Ah, I know where you read that, and somebody certainly put you up to it!\" Alyosha exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас непременно кто-нибудь научил","title":"«кто-нибудь» vs «кто-то»","body":"Here Alyosha uses «кто-нибудь» ('somebody or other, anybody'), the non-specific indefinite, because he doesn't know who the instigator was — \"somebody must have put you up to it.\" Contrast «кто-то», which would assert a definite-but-unnamed person. «непременно» = 'certainly, without fail.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, precedes знаю","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочли","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прочли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прочли","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies научил","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of научил, part of the indefinite pronoun кто-нибудь","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кто-нибудь","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"put you up to it"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c6-s47","source":"— Помилуйте, зачем же непременно прочел?","translation":"\"Come now, why must it be that I read it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем же непременно прочёл?","title":"«зачем же» — indignant 'why'","body":"«зачем» ('why, what for') plus the emphatic particle «же» makes a heated rhetorical objection — \"but why must it be that I read it?\" The perfective «прочёл» (the older masculine past of «прочесть», read through) asserts the completed reading Kolya is denying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"interjection, imperative exclamation","gloss":"Come now"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помилуйте","gloss":"read it"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c6-s48","source":"И никто ровно не научил.","translation":"And nobody at all put me up to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И никто ровно не научил","title":"«никто ... не научил» — negative concord","body":"The ни-pronoun «никто» ('nobody') obligatorily co-occurs with negated «не научил» — \"nobody put me up to it.\" «ровно» here is colloquial intensification, 'absolutely (nobody),' reinforcing the denial rather than meaning 'evenly.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies научил","gloss":"at all","note":"ровно не = \"not at all\", an intensifier on the negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put me up to it"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c6-s49","source":"Я и сам могу… И если хотите, я не против Христа.","translation":"I'm capable of it on my own... And if you want to know, I'm not against Christ.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и сам могу","title":"«и сам» — the intensive 'myself'","body":"The intensifier «сам» ('[my]self, on my own') with connective «и» asserts independent capacity — \"I can do it myself too.\" «сам» agrees like an adjective (here masculine «сам») and stresses that no outside prompting was needed. The object of «могу» is left elliptical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you want to know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of против","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies против","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate preposition marking Христа","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of против","gloss":"Christ"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c6-s50","source":"Это была вполне гуманная личность, и живи он в наше время, он бы прямо примкнул к революционерам и, может быть, играл бы видную роль… Это даже непременно.","translation":"He was an entirely humane personality, and had he lived in our day, he would have joined the revolutionaries outright and might have played a conspicuous part... that's even beyond doubt.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"живи он в наше время, он бы прямо примкнул","title":"Counterfactual with inverted imperative","body":"A bookish conditional: the imperative form «живи» ('were he to live') stands for «если бы он жил» — using the imperative as a hypothetical 'had he...'. The apodosis «он бы ... примкнул» (he would have joined) uses past + «бы». A vivid 19th-c. literary turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"играл бы видную роль","title":"«играл бы» — conditional 'would have played'","body":"Imperfective past «играл» + «бы» gives the hypothetical 'might have been playing / would have played [a conspicuous role].' The imperfective suits an ongoing, sustained role rather than a single act, against the perfective «примкнул» ('would have joined') just before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of личность","gloss":"he","note":"Literally \"this/it\"; the translation renders it as \"he\" since it points back to the man just described."},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to личность","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гуманная","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"гуманная","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies личность","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"личность","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"personality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живи","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, imperative form used as conditional, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on примкнул","gloss":"had he lived","note":"An archaic use of the imperative form for an unreal conditional: \"живи он\" = \"had he lived.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живи","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живи","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примкнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of примкнул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примкнул","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"примкнул","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional apodosis","gloss":"would have joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking революционерам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"революционерам","lemma":"революционер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of примкнул","gloss":"the revolutionaries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal auxiliary of играл, idiom может быть","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with примкнул","gloss":"have played"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of играл","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"видную","lemma":"видный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роль","gloss":"conspicuous"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of играл","gloss":"a part"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of непременно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"beyond doubt"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c6-s51","source":"— Ну где, ну где вы этого нахватались!","translation":"\"Well, where, oh where did you pick all this up!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну где, ну где вы этого нахватались!","title":"Emphatic repetition for exasperation","body":"The doubled «ну где, ну где» ('well where, oh where') is expressive reduplication conveying Alyosha's amused exasperation. Word order and repetition, not new vocabulary, carry the emotional charge — the rhythm of spoken outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нахватались","title":"«нахвататься» — to pick up (scraps of)","body":"Perfective reflexive «нахвататься чего-либо» (+ genitive «этого») means 'to snatch up, pick up bits of' knowledge superficially and indiscriminately. The verb is faintly disparaging — Kolya has grabbed ideas piecemeal, not learned them — which is precisely Alyosha's point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахватались","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахватались","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нахватались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нахватались","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нахватались","lemma":"нахвататься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did pick up"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c6-s52","source":"С каким это дураком вы связались? — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"What fool have you fallen in with?\" Alyosha exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С каким это дураком вы связались?","title":"«с каким ... дураком» — instrumental after «с»","body":"«связаться с кем-то» (to get mixed up with someone) governs the instrumental, here «с ... дураком» ('with [what] fool'), the interrogative «каким» agreeing in the instrumental. The inserted «это» adds colloquial exasperation, as in s37."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дураком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дураком","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic filler particle","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"Colloquial filler это here, not the pronoun \"this\" — adds emphasis, roughly \"what fool is this you've...\""},{"surface":"дураком","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связались","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of связались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"связались","lemma":"связаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen in with"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to связались","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c6-s53","source":"— Помилуйте, правды не скроешь.","translation":"\"Come now, there's no hiding the truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"правды не скроешь","title":"«правды не скроешь» — genitive of negation + 2sg 'you'","body":"Under negation the object «правда» shifts to the genitive «правды» — the genitive of negation. The 2nd-person perfective future «скроешь» ('you won't hide') is used generically/impersonally — 'one cannot hide the truth,' a proverb-like generalization rather than a literal 'you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скроешь","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скроешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скроешь","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помилуйте","gloss":"you'll hide"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c6-s54","source":"Я, конечно, по одному случаю, часто говорю с господином Ракитиным, но… Это еще старик Белинский тоже, говорят, говорил.","translation":"It's true I happen to talk a good deal with Mr. Rakitin, but... old Belinsky used to say it too, so they tell me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по одному случаю","title":"«по одному случаю» — 'as it happens / on a certain occasion'","body":"«по случаю» (literally 'by occasion') here means 'as it happens, by chance, on certain occasions' — Kolya minimizing his contact with Rakitin. «по» governs the dative «случаю». The hedging phrase betrays how much he wants to play down the connection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорю","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies случаю","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господином","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"господином","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господином","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Белинский","lemma":"белинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"Belinsky"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c6-s55","source":"— Белинский?","translation":"\"Belinsky?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Белинский","lemma":"белинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Belinsky"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c6-s56","source":"Не помню.","translation":"I don't recall it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не помню","title":"«не помню» — dropped subject","body":"\"[I] don't recall.\" The pronoun «я» is omitted because the 1st-person singular ending of «помню» already identifies the subject — the default in Russian, where pronouns appear mainly for emphasis or contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c6-s57","source":"Он этого нигде не написал.","translation":"He never wrote that anywhere.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он этого нигде не написал","title":"«нигде ... не написал» — negative concord + genitive","body":"Two negation features: the negative adverb «нигде» ('nowhere') requires the verb's «не» (negative concord), and the negated object «это» appears in the genitive «этого» — the genitive of negation. \"He nowhere wrote that.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c6-s58","source":"— Если не написал, то, говорят, говорил.","translation":"\"He may not have written it, but he said it, so they tell me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не написал, то ... говорил","title":"«если ..., то ...» — real conditional + aspect contrast","body":"A real (indicative) conditional, «если ..., то ...» ('if ..., then ...'), pivoting on aspect: perfective «написал» ('did [not] write [it down]') versus imperfective «говорил» ('used to say / said'). Kolya retreats from the written record to hearsay speech — the aspects carry the whole rhetorical dodge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said it"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c6-s59","source":"Я это слышал от одного… впрочем, черт…","translation":"I heard it from a certain... well, the devil...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от одного","title":"«от одного» — elliptical 'from a certain man'","body":"«от» (from) + genitive «одного» ('a certain one [person]'), with the noun «человека» left unspoken — \"I heard it from a certain...\". «один» here is not the numeral 'one' but the indefinite 'a certain,' trailing off as Kolya thinks better of naming his source."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем, чёрт","title":"«впрочем, чёрт…» — 'well, the devil…'","body":"«впрочем» ('however, but then, on second thought') signals Kolya catching and reversing himself, and «чёрт» ('the devil') is a mild oath of vexation as he breaks off rather than name his informant. The trailing dash dramatizes his self-interruption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"a certain [person]"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c6-s60","source":"— А Белинского вы читали?","translation":"\"And have you read Belinsky?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Белинского вы читали?","title":"Animate accusative «Белинского»","body":"«Белинского» is the accusative of the animate masculine name, which borrows the genitive ending «-ого» — here standing by metonymy for Belinsky's works ('have you read Belinsky?'). Fronting the object and dropping nothing else, Alyosha lands a quiet, pointed challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Белинского","lemma":"белинский","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читали","gloss":"Belinsky"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of читали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"читали","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have read"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c6-s61","source":"— Видите ли… нет… я не совсем читал, но… место о Татьяне, зачем она не пошла с Онегиным, я читал.","translation":"\"Well, you see... no... I haven't quite read him, but... the passage about Tatyana, about why she didn't go off with Onegin, that I did read.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видите ли","title":"«ли» softening an opener","body":"«Видите ли» — literally \"do you see,\" with the enclitic «ли» — is here not a true question but a hesitant conversational filler, \"well, you see…\". The particle, normally marking a yes/no question, lends a tentative, buttonholing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем она не пошла с Онегиным","title":"«пойти» — perfective verb of motion","body":"«не пошла» is the perfective past of «пойти» (to set off, go), the prefixed perfective partner of «идти/ходить». The single completed departure — the decisive act of going off — is exactly why the perfective is chosen here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Видите","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Татьяне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Татьяне","lemma":"татьяна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"Tatyana"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with читал","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Онегиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Онегиным","lemma":"онегин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"Onegin"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did read"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c6-s62","source":"— Как не пошла с Онегиным?","translation":"\"What do you mean, didn't go off with Onegin?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не пошла с Онегиным?","title":"Echo-question «Как…?»","body":"Alyosha repeats Kolya's own words framed by «Как…?» (\"How — what do you mean —…?\"), a common spoken move that throws the interlocutor's phrase back as an incredulous query. The verb «не пошла» stays in the perfective past, lifted straight from the preceding line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"what do you mean"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Онегиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Онегиным","lemma":"онегин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"Onegin"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c6-s63","source":"Да разве вы это уж… понимаете?","translation":"Do you mean you already... understand that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве вы это уж… понимаете?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«разве» opens a question expecting a negative or surprised answer — \"surely you don't…?\", \"you mean to say…?\". Paired with the opening «Да» (a hinge, not \"yes\") and the hesitant «уж», it conveys Alyosha's astonishment that so young a boy already grasps the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c6-s64","source":"— Помилуйте, вы, кажется, принимаете меня за мальчика Смурова, — раздражительно осклабился Коля.","translation":"\"Come now, you seem to be taking me for the boy Smurov,\" Kolya bared his teeth in an irritated grin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте» — \"good heavens, come now\"","body":"Literally the polite-plural imperative of «помиловать» (\"have mercy\"), «Помилуйте» had bleached into a polite interjection of protest — \"come now, for pity's sake, don't be absurd.\" It marks Kolya's wounded dignity at being mistaken for a younger child."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимаете меня за мальчика Смурова","title":"«принимать за» — take for","body":"The idiom «принимать кого-за кого» (take someone for someone) governs the accusative on both sides: «меня… за мальчика». «принимаете» is imperfective present, framing the mistake as Kolya's standing impression of how Alyosha sees him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«осклабиться» — to bare the teeth in a grin","body":"«осклабиться» is an expressive, faintly unpleasant verb: to grin so the teeth show, a smirk rather than a warm smile. With «раздражительно» (irritably) it captures Kolya's prickly self-consciousness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to принимаете","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"принимаете","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are taking"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаете","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Смурова","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчика","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осклабился","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bared his teeth"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c6-s65","source":"— Впрочем, пожалуйста, не думайте, что я уж такой революционер.","translation":"\"But please, don't imagine that I'm such a great revolutionary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«Впрочем» — \"however, then again\"","body":"«Впрочем» introduces a self-correction or qualification of what one has just said — \"however,\" \"on second thoughts,\" \"mind you.\" It is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's nervous, back-tracking speakers, and Kolya wields it constantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не думайте, что я уж такой революционер","title":"Negated imperative + «такой»","body":"«не думайте» is a negated imperative (\"don't imagine\"), and «такой» (\"such a,\" \"that much of a\") with «уж» belittles the noun — \"such a great revolutionary.\" «такой» agrees like an adjective with «революционер»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думайте","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of революционер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of революционер","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of революционер","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"революционер","lemma":"революционер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думайте","gloss":"great revolutionary"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c6-s66","source":"Я очень часто не согласен с господином Ракитиным.","translation":"Very often I don't agree with Mr. Rakitin at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не согласен с господином Ракитиным","title":"Short adjective «согласен» + instrumental","body":"«согласен» is the short (predicative) form of «согласный», used only as a predicate: \"I am in agreement.\" The person one agrees with stands in the instrumental after «с» («с господином Ракитиным»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in agreement"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господином","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"господином","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласен","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господином","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c6-s67","source":"Если я о Татьяне, то я вовсе не за эманципацию женщин.","translation":"If I bring up Tatyana, it isn't that I'm for the emancipation of women in the least.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я о Татьяне, то…","title":"Elliptical «если… то»","body":"«Если… то» is the standard \"if… then\" frame, but here the verb is dropped after «я» — \"if I [speak] of Tatyana, then…\". Such ellipsis of an understood verb («говорю») is natural in lively speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не за эманципацию","title":"«вовсе не» — emphatic negation","body":"«вовсе не» negates emphatically — \"not at all,\" \"by no means.\" The preposition «за» here means \"in favor of\" and takes the accusative («за эманципацию»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Татьяне","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Татьяне","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Татьяне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Татьяне","lemma":"татьяна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb in the если-clause","gloss":"Tatyana"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of эманципацию","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of эманципацию","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эманципацию","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эманципацию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эманципацию","lemma":"эманципация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"emancipation"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies эманципацию","gloss":"of women"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c6-s68","source":"Я признаю, что женщина есть существо подчиненное и должна слушаться.","translation":"I hold that woman is a subordinate creature and must obey.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"женщина есть существо подчиненное","title":"Bookish copula «есть»","body":"Modern Russian normally drops the present-tense \"to be,\" but here Kolya keeps the archaic, bookish «есть» (\"is\") for a pompous, aphoristic ring — \"woman IS a subordinate creature.\" The predicate noun «существо» stands in the nominative after «есть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должна слушаться","title":"«слушаться» — reflexive \"obey\"","body":"«слушаться» (to obey) exists only in the «-ся» form; the «-ся» here is lexical, not reflexive in meaning. It governs the genitive of the person obeyed, though here the object is left understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of признаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаю","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признаю","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a creature"},{"surface":"подчиненное","lemma":"подчинённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"subordinate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"слушаться","lemma":"слушаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"obey"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c6-s69","source":"Les femmes tricottent, как сказал Наполеон, — усмехнулся почему-то Коля, — и по крайней мере в этом я совершенно разделяю убеждение этого псевдовеликого человека.","translation":"Les femmes tricottent, as Napoleon said,\" Kolya smirked for some reason, \"and on this point, at least, I entirely share the conviction of that pseudo-great man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Les femmes tricottent","title":"A French tag: \"women knit\"","body":"French for \"women knit\" — a phrase Kolya attributes to Napoleon, meaning a woman's place is domestic. Dostoevsky leaves it in French and footnotes the Russian gloss (Дело женщины — вязанье, \"woman's business is knitting\"); educated Russians of the period sprinkled their speech with French, and the boy shows off by doing the same."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"псевдовеликого человека","title":"«псевдовеликий» — \"pseudo-great\"","body":"A coinage with the learned prefix «псевдо-», \"pseudo-great\" — Kolya's swaggering put-down of Napoleon, the very man he has just quoted approvingly. The hybrid Greek-prefixed adjective flaunts his bookishness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разделяю убеждение этого псевдовеликого человека","title":"Genitive of possession in a chain","body":"«убеждение… человека» — \"the conviction of this man\" — strings the noun and its possessor in the genitive, with «этого псевдовеликого» agreeing in genitive throughout. The whole modifier-chain makes the boy's self-important diction visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"les","morphology":"word (French)","role":"quoted complement of сказал","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femmes","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Les","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"tricottent","lemma":"tricottent","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Les","gloss":"knit"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to усмехнулся","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Наполеон","lemma":"наполеон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Napoleon"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся, part of почему-то","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнулся, part of почему-то","gloss":"reason","note":"почему-то is one compound word, \"for some reason\"; the tagger split it into two entries."},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере, modifies разделяю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"[measure]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разделяю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разделяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделяю","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"разделяю","lemma":"разделять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разделяю","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"псевдовеликого","lemma":"псевдовеликий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"pseudo-great"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c6-s70","source":"Я тоже, например, считаю, что бежать в Америку из отечества — низость, хуже низости — глупость.","translation":"I also hold, for instance, that to run off to America away from one's fatherland is base — worse than base, it's stupid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бежать в Америку из отечества — низость","title":"Infinitive subject, zero copula","body":"An infinitive phrase «бежать в Америку…» serves as the subject, equated to the predicate noun «низость» (\"baseness\") with no copula — \"to flee… is baseness.\" «в Америку» is accusative of motion-toward; «из отечества» is genitive after «из»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"низость","title":"«низость» — baseness","body":"«низость» (from «низкий», low) means moral lowness, a base or contemptible act. Kolya escalates: «хуже низости — глупость» — worse than base, it is stupidity — ranking folly above vice with mock-philosophical gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считаю","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глупость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of низость","gloss":"to run off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отечества","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отечества","lemma":"отечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бежать","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with низость","gloss":"worse than"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of считаю","gloss":"stupidity"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c6-s71","source":"Зачем в Америку, когда и у нас можно много принести пользы для человечества?","translation":"Why go to America, when here at home one can do so much good for mankind?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда и у нас можно много принести пользы","title":"Impersonal «можно» + emphatic «и»","body":"«можно» (\"one can / it is possible\") heads an impersonal construction with the infinitive «принести»; there is no nominative subject. The «и» before «у нас» is emphatic — \"here too, right at home.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много принести пользы для человечества","title":"Genitive after «много»","body":"«много» (much) governs the genitive of the mass noun: «пользы» (gen. of «польза», benefit) — \"much benefit.\" «для человечества» (genitive after «для») gives the beneficiary: \"for mankind.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Америку","gloss":"why go to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принести","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"пользы","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечества","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принести","gloss":"mankind"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c6-s72","source":"Именно теперь.","translation":"Precisely now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно теперь.","title":"Emphatic «именно»","body":"«Именно» (\"precisely, exactly\") singles out and intensifies the word it precedes — here \"precisely now.\" The clipped, verbless fragment heightens the rhetorical punch of Kolya's enthusiasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c6-s73","source":"Целая масса плодотворной деятельности.","translation":"A whole mass of fruitful activity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Целая масса плодотворной деятельности","title":"«плодотворная деятельность» — bookish abstraction","body":"«плодотворный» (fruitful, from «плод», fruit) and «деятельность» (activity) are abstract, publicistic nouns of the radical press — Kolya speaks in newspaper slogans. «Целая масса» (\"a whole mass\") inflates the cliché further."}],"words":[{"surface":"Целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies масса","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"масса","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"плодотворной","lemma":"плодотворный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деятельности","gloss":"fruitful"},{"surface":"деятельности","lemma":"деятельность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies масса","gloss":"of activity"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c6-s74","source":"Так я и отвечал.","translation":"That's just what I answered.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так я и отвечал.","title":"Confirming «так… и»","body":"The frame «так… и» binds adverb to verb to mean \"that is exactly what I did\" — \"that's just how I answered.\" «отвечал» is imperfective, reporting the act of answering as a remembered speech-event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"that's just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c6-s75","source":"— Как отвечали?","translation":"\"What do you mean, answered?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как отвечали?","title":"Echo-question with polite plural","body":"Alyosha again echoes Kolya's word as an incredulous «Как…?» question. «отвечали» is the polite second-person-plural past (vy-form), agreeing in plural even of a single boy — Alyosha addresses Kolya respectfully as «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечали","gloss":"what do you mean"},{"surface":"отвечали","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-c6-s76","source":"Кому?","translation":"To whom?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому?","title":"Dative «кому» — \"to whom\"","body":"«Кому» is the dative of «кто», the indirect-object case demanded by the verb «отвечать» (to answer someone, dat.). The single-word question economically asks for the addressee of Kolya's \"answer.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"to whom"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-c6-s77","source":"Разве вас кто-нибудь уже приглашал в Америку?","translation":"Has somebody actually invited you to America already?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве вас кто-нибудь уже приглашал","title":"«кто-нибудь» — non-specific \"anyone\"","body":"«кто-нибудь» (\"anyone at all,\" non-specific) suits a question probing whether such a person even exists. «вас» is the accusative object of «приглашал» (imperfective: \"was inviting / did invite\"), and «Разве» again flags incredulity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приглашал","gloss":"has actually"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приглашал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приглашал","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of приглашал, part of кто-нибудь","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглашал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"приглашал","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглашал","gloss":"America"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-c6-s78","source":"— Признаюсь, меня подбивали, но я отверг.","translation":"\"I confess they tried to talk me into it, but I refused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признаюсь","title":"«признаюсь» — reflexive \"I confess\"","body":"«признаюсь» is the «-ся» verb «признаться» (to confess, admit), here a parenthetical \"I confess.\" The «-сь» (the post-vowel form of «-ся») makes it intransitive-confessional rather than a transitive \"recognize.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"меня подбивали… я отверг","title":"«подбивать» vs «отвергнуть»","body":"«подбивали» (imperfective, impersonal \"they\") means to egg on, incite, talk into — the repeated nudging. Against it Kolya sets the curt perfective «отверг» (\"I rejected,\" from «отвергнуть»), an archaic-flavored, decisive single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подбивали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подбивали","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were egging on"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбивали","gloss":"refused"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-c6-s79","source":"Это, разумеется, между нами, Карамазов, слышите, никому ни слова.","translation":"This is between us, of course, Karamazov — do you hear, not a word to anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому ни слова","title":"«ни слова» — verbless emphatic negation","body":"«никому ни слова» — \"not a word to anyone\" — is a clipped command with no verb, leaning on «ни» for force. «слова» is the genitive of «слово» (genitive of negation: \"not [even] a word\") and «никому» the negative dative \"to no one.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышите","title":"«слышите» as appeal","body":"The plain present «слышите» (\"do you hear\") is inserted as a buttonholing appeal for attention and assent, much like English \"you hear me?\". It marks the conspiratorial urgency of \"this is between us.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies нами","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of the elliptical clause","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical clause","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-c6-s80","source":"Это я вам только.","translation":"This is for you alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я вам только.","title":"Emphatic word order, dropped verb","body":"A verbless fragment — \"this [is] for you alone\" — where «только» (only) is post-posed for stress and «вам» is the dative of the addressee. The marked order throws the weight onto the confidential \"to you.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of только","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of только","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of только","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-c6-s81","source":"Я совсем не желаю попасть в лапки Третьего отделения и брать уроки у Цепного моста, Будешь помнить здание У Цепного моста!","translation":"I've no wish at all to fall into the clutches of the Third Section and take lessons by the Chain Bridge — You'll remember the building by the Chain Bridge!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в лапки","title":"«лапки» — \"little clutches\"","body":"«лапки» is the diminutive of «лапы» (paws, clutches). The expressive diminutive lends a half-joking, half-shuddering tone to «попасть в лапки» (\"to fall into the [little] clutches\") of the secret police — fear dressed up as flippancy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будешь помнить здание","title":"Compound future «будешь помнить»","body":"«Будешь помнить» is the imperfective compound future — «будешь» (future of «быть») plus the imperfective infinitive «помнить» — a menacing \"you'll [long] remember.\" The line is the underground rhyme's threat, quoted by Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лапки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лапки","lemma":"лапка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"clutches","note":"Literally 'little paws' — an idiom for 'clutches.'"},{"surface":"Третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отделения","gloss":"Third"},{"surface":"отделения","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лапки","gloss":"Section","note":"The 'Third Section' was the tsarist secret police."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брать","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попасть","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of брать","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моста","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Цепного","lemma":"цепной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies моста","gloss":"Chain"},{"surface":"моста","lemma":"мост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брать","gloss":"Bridge"},{"surface":"Будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to желаю","gloss":"you'll"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Будешь","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"the building"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моста","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Цепного","lemma":"цепной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies моста","gloss":"Chain"},{"surface":"моста","lemma":"мост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнить","gloss":"Bridge"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-c6-s82","source":"Помните?","translation":"You remember it?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you remember"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-c6-s83","source":"Великолепно!","translation":"Splendid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Великолепно","title":"«Великолепно!» — \"Splendid!\"","body":"«Великолепно» (magnificent, splendid), a sonorous compound of «велик-» (great) and «-лепо» (comely), is Kolya's theatrical exclamation of delight at his own cleverness — a slightly grand word for a schoolboy, in keeping with his showing-off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendid"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-c6-s84","source":"Чему вы смеетесь?","translation":"What are you laughing at?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чему вы смеетесь?","title":"«смеяться» governs the dative","body":"«смеяться» (to laugh) — a verb existing only in «-ся» — takes the dative of what one laughs at, hence «чему» (dative of «что»). Russian \"laughs to/at a thing\" rather than \"at\" it, a fixed government to note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of смеетесь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-c6-s85","source":"Уж не думаете ли вы, что я вам всё наврал? («А что, если он узнает, что у меня в отцовском шкафу всего только и есть один этот нумер „Колокола“, а больше я из этого ничего не читал?» — мельком, но с содроганием подумал Коля).","translation":"Surely you don't think I've made the whole thing up?\" (\"And what if he finds out that the one and only thing I've got in my father's cabinet is this single issue of 'The Bell,' and that I've read nothing more of it than that?\" Kolya thought in passing, but with a shudder.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не думаете ли вы, что…","title":"«Уж не… ли» — suspicious question","body":"The frame «Уж не… ли» builds a leading, half-accusing yes/no question — \"surely you don't think…?\". «Уж» colors it, «ли» follows the focused negated verb «не думаете», and the whole expects a denial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я вам всё наврал","title":"«наврать» — perfective \"to tell a pack of lies\"","body":"«наврал» is the perfective of «врать» with the prefix «на-», which adds a sense of \"a whole lot of it\" — to have spun a heap of lies. The completed perfective fits the single accusation: \"that I made the whole thing up.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с содроганием подумал Коля","title":"Instrumental of manner «с содроганием»","body":"«с содроганием» (\"with a shudder\") uses «с» + instrumental to express manner. The narrator's parenthetical slips into Kolya's interior panic, the inner monologue framing his bravado from within."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"n't"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наврал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наврал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of наврал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наврал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"наврал","lemma":"наврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что если","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by если","gloss":"finds out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкафу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отцовском","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шкафу","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"шкафу","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"cabinet"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнает","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies нумер","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нумер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нумер","lemma":"нумер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"issue"},{"surface":"Колокола","lemma":"Колокол","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нумер","gloss":"of The Bell","note":"Genitive of 'Колокол' ('The Bell'), Alexander Herzen's banned émigré newspaper."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of читал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содроганием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"содроганием","lemma":"содрогание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"a shudder"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-c6-s86","source":"— Ох, нет, я не смеюсь и вовсе не думаю, что вы мне налгали.","translation":"\"Oh no, I'm not laughing, and I don't in the least think you've lied to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не думаю, что вы мне налгали","title":"«налгать» + dative of the wronged party","body":"«налгали» (perfective «налгать», to have lied) takes the dative «мне» — one lies \"to\" someone in the dative. «вовсе не» again negates emphatically: \"I don't in the least think you've lied to me.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to смеюсь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of налгали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of налгали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of налгали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"налгали","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-c6-s87","source":"Вот то-то и есть, что этого не думаю, потому что всё это, увы, сущая правда!","translation":"That's just the point, that I don't think it, because all of this, alas, is the plain truth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот то-то и есть, что…","title":"Idiom «то-то и есть»","body":"«Вот то-то и есть» is a set spoken formula — \"that's just the point,\" \"that's exactly it.\" The clitic «-то» on «то» emphasizes the demonstrative, and «и есть» insists: \"that is precisely the thing.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сущая правда","title":"«сущая правда» — the plain truth","body":"«сущий» is a bookish, slightly archaic adjective meaning \"very, real, sheer\" (related to «суть», essence). «сущая правда» — \"the absolute truth\" — and the interjection «увы» (\"alas\") give Alyosha's reply a gently elevated, rueful note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom то-то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of есть","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of правда","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to правда","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"сущая","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective (from participle of быть), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-c6-s88","source":"Ну скажите, а Пушкина-то вы читали, «Онегина»-то… Вот вы сейчас говорили о Татьяне?","translation":"But tell me, have you read your Pushkin, 'Onegin' that is... You were speaking just now about Tatyana?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пушкина-то вы читали, «Онегина»-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» attaches to «Пушкина» and «Онегина» to flag them as the known topic under discussion — \"as for Pushkin… 'Onegin,' that is.\" This is the emphatic topic «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»/«что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пушкина… «Онегина»","title":"Animate-style accusative of the title","body":"«Пушкина» is the animate accusative (= genitive) of the author's name, object of «читали». «Онегина» likewise takes the animate-genitive accusative because the title names a person — Russian treats «Онегин» as animate even as a book-title."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Пушкина","lemma":"Пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читали","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пушкина","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of читали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"читали","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажите","gloss":"have read"},{"surface":"Онегина»-то","lemma":"Онегин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пушкина","gloss":"'Onegin'"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were speaking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Татьяне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Татьяне","lemma":"Татьяна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"Tatyana"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-c6-s89","source":"— Нет, еще не читал, но хочу прочесть.","translation":"\"No, I haven't read it yet, but I mean to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не читал, но хочу прочесть","title":"Imperfective process vs perfective goal","body":"«еще не читал» (imperfective: \"I haven't yet been reading / done any reading\") states the bare unaccomplished fact, while «хочу прочесть» pairs it with the perfective «прочесть» — to read it through to the end. The aspect contrast neatly opposes \"not yet begun\" to \"intend to complete.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to читал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читал","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"прочесть","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to read"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-c6-s90","source":"Я без предрассудков, Карамазов.","translation":"I'm without prejudices, Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я без предрассудков","title":"Verbless «без» + genitive","body":"A copula-less self-description: «без предрассудков» — \"[I am] without prejudices.\" «без» governs the genitive, here genitive plural «предрассудков» (of «предрассудок», prejudice). The clipped declaration suits Kolya's brisk self-portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied есть","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"предрассудков","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prejudices"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (term of address)","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-c6-s91","source":"Я хочу выслушать и ту и другую сторону.","translation":"I want to hear out both the one side and the other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и ту и другую сторону","title":"Correlative «и… и» with «тот/другой»","body":"«и ту и другую» — \"both the one and the other\" — uses the demonstrative «та» and «другая» in the accusative, agreeing with «сторону» (acc. of «сторона», side). The doubled «и… и» means \"both… and.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выслушать","title":"«выслушать» — to hear out fully","body":"The prefix «вы-» on «слушать» gives «выслушать» the perfective sense of hearing someone out completely, to the end — not just \"listen\" but \"give a full hearing to.\" It underscores Kolya's claim to fair-minded openness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to hear out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"pairs with second и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другую, modifies сторону","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ту","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушать","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-c6-s92","source":"Зачем вы спросили?","translation":"Why do you ask?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем вы спросили?","title":"«Зачем» — \"to what end\"","body":"«Зачем» asks purpose — \"for what reason, what for\" — as against «почему» (cause). «спросили» is the perfective past of «спросить», the completed single act of asking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спросили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-c6-s93","source":"— Так.","translation":"\"No reason.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так","title":"«Так.» — \"no particular reason\"","body":"Standing alone, «Так» is a dismissive non-answer: \"just because,\" \"no reason.\" It deflects the question, leaving the motive deliberately unspoken — a tiny, very Russian conversational shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-c6-s94","source":"— Скажите, Карамазов, вы ужасно меня презираете? — отрезал вдруг Коля и весь вытянулся пред Алешей, как бы став в позицию.","translation":"\"Tell me, Karamazov, do you despise me terribly?\" Kolya snapped suddenly and drew himself up to his full height before Alyosha, as if striking a pose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ужасно меня презираете","title":"«ужасно» as intensifier","body":"«ужасно» (literally \"terribly,\" from «ужас», horror) has bleached into a mere intensifier — \"awfully, dreadfully much.\" Here it amplifies «презираете» (you despise): \"do you despise me terribly?\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезал» — \"snapped\"","body":"Literally \"cut off,\" «отрезал» (perfective «отрезать») is used of speech to mean to say something sharply and curtly, to snap. It conveys the abrupt, challenging way Kolya throws out his question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы став в позицию","title":"Perfective gerund «став»","body":"«став» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «стать» — \"having taken up [a stance].\" Softened by «как бы» (\"as if\"), it adds an attendant, completed circumstance to the main verb «вытянулся»: he drew himself up, as if having struck a pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Скажите","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажите","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"вытянулся","lemma":"вытянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"drew himself up"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies став","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вытянулся","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позицию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"позицию","lemma":"позиция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of став","gloss":"a pose"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-c6-s95","source":"— Сделайте одолжение, без обиняков.","translation":"\"Do me the kindness, no beating about the bush.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сделайте одолжение","title":"«Сделайте одолжение» — \"do me the kindness\"","body":"A set polite formula, \"do me a favor / be so good\" — «одолжение» is a favor or kindness. Here it prefaces a demand for blunt honesty, lending a faintly old-fashioned courtesy to Kolya's challenge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без обиняков","title":"«без обиняков» — \"without circumlocution\"","body":"«обиняк» (mostly fossilized in this plural phrase) means a roundabout hint or evasion; «без обиняков» means \"plainly, straight out, no beating about the bush.\" Kolya demands Alyosha speak directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Сделайте","gloss":"a kindness"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиняков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"обиняков","lemma":"обиняк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Сделайте","gloss":"beating about the bush"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-c6-s96","source":"— Презираю вас? — с удивлением посмотрел на него Алеша.","translation":"\"Despise you?\" Alyosha looked at him in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Презираю вас?","title":"Subjectless echo with dropped «я»","body":"Alyosha drops the pronoun «я» — the first-person ending of «презираю» already carries it — and turns Kolya's word into an astonished echo-question: \"Despise you?\". The bare verb form is enough to mark person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с удивлением посмотрел","title":"Instrumental of manner «с удивлением»","body":"«с удивлением» (\"with astonishment\") is «с» + instrumental expressing the manner of the gaze. Russian regularly builds such adverbial manner-phrases from an abstract noun in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Презираю","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Презираю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-c6-s97","source":"— Да за что же?","translation":"\"Why, whatever for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да за что же?","title":"«за что же» — \"whatever for?\"","body":"«за что» (\"for what, on what grounds\") with the emphatic «же» and opening «Да» voices Alyosha's bewildered protest — \"but whatever for?\". «за» + accusative «что» here names the grounds of an attitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-c6-s98","source":"Мне только грустно, что прелестная натура, как ваша, еще и не начавшая жить, уже извращена всем этим грубым вздором.","translation":"I only feel sad that so fine a nature as yours, one that hasn't even begun to live, should already be warped by all this coarse nonsense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне только грустно","title":"Dative-subject «мне грустно»","body":"«Мне грустно» is the classic impersonal experiencer construction: no nominative subject, the person in the dative («мне»), the state in an invariable predicate adverb («грустно», \"it is sad\"). \"I feel sad\" is literally \"to me [it is] sad.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще и не начавшая жить, уже извращена","title":"Participle + short passive participle","body":"«начавшая» is a past active participle (\"that has [not yet] begun\") agreeing with «натура»; «извращена» is the short-form past passive participle of «извратить» (\"is warped, corrupted\"). Together they pack two verbal ideas into adjectival modifiers — a hallmark of literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грубым вздором","title":"«вздор» — rubbish, nonsense","body":"«вздор» is a strong, dismissive word for nonsense or twaddle. «грубым… вздором» (instrumental after the passive «извращена»: \"warped BY coarse nonsense\") names the agent of the corruption, with «грубый» (coarse, crude) sharpening the contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"feel sad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of извращена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прелестная","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive извращена","gloss":"a nature"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison to натура","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of как-comparison, standing for ваша натура","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начавшая","gloss":"not yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начавшая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начавшая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"начавшая","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"having begun"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начавшая","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извращена","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"извращена","lemma":"извратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of грустно","gloss":"warped"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вздором","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вздором","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"грубым","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздором","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"вздором","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of извращена","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-c6-s99","source":"— Об моей натуре не заботьтесь, — не без самодовольства перебил Коля, — а что я мнителен, то это так.","translation":"\"Don't trouble yourself about my nature,\" Kolya interrupted, not without self-satisfaction, \"but that I'm suspicious — that's true enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об моей натуре не заботьтесь","title":"Negated imperative + «о» + prepositional","body":"«не заботьтесь» is the negated polite imperative of «заботиться» (a «-ся» verb, \"to worry/care about\"). Its object stands after «об» in the prepositional («о моей натуре»). Note the older «Об» before «м-» rather than modern «О»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мнителен","title":"«мнителен» — suspicious, anxious","body":"«мнительный» (here the short form «мнителен», \"is suspicious\") means inclined to suspicion, distrust, and morbid self-doubt — a key trait of Kolya's. The short adjective predicates a characteristic state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не без самодовольства","title":"«не без» — litotes","body":"«не без самодовольства» (\"not without self-satisfaction\") is litotes: a double negative that affirms mildly. The narrator's understated «не без» quietly underlines Kolya's vanity even as he protests humility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натуре","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"натуре","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботьтесь","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботьтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"заботьтесь","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самодовольства","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самодовольства","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"самодовольства","lemma":"самодовольство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебил","gloss":"self-satisfaction"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заботьтесь","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мнителен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мнителен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мнителен","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"suspicious"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-c6-s100","source":"Глупо мнителен, грубо мнителен.","translation":"Stupidly suspicious, crudely suspicious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глупо мнителен, грубо мнителен","title":"Adverb + short adjective","body":"Two parallel verbless predications: the adverbs «глупо» (stupidly) and «грубо» (crudely) modify the short adjective «мнителен». The clipped, repeated structure dramatizes Kolya's masochistic self-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупо","lemma":"глупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мнителен","gloss":"stupidly"},{"surface":"мнителен","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suspicious"},{"surface":"грубо","lemma":"грубо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мнителен","gloss":"crudely"},{"surface":"мнителен","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мнителен","gloss":"suspicious"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-c6-s101","source":"Вы сейчас усмехнулись, мне и показалось, что вы как будто…","translation":"You smirked just now, and it seemed to me as if you were somehow...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне и показалось","title":"Impersonal «показалось» + dative","body":"«показалось» (\"it seemed,\" perfective «показаться») is impersonal, with the experiencer in the dative «мне» and no nominative subject. The «и» reinforces the causal flow: \"and so it seemed to me.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто…","title":"Trailing «как будто»","body":"«как будто» (\"as if, as though\") introduces a comparison that Kolya leaves unfinished — the sentence breaks off into a dash. The dangling «как будто…» enacts his hesitant, suspicious half-thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of усмехнулись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулись","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"усмехнулись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулись","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of вы (clause trails off)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-c6-s102","source":"— Ах, я усмехнулся совсем другому.","translation":"\"Ah, I was smirking at something else entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся совсем другому","title":"«усмехнуться» + dative cause","body":"«усмехнуться» (perfective «-ся»: to give a slight smile/smirk) takes the dative for what one smiles at, hence «другому» (dative of «другое», \"at something else\"). «совсем» (\"entirely\") strengthens the contrast: I smirked at a quite different thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to усмехнулся","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smirking"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другому","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of усмехнулся","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-c6-s103","source":"Видите, чему я усмехнулся: я недавно прочел один отзыв одного заграничного немца, жившего в России, об нашей теперешней учащейся молодежи: «Покажите вы, — он пишет, — русскому школьнику карту звездного неба, о которой он до тех пор не имел никакого понятия, и он завтра же возвратит вам эту карту исправленною».","translation":"You see what I was smirking at: I recently read a remark by some German from abroad who'd been living in Russia, about our students of the present day: 'Show a Russian schoolboy,' he writes, 'a map of the starry sky that he'd had no notion of until then, and the next day he'll hand it back to you corrected.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного заграничного немца, жившего в России","title":"Past active participle modifying a noun","body":"«жившего» is the past active participle of «жить» (\"who had been living\"), agreeing in the animate-accusative-genitive with «немца». It compresses a «который»-clause (\"a German who was living in Russia\") into a single declined modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"карту… о которой он… не имел никакого понятия","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«о которой» — \"of which\" — shows «который» agreeing with «карта» in feminine singular but taking the prepositional case its own clause requires (after «о»). «не имел никакого понятия» is genitive-of-negation idiom: \"had no notion whatever.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра же возвратит вам эту карту исправленною","title":"Instrumental predicate of result; «-ою» ending","body":"«возвратит» is the perfective future (\"will return\"); «исправленною» is the instrumental of the past passive participle «исправленный», a result-predicate — he returns the map \"[as] corrected.\" The «-ою» is the older bookish variant of the feminine instrumental «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of усмехнулся","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Видите","gloss":"smirked at"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to усмехнулся","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies отзыв","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"отзыв","lemma":"отзыв","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"review"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies немца","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"заграничного","lemma":"заграничный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies немца","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"немца","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отзыв","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"жившего","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying немца","gloss":"who had lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жившего","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодежи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодежи","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"теперешней","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежи","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"учащейся","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies молодежи","gloss":"student"},{"surface":"молодежи","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзыв","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"Покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прочел","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Покажите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Покажите","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"русскому","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies школьнику","gloss":"a Russian"},{"surface":"школьнику","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Покажите","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"карту","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Покажите","gloss":"a map"},{"surface":"звездного","lemma":"звёздный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неба","gloss":"starry"},{"surface":"неба","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies карту","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on карту","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of понятия","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"понятия","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвратит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"возвратит","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Покажите","gloss":"will return"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возвратит","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"карту","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратит","gloss":"map"},{"surface":"исправленною","lemma":"исправленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"predicative modifier of карту (instrumental)","gloss":"corrected"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-c6-s104","source":"Никаких знаний и беззаветное самомнение — вот что хотел сказать немец про русского школьника.","translation":"No knowledge whatever and a boundless conceit — that's what the German meant to say about the Russian schoolboy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беззаветное самомнение","title":"«самомнение» — conceit","body":"«самомнение» (literally \"self-opinion\") means conceit, overweening self-regard. «беззаветный» — \"unstinting, boundless, selfless\" — is normally laudatory (of devotion); pinned to «самомнение» it sharpens the irony: a wholehearted, limitless conceit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что хотел сказать немец","title":"Correlative «вот что»","body":"«вот что» — \"this is what\" — gathers up the preceding phrase as the comment of the sentence, with «что» functioning as a relative after the demonstrative «то»/«вот». It frames the German's implied meaning with summarizing emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of знаний","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"знаний","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"head of the topic phrase, coordinated with самомнение","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беззаветное","lemma":"беззаветный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самомнение","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"самомнение","lemma":"самомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with знаний","gloss":"conceit"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with что (\"that's what\")","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of сказать, correlative with вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"the German"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школьника","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies школьника","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"школьника","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"schoolboy"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-c6-s105","source":"— Ах, да ведь это совершенно верно! — захохотал вдруг Коля, — верниссимо, точь-в-точь!","translation":"\"Ah, but that's perfectly true!\" Kolya suddenly roared with laughter. \"Verissimo, exactly right!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь это совершенно верно","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — \"why, after all, you see.\" With the opening «да» it bursts out as enthusiastic agreement: \"but that's perfectly true!\" «верно» here is the short adjective/adverb \"correct, true.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верниссимо, точь-в-точь","title":"«верниссимо» and «точь-в-точь»","body":"«верниссимо» is Kolya's jokey mock-Italian superlative built on Russian «верно» (true) — \"verissimo, most true!\" — pure schoolboy showing-off. «точь-в-точь» is a colloquial reduplication meaning \"exactly, to a T.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of верно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захохотал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"верниссимо","lemma":"верниссимо","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, coordinated with точь-в-точь","gloss":"verissimo!","note":"Kolya's invented pseudo-Italian for 'very true.'"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"head of idiom точь-в-точь, coordinated with верниссимо","gloss":"exactly","note":"Idiom точь-в-точь = 'precisely, to a T.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, coordinated with верниссимо","gloss":"exactly"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-c6-s106","source":"Браво, немец!","translation":"Bravo, German!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Браво, немец!","title":"«Браво» as address","body":"The Italian-derived «Браво» (\"well done!\") plus the bare nominative «немец» (German) as a form of address gives Kolya's exclamation a theatrical, applauding flourish — he cheers the absent foreigner like an audience member."}],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bravo"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address, coordinated with Браво","gloss":"German"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-c6-s107","source":"Однако ж чухна не рассмотрел и хорошей стороны, а, как вы думаете?","translation":"And yet the Finn missed the good side of it, don't you think?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чухна","title":"«чухна» — a slur for a Finn","body":"«чухна» (or «чухонец») is a disparaging old term for a Finn or Estonian of the Petersburg region. Kolya, having said \"German,\" now carelessly downgrades the foreigner to a despised «чухна» — casual ethnic contempt that Dostoevsky lets stand as characterization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чухна не рассмотрел и хорошей стороны","title":"Genitive of negation with «и»","body":"«не рассмотрел… хорошей стороны» puts the object in the genitive under negation — \"did not make out the good side.\" The «и» (\"also, even\") adds: he failed to see even the good side. «рассмотреть» is perfective: to discern, make out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Однако ж","title":"«Однако ж» — \"and yet\"","body":"«Однако» means \"however, yet\"; the appended «ж» (a short form of «же») reinforces it conversationally — \"and yet, mind you.\" Such tacked-on particles texture Kolya's restless speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чухна","lemma":"чухна","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмотрел","gloss":"the Finn","note":"Old colloquial (slightly disparaging) term for a Finn."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хорошей","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the tag question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag question","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-c6-s108","source":"Самомнение — это пусть, это от молодости, это исправится, если только надо, чтоб это исправилось, но зато и независимый дух, с самого чуть не детства, зато смелость мысли и убеждения, а не дух ихнего колбаснического раболепства пред авторитетами… Но все-таки немец хорошо сказал!","translation":"Conceit — never mind that, that comes from being young, it'll right itself, if it even needs to right itself at all — but on the other hand there's an independent spirit from almost the cradle, on the other hand a boldness of thought and conviction, and not the spirit of their sausage-eating servility before authority... But all the same the German put it well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это исправится, если только надо, чтоб это исправилось","title":"Reflexive «исправиться» and «чтоб» + past","body":"«исправится / исправилось» is the middle «-ся» verb \"to right itself, be corrected.\" In «чтоб это исправилось», the contracted «чтоб» (= «чтобы») takes the past-form irrealis to express a willed/hypothetical outcome — \"so that it should right itself.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть… а зато","title":"Concessive «пусть» and «зато»","body":"«пусть» (\"let it be, never mind\") concedes a point, set against «зато» (\"but in compensation, on the other hand\"). Kolya grants the conceit only to insist on a counterweight: the «независимый дух» (independent spirit)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колбаснического раболепства","title":"«колбасник» and «раболепство»","body":"«колбаснический» derives from «колбасник» (\"sausage-maker\"), a contemptuous nickname for Germans; «раболепство» (from «раб», slave) means cringing servility. The genitive chain «колбаснического раболепства пред авторитетами» — \"sausage-eating servility before authorities\" — drips xenophobic scorn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихнего","title":"Substandard «ихний»","body":"«ихнего» is the genitive of «ихний», a colloquial, non-standard possessive \"their\" formed from the indeclinable «их». Its grammatically \"incorrect\" flavor marks Kolya's lapse into looser, racier speech in the heat of his tirade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самомнение","lemma":"самомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это","gloss":"conceit"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive resuming Самомнение, subject of пусть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (comes) from youth","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"молодости","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исправится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"исправится","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of its own clause, coordinated with пусть","gloss":"will right itself"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on исправится","gloss":"needs to"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исправилось","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исправилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"исправилось","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"to right itself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies независимый","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"независимый","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by зато","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детства","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom чуть не, modifies детства","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom чуть не, modifies детства","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"смелость","lemma":"смелость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause, coordinated with дух","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смелость","gloss":"of thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мысли","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смелость","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ихнего","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раболепства","gloss":"their","note":"Nonstandard colloquial possessive (ихний) for 'their.'"},{"surface":"колбаснического","lemma":"колбаснический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раболепства","gloss":"sausage-eating"},{"surface":"раболепства","lemma":"раболепство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"servility"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking авторитетами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"авторитетами","lemma":"авторитет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"authorities"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies сказал","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies сказал","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the German"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-c6-s109","source":"Браво, немец!","translation":"Bravo, German!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bravo"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address, coordinated with Браво","gloss":"German"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-c6-s110","source":"Хотя все-таки немцев надо душить.","translation":"Though all the same the Germans ought to be throttled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немцев надо душить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive, genitive object","body":"«надо» (\"one must, it is necessary\") heads an impersonal construction with the infinitive «душить» and no nominative subject. «немцев» is animate-genitive plural serving as object: \"[one] must throttle the Germans.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя все-таки","title":"Concessive «хотя»","body":"«Хотя» (\"although, even though\") opens a concessive thought, reinforced by «все-таки» (\"all the same, nonetheless\"). Kolya undercuts his own praise of the German with a flippant \"though all the same the Germans ought to be throttled.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"немцев","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of душить","gloss":"Germans"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"душить","lemma":"душить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"throttle"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-c6-s111","source":"Пусть они там сильны в науках, а их все-таки надо душить…","translation":"Let them be strong in the sciences over there, but all the same they ought to be throttled...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть они там сильны в науках, а…","title":"Concessive «пусть» + contrastive «а»","body":"«Пусть они… сильны» — \"let them be strong\" — concedes a point with «пусть» plus the short adjective «сильны» (predicative \"are strong\"). The contrastive «а» then pivots to the reservation: \"but all the same they ought to be throttled.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сильны","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сильны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильны","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сильны","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"науках","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сильны","gloss":"sciences"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of душить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom всё-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сильны","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"душить","lemma":"душить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"throttle"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-c6-s112","source":"— За что же душить? — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"But why throttle them?\" Alyosha smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За что же душить?","title":"«За что же» + bare infinitive","body":"«За что» asks the grounds (\"for what,\" «за» + acc. «что»), sharpened by «же». The lone infinitive «душить» without a finite verb voices the rhetorical question economically — \"but what for, throttle them?\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom за что, adverbial on душить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"душить","lemma":"душить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"throttle them"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-c6-s113","source":"— Ну я соврал, может быть, соглашаюсь.","translation":"\"Well, I made it up, maybe, I grant you that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я соврал, может быть, соглашаюсь","title":"Perfective «соврал» vs reflexive «соглашаюсь»","body":"«соврал» is the perfective (\"I told a lie, made it up\"), a single completed slip; «соглашаюсь» is the «-ся» verb «соглашаться» (to agree), imperfective present — \"I grant it, I agree.\" The «-ся» here is lexical, the verb existing only in this form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made it up"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom может быть, parallel clause to соглашаюсь","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"соглашаюсь","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to соврал","gloss":"I grant"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-c6-s114","source":"Я иногда ужасный ребенок, и когда рад чему, то не удерживаюсь и готов наврать вздору.","translation":"Sometimes I'm a terrible child, and when I'm glad about something I can't hold myself in and I'm ready to spout any old rubbish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда рад чему, то не удерживаюсь","title":"Short adjective «рад» + «когда… то»","body":"«рад» is a short adjective with no long form, \"glad\" (here «рад чему» — glad at/of something, with dative «чему»). The «когда… то» frame links the condition to «не удерживаюсь» (the «-ся» verb «удерживаться», to restrain oneself)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"готов наврать вздору","title":"«наврать вздору» — \"to spout rubbish\"","body":"«наврать» (perfective, prefix «на-» = \"a whole lot\") plus «вздору» — the partitive genitive of «вздор» (nonsense) — means to reel off a heap of nonsense. «готов» is the short adjective \"ready, liable to.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ребенок","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on удерживаюсь","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"about something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with когда, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удерживаюсь","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"удерживаюсь","lemma":"удерживаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with ребенок","gloss":"hold myself in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with удерживаюсь","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"наврать","lemma":"наврать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to spout"},{"surface":"вздору","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наврать","gloss":"rubbish"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-c6-s115","source":"Слушайте, мы с вами, однако же, здесь болтаем о пустяках, а этот доктор там что-то долго застрял.","translation":"Listen, though, the two of us are standing here gabbling about trifles, while that doctor in there has got stuck for ages over something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болтаем о пустяках","title":"«болтать» and «пустяки»","body":"«болтать» is colloquial \"to chatter, gab\"; «пустяки» (from «пустой», empty) are trifles, trivialities. \"We're chattering about trifles\" — Kolya abruptly deflates the high talk, with «о пустяках» in the prepositional after «о»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"застрял","title":"«застрять» — to get stuck","body":"«застрял» (perfective «застрять») literally means to get stuck or jammed; of a person it means to be held up, to linger over-long. \"That doctor in there has got stuck for ages over something\" — said with impatient familiarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of болтаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom мы с вами, marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"part of idiom мы с вами, modifies мы","gloss":"you","note":"Idiom мы с вами = 'you and I' (lit. 'we with you')."},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако же","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom однако же, modifies болтаем","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"однако же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom однако же, modifies болтаем","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болтаем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"болтаем","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gabbling"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of болтаем","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застрял","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрял","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom что-то, adverbial on застрял","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom что-то, adverbial on застрял","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрял","gloss":"for ages"},{"surface":"застрял","lemma":"застрять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with болтаем","gloss":"got stuck"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-c6-s116","source":"Впрочем, он, может, там и «мамашу» осмотрит и эту Ниночку безногую.","translation":"Though perhaps in there he's examining 'mamma' too, and that legless Ninochka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«мамашу»","title":"«мамаша» — affectionate-folksy \"mamma\"","body":"«мамаша» is a warm, slightly folksy or condescending word for \"mother / mamma.\" Kolya sets it in quotation marks, half-mockingly adopting the household's own name for the captain's invalid wife. The expressive suffix carries the tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ниночку безногую","title":"«Ниночка» — diminutive of Nina","body":"«Ниночка» is the affectionate diminutive of «Нина» (Nina), conveying tenderness toward the crippled girl. «безногая» (\"legless,\" from «без» + «нога») bluntly names her disability — the warm name set against the harsh adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмотрит","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies осмотрит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмотрит","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мамашу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мамашу","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осмотрит, coordinated with Ниночку","gloss":"'mamma'"},{"surface":"осмотрит","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will examine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ниночку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ниночку","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осмотрит, coordinated with мамашу","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"безногую","lemma":"безногий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Ниночку","gloss":"legless"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-c6-s117","source":"Знаете, эта Ниночка мне понравилась.","translation":"You know, I took a liking to that Ninochka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта Ниночка мне понравилась","title":"«понравиться» + dative experiencer","body":"«понравилась» (perfective «понравиться», to come to please) puts the one who likes in the dative («мне») and the thing liked in the nominative («Ниночка») — literally \"Ninochka became pleasing to me.\" This is the standard Russian way to say \"I took a liking to her.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ниночка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a liking to"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-c6-s118","source":"Она вдруг мне прошептала, когда я выходил: «Зачем вы не приходили раньше?»","translation":"She suddenly whispered to me as I was leaving: 'Why didn't you come sooner?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошептала, когда я выходил","title":"Perfective whisper against imperfective leaving","body":"«прошептала» (perfective, \"whispered [once]\") is the punctual event; «когда я выходил» uses the imperfective «выходил» (\"as I was going out\") for the ongoing background action during which it happened. A textbook aspect pairing of event-against-process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем вы не приходили раньше?","title":"«Зачем не…» + imperfective \"come\"","body":"«приходили» is the imperfective prefixed motion verb «приходить» (to come, repeatedly/habitually). Nina's reproach «Зачем вы не приходили раньше?» — \"why did you not [ever] come sooner?\" — uses the imperfective for the absence of visits over time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептала","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошептала","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"sooner"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b10-c6-s119","source":"И таким голосом, с укором!","translation":"And in such a voice, with such reproach!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таким голосом, с укором","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«таким голосом» (\"in such a voice\") is a bare instrumental of manner, and «с укором» (\"with reproach\") is «с» + instrumental. Russian uses the instrumental, with or without «с», to express the manner in which something is done or said."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking укором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"укором","lemma":"укор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with голосом","gloss":"reproach"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b10-c6-s120","source":"Мне кажется, она ужасно добрая и жалкая.","translation":"I think she's terribly kind and pitiable.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне кажется, она ужасно добрая и жалкая","title":"Impersonal «мне кажется»","body":"«Мне кажется» (\"it seems to me,\" «казаться» + dative experiencer) is an impersonal frame with no nominative subject. It introduces Kolya's impression, with «ужасно» again as intensifier and the long adjectives «добрая», «жалкая» predicated of Nina."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жалкая","title":"«жалкая» — pitiable","body":"«жалкий» (from «жаль», pity) means pitiful, pathetic, evoking compassion — not contempt. Paired with «добрая» (kind), it expresses tender pity: Nina is \"terribly kind and pitiable,\" a key note of Dostoevskian compassion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of добрая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добрая","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалкая","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрая","gloss":"pitiable"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b10-c6-s121","source":"— Да, да!","translation":"\"Yes, yes!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b10-c6-s122","source":"Вот вы будете ходить, вы увидите, что это за существо.","translation":"Once you start coming, you'll see what sort of creature he is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будете ходить","title":"Compound future + a multidirectional verb","body":"«будете» (future of «быть») plus the imperfective infinitive «ходить» forms the imperfective compound future: 'you will [habitually] come/visit'. «ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb — repeated, round-trip visiting, not a single trip — exactly suited to a habit just begun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это за существо","title":"The idiom «что за» — 'what sort of'","body":"«что за» plus a nominative noun is a fixed exclamatory-interrogative frame meaning 'what kind of': «что это за существо» = 'what sort of creature this is'. «за» here does not govern its usual case; the whole turn is set."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"существо","title":"«существо» — a creature, a being","body":"A neuter noun meaning 'creature, living being', warmer and more soulful than 'animal'. Used here of the sick boy Ilyusha, it carries tenderness — a small soul to be cherished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидите","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что за","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom что за, modifies существо","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"что за","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom что за, modifies существо","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of увидите","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b10-c6-s123","source":"Вам очень полезно узнавать вот такие существа, чтоб уметь ценить и еще многое другое, что узнаете именно из знакомства с этими существами, — с жаром заметил Алеша.","translation":"It does you a great deal of good to get to know creatures like this — it teaches you how to value things, and much else besides, which you learn precisely from such acquaintance,\" Alyosha remarked warmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам очень полезно узнавать","title":"Dative subject of an impersonal predicate","body":"There is no nominative subject: the experiencer «вам» stands in the dative and the predicate is the invariable «полезно» ('[it is] useful/good [for you]') plus an infinitive. This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб уметь ценить","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб(ы)» + infinitive","body":"«чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») introduces purpose — 'in order to be able to value'. When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что узнаете именно из знакомства","title":"Relative «что» with a fronted «именно»","body":"«что» here functions as a relative pronoun ('which you learn'), and the particle «именно» ('precisely, exactly') sharpens the focus on the source of the learning. The whole is a chain of dependent clauses typical of bookish 19th-century syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of полезно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полезно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полезно","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"узнавать","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on полезно","gloss":"to get to know"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of существа","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of узнавать","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уметь","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"уметь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнавать","gloss":"to be able"},{"surface":"ценить","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уметь","gloss":"to value"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ценить","gloss":"much else"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнаете","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying многое","gloss":"you learn"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знакомства","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаете","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of существами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"существами","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies знакомства","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b10-c6-s124","source":"— Это лучше всего вас переделает.","translation":"\"It will remake you better than anything else.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше всего","title":"Comparative «лучше» as a superlative","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better'); combined with the genitive «всего» ('of all') it yields the superlative force 'best of all, better than anything'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переделает","title":"«переделать» — to remake, do over","body":"Perfective verb with the prefix «пере-» ('re-, anew'): literally 'to make over'. Applied to a person, it means to remake the self — to transform one's character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of переделает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies переделает","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom лучше всего (\"best of all\"), oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"than anything"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of переделает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"переделает","lemma":"переделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remake"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b10-c6-s125","source":"— О, как я жалею и браню всего себя, что не приходил раньше! — с горьким чувством воскликнул Коля.","translation":"\"Oh, how I reproach myself and curse myself for not having come sooner!\" Kolya exclaimed with bitter feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"браню всего себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«себя» is the reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the subject ('I curse my whole self'); «всего» intensifies it. «себя» has no nominative and serves any person — distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не приходил раньше","title":"Imperfective past of negated repeated motion","body":"«приходил» is the imperfective past of «приходить» ('to come/arrive', prefixed motion). Under negation the imperfective stresses that the coming simply never took place over a stretch of time — 'kept not coming'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"браню","title":"«бранить» — to scold, berate","body":"A somewhat bookish verb for scolding or upbraiding. Paired with «жалею» ('I regret') it heightens Kolya's self-flagellating outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of жалею","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жалею","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, exclamative clause on О","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"браню","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалею","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb (intensifier)","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of жалею and браню","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of приходил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (reason)","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горьким","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b10-c6-s126","source":"— Да, очень жаль.","translation":"\"Yes, it's a great pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень жаль","title":"Impersonal «жаль» — 'it's a pity'","body":"«жаль» is an invariable predicative ('[it is] a pity, a shame') used in subjectless constructions; the person who feels the pity, if named, goes in the dative. Here it stands alone as a terse impersonal reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to жаль","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b10-c6-s127","source":"Вы видели сами, какое радостное вы произвели впечатление на бедного малютку!","translation":"You saw for yourself what a joyful impression you made on the poor little fellow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое радостное вы произвели впечатление","title":"Split noun phrase for exclamatory weight","body":"The adjective «какое радостное» ('what a joyful') is torn from its noun «впечатление» and fronted, with the subject «вы» and verb «произвели» wedged between. Free word order lets the exclamatory adjective lead and the noun land as the comment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малютку","title":"«малютка» — little one, tiny child","body":"An affectionate diminutive for a small child ('little fellow, mite'), built on «малый». The accusative «малютку» softens the whole sentence with tenderness toward the dying boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of радостное","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"радостное","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of произвели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"произвели","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause, clausal complement of видели","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвели","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малютку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies малютку","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"малютку","lemma":"малютка","morphology":"noun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"little fellow"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b10-c6-s128","source":"И как он убивался, вас ожидая!","translation":"And how he wore himself out waiting for you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убивался","title":"«убиваться» — to be wracked with grief","body":"Reflexive «убиваться» (literally 'to kill oneself') means to grieve or fret oneself to exhaustion, to pine. The «-ся» gives the violent verb «убить» an intransitive, self-directed emotional sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас ожидая","title":"Imperfective gerund «ожидая» — 'while waiting'","body":"«ожидая» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «ожидать», naming a simultaneous attendant action: 'as he waited for you'. The object «вас» precedes it, a bookish inversion. The gerund shares the main subject — the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of убивался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убивался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убивался","lemma":"убиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore himself out"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ожидая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying убивался","gloss":"waiting for"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b10-c6-s129","source":"— Не говорите мне!","translation":"\"Don't tell me that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не говорите мне","title":"Negated polite imperative","body":"«говорите» is the imperative with the plural/polite «-те», negated by «не»: 'don't tell me'. Negated commands in Russian normally take the imperfective, viewing the action as one to be wholly avoided."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорите","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b10-c6-s130","source":"Вы меня растравляете.","translation":"You're rubbing salt in the wound.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растравляете","title":"«растравлять» — to reopen a wound, inflame","body":"Imperfective «растравлять» (perf. «растравить») means to irritate a sore, to reopen and inflame a wound — literally and figuratively. Our English 'rubbing salt in the wound' captures the metaphor of fresh, deliberate pain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of растравляете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of растравляете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"растравляете","lemma":"растравлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are rubbing salt in the wound"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b10-c6-s131","source":"А впрочем, мне поделом: я не приходил из самолюбия, из эгоистического самолюбия и подлого самовластия, от которого всю жизнь не могу избавиться, хотя всю жизнь ломаю себя.","translation":"But I deserve it: I didn't come out of vanity, out of a selfish vanity and a base craving to dominate, which I've been unable to shake off my whole life, though all my life I keep wrestling with myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поделом","title":"«поделом» — it serves (me) right","body":"A colloquial adverb meaning 'deservedly, it serves one right'; «мне поделом» = 'it serves me right'. Frozen from an old phrase 'according to deeds', it carries a tone of rueful self-acceptance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из самолюбия, из эгоистического самолюбия","title":"«из» + genitive of cause","body":"The preposition «из» governs the genitive and here names motive — 'out of vanity'. The repeated «из самолюбия… из… самовластия» piles up genitive causes, a rhetorical insistence on Kolya's tangled motives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самолюбия… самовластия","title":"The «само-» self-words","body":"Three abstract nouns in «само-» ('self-') chime together: «самолюбие» (vanity, amour-propre), «самовластие» (self-will, the craving to dominate), and later «самоосуждение». The repetition stages a soul obsessively turned on itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого… не могу избавиться","title":"Relative «который» governed by «избавиться от»","body":"«который» agrees in gender/number with «самовластие» but takes the genitive case «от которого» demanded by «избавиться от» ('to rid oneself of'). The relative pronoun's case is set by its own clause, not its antecedent."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying поделом","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of поделом","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поделом","lemma":"поделом","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"serves me right","note":"поделом is a fixed predicative adverb meaning \"(it) serves (one) right\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"explanatory clause to поделом","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самолюбия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"самолюбия","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самолюбия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"эгоистического","lemma":"эгоистический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самолюбия","gloss":"selfish"},{"surface":"самолюбия","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with самолюбия","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлого","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самовластия","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"самовластия","lemma":"самовластие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with самолюбия","gloss":"craving to dominate"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избавиться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial on избавиться","gloss":"my whole life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying самовластия","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"избавиться","lemma":"избавиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"shake off"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of ломаю","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial on ломаю","gloss":"my whole life"},{"surface":"ломаю","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on могу избавиться","gloss":"keep wrestling"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ломаю","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b10-c6-s132","source":"Я теперь это вижу, я во многом подлец, Карамазов.","translation":"I see it now — in a great many ways I'm a scoundrel, Karamazov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я во многом подлец","title":"Zero-copula present + «во многом»","body":"'I am a scoundrel' needs no verb 'to be' in the present — the nominative «подлец» simply predicates «я». «во многом» ('in many [respects]', prepositional of «многое») qualifies it: 'in many ways a scoundrel'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"A strong term of moral contempt, 'scoundrel, blackguard', from «подлый» ('base, vile'). Kolya turns it on himself — a Dostoevskian gesture of self-accusation before one he admires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"many ways"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b10-c6-s133","source":"— Нет, вы прелестная натура, хотя и извращенная, и я слишком понимаю, почему вы могли иметь такое влияние на этого благородного и болезненно восприимчивого мальчика! — горячо ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"No, you have a charming nature, even if a warped one, and I understand only too well why you could have had such an influence on that noble and morbidly sensitive boy!\" Alyosha answered ardently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прелестная натура","title":"«прелестная натура» — a charming nature","body":"«прелестный» means 'charming, delightful, lovely'; «натура» (a Latinate loan) here means a person's nature or temperament. Note «прелесть» also carries, in a religious register, the sense of seductive delusion — a faint irony given the «извращенная» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и извращенная","title":"Concessive «хотя и» + past passive participle","body":"«хотя и» ('even though, albeit') concedes a point. «извращенная» is a past passive participle from «извратить» ('to pervert, distort'), here a long-form adjective agreeing with «натура»: 'a warped one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы могли иметь такое влияние","title":"Modal past «могли» + infinitive","body":"«могли» (past of «мочь», agreeing with «вы») plus the infinitive «иметь» states past possibility: 'you could have had'. «такое влияние» is the accusative direct object — «влияние» being inanimate neuter, identical to the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болезненно восприимчивого","title":"«болезненно восприимчивый» — morbidly sensitive","body":"«восприимчивый» means 'receptive, impressionable'; the adverb «болезненно» ('painfully, morbidly', from «болезнь», illness) gives the clinical-emotional shade Dostoevsky loves — a too-receptive, sickly-sensitive soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of натура","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прелестная","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of извращенная","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies извращенная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"извращенная","lemma":"извращённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"concessive modifier of натура","gloss":"warped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of влияние","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восприимчивого","gloss":"morbidly"},{"surface":"восприимчивого","lemma":"восприимчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благородного","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иметь влияние, object of на","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b10-c6-s134","source":"— И это вы говорите мне! — вскричал Коля, — а я, представьте, я думал — я уже несколько раз, вот теперь как я здесь, думал, что вы меня презираете!","translation":"\"And it's you who says this to me!\" cried Kolya. \"Just imagine, I thought — several times already, even now that I'm here, I thought — that you despised me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представьте","title":"«представьте» as a discourse imperative","body":"The polite imperative of «представить» ('imagine, picture'), here a parenthetical 'just imagine!' — a conversational appeal to the listener rather than a literal command. Its reflexive partner «представьте себе» appears in later segments."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что вы меня презираете","title":"Reported thought with «что»","body":"«что» ('that') introduces the content of «думал» — a plain reported clause stating a supposed fact: 'I thought that you despised me'. Contrast «чтобы», which would mark a willed or hypothetical outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите, fronted for emphasis","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"attribution clause, parallel to говорите","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорите","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал (w22), resumed after the interruption","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverbial on думал (w22)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause я здесь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the как-clause (я здесь)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of я (w20)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with думал (w12)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презираете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"despised"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b10-c6-s135","source":"Если б вы только знали, как я дорожу вашим мнением!","translation":"\"If only you knew how much I value your opinion!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б вы только знали","title":"Counterfactual «если б … знали»","body":"«если б» (clipped «если бы») plus the past-tense «знали» builds the conditional/subjunctive of an unreal wish: 'if only you knew'. The particle «бы/б» plus a past form is Russia's one irrealis mood; «только» ('only, but') heightens the longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорожу вашим мнением","title":"«дорожить» governs the instrumental","body":"«дорожить» ('to value, treasure') takes its object in the instrumental, hence «вашим мнением» ('your opinion'). A small set of verbs of valuing, ruling, and using assign the instrumental rather than the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with знали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорожу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дорожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дорожу","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнением","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мнением","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорожу","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b10-c6-s136","source":"— Но неужели вы вправду так мнительны?","translation":"\"But can you really be so suspicious?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели","title":"The incredulous particle «неужели»","body":"«неужели» introduces a question of disbelief — 'can it really be that…?, surely not?'. Like «разве», it colours the question with the speaker's astonishment, here Alyosha's surprise at Kolya's suspiciousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мнительны","title":"«мнительный» — suspicious, given to brooding","body":"From «мнить» ('to imagine, suppose'), «мнительный» means prone to imagining slights, anxiously suspicious, a hypochondriac of the feelings. The short predicative form «мнительны» agrees with «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мнительны","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мнительны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так мнительны","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мнительны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мнительны","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suspicious"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b10-c6-s137","source":"В таких летах!","translation":"At your age!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В таких летах","title":"«в … летах» — 'at … an age'","body":"«летах» is the prepositional plural of the suppletive «лета» ('years, age'), used for age where «год» supplies the singular. «в таких летах» = 'at such an age', a fixed locative phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of летах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b10-c6-s138","source":"Ну представьте же себе, я именно подумал там в комнате, глядя на вас, когда вы рассказывали, что вы должны быть очень мнительны.","translation":"Well, just imagine — in that very room, watching you while you were telling your story, I thought to myself that you must be very suspicious.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представьте же себе","title":"«представьте себе» with insistent «же»","body":"The reflexive imperative «представьте себе» ('imagine to yourself') is reinforced by the modal particle «же», which adds urgency and appeal — 'do just imagine!'. «себе» is the dative of the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядя на вас","title":"Gerund «глядя» — 'looking at you'","body":"«глядя» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «глядеть» ('to look, gaze'), naming a simultaneous action: 'as I looked at you'. It shares the speaker's subject and frames the moment of his thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы должны быть очень мнительны","title":"«должны быть» + instrumental-less predicate","body":"«должны» ('must, ought', agreeing with «вы») plus «быть» expresses inferential necessity — 'you must be'. With the short adjective «мнительны» as predicate, no instrumental appears; short adjectives stay in their predicative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представьте","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представьте","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассказывали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядя","gloss":"were telling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мнительны","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мнительны","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мнительны","lemma":"мнительный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"suspicious"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b10-c6-s139","source":"— Уж и подумали?","translation":"\"You actually thought that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж и подумали?","title":"Particles «уж» and «и» for incredulous emphasis","body":"«уж» (a reduced «уже») intensifies, and «и» here is an emphatic particle ('even, actually') rather than 'and'. Together they make a teasing, surprised question: 'You actually thought that?'. The perfective «подумали» views the thought as a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"подумали","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b10-c6-s140","source":"Какой, однако же, у вас глаз, видите, видите!","translation":"What an eye you have, though — you see, you see!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой, однако же, у вас глаз","title":"Exclamatory «какой» with a «у вас» possessive","body":"«Какой … глаз» is an exclamatory nominative ('what an eye!'), and possession is expressed with «у вас» (literally 'at you') — Russian's standard way of saying 'you have'. «однако же» ('though, however') with insistent «же» adds a marvelling aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видите, видите","title":"Reduplicated present «видите»","body":"The 2nd-person plural present of «видеть» ('you see'), repeated for excited insistence. Reduplication is a common spoken device in Dostoevsky's dialogue to convey rising emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"what (an)"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor, complement of у","gloss":"you","note":"«у вас глаз» is the possessive construction \"you have an eye\", literally \"at you [is] an eye\"."},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the exclamation","gloss":"an eye"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation, coordinated with видите (w7)","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b10-c6-s141","source":"Бьюсь об заклад, что это было на том месте, когда я про гуся рассказывал.","translation":"I'd lay a wager it was at the point where I was telling about the goose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бьюсь об заклад","title":"«биться об заклад» — to bet, lay a wager","body":"A fixed idiom: «бьюсь об заклад» = 'I'll bet, I'd lay a wager'. «заклад» is an old word for a stake or pledge; «биться» here is reflexive in its 'contend, wager' sense. Colloquial and slightly archaic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я про гуся рассказывал","title":"«про» + accusative; imperfective narration","body":"«про» governs the accusative ('about the goose', «про гуся» — animate, so genitive-shaped accusative). «рассказывал» is imperfective past, naming the ongoing act of telling, the backdrop against which the thought arose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бьюсь","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd wager","note":"«биться об заклад» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to bet\"."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заклад","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заклад","lemma":"заклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бьюсь","gloss":"a wager"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate locative complement of было","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гуся","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"the goose"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"was telling"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b10-c6-s142","source":"Мне именно в этом месте вообразилось, что вы меня глубоко презираете за то, что я спешу выставиться молодцом, и я даже вдруг возненавидел вас за это и начал нести ахинею.","translation":"Right at that point I got it into my head that you deeply despised me for being in such a hurry to show off as a fine fellow, and I suddenly even hated you for it and began talking nonsense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне … вообразилось","title":"Impersonal reflexive «вообразилось» + dative","body":"«вообразилось» is the reflexive «-ся» form used impersonally: the fancy 'imagined itself' to the experiencer «мне» (dative). This middle-voice construction frames the thought as something that came over Kolya rather than something he willed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что я спешу выставиться","title":"Causal «за то, что» — 'for the fact that'","body":"«за то, что» ('for the reason that, because') names the ground of contempt. «выставиться» is a perfective reflexive ('to show oneself off, put oneself forward'); «спешу выставиться» = 'I hurry to show off'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодцом","title":"«молодец» — a fine fellow (instrumental of role)","body":"«молодец» is a term of praise for a brave or dashing fellow ('well done!, good lad'). The instrumental «молодцом» after «выставиться» marks the role assumed — 'to set oneself up as a fine fellow'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нести ахинею","title":"«нести ахинею» — to talk drivel","body":"A vivid colloquial idiom: «ахинея» is nonsense, rubbish, gibberish, and «нести» (lit. 'to carry') here means to spout it — 'to talk drivel, blather'. The phrase belongs firmly to spoken, slangy register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вообразилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вообразилось","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"вообразилось","lemma":"вообразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презираете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразилось","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of презираете","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спешу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спешу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"hurry"},{"surface":"выставиться","lemma":"выставиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешу","gloss":"show off"},{"surface":"молодцом","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставиться","gloss":"as a fine fellow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возненавидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with презираете","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возненавидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возненавидел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with презираете","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нести","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"ахинею","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нести","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b10-c6-s143","source":"Потом мне вообразилось (это уже сейчас, здесь) на том месте, когда я говорил: «Если бы не было бога, то его надо выдумать», что я слишком тороплюсь выставить мое образование, тем более что эту фразу я в книге прочел.","translation":"Then I imagined (this was just now, here) — at the point where I said, \"If God did not exist, he would have to be invented\" — that I was being too quick to flaunt my education, all the more so since I'd read that phrase in a book.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы не было бога, то его надо выдумать","title":"Counterfactual «если бы не было» + genitive of negation","body":"«если бы … не было» is the unreal conditional ('if there were no God'); the negated existential «не было» forces its subject «бога» into the genitive. «надо выдумать» is a dative-less impersonal of necessity: 'one would have to invent him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более что","title":"«тем более что» — 'all the more so since'","body":"A fixed correlative connective introducing a strengthening reason: 'especially as, all the more because'. It links Kolya's worry to the damning fact that «эту фразу я в книге прочёл» — he'd merely read the phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вообразилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вообразилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вообразилось","lemma":"вообразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I imagined"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the parenthetical remark","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb in the parenthetical remark","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вообразилось","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main clause of the quoted sentence","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тороплюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тороплюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тороплюсь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тороплюсь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразилось","gloss":"am hurrying"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of тороплюсь","gloss":"flaunt"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of образование","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"образование","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выставить","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем более что","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем более что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочел","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фразу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"фразу","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книге","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"a book"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the тем более что clause","gloss":"had read","note":"«тем более что» is a fixed connector meaning \"all the more so since\"."}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b10-c6-s144","source":"Но клянусь вам, я торопился выставить не от тщеславия, а так, не знаю отчего, от радости, ей-богу как будто от радости… хотя это глубоко постыдная черта, когда человек всем лезет на шею от радости.","translation":"But I swear to you, I was hurrying to show off not out of conceit, but just so, I don't know why, out of joy — by God, as if out of sheer joy… though it's a deeply shameful trait, when a person throws himself on everyone's neck out of joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"торопился выставить не от тщеславия, а … от радости","title":"The «не … а» correction with «от» + genitive","body":"«не … а» sets up a corrective contrast: 'not out of X, but out of Y'. The motive-marking «от» governs the genitive throughout («от тщеславия… от радости»). «а» is the contrastive coordinator that pivots between the rejected and the true cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ей-богу","title":"«ей-богу» — by God, honestly","body":"A worn-down oath, 'by God, honest to God, I swear', from an old «ей, богу» ('yea, to God'). It is colloquial asseveration, not blasphemy — a marker of earnest, heated speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лезет на шею","title":"«лезть на шею» — to throw oneself on someone","body":"An idiom: «лезть (всем) на шею» literally 'to climb onto everyone's neck', i.e. to fling oneself effusively on people, to impose one's affection. «всем» is the dative of «все» ('on everyone')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on торопился","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of торопился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of торопился","gloss":"to show off"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тщеславия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тщеславия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"тщеславия","lemma":"тщеславие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставить","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торопился","gloss":"I don't know"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отчего","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection, part of the phrase","role":"idiom, part of ей-богу","gloss":"by","note":"«ей-богу» is a fixed exclamation meaning \"I swear to God\"."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom, part of ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как будто phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как будто","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of черта","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of черта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постыдная","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"постыдная","lemma":"постыдный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лезет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лезет","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of лезет","gloss":"on everyone"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on черта","gloss":"throws himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лезет","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b10-c6-s145","source":"Я это знаю.","translation":"I know that.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b10-c6-s146","source":"Но я зато убежден теперь, что вы меня не презираете, а всё это я сам выдумал.","translation":"But now, on the other hand, I'm convinced that you don't despise me — I made the whole thing up myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я зато убежден","title":"Short passive participle «убеждён» as predicate","body":"«убеждён» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle of «убедить» ('to convince'); with implied «я [есть]» it states a resulting state: 'I am convinced'. «зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') pivots the contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а всё это я сам выдумал","title":"Emphatic «сам» + contrastive «а»","body":"«сам» ('myself, on my own') intensifies the subject — 'I made it all up myself'. The contrastive «а» joins this as a corrective afterthought to the convinced clause; «всё это» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презираете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я, emphatic","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with презираете","gloss":"made up"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b10-c6-s147","source":"О Карамазов, я глубоко несчастен.","translation":"Oh, Karamazov, I'm deeply unhappy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я глубоко несчастен","title":"Short adjective «несчастен»","body":"«несчастен» is the short masculine form of «несчастный» ('unhappy, wretched'), used predicatively after the zero copula. The short form lends a heightened, almost absolute, confessional weight — 'I am [utterly] unhappy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before Карамазов","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастен","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b10-c6-s148","source":"Я воображаю иногда бог знает что, что надо мной все смеются, весь мир, и я тогда, я просто готов тогда уничтожить весь порядок вещей.","translation":"Sometimes I imagine God knows what — that everyone is laughing at me, the whole world, and then I'm simply ready to wipe out the entire order of things.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог знает что","title":"«бог знает что» — God knows what","body":"A fixed colloquial expression, 'God knows what, all sorts of things', where «бог знает» ('God knows') fronts an indefinite. It conveys wild, uncontrolled imaginings — fitting Kolya's confession of paranoid fancies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что надо мной все смеются","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться над» ('to laugh at, mock') governs the instrumental, hence «надо мной» ('at me'). «смеяться» is a verb existing only in the reflexive «-ся» form. The «что»-clause reports the content of his imagining."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов … уничтожить весь порядок вещей","title":"«готов» + perfective infinitive","body":"Short adjective «готов» ('ready') plus the perfective infinitive «уничтожить» ('to destroy [completely]') states readiness for a single, total act — 'ready to wipe out the entire order of things'. The perfective stresses the wholeness of the imagined destruction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воображаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воображаю","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воображаю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of воображаю","gloss":"knows","note":"\"бог знает что\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"God knows what.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеются","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of воображаю","gloss":"is laughing"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to все","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with воображаю","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уничтожить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уничтожить","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порядок","gloss":"the entire"},{"surface":"порядок","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уничтожить","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies порядок","gloss":"of things"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b10-c6-s149","source":"— И мучаете окружающих, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"And you torment those around you,\" Alyosha said with a smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И мучаете окружающих","title":"Substantivized participle «окружающие»","body":"«окружающих» is the accusative/genitive plural of «окружающие» ('those around one'), a present active participle of «окружать» ('to surround') used as a noun. Such participial nouns are markedly bookish. Note the elliptical «И…», picking up Alyosha's thread mid-sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мучаете","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you torment"},{"surface":"окружающих","lemma":"окружающий","morphology":"substantivized participle (noun use), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of мучаете","gloss":"those around you","note":"окружающих is the present-active participle of окружать used as a noun, \"those around [someone].\""},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мучаете","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b10-c6-s150","source":"— И мучаю окружающих, особенно мать.","translation":"\"And I torment those around me, especially my mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"особенно мать","title":"Animate accusative «мать»","body":"«мать» ('mother', a 3rd-declension feminine in soft «-ь») is the object of «мучаю», in the accusative — which for this noun is identical to the nominative. The bare «особенно мать» ('especially my mother') completes the verb elliptically."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мучаю","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I torment"},{"surface":"окружающих","lemma":"окружающий","morphology":"substantivized participle (noun use), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of мучаю","gloss":"those around me"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to окружающих","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b10-c6-s151","source":"Карамазов, скажите, я очень теперь смешон?","translation":"Karamazov, tell me, am I being very ridiculous just now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я очень теперь смешон","title":"Short adjective «смешон» as predicate","body":"«смешон» is the short masculine of «смешной» ('ridiculous, laughable'), used predicatively: 'am I [being] very ridiculous?'. The fleeting vowel «о» appears in the short masculine («смешон», cf. fem. «смешна»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смешон","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешон","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешон","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"смешон","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ridiculous"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b10-c6-s152","source":"— Да не думайте же про это, не думайте об этом совсем! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Don't even think about that — don't think about it at all!\" cried Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не думайте же про это","title":"Imperative framed by «да … же»","body":"The opening «да» here is not 'yes' but an exhortative particle ('come now, do'), and «же» reinforces the negated imperative «не думайте» — together an urgent 'don't even think about it!'. «про это» = «об этом», 'about that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думайте","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думайте","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думайте","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думайте","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думайте","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b10-c6-s153","source":"— Да и что такое смешон?","translation":"\"And anyway, what does ridiculous mean?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и что такое смешон?","title":"«что такое …» — 'what does … mean?'","body":"«что такое X» is the idiom for 'what is X?, what does X mean?'. The opening «Да и» ('and besides, and anyway') links it loosely to the prior turn. The short adjective «смешон» is quoted as the very word under examination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешон","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"is","note":"\"что такое X\" is an idiom meaning \"what does X mean.\""},{"surface":"смешон","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ridiculous"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b10-c6-s154","source":"Мало ли сколько раз бывает или кажется смешным человек?","translation":"How many times does a man turn out to be, or merely seem, ridiculous?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мало ли сколько раз","title":"«мало ли» — 'no end of, who knows how often'","body":"«мало ли» (literally 'is it few?') is a fixed idiom meaning 'plenty, no end of, you never know how many' — here with «сколько раз» ('how many times') it shrugs off the question: 'how often does a man seem ridiculous!'. The «ли» is the interrogative particle frozen into the idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывает или кажется смешным человек","title":"«бывает» (iterative) and predicate instrumental","body":"«бывает» is the iterative imperfective of «быть» ('to be [repeatedly], happen to be'). «кажется … смешным» ('seems ridiculous') takes the predicate in the instrumental — «смешным» — the standard case after «казаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"however many"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мало","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывает","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"смешным","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кажется","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b10-c6-s155","source":"Притом же нынче почти все люди со способностями ужасно боятся быть смешными и тем несчастны.","translation":"Besides, nowadays nearly all gifted people are terribly afraid of being ridiculous, and that's what makes them miserable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боятся быть смешными","title":"«бояться» + infinitive; predicate instrumental","body":"«боятся» (3rd pl. of «бояться», a «-ся»-only verb 'to fear') plus the infinitive «быть» plus the instrumental predicate «смешными» = 'are afraid of being ridiculous'. The instrumental marks the predicate of «быть» in the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем несчастны","title":"Instrumental «тем» of cause + short adjective","body":"«тем» (instrumental of «то») means 'by that, thereby': 'and are thereby miserable'. The short adjective «несчастны» predicates the gifted people — a compact, bookish way to state cause and result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нынче","title":"«нынче» — nowadays","body":"A slightly old-fashioned adverb for 'nowadays, these days, today'. Repeated through this passage («нынче… нынче»), it gives Alyosha's social diagnosis the cadence of a sermon on the age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боятся","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Притом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нынче","lemma":"нынче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боятся","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of боятся","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking способностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"способностями","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боятся","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are afraid"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боятся","gloss":"of being"},{"surface":"смешными","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастны","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with боятся","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b10-c6-s156","source":"Меня только удивляет, что вы так рано стали ощущать это, хотя, впрочем, я давно уже замечаю это и не на вас одних.","translation":"The only thing that surprises me is that you began to feel this so early — though, for that matter, I've long been noticing it, and not in you alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня только удивляет, что …","title":"Accusative experiencer with «удивляет»","body":"«удивляет» ('surprises') puts its experiencer in the accusative «меня», with the «что»-clause as grammatical subject: 'the only thing that surprises me is that…'. Verbs of emotion like «удивлять, радовать, беспокоить» take an accusative experiencer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на вас одних","title":"«один» as 'alone' + «на» + prepositional","body":"«одних» is «один» in the sense 'alone, only' (here prepositional plural agreeing with «вас»): 'not in you alone'. «замечать на ком-то» frames the trait as observed 'on/in' a person; «на вас» is locative prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивляет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивляет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"удивляет","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprises"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляет","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ощущать","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замечаю","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies замечаю","gloss":"for that matter"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of замечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечаю","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечаю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"замечаю","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on удивляет, introduced by хотя","gloss":"I notice"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of замечаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b10-c6-s157","source":"Нынче даже почти дети начали уж этим страдать.","translation":"Nowadays even children, almost, have begun to suffer from it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начали уж этим страдать","title":"«страдать» + instrumental of the ailment","body":"«страдать» ('to suffer [from]') governs the instrumental of the affliction — «этим» ('from this'). «начали … страдать» ('have begun to suffer') uses the perfective «начать» with an imperfective infinitive, the normal phasal pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти дети","title":"«почти дети» — 'children, almost'","body":"«почти» ('almost, nearly') here qualifies «дети» ('children'), with «уж» ('already') adding alarm: 'even children, almost, have already begun'. The hedging captures Alyosha's grieved sense of how young the malaise now strikes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нынче","lemma":"нынче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have begun"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдать","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to suffer"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b10-c6-s158","source":"Это почти сумасшествие.","translation":"It's practically a madness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это почти сумасшествие","title":"Demonstrative «это» as sentence subject","body":"«Это» ('this, it') serves as an invariable pointing subject summing up the whole prior thought, with zero copula before the nominative predicate «сумасшествие» ('madness'): 'this is practically a madness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сумасшествие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумасшествие","gloss":"practically"},{"surface":"сумасшествие","lemma":"сумасшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"madness"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b10-c6-s159","source":"В это самолюбие воплотился черт и залез во всё поколение, именно черт, — прибавил Алеша, вовсе не усмехнувшись, как подумал было глядевший в упор на него Коля.","translation":"The devil has taken on flesh in this vanity and crept into the whole generation — the devil, precisely,\" Alyosha added, not smiling at all, as Kolya, who had been staring point-blank at him, had supposed he would.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В это самолюбие воплотился чёрт","title":"Fronted «в это самолюбие» + reflexive «воплотился»","body":"Word order puts the goal phrase «в это самолюбие» ('into this vanity') first, with the subject «чёрт» ('the devil') last as the dramatic comment. «воплотился» is the reflexive «-ся» middle of «воплотить» — 'took flesh, became incarnate'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядевший в упор на него Коля","title":"Past active participle modifying «Коля»","body":"«глядевший» is the past active participle of «глядеть» ('who had been staring'), agreeing with «Коля» and standing before its noun — a dense bookish modifier replacing a «который»-clause. «в упор» = 'point-blank, straight at'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как подумал было … Коля","title":"The particle «было» of an aborted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past («подумал было») marks an action begun or supposed but then undone or unrealized: Kolya had started to suppose Alyosha would smile, but he did not. This rare construction signals a thwarted or reversed intention."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самолюбие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самолюбие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воплотился","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"воплотился","lemma":"воплотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken flesh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воплотился","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"залез","lemma":"залезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воплотился","gloss":"crept"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поколение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поколение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"поколение","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of залез","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to черт (subject)","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to воплотился","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнувшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"усмехнувшись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"smirking"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехнувшись","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, marking an action begun-but-unrealized","role":"auxiliary of подумал","gloss":"had","note":"\"было\" here is the retrospective particle marking an anticipated action that didn't pan out (Kolya expected a smirk that never came)."},{"surface":"глядевший","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Коля","gloss":"who had been staring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядевший","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядевший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b10-c6-s160","source":"— Вы, как и все, — заключил Алеша, — то есть как очень многие, только не надо быть таким, как все, вот что.","translation":"\"You're like everyone else,\" Alyosha concluded, \"that is, like a great many people, only one shouldn't be like everyone else — that's the thing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы, как и все","title":"«как и все» — 'like everyone else too'","body":"«как» introduces a comparison ('like'), and «и» adds 'too, as well' — 'you, like everyone else'. The phrase recurs as a refrain through Alyosha's exhortation, contrasting «все» (everyone) with the call to be «не такой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо быть таким, как все","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + instrumental predicate","body":"«не надо» is an impersonal of (negated) necessity — 'one shouldn't'. «быть таким» takes the predicate in the instrumental «таким» ('such, like that'), agreeing in the comparison «как все». The whole is subjectless, a general moral 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking все","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"\"то есть\" is the fixed idiom \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to все","gloss":"many people"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to заключил","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to таким","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking все","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of таким","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, parallel to заключил","gloss":"the thing"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b10-c6-s161","source":"— Даже несмотря на то, что все такие?","translation":"\"Even in spite of the fact that everyone is like that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже несмотря на то, что","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«несмотря на то, что» is the standard concessive connective 'in spite of the fact that, although'; «несмотря на» literally 'not looking at' governs the accusative «то». «даже» ('even') sharpens Kolya's challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несмотря","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in spite of"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b10-c6-s162","source":"— Да, несмотря на то, что все такие.","translation":"\"Yes, in spite of the fact that everyone is like that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все такие","title":"Predicative «такие» — 'everyone is like that'","body":"«такие» ('such, like that', nom. pl.) predicates «все» with zero copula: 'everyone is like that'. The demonstrative adjective stands in for a whole described quality, a compact way to refer back to the vanity just discussed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in spite of"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b10-c6-s163","source":"Один вы и будьте не такой.","translation":"You be the one who isn't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Один вы и будьте не такой","title":"Emphatic «один … и будьте»","body":"«Один вы» ('you alone') is fronted for emphasis, and «и» before the imperative «будьте» underscores it: 'you, of all, be the one who isn't [like that]'. «будьте» is the imperative of «быть», with «не такой» ('not such') as predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будьте","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будьте","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b10-c6-s164","source":"Вы и в самом деле не такой, как все: вы вот теперь не постыдились же признаться в дурном и даже в смешном.","translation":"And you really aren't like everyone else: just now you weren't ashamed to confess to something bad, and even to something ridiculous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — really, indeed","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'really, in fact, indeed', literally 'in the very deed'. It affirms that Kolya truly is «не такой, как все» — unlike everyone else."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не постыдились же признаться","title":"Reflexive «постыдиться» + «же»; «признаться в»","body":"«постыдились» is the perfective reflexive «постыдиться» ('to be ashamed [to]'), here negated with insistent «же». «признаться в» ('to confess to') governs the prepositional «в дурном… в смешном» — confessing 'to something bad… to something ridiculous'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking все","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of постыдились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постыдились","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постыдились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"постыдились","lemma":"постыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were ashamed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постыдились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of постыдились","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дурном","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дурном","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признаться","gloss":"something bad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешном","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешном","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смешном","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дурном","gloss":"something ridiculous"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b10-c6-s165","source":"А нынче кто в этом сознается?","translation":"And these days who ever admits to that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто в этом сознается?","title":"Interrogative «кто» + reflexive «сознаться в»","body":"«кто» ('who') governs masculine singular agreement on its verb. «сознается» is the perfective reflexive «сознаться в» ('to own up to, admit'), governing the prepositional «в этом» ('to that'). A rhetorical question expecting 'no one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"нынче","lemma":"нынче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознается","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сознается","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сознается","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admits"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b10-c6-s166","source":"Никто, да и потребность даже перестали находить в самоосуждении.","translation":"No one — people have even stopped feeling any need for self-reproach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто, да и потребность … перестали находить","title":"Negative pronoun «никто» and negative concord","body":"«Никто» ('no one') answers the prior question. The continuation «перестали находить потребность … в самоосуждении» ('have stopped finding any need for self-reproach') would normally pair with «не»; here the sentence carries the negative sense forward from «никто». «да и» = 'and indeed, and besides'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоосуждении","title":"«самоосуждение» — self-condemnation","body":"Another «само-» abstraction ('self-judgement, self-reproach'), in the prepositional after «в». It names the spiritual self-accusation Dostoevsky prizes — and which Alyosha laments the age has abandoned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical answer to the preceding question «кто … сознается?» (verb ellided); not the subject of перестали — that verb is plural (перестали, not перестал) and takes an unstated generic subject","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of находить (\"перестали находить потребность\" = \"stopped feeling the need\"), not coordinated with Никто as a compound subject","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have stopped"},{"surface":"находить","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоосуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самоосуждении","lemma":"самоосуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находить","gloss":"self-reproach"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b10-c6-s167","source":"Будьте же не такой, как все; хотя бы только вы один оставались не такой, а все-таки будьте не такой.","translation":"Be unlike everyone else, then; even if you alone remained unlike them, still be unlike them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте же не такой, как все","title":"Imperative «будьте» with insistent «же»","body":"The imperative of «быть» ('be!') is pressed home by «же», which adds urgency and appeal — 'be unlike everyone, then!'. The exhortation is the rhetorical climax of Alyosha's counsel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы только вы один оставались","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + conditional «оставались»","body":"«хотя бы» ('even if, if only') with the past-form «оставались» builds a concessive-hypothetical: 'even if you alone remained [the only one]'. The «бы» plus past form is the irrealis; «а всё-таки» ('and yet, still') answers it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Будьте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Будьте","gloss":"like everyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking все","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставались","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks оставались as hypothetical","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"оставались","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying Будьте, introduced by хотя","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставались","gloss":"like them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still","note":"\"все-таки\" (\"nevertheless, still\") is a single idiom split by the tagger into two words."},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Будьте","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будьте","gloss":"like them"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b10-c6-s168","source":"— Великолепно!","translation":"\"Splendid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Великолепно","title":"«великолепно» — splendid, magnificent","body":"An emphatic exclamation of approval, 'splendid! magnificent!', from «великий» + «лепый» (an old word for 'fair, comely'). Kolya's bookish enthusiasm shows in his reach for the grand word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendid"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b10-c6-s169","source":"Я в вас не ошибся.","translation":"I wasn't mistaken in you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я в вас не ошибся","title":"Reflexive «ошибиться в» + prepositional","body":"«ошибся» is the perfective reflexive «ошибиться» ('to be mistaken, err'), a «-ся» verb; «ошибиться в ком-то» ('to be wrong about someone') governs the prepositional «в вас». 'I wasn't mistaken in you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ошибся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mistaken"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b10-c6-s170","source":"Вы способны утешить.","translation":"You know how to comfort a person.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы способны утешить","title":"Short adjective «способны» + infinitive","body":"«способны» is the short plural of «способный» ('able, capable'); with the infinitive «утешить» ('to comfort, console') it means 'you are able to comfort'. The short form predicates «вы» directly after the zero copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of способны","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"способны","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способны","gloss":"of comforting"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b10-c6-s171","source":"О, как я стремился к вам, Карамазов, как давно уже ищу встречи с вами!","translation":"Oh, how I longed to come to you, Karamazov, how long I've been seeking a meeting with you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я стремился к вам … как давно уже ищу","title":"Exclamatory «как» + aspect contrast","body":"Two «как»-exclamations ('how I longed… how long I've been seeking'). «стремился к» (imperf. past + dative after «к») names sustained yearning; «ищу» is imperfective present for an ongoing search continuing into now — 'I have long been seeking'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ищу встречи с вами","title":"«искать» + genitive of the abstract object","body":"«искать» ('to seek') takes the genitive for abstract or sought-after objects, hence «встречи» ('a meeting') rather than accusative. «с вами» ('with you') uses «с» + instrumental of accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стремился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стремился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стремился","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of стремился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ищу","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремился","gloss":"I have been seeking"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ищу","gloss":"a meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b10-c6-s172","source":"Неужели и вы обо мне тоже думали?","translation":"Did you really think about me too?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели и вы обо мне тоже думали?","title":"«неужели» + «обо мне» (prepositional of topic)","body":"«неужели» frames an incredulous question ('did you really…?'). «думать о» ('to think about') governs the prepositional, with the buffer form «обо мне» before the consonant cluster. «и… тоже» = 'you too, as well'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думали","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of думали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b10-c6-s173","source":"Давеча вы говорили, что вы обо мне тоже думали?","translation":"Just now you said that you'd thought about me too?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"A colloquial, now archaic adverb for 'a short while ago, earlier today, just now'. It belongs to spoken 19th-century Russian and lends Kolya's eager recollection a homely, period flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of думали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"had thought"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b10-c6-s174","source":"— Да, я слышал об вас и об вас тоже думал… и если отчасти и самолюбие заставило вас теперь это спросить, то это ничего.","translation":"\"Yes, I'd heard about you, and I'd thought about you too… and even if it was partly vanity that made you ask me this just now, that's nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об вас и об вас тоже думал","title":"Archaic «об вас» for «о вас»","body":"Standard modern usage is «о вас»; «об вас» (with the buffer «об» before a vowel-less pronoun) is a 19th-century/colloquial variant. «слышать о» and «думать о» both take the prepositional of the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если … и самолюбие заставило вас","title":"Conditional «если … то» + accusative object","body":"«если … то это ничего» is a real conditional ('even if … that's nothing'). «заставило вас» ('made you', from «заставить» + accusative + infinitive) puts the compelled person in the accusative; «и» here = 'even'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставило","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying самолюбие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заставило","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"заставило","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заставило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставило","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative introducing the main clause after если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b10-c6-s175","source":"— Знаете, Карамазов, наше объяснение похоже на объяснение в любви, — каким-то расслабленным и стыдливым голосом проговорил Коля.","translation":"\"You know, Karamazov, our talk is rather like a declaration of love,\" Kolya said in a voice gone somehow limp and bashful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объяснение в любви","title":"«объяснение в любви» — a declaration of love","body":"A set phrase: «объяснение в любви» is the formal 'declaration of love'. The same word «объяснение» ('explanation, talk, having-it-out') opens the sentence in its plainer sense, so Kolya's quip turns on the double meaning — their earnest 'talk' resembling a love-declaration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то расслабленным и стыдливым голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner + indefinite «каким-то»","body":"«голосом» is the instrumental of manner ('in a voice'), with the adjectives «расслабленным… стыдливым» agreeing in the instrumental. «каким-то» (от «-то») marks a specific-but-hard-to-name quality — 'in a somehow limp and bashful voice'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse formula opening the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of объяснение","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of похоже","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main verb (predicate adjective) of the sentence","gloss":"is like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом, part of indefinite каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite каким-то with каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"расслабленным","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"limp"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стыдливым","lemma":"стыдливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with расслабленным","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b10-c6-s176","source":"— Это не смешно, не смешно?","translation":"\"That isn't ridiculous, is it — not ridiculous?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это не смешно, не смешно?","title":"Negated short adjective as anxious tag","body":"«не смешно» (negated short neuter «смешно» predicating «это») is repeated as an anxious self-checking question — 'it's not ridiculous, is it, not ridiculous?'. The doubling renders Kolya's vulnerable need for reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"repeated as a tag question","gloss":"ridiculous"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b10-c6-s177","source":"— Совсем не смешно, да хоть бы и смешно, так это ничего, потому что хорошо, — светло улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"Not ridiculous at all, and even if it were, that's nothing, because it's good,\" Alyosha said with a bright smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да хоть бы и смешно","title":"Concessive «хоть бы и» — 'even if it were'","body":"«хоть бы и» ('even if, suppose it were') concedes the worst case: 'even if it were ridiculous'. The «бы» carries hypothetical force; «да» opens with a conversational 'and even'. The reassurance lands in «так это ничего»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что хорошо","title":"Causal «потому что» + impersonal «хорошо»","body":"«потому что» ('because') introduces the reason, and «хорошо» ('[it is] good') is an impersonal predicative standing alone — 'because it's good'. Alyosha's verdict is delivered in the simplest, warmest subjectless form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative resuming after the concessive clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the reason clause","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b10-c6-s178","source":"— А знаете, Карамазов, согласитесь, что и вам самим теперь немного со мною стыдно… Я вижу по глазам, — как-то хитро, но и с каким-то почти счастьем усмехнулся Коля.","translation":"\"And you know, Karamazov, you must admit that even you yourself feel a little embarrassed with me now… I can see it in your eyes,\" Kolya said with a sly grin, yet with a kind of almost happy look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"согласитесь, что и вам самим … стыдно","title":"Dative «вам самим» of the embarrassed experiencer","body":"«стыдно» ('[it is] embarrassing/shameful') is an impersonal predicative whose experiencer stands in the dative — «вам самим» ('to you yourself', with intensifying «сам» also dative). «согласитесь» is the polite imperative 'you must admit'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хитро … усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk, give a half-smile","body":"«усмехнуться» (perfective reflexive) is a knowing, slight smile or smirk — distinct from open «улыбнуться». The adverb «хитро» ('slyly, cunningly') sharpens it into Kolya's shrewd, half-delighted grin."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse formula, parallel to согласитесь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying вам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer subject of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"clausal complement of согласитесь","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"your eyes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of indefinite как-то modifying усмехнулся","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite как-то with как","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хитро","lemma":"хитро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счастьем, part of indefinite каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite каким-то with каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастьем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"счастьем","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вижу","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b10-c6-s179","source":"— Чего же это стыдно?","translation":"\"Embarrassed about what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего же это стыдно?","title":"Genitive «чего» with impersonal «стыдно»","body":"«стыдно чего-то» ('ashamed/embarrassed of something') governs the genitive, hence the interrogative «чего» ('of what?'). The particle «же» adds challenge — 'embarrassed about what, then?'. An impersonal, subjectless retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стыдно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"embarrassing"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b10-c6-s180","source":"— А зачем вы покраснели?","translation":"\"Then why did you blush?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А зачем вы покраснели?","title":"«зачем» + perfective «покраснели»","body":"«зачем» asks 'why, what for?'. «покраснели» is the perfective past of «покраснеть» ('to blush, redden'), viewing the blush as a single completed event Kolya pounces on. The opening «А» is the contrastive conversational hinge — 'then why…?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснели","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покраснели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"покраснели","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blush"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b10-c6-s181","source":"— Да это вы так сделали, что я покраснел! — засмеялся Алеша и действительно весь покраснел.","translation":"\"Why, it's you who made me blush!\" Alyosha laughed, and indeed he went quite red.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да это вы так сделали, что я покраснел","title":"«да» as a particle, and a result clause","body":"Here «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic opening particle ('Why, ...!'), colouring the retort. The «что я покраснел» clause is a result: «так сделали… что» = 'did it in such a way that…', with «что» the subordinator opening a dependent clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы так сделали","title":"Fronted «вы» for emphasis","body":"The cleft-like word order throws «вы» (you) into focus — 'it's YOU who made me blush'. Free case-marked word order lets Russian foreground the new, accusing information rather than fix it by position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покраснел","title":"«покраснеть» — to redden, blush","body":"Perfective of «краснеть», literally 'to go red'; built on «красный» (red). The prefix «по-» marks the completed onset of the blush. Echoed deliberately by «весь покраснел» — 'went quite red all over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with вы сделали","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покраснел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделали","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"floating quantifier modifying the elided subject Алеша","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"turned red"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b10-c6-s182","source":"— Ну да, немного стыдно, бог знает отчего, не знаю отчего… — бормотал он, почти даже сконфузившись.","translation":"\"Well, yes, I am a little embarrassed, God knows why, I don't know why…\" he muttered, almost flustered now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немного стыдно… не знаю отчего","title":"Impersonal «стыдно» — the experiencer construction","body":"«стыдно» ('it is shameful / I feel ashamed') is an impersonal predicative with no nominative subject; the person who feels it stands implied in the dative. Dostoevsky's characters live inside exactly this dative-experiencer frame of half-conscious feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сконфузившись","title":"Perfective past gerund «сконфузившись»","body":"A «деепричастие» in «-вшись» from the reflexive «сконфузиться» (to get flustered), meaning 'having become flustered'. It compresses an attendant circumstance — 'he muttered, [by now] almost flustered' — sharing the subject of «бормотал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бормотал","title":"«бормотать» — to mutter","body":"Imperfective, onomatopoeic — to mumble indistinctly under one's breath. The imperfective past paints the manner of speech as an ongoing texture rather than a single completed utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to стыдно","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже сконфузившись","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сконфузившись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сконфузившись","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with бормотал","gloss":"flustered"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b10-c6-s183","source":"— О, как я вас люблю и ценю в эту минуту, именно за то, что и вам чего-то стыдно со мной!","translation":"\"Oh, how I love you and prize you at this moment, precisely because you too feel embarrassed about something with me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что и вам чего-то стыдно со мной","title":"«за то, что» — causal correlative + another dative-experiencer","body":"«за то, что» ('for the very fact that') is the demonstrative «то» governed by «за» plus the subordinator «что». Inside it sits another impersonal «вам… стыдно» — 'you too feel embarrassed', the experiencer «вам» in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего-то стыдно","title":"«чего-то» — genitive after «стыдно», plus indefinite «-то»","body":"«стыдно» governs the genitive of what one is ashamed of, here «чего-то» ('of something'). The clitic «-то» makes it a specific-but-unnamed something, not 'anything at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люблю и ценю","title":"Imperfective present of strong feeling","body":"«люблю… ценю» (I love… I prize) are imperfective presents — the only present Russian has — naming a standing state of the heart held «в эту минуту», 'at this very moment'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause of люблю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ценю","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"prize"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то что","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, resumed by что","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying вам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer subject of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of indefinite чего-то, complement of стыдно","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite чего-то with чего","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b10-c6-s184","source":"Потому что и вы точно я! — в решительном восторге воскликнул Коля.","translation":"Because you're exactly like me!\" Kolya exclaimed in utter rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы точно я","title":"Zero copula: «вы точно я»","body":"'You're exactly like me' has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent, and both pronouns sit bare in the nominative. «точно» here is the comparative 'just like / exactly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в решительном восторге воскликнул","title":"Inverted order: adverbial-verb-subject","body":"The dialogue tag leads with the prepositional phrase «в решительном восторге» ('in utter rapture'), then the perfective «воскликнул», then the subject «Коля» last. Inversion is the standard rhythm of Russian narrative attribution."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторг","title":"«восторг» — rapture, ecstasy","body":"A keyword of Dostoevsky's emotional register: not mere delight but overpowering, almost spiritual exaltation. «в решительном восторге» = caught up in sheer, decisive rapture — fitting for the boy Kolya's hero-worship of Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"exactly like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"решительном","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b10-c6-s185","source":"Щеки его пылали, глаза блестели.","translation":"His cheeks were burning, his eyes were shining.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Щеки его пылали, глаза блестели","title":"Imperfective past for vivid description","body":"Two imperfective pasts, «пылали» (were burning) and «блестели» (were shining), hold a state open before the eye — the standing background that imperfective aspect supplies, not events that move the story on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Щеки его","title":"Postposed possessive «его»","body":"The frozen genitive pronoun «его» ('his') follows its noun — «щеки его» rather than «его щёки» — a mildly elevated, literary placement that adds weight and rhythm to the description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пылали","title":"«пылать» — to blaze, flame","body":"Stronger and more poetic than «гореть» (to burn): to flame up, be aflame. Applied to cheeks it conveys a feverish, passionate flush — Kolya is literally lit up with feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пылали","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of Щеки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пылали","lemma":"пылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were burning"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of блестели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"блестели","lemma":"блестеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пылали","gloss":"were shining"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b10-c6-s186","source":"— Послушайте, Коля, вы, между прочим, будете и очень несчастный человек в жизни, — сказал вдруг отчего-то Алеша.","translation":"\"Listen, Kolya, among other things, you're going to be a very unhappy man in life,\" Alyosha said suddenly, for some reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будете и очень несчастный человек в жизни","title":"Compound future of «быть» as full predicate","body":"«будете» is the future of «быть»; here it stands not as an auxiliary but as the copula proper — 'you will be a very unhappy man'. With a present-tense or future copula the predicate noun can remain nominative, as «несчастный человек» does here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал вдруг отчего-то","title":"«отчего-то» — indefinite 'for some reason'","body":"«отчего-то» is the interrogative «отчего» (why / from what) plus the specific-indefinite clitic «-то»: 'for some reason [unknown even to himself]'. The narrator marks Alyosha's prophecy as welling up mysteriously."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"между прочим","title":"«между прочим» — by the way, incidentally","body":"A set adverbial phrase, literally 'among the other (things)', softening a remark as if it were a passing aside — though here it ushers in a startlingly grave prophecy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of между","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying несчастный","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будете","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of indefinite отчего-то modifying сказал","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite отчего-то with отчего","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b10-c6-s187","source":"— Знаю, знаю.","translation":"\"I know, I know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаю, знаю","title":"Dropped subject, doubled verb","body":"No «я» is needed: the 1st-person present ending of «знаю» (I know) already carries the subject. The repetition is emphatic — instant, breathless agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b10-c6-s188","source":"Как вы это всё знаете наперед! — тотчас же подтвердил Коля.","translation":"How is it you know all this beforehand!\" Kolya at once confirmed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вы это всё знаете наперед!","title":"Exclamatory «как» with imperfective present","body":"«как» heads an exclamation of wonder ('How is it you…!'). «знаете» is imperfective present — the habitual, repeated capacity to know things «наперёд», in advance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же подтвердил","title":"Emphatic particle «же» and perfective «подтвердил»","body":"«же» fastens onto «тотчас» to insist on the immediacy — 'that very instant'. «подтвердил» is perfective: a single completed act of confirmation, snapping the dialogue forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наперед","title":"«наперёд» — beforehand, in advance","body":"A slightly colloquial-archaic adverb for 'ahead of time, in advance' (modern speech often prefers «заранее»). Its repetition across the scene (s188, s200) hammers Kolya's awe at Alyosha's foreknowledge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies знаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b10-c6-s189","source":"— Но в целом все-таки благословите жизнь.","translation":"\"But on the whole, all the same, you'll bless life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословите жизнь","title":"Imperative «благословите» as prophecy","body":"«благословите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «благословить» (to bless). Used here less as a command than a prediction-cum-exhortation — 'you will [come to] bless life'. «жизнь» stands in the accusative as its direct object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благословите","title":"«благословить» — to bless","body":"A Church-Slavonic-flavoured word (root «благо» 'good' + «слово» 'word', a calque of Greek eu-logein): to speak well of, to bless. Alyosha's choice of this sacred verb to frame Kolya's future is quietly characteristic of the novice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословите","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies благословите","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"благословите","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bless"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of благословите","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b10-c6-s190","source":"— Именно!","translation":"\"Exactly!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Именно!","title":"«именно» — exactly, precisely","body":"A one-word emphatic affirmation: 'Precisely!' / 'That's just it!'. It pins down and endorses what was just said with total agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exactly"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b10-c6-s191","source":"Ура!","translation":"Hurrah!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ура!","title":"«Ура!» — Hurrah!","body":"The Russian cheer, borrowed and now native, shouted in triumph or charge. From a boy like Kolya it carries a slightly military, schoolboy bravado."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ура","lemma":"ура","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hurrah"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b10-c6-s192","source":"Вы пророк!","translation":"You're a prophet!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы пророк!","title":"Zero-copula equation","body":"'You are a prophet!' needs no verb: in the present Russian simply juxtaposes subject «вы» and predicate noun «пророк», both nominative, with the 'to be' understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пророк","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пророк","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"a prophet"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b10-c6-s193","source":"О, мы сойдемся, Карамазов.","translation":"Oh, we shall get on together, Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы сойдемся","title":"Perfective future «сойдёмся»","body":"«сойдёмся» is conjugated like a present but, being perfective, means a completed future — 'we shall come together / hit it off'. The reflexive «-ся» here is reciprocal: the two of them converging on each other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сойдёмся","title":"«сойтись» — to get on, become close","body":"A prefixed motion verb («с-» + «идти» = come together) that idiomatically means to hit it off, to become friends or grow intimate. The literal 'converging' image underlies the social meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to сойдемся","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сойдемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сойдемся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall get on together"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b10-c6-s194","source":"Знаете, меня всего более восхищает, что вы со мной совершенно как с ровней.","translation":"You know, what delights me most of all is that you treat me completely as an equal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня всего более восхищает, что…","title":"Genitive object of «восхищать» + superlative «всего более»","body":"«меня» is the accusative object of «восхищает» ('delights me'), fronted for focus. «всего более» is the bookish superlative of «много» — 'most of all', literally 'more than everything', with «всего» in the genitive of comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как с ровней","title":"Instrumental «с ровней» after «как»","body":"'[you treat me] as [you would] an equal': «с» (with) governs the instrumental, so «ровня» appears as «ровней». The comparative «как» supplies the 'as if with an equal' sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ровней","title":"«ровня» — an equal, a peer","body":"A colloquial noun for someone of equal rank or standing (from «ровный», 'even, level'). For a schoolboy to be treated «как с ровней» by the older Alyosha is precisely the honour that thrills Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse formula, parallel to восхищает","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of восхищает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего более, modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восхищает","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"восхищает","lemma":"восхищать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"delights"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of восхищает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement in the что-clause","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ровней","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison с ровней","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ровней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ровней","lemma":"ровня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как с","gloss":"an equal"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b10-c6-s195","source":"А мы не ровня, нет, не ровня, вы выше!","translation":"But we're not equals, no, not equals — you're higher!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А мы не ровня","title":"Contrastive «а» and negated zero-copula","body":"«а» pivots the thought against the previous line — 'but/and yet'. 'We are not equals' needs no verb: «не» simply negates the bare nominative predicate «ровня»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы выше","title":"Predicative comparative «выше»","body":"«выше» is the invariable comparative of «высокий» (high) used predicatively — 'you are higher'. No copula appears, and the comparative form itself never declines."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ровня","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ровня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ровня","lemma":"ровня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"equals"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ровня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ровня","lemma":"ровня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with ровня","gloss":"equals"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выше","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"higher"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b10-c6-s196","source":"Но мы сойдемся.","translation":"Still, we shall get on together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но мы сойдемся","title":"Adversative «но» resuming the future","body":"«но» marks real opposition ('still, nevertheless') against the just-confessed inequality, and «сойдёмся» returns — the perfective future of «сойтись», insisting they will yet come together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сойдемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сойдемся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall get on together"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b10-c6-s197","source":"Знаете, я весь последний месяц говорил себе: «Или мы разом с ним сойдемся друзьями навеки, или с первого же разу разойдемся врагами до гроба!»","translation":"You know, this whole past month I've been telling myself: \"Either he and I will come together at once as friends forever, or from the very first we'll part as enemies to the grave!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе» as indirect object","body":"«себе» is the dative of «себя», pointing back to the subject — 'I kept telling myself'. Unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», «себя/себе» is a full pronoun standing as a real object. The imperfective «говорил» conveys the repeated, month-long muttering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или мы разом с ним сойдемся… или… разойдемся","title":"«или… или…» antithesis with paired perfective futures","body":"The correlative «или… или…» ('either… or…') frames a stark fork, mirrored by an antonymic verb pair: «сойдёмся» (come together) vs «разойдёмся» (part), one «с-» the other «раз(о)-». Both are perfective futures, both reciprocal in «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друзьями… врагами","title":"Instrumental of the resulting state","body":"«друзьями» and «врагами» stand in the instrumental: 'come together [as] friends' / 'part [as] enemies'. After verbs of becoming or parting, the role one ends up in takes the instrumental, framing it as an assumed condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до гроба","title":"«до гроба» — to the grave, till death","body":"Idiom: «гроб» is 'coffin/grave', so «до гроба» = 'until death, for life'. Paired with «навеки» ('forever'), it gives Kolya's vow its melodramatic, all-or-nothing boyish absolutism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse formula, parallel to говорил","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сойдемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдемся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойдемся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сойдемся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first alternative clause","gloss":"will come together"},{"surface":"друзьями","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of сойдемся","gloss":"as friends"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдемся","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"the very first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разойдемся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"разойдемся","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second alternative clause","gloss":"we'll part"},{"surface":"врагами","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of разойдемся","gloss":"as enemies"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроба","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разойдемся","gloss":"the grave"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b10-c6-s198","source":"— И говоря так, уж, конечно, любили меня! — весело смеялся Алеша.","translation":"\"And saying so, you already loved me, of course!\" Alyosha laughed merrily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И говоря так… любили меня","title":"Imperfective present gerund «говоря»","body":"«говоря» is the present «деепричастие» of «говорить» — 'while saying [this]', a simultaneous attendant action sharing the subject of «любили». It compactly fuses the two: even as you said it, you already loved me."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж, конечно","title":"Particle «уж» softening certainty","body":"«уж» (a reduced «уже») is here a modal particle, not 'already' — it lends an assured, knowing emphasis: 'you most certainly already loved me'. Such particles carry the speaker's attitude that English leaves to intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of любили","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying любили","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you loved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b10-c6-s199","source":"— Любил, ужасно любил, любил и мечтал об вас!","translation":"\"I did, I loved you terribly, I loved you and dreamed about you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любил, ужасно любил, любил и мечтал об вас","title":"Imperfective past, anaphora, and the heart's habit","body":"The drumbeat of imperfective pasts — «любил… любил… мечтал» — renders feeling as an ongoing, sustained state across the past month, not a single act. The triple repetition is pure emotional anaphora."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об вас","title":"Archaic «об вас» for «о вас»","body":"The preposition «о» ('about', governing the prepositional) here appears as «об» before «вас» — a 19th-century / colloquial variant where modern usage would write «о вас». «мечтать о» = to dream of, daydream about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I did"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second любил","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любил","gloss":"loved you"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любил","gloss":"loved you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любил","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of мечтал","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b10-c6-s200","source":"И как это вы знаете всё наперед?","translation":"And how is it you know everything beforehand?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И как это вы знаете всё наперед?","title":"Exclamatory-interrogative «как это»","body":"«как это…?» ('how is it that…?') voices astonishment more than a real question. «знаете» stays imperfective present — the recurring, uncanny ability to foresee, again «наперёд», 'beforehand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the question, modifies знаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"pleonastic particle, emphasizes как","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"beforehand"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b10-c6-s201","source":"Ба, вот и доктор.","translation":"Ah, here's the doctor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ба, вот и доктор","title":"Interjection «ба» and presentative «вот и»","body":"«ба» is an interjection of surprised recognition ('Ah! / Well!'). «вот и доктор» — 'here's the doctor [at last]' — uses the presentative «вот» with «и» to announce an awaited arrival now realised."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ба","lemma":"ба","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, marks доктор","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies вот, modifies доктор","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вот","gloss":"the doctor"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b10-c6-s202","source":"Господи, что-то скажет, посмотрите, какое у него лицо!","translation":"Lord, what's he going to say — look at his face!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господи","title":"Vocative «Господи» — O Lord","body":"«Господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (the Lord), here a reflexive exclamation ('Good Lord!'). The old vocative case is otherwise dead in modern Russian, kept alive in such prayer-rooted exclamations."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то скажет","title":"«что-то» + perfective future «скажет»","body":"«что-то» is the indefinite 'something' (specific but unknown) — 'what on earth is he going to say'. «скажет» is the perfective future of «сказать», a single anticipated utterance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрите, какое у него лицо","title":"Imperative «посмотрите» + «у него» possession","body":"«посмотрите» is the polite/plural imperative of «посмотреть» (to take a look). «у него лицо» uses the «у + genitive» possessive frame — literally 'at him [there is] a face', i.e. 'his face / the face he has'; «какое» exclaims at what kind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что clause","gloss":"will he say"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase, modified by какое","gloss":"face"}]}]}