{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Илюша","translated":"Ilusha"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c7","lines":66},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c7-s1","source":"Доктор выходил из избы опять уже закутанный в шубу и с фуражкой на голове.","translation":"The doctor came out of the hut once again, already bundled into his fur coat, his cap on his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изба","title":"«изба» — the peasant log hut","body":"«Изба» is the traditional Russian peasant dwelling, a one- or two-room log house. Choosing this word (rather than «дом», house) at once fixes the Snegiryovs' poverty and rusticity; the doctor in his fur coat is leaving a world utterly beneath him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закутанный в шубу","title":"Past passive participle «закутанный»","body":"«Закутанный» (bundled, wrapped up) is a past passive participle from perfective «закутать», agreeing with «доктор» and describing his resulting state. Such participles condense a whole clause ('who had been wrapped up') into a single adjective, the texture of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходил из избы","title":"Imperfective «выходил» for an unfolding scene","body":"The imperfective past «выходил» (was coming out) sets the action as a process in view rather than a finished event — we watch the doctor emerge. «Из избы» takes the genitive after «из» (out of), one of the prepositions that always governs the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"The doctor"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"the hut"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закутанный","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закутанный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"закутанный","lemma":"закутать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Доктор","gloss":"bundled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шубу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шубу","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закутанный","gloss":"his fur coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фуражкой","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with закутанный","gloss":"a cap"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фуражкой","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c7-s2","source":"Лицо его было почти сердитое и брезгливое, как будто он всё боялся обо что-то запачкаться.","translation":"His face was almost angry and fastidious, as though he were forever afraid of soiling himself on something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было почти сердитое и брезгливое","title":"Long-form adjectives in a past predicate","body":"After past «было» the predicate adjectives «сердитое» and «брезгливое» stand in the long (full) nominative form agreeing with neuter «лицо». 19th-century prose freely uses the long form here where a short form (сердито, брезгливо) would also be possible, lending a settled, descriptive quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брезгливое","title":"«брезгливый» — squeamish, fastidious","body":"«Брезгливый» means squeamish, finicky, easily disgusted — a person afraid of contamination, physical or social. It captures the doctor's recoil from the squalor of the hut and prepares the next clause's fear of 'soiling himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боялся обо что-то запачкаться","title":"Reflexive «запачкаться» and indefinite «что-то»","body":"The reflexive verb «запачкаться» (to get oneself dirty) carries -ся as a true middle/reflexive, the subject acting on himself. «Что-то» with the particle -то marks a specific but unnamed thing he might dirty himself on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сердитое","gloss":"His face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сердитое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердитое","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сердитое","lemma":"сердитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брезгливое","lemma":"брезгливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сердитое","gloss":"fastidious"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как будто, introduces боялся clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-будто clause","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"запачкаться","lemma":"запачкаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"soiling himself"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c7-s3","source":"Мельком окинул он глазами сени и при этом строго глянул на Алешу и Колю.","translation":"He cast a fleeting glance about the entryway and, in doing so, looked sternly at Alyosha and Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мельком окинул он глазами сени","title":"Fronted adverb and inverted word order","body":"The adverb «мельком» (fleetingly) is fronted for emphasis, pushing subject «он» after the verb «окинул» — a stylistic inversion typical of literary narration, where word order signals emphasis rather than grammatical role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окинул глазами","title":"«окинуть глазами» — to sweep with the eyes","body":"«Окинуть глазами (взглядом)» is a fixed expression: to run one's eyes over, take in at a glance. «Глазами» is the instrumental of means — surveying 'with the eyes.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окинул","gloss":"Fleetingly"},{"surface":"окинул","lemma":"окинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cast a glance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окинул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of окинул","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of окинул","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of при этом, modifies глянул","gloss":"doing that"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянул","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окинул","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алешу","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c7-s4","source":"Алеша махнул из дверей кучеру, и карета, привезшая доктора, подъехала к выходным дверям.","translation":"Alyosha waved from the doorway to the coachman, and the carriage that had brought the doctor pulled up to the front door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"карета, привезшая доктора","title":"Past active participle «привезшая»","body":"«Привезшая» is a past active participle from perfective «привезти» (to bring by vehicle), agreeing with feminine «карета»: 'the carriage that had brought.' It compresses a который-clause into one modifier, a bookish, characteristically literary economy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнул из дверей кучеру","title":"Dative «кучеру» for the person signalled","body":"«Махнуть» (to wave) takes its addressee in the dative: «кучеру» (to the coachman). The dative marks the one toward whom the gesture is directed, the indirect target of the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of махнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"махнул","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of махнул","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"кучеру","lemma":"кучер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of махнул","gloss":"to the coachman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карета","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подъехала","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"привезшая","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying карета","gloss":"that had brought"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привезшая","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"подъехала","lemma":"подъехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with махнул","gloss":"pulled up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выходным","lemma":"выходной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies дверям","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"дверям","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подъехала","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c7-s5","source":"Штабс-капитан стремительно выскочил вслед за доктором и, согнувшись, почти извиваясь пред ним, остановил его для последнего слова.","translation":"The staff-captain dashed out after the doctor and, stooping, almost writhing before him, stopped him for one last word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"согнувшись, почти извиваясь пред ним","title":"Two gerunds for attendant manner","body":"«Согнувшись» (perfective past gerund, 'having bent over') and «извиваясь» (imperfective present gerund, 'writhing') stack adverbial participles describing how he stops the doctor — one a resulting posture, one an ongoing motion. Both share the main subject «штабс-капитан»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» — the bookish form of «перед»","body":"«Пред» (before, in front of) is the elevated, contracted variant of «перед», common in 19th-century literary prose. It governs the instrumental here («пред ним») and lends the sentence a slightly archaic, solemn cast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно выскочил","title":"«стремительно» — headlong, impetuously","body":"«Стремительно» means swiftly, headlong, with rushing force; «выскочить» is to leap or dart out. Together they convey Snegiryov's desperate, almost frantic eagerness to catch the departing doctor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"part of штабс-капитан, subject of выскочил","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dashed out"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктором","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед за","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согнувшись","lemma":"согнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановил","gloss":"stooping"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извиваясь","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"извиваясь","lemma":"извиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановил","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"one last"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c7-s6","source":"Лицо бедняка было убитое, взгляд испуганный:","translation":"The poor man's face was stricken, his look frightened:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо бедняка было убитое, взгляд испуганный","title":"Zero copula and elided «было»","body":"The first clause has past «было», but the second, «взгляд испуганный», drops the verb entirely — Russian needs no copula and parallel clauses readily share or omit it. «Убитое» here is a passive participle used adjectivally ('killed' → 'crushed, stricken')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убитое","title":"«убитый» — crushed with grief","body":"Literally 'killed,' «убитый» is used figuratively of a face or person crushed, devastated by grief. The metaphor is strong and idiomatic; we render it 'stricken.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убитое","gloss":"The face"},{"surface":"бедняка","lemma":"бедняк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лицо","gloss":"of the poor man"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убитое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"убитое","lemma":"убитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"stricken"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испуганный","gloss":"his look"},{"surface":"испуганный","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убитое","gloss":"frightened"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c7-s7","source":"— Ваше превосходительство, ваше превосходительство… неужели?.. — начал было он и не договорил, а лишь всплеснул руками в отчаянии, хотя всё еще с последнею мольбой смотря на доктора, точно в самом деле от теперешнего слова доктора мог измениться приговор над бедным мальчиком.","translation":"\"Your Excellency, Your Excellency… can it really be?..\" he had begun and did not finish, but only flung up his hands in despair, still gazing at the doctor with one last plea, as though the sentence over the poor boy could indeed be altered by the doctor's present word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было","title":"The particle «было»","body":"The particle было (here in «начал было») marks an action that was begun or about to happen but then interrupted or undone. «Начал было он и не договорил» = 'he had just begun but did not finish.' It signals a thwarted or aborted action and has no direct English equivalent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous 'can it really be?'","body":"«Неужели» is a modal particle of astonished disbelief: 'surely not?', 'can it really be?'. It begs the doctor to contradict the dreadful implication, voicing hope against hope rather than asking a real question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с последнею мольбой смотря на доктора","title":"Gerund «смотря» and the old instrumental «-ою»","body":"«Смотря» is an imperfective gerund ('gazing'), giving the manner of his appeal. Note «последнею мольбой»: «последнею» is the archaic instrumental feminine ending «-ою» for modern «-ей», a bookish 19th-century form still common in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно... мог измениться приговор","title":"Reflexive passive «измениться» after «точно»","body":"«Точно» here means 'as though,' framing an unreal supposition. «Измениться» (to be changed) carries -ся as an intransitive/passive: the verdict 'could change' of itself. «Приговор над... мальчиком» borrows judicial language — the sentence pronounced over the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, vocative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the doctor","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, vocative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with превосходительство","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks an interrupted action with начал","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорил","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всплеснул","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всплеснул","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"flung up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всплеснул","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всплеснул","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотря","gloss":"even as"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of всё ещё, modifies смотря","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of всё ещё, modifies смотря","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мольбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"последнею","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мольбой","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мольбой","lemma":"мольба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с, modifies смотря","gloss":"plea"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог, meaning 'as though'","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле, modifies мог","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"теперешнего","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измениться","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the doctor's"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the точно clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"измениться","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"be altered"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the sentence"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиком","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"бедным","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчиком","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мальчиком","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of над, modifies приговор","gloss":"the boy"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c7-s8","source":"— Что делать! Я не бог, — небрежным, хотя и привычно внушительным голосом ответил доктор.","translation":"\"What is one to do! I am not God,\" the doctor answered in an offhand, though habitually impressive, voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что делать!","title":"Bare infinitive «делать» as exclamation","body":"«Что делать!» is an impersonal infinitive construction — literally 'what to do!' — with no subject, expressing helpless resignation. Russian uses the bare infinitive widely for such impersonal modal force ('what is one to do'). It famously echoes Chernyshevsky's title «Что делать?»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"небрежным... голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner «голосом»","body":"«Небрежным... голосом» stands in the instrumental, the case Russian uses to express the manner or means of speaking — 'in an offhand voice.' The adjectives «небрежным» and «внушительным» agree with it in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"внушительным","title":"«внушительный» — imposing, impressive","body":"«Внушительный» (from «внушать», to instil, suggest) means imposing, weighty, commanding respect. Paired ironically with «небрежным» (careless), it skewers the doctor's practiced air of grave authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"is one to do"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"небрежным","lemma":"небрежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"offhand"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive phrase modifying внушительным","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привычно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"привычно","lemma":"привычно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внушительным","gloss":"habitually"},{"surface":"внушительным","lemma":"внушительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"impressive"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the doctor"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c7-s9","source":"— Доктор… Ваше превосходительство… и скоро это, скоро?","translation":"\"Doctor… Your Excellency… and is it soon, soon?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и скоро это, скоро?","title":"Verbless question with repetition","body":"The whole question lacks a verb — «скоро это?» = 'is it soon?' — relying on the zero copula (no present-tense 'to be') and rising intonation, with «скоро» repeated in anguished insistence. The bare «это» ('it') leaves the unspeakable subject, the boy's death, unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, vocative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement, modifies это","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скоро","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats скоро for emphasis","gloss":"soon"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c7-s10","source":"— При-го-товь-тесь ко всему, — отчеканил, ударяя по каждому слогу, доктор и, склонив взор, сам приготовился было шагнуть за порог к карете.","translation":"\"Pre-pare your-self for any-thing,\" the doctor pronounced, hammering on each syllable, and, lowering his gaze, was himself about to step over the threshold to the carriage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"При-го-товь-тесь ко всему","title":"Reflexive imperative «приготовьтесь»","body":"«Приготовьтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of reflexive «приготовиться» (to prepare oneself), with -тесь. It governs «ко всему» in the dative after «к/ко» — 'for everything.' The syllable-by-syllable spelling marks the doctor's pompous enunciation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонив взор, сам приготовился было шагнуть","title":"Gerund «склонив» plus aborted «было»","body":"«Склонив» is a perfective past gerund ('having lowered') of attendant action. «Приготовился было шагнуть» again uses the particle «было» to mark an action set in motion but not completed — he was about to step out, but is stopped."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взор","title":"«взор» — the elevated word for gaze","body":"«Взор» is a poetic, bookish synonym for «взгляд» (look, gaze), at home in elevated 19th-century narration. Here it gently mocks the doctor by dressing his exit in high diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"first syllable of приготовьтесь, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Pre-"},{"surface":"го","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"second syllable of приготовьтесь","gloss":"-pare"},{"surface":"товь","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"third syllable of приготовьтесь","gloss":"your-"},{"surface":"тесь","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"fourth syllable of приготовьтесь","gloss":"-self"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ко","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"ударяя","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отчеканил","gloss":"hammering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слогу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слогу","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"слогу","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"syllable"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"склонив","lemma":"склонить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приготовился","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"взор","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of склонив","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приготовился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"приготовился","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отчеканил","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks an interrupted action with приготовился","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"шагнуть","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приготовился","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порог","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"порог","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнуть","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карете","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"карете","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнуть","gloss":"the carriage"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c7-s11","source":"— Ваше превосходительство, ради Христа! — испуганно остановил его еще раз штабс-капитан, — ваше превосходительство!.. так разве ничего, неужели ничего, совсем ничего теперь не спасет?..","translation":"\"Your Excellency, for Christ's sake!\" the staff-captain stopped him once more in his fright, \"Your Excellency!.. so is there really nothing, can it be nothing, nothing at all now that will save him?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве ничего, неужели ничего, совсем ничего теперь не спасет","title":"Negative concord and the particles «разве/неужели»","body":"«Ничего... не спасет» shows obligatory negative concord: the ни-word «ничего» still requires «не» on the verb. The piled-up particles «разве» and «неужели» both press an incredulous 'really, can it be?', escalating the father's panic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, vocative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the doctor","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ради","gloss":"Christ's sake"},{"surface":"испуганно","lemma":"испуганно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"in fright"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of остановил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"part of штабс-капитан, subject of остановил","gloss":"the staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, vocative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the doctor","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так, marks the question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c7-s12","source":"— Не от меня теперь за-ви-сит, — нетерпеливо проговорил доктор, — и, однако же, гм, — приостановился он вдруг, — если б вы, например, могли… на-пра-вить… вашего пациента… сейчас и нимало не медля (слова «сейчас и нимало не медля» доктор произнес не то что строго, а почти гневно, так что штабс-капитан даже вздрогнул) в Си-ра-ку-зы, то… вследствие новых бла-го-при-ятных кли-ма-ти-ческих условий… могло бы, может быть, произойти…","translation":"\"It no longer de-pends on me,\" the doctor said impatiently, \"and yet, hm,\" he suddenly checked himself, \"if you could, for example… di-rect… your patient… at once and without the least delay\" (the words 'at once and without the least delay' the doctor uttered not so much sternly as almost wrathfully, so that the staff-captain even flinched) \"to Sy-ra-cuse, then… owing to the new fa-vor-able cli-mat-ic conditions… there might, perhaps, be some result…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б вы... могли... направить... то...","title":"Conditional with «если б» and «бы»","body":"«Если б... могли» (contracted «бы») builds the irrealis conditional: past-form verb plus the particle «бы» for a hypothetical, completed by «то...» ('then...'). The whole sentence dangles unfinished, mimicking the doctor's evasive non-promise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло бы, может быть, произойти","title":"Conditional «могло бы» of vague possibility","body":"«Могло бы... произойти» ('there might... be some result') is the impersonal conditional — neuter past «могло» plus «бы» — leaving subject and outcome deliberately unnamed. The hedging «может быть» piled on top makes the doctor's prognosis pure empty formula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нимало не медля","title":"«нимало не медля» — without the least delay","body":"«Нимало» (not in the least) is a bookish intensifier of negation, and «медля» is the gerund of «медлить» (to delay): 'tarrying not in the slightest.' The phrase is elevated and slightly stilted — fitting the doctor's pretentious register, which he then bites off 'almost wrathfully.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"first syllable of зависит, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"de-"},{"surface":"ви","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"second syllable of зависит","gloss":"-pen-"},{"surface":"сит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"third syllable of зависит","gloss":"-ds"},{"surface":"нетерпеливо","lemma":"нетерпеливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the parenthetical, coordinated with гм","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with однако","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"приостановился","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"checked himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приостановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приостановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with если","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies могли","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"first syllable of направить, complement of могли","gloss":"di-"},{"surface":"пра","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"second syllable of направить","gloss":"-rec-"},{"surface":"вить","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"third syllable of направить","gloss":"-t"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пациента","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пациента","lemma":"пациент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of направить","gloss":"patient"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"медля","lemma":"медлить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on направить","gloss":"delaying"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медля, part of the quoted phrase","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медля, part of the quoted phrase","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"медля","lemma":"медлить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"part of the quoted phrase, modifies слова","gloss":"delaying"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а, modifies строго","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with гневно, modifies произнес","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гневно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"гневно","lemma":"гневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with строго","gloss":"wrathfully"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause of вздрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"part of штабс-капитан, subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"the staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что clause","gloss":"flinched"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сиракузы, complement of направить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Си","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"first syllable of Сиракузы, oblique complement of в","gloss":"Sy-"},{"surface":"ра","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"second syllable of Сиракузы","gloss":"-ra-"},{"surface":"ку","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"third syllable of Сиракузы","gloss":"-cu-"},{"surface":"зы","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"fourth syllable of Сиракузы","gloss":"-se"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause, correlate of если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условий","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies условий","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"бла","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"first syllable of благоприятных, modifies условий","gloss":"fa-"},{"surface":"го","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"second syllable of благоприятных","gloss":"-vor-"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"third syllable of благоприятных","gloss":"-a-"},{"surface":"ятных","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"fourth syllable of благоприятных","gloss":"-ble"},{"surface":"кли","lemma":"климатический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"first syllable of климатических, modifies условий","gloss":"cli-"},{"surface":"ма","lemma":"климатический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"second syllable of климатических","gloss":"-mat-"},{"surface":"ти","lemma":"климатический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"third syllable of климатических","gloss":"-ic"},{"surface":"условий","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of вследствие","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть, parallel to могло","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come about"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c7-s13","source":"— В Сиракузы! — вскричал штабс-капитан, как бы ничего еще не понимая.","translation":"\"To Syracuse!\" cried the staff-captain, as though still understanding nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ничего еще не понимая","title":"Gerund «понимая» under «как бы»","body":"«Как бы... не понимая» = 'as though understanding nothing,' with imperfective gerund «понимая» giving simultaneous manner. «Как бы» ('as if') softens the assertion into appearance, and «ничего... не понимая» again shows negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сиракузы","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"Сиракузы","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"Syracuse"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"part of штабс-капитан, subject of вскричал","gloss":"the staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как бы, introduces понимая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимая","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c7-s14","source":"— Сиракузы — это в Сицилии, — отрезал вдруг громко Коля, для пояснения. Доктор поглядел на него.","translation":"\"Syracuse — that's in Sicily,\" Kolya suddenly cut in loudly, by way of explanation. The doctor looked at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сиракузы — это в Сицилии","title":"«это» as identifying linker","body":"In «Сиракузы — это в Сицилии», «это» is the invariable identifying particle that frames a definition or explanation ('Syracuse — that's in Sicily'), bridging the dash where English would use 'is.' «В Сицилии» is prepositional after «в» for location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap, cut someone off","body":"Literally 'to cut off,' «отрезать» is idiomatic for a curt, sharp retort — to snap out a remark that ends discussion. It conveys Kolya's brash, know-it-all interjection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сиракузы","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, resumed by это (topic of the copular clause)","gloss":"Syracuse"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the predicate","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сицилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сицилии","lemma":"Сицилия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, predicate complement","gloss":"Sicily"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояснения","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"пояснения","lemma":"пояснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрезал","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c7-s15","source":"— В Сицилию! Батюшка, ваше превосходительство, — потерялся штабс-капитан, — да ведь вы видели! — обвел он обеими руками кругом, указывая на свою обстановку, — а маменька-то, а семейство-то?","translation":"\"To Sicily! My dear sir, Your Excellency,\" the staff-captain lost his head, \"why, you have seen for yourself!\" he swept both hands around him, pointing at his surroundings, \"and the mother — and the family?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшка","title":"«батюшка» as a form of appeal","body":"Here «Батюшка» (lit. 'dear father') is not the priest's title but an affectionate, imploring vocative-style address to a social superior — 'my dear sir,' 'good sir.' The poor captain pleads upward, mixing it with the official «ваше превосходительство»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь вы видели!","title":"Particles «да» and «ведь»","body":"Opening «да» is an emphatic particle ('why,' 'but'), not 'yes'; «ведь» appeals to shared, obvious knowledge ('after all, you saw it yourself'). Stacked together they give the cry its imploring, you-know-this force, the very texture of spoken Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"а маменька-то, а семейство-то?","title":"Diminutive «маменька» and clitic «-то»","body":"«Маменька» is a tender, old-fashioned diminutive of «мама» (mother). The clitic «-то» on «маменька-то» and «семейство-то» highlights each as a pressing, known concern ('and the mother, mind you; and the family'), the contrastive «а» tallying them up."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сицилию","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"Сицилию","lemma":"Сицилия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of В","gloss":"Sicily"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"my dear sir"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка (vocative)","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"потерялся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost his head"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable first element","role":"compound modifier of капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерялся","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"обвел","lemma":"обвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"quantifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обвел","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвел","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обвел","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обстановку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обстановку","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to маменька","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with маменька (topic of the elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to семейство","gloss":"as for"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c7-s16","source":"— Н-нет, семейство не в Сицилию, а семейство ваше на Кавказ, раннею весной… дочь вашу на Кавказ, а супругу… продержав курс вод тоже на Кав-ка-зе ввиду ее ревматизмов… немедленно после того на-пра-вить в Париж, в лечебницу доктора пси-хи-атра Ле-пель-летье, я бы мог вам дать к нему записку, и тогда… могло бы, может быть, произойти…","translation":"\"N-no, the family not to Sicily — your family to the Caucasus, in early spring… your daughter to the Caucasus, and your wife… after a course of the waters, also in the Cau-ca-sus, in view of her rheumatism… immediately afterward to be di-rect-ed to Paris, to the clinic of the al-ien-ist Doctor Le-pel-le-tier — I could give you a note to him, and then… there might, perhaps, be some result…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семейство не в Сицилию, а семейство ваше на Кавказ","title":"Contrastive «а» and accusative of direction","body":"The hinge «не..., а...» ('not X, but Y') corrects the destination. «В Сицилию», «на Кавказ», «в Париж» all take the accusative after «в/на» because they express motion toward a place. Note «на Кавказ» — the Caucasus idiomatically takes «на», not «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продержав курс вод","title":"Perfective gerund «продержав»","body":"«Продержав» is a perfective past gerund ('having kept/held [her] through'), expressing a prior completed action before the next step. The dropped subject is understood from context — a dense, telegraphic participial construction typical of clipped instructions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Н","lemma":"нет","morphology":"stutter fragment of нет","role":"first syllable of Н-нет (stutter)","gloss":"N-"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the stutter with Н","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause (elided verb of destination)","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в Сицилию","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сицилию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сицилию","lemma":"Сицилия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"Sicily"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause, coordinated with семейство (w3)","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказ","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Кавказ","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"destination complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the Caucasus"},{"surface":"раннею","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весной","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"весной","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of the elided verb","gloss":"in spring"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause, parallel to семейство","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказ","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Кавказ","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"destination complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the Caucasus"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause, coordinated with дочь","gloss":"your wife"},{"surface":"продержав","lemma":"продержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on the elided verb направить","gloss":"after taking"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продержав","gloss":"a course"},{"surface":"вод","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies курс","gloss":"of waters"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на Кав-ка-зе","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кав","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun fragment, locative, masculine, singular","role":"first syllable of Кавказе (stutter), locative adjunct of продержав","gloss":"Cau-"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun fragment","role":"second syllable of Кавказе (stutter)","gloss":"-ca-"},{"surface":"зе","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun fragment","role":"final syllable of Кавказе (stutter), completes the locative","gloss":"-sus"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревматизмов","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ревматизмов","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ревматизмов","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of ввиду","gloss":"rheumatism"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на-пра-вить","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb fragment, infinitive","role":"first syllable of на-пра-вить (stutter), adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"to di-"},{"surface":"пра","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb fragment, infinitive","role":"second syllable of на-пра-вить (stutter)","gloss":"-rect-"},{"surface":"вить","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb fragment, infinitive","role":"final syllable of на-пра-вить (stutter), completes the infinitive","gloss":"-ed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париж","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Париж","lemma":"Париж","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направить","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лечебницу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лечебницу","lemma":"лечебница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направить","gloss":"the clinic"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лечебницу","gloss":"of Doctor"},{"surface":"пси","lemma":"психиатр","morphology":"noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"first syllable of психиатра (stutter), in apposition to доктора","gloss":"psy-"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"психиатр","morphology":"noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"second syllable of психиатра (stutter)","gloss":"-chi-"},{"surface":"атра","lemma":"психиатр","morphology":"noun fragment, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"final syllable of психиатра (stutter), completes the noun","gloss":"-atrist"},{"surface":"Ле","lemma":"Лепельлетье","morphology":"proper noun fragment, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first syllable of Лепельлетье (stutter), in apposition to доктора","gloss":"Le-"},{"surface":"пель","lemma":"Лепельлетье","morphology":"proper noun fragment","role":"second syllable of Лепельлетье (stutter)","gloss":"-pel-"},{"surface":"летье","lemma":"Лепельлетье","morphology":"proper noun fragment","role":"final syllable of Лепельлетье (stutter), completes the name","gloss":"-letier"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мог, introduces the following clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms the idiom «может быть» = perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second part of the idiom «может быть»","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"happen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c7-s17","source":"— Доктор, доктор! Да ведь вы видите! — размахнул вдруг опять руками штабс-капитан, указывая в отчаянии на голые бревенчатые стены сеней.","translation":"\"Doctor, doctor! But you can see for yourself!\" the staff-captain flung up his hands again all at once, pointing in despair at the bare log walls of the entryway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голые бревенчатые стены","title":"«бревенчатый» — made of logs","body":"«Бревенчатый» (from «бревно», a log) means built of bare logs; «голые» adds 'bare, unplastered.' The phrase nails the destitution of the dwelling — exactly what makes the talk of Sicily and Paris obscene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"указывая в отчаянии на голые... стены","title":"Gerund «указывая» of accompanying action","body":"«Указывая» is an imperfective present gerund ('pointing'), describing what the captain does as he flings up his hands — simultaneous attendant action sharing his subject. «На... стены» is accusative after «на» governing the target of the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Доктор (vocative)","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"размахнул","lemma":"размахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размахнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размахнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of размахнул","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable first element","role":"compound modifier of капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of размахнул","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on размахнул","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"голые","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"бревенчатые","lemma":"бревенчатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of на","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"сеней","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"of the entryway"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c7-s18","source":"— А, это уж не мое дело, — усмехнулся доктор, — я лишь сказал то, что могла сказать на-у-ка на ваш вопрос о последних средствах, а остальное… к сожалению моему…","translation":"\"Ah, that is no longer my affair,\" the doctor smirked, \"I have only told you what sci-ence could say in answer to your question about last resorts, and the rest… to my regret…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что могла сказать наука","title":"Correlative «то, что»","body":"«То, что...» pairs the demonstrative «то» with the relative «что» — 'that which / what (science) could say.' This correlative construction, with «то» as antecedent inside the main clause and «что» opening the relative, is the standard way Russian says 'what' as a noun-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"«Усмехнуться» (reflexive, perfective) is to give a small, often wry, condescending or sardonic smile — not a warm one. It seals the doctor's callous self-exculpation: a smirk over a dying child."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom «уж не» = no longer, modifies дело","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of это","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun fragment, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"first syllable of на-у-ка (stutter), subject of могла","gloss":"sci-"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun fragment","role":"second syllable of на-у-ка (stutter)","gloss":"-en-"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun fragment","role":"final syllable of на-у-ка (stutter), completes the subject","gloss":"-ce"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies средствах","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"средствах","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"resorts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожалению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сожалению","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к, modified by моему","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сожалению","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c7-s19","source":"— Не беспокойтесь, лекарь, моя собака вас не укусит, — громко отрезал Коля, заметив несколько беспокойный взгляд доктора на Перезвона, ставшего на пороге. Гневная нотка прозвенела в голосе Коли. Слово же «лекарь», вместо доктор, он сказал ''нарочно'' и, как сам объявил потом, «для оскорбления сказал».","translation":"\"Don't trouble yourself, healer, my dog won't bite you,\" Kolya cut in loudly, noticing the doctor's somewhat uneasy glance at Perezvon, who had planted himself in the doorway. An angry note rang out in Kolya's voice. The word 'healer,' instead of doctor, he had said ''on purpose'' and, as he himself declared afterward, \"said it to give offense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лекарь","title":"«лекарь» vs «доктор»","body":"«Лекарь» is an old, lower-status word for a medical man — closer to 'healer' or 'leech/apothecary' than to the prestigious «доктор». Kolya uses it deliberately to belittle the pompous doctor, which is why the narrator notes he said it «нарочно» (on purpose) «для оскорбления» (to insult him). We render it 'healer' to keep that note of studied condescension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"моя собака вас не укусит","title":"Perfective future «не укусит»","body":"«Укусит» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which gives it future meaning: 'won't (ever) bite.' Negated, it denies a single potential event. The perfective makes the reassurance categorical — and, given the dog, faintly menacing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слово же «лекарь»","title":"The contrastive particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is the topic-marking, contrastive particle: 'As for the word «лекарь»...' It singles out and emphasizes the word the narrator is about to comment on, a tiny hinge English renders only with stress or word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ставшего на пороге","title":"Past active participle «ставший»","body":"«Ставшего» is a past active participle of «стать» (to come to stand), in the genitive agreeing with «Перезвона»: 'Perezvon, who had planted himself in the doorway.' Built from a perfective stem, it names a completed prior action, again replacing a который-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собака","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of укусит","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of укусит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укусит","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"укусит","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"bite"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отрезал","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокойный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"беспокойный","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"uneasy"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"the doctor's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перезвона","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, complement of взгляд","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"ставшего","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Перезвона","gloss":"who had planted himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставшего","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"Гневная","lemma":"гневный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прозвенела","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"прозвенела","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвенела","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"Слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (fronted)","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Слово","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Слово","gloss":"'healer'"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктор","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of вместо","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying он, subject of объявил","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оскорбления","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"оскорбления","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал (quoted)","gloss":"offense"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted phrase","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c7-s20","source":"— Что та-ко-е? — вскинул головой доктор, удивленно уставившись на Колю. — Ка-кой это? — обратился он вдруг к Алеше, будто спрашивая у того отчета.","translation":"\"What is th-is?\" the doctor jerked up his head, staring at Kolya in astonishment. \"Who is th-is?\" he turned suddenly to Alyosha, as if demanding an account from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой это?","title":"Interrogative «какой» — 'what sort of (one)?'","body":"«Какой это?» literally asks 'what kind of [one] is this?' — «какой» is the adjectival interrogative (which / what sort), agreeing here in masculine. Of a person it is dismissive, almost 'what's this creature?', the doctor's affronted contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивленно уставившись на Колю","title":"Perfective gerund «уставившись»","body":"«Уставившись» is a perfective past gerund of reflexive «уставиться» (to fix one's stare): 'having fixed his eyes on Kolya.' It carries both the resulting completed action and the reflexive -ся (here -вшись)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner fragment, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first syllable of такое (stutter), predicate complement","gloss":"th-"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner fragment","role":"second syllable of такое (stutter)","gloss":"-i-"},{"surface":"е","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner fragment","role":"final syllable of такое (stutter), completes the predicate","gloss":"-s"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jerked up"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of вскинул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"удивленно","lemma":"удивленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставившись","gloss":"in astonishment"},{"surface":"уставившись","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскинул","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставившись","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Ка","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun fragment, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first syllable of Ка-кой (stutter), predicate","gloss":"Wh-"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun fragment","role":"final syllable of Ка-кой (stutter), completes the predicate","gloss":"-o"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copula (Ка-кой это)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивая","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"спрашивая","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"asking"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отчета","lemma":"отчёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive direct object of спрашивая","gloss":"an account"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c7-s21","source":"— Это хозяин Перезвона, лекарь, не беспокойтесь о моей личности, — отчеканил опять Коля.","translation":"\"This is Perezvon's master, healer, don't trouble yourself about my person,\" Kolya rapped out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не беспокойтесь о моей личности","title":"Negated reflexive imperative + «о» + prepositional","body":"«Не беспокойтесь» is the negated polite imperative of reflexive «беспокоиться» (to worry oneself); after «о» (about) the object «моей личности» takes the prepositional case. Kolya's mock-formal 'don't trouble yourself about my person' is needling politeness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчеканил","title":"«отчеканить» — to rap out crisply","body":"«Отчеканить» (from «чеканить», to mint/stamp coins) means to enunciate sharply and distinctly, every word stamped out like struck metal. It paints Kolya's deliberate, defiant precision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хозяин","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of Это","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хозяин","gloss":"Perezvon's"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личности","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of личности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"личности","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокойтесь","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c7-s22","source":"— Звон? — переговорил доктор, не поняв, что такое Перезвон.","translation":"\"Zvon?\" the doctor repeated, not having understood what Perezvon was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Звон?","title":"«Звон» — the doctor mishears the name","body":"The doctor catches only «-звон» of the dog's name «Перезвон». «Звон» means 'ringing, peal (of bells)'; «перезвон» is the fuller 'chiming, change-ringing of bells' — a wittily grand name for a dog. The mishearing underlines his bewildered condescension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поняв, что такое Перезвон","title":"Perfective gerund «не поняв»","body":"«Не поняв» is the negated perfective past gerund of «понять»: 'not having understood.' «Что такое Перезвон» is the embedded question 'what Perezvon was,' with «что такое X?» the idiom for 'what (kind of thing) is X?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Звон","lemma":"звон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, doctor's echo of Перезвон","gloss":"Zvon"},{"surface":"переговорил","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переговорил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on переговорил","gloss":"having understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что...такое","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c7-s23","source":"— Да не знает, где он. Прощайте, лекарь, увидимся в Сиракузах.","translation":"\"Why, he doesn't know where he is. Goodbye, healer, we'll meet again in Syracuse.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощайте, лекарь, увидимся в Сиракузах","title":"Reflexive «увидимся» — reciprocal future","body":"«Увидимся» is the perfective future of reflexive «увидеться» (to see one another), where -ся carries reciprocal force: 'we'll see each other / meet.' «В Сиракузах» is prepositional after «в» for location. The whole line throws the doctor's absurd 'Syracuse' mockingly back at him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прощайте","title":"«Прощайте» — a weightier farewell","body":"«Прощайте» (lit. 'forgive [me]') is the more final, formal 'goodbye,' implying a longer or permanent parting, as against the lighter «до свиданья» ('till we meet again'). Kolya's choice is pointedly dismissive of the doctor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (где он)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Goodbye"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"увидимся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll meet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сиракузах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сиракузах","lemma":"Сиракузы","morphology":"proper noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of увидимся","gloss":"Syracuse"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c7-s24","source":"— Кто эт-то? Кто, кто? — вдруг закипятился ужасно доктор.","translation":"\"Who is th-at? Who, who?\" the doctor suddenly boiled over dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закипятился","title":"«закипятиться» — to boil over","body":"«Закипятиться» (reflexive, from «кипеть», to boil) means to flare up, get heated, lose one's temper — literally 'to come to a boil.' The prefix за- marks the sudden onset of the doctor's rage. We render the metaphor as 'boiled over.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто эт-то? Кто, кто?","title":"Interrogative «кто» repeated","body":"«Кто» (who) is the personal interrogative pronoun, here in the nominative and indeclinably repeated in agitation. Its triple iteration, like the syllable-split «эт-то», renders the doctor's spluttering, apoplectic shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"эт","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun fragment, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first syllable of эт-то (stutter), predicate","gloss":"th-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun fragment","role":"final syllable of эт-то (stutter), completes the predicate","gloss":"-at"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"exclamatory repetition (not the syntactic subject of закипятился)","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"in apposition to Кто","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипятился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закипятился","lemma":"закипятиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled over"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипятился","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закипятился","gloss":"the doctor"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c7-s25","source":"— Это здешний школьник, доктор, он шалун, не обращайте внимания, — нахмурившись и скороговоркой проговорил Алеша. — Коля, молчите! — крикнул он Красоткину. — Не надо обращать внимания, доктор, — повторил он уже несколько нетерпеливее.","translation":"\"He's a local schoolboy, doctor, he's a scamp, pay him no attention,\" Alyosha said, frowning and in a rapid undertone. \"Kolya, be quiet!\" he shouted at Krasotkin. \"There's no need to mind him, doctor,\" he repeated, now somewhat more impatiently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмурившись и скороговоркой","title":"Gerund «нахмурившись» + instrumental «скороговоркой»","body":"«Нахмурившись» is a perfective reflexive gerund ('having frowned'); «скороговоркой» is the instrumental of manner — 'in a rapid patter.' Russian routinely uses a bare instrumental noun adverbially to say how something is done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не надо обращать внимания","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + genitive of negation","body":"«Не надо» is the impersonal modal 'there's no need / one mustn't,' taking an infinitive. Under negation «внимания» appears in the genitive (genitive of negation) rather than accusative — the fixed idiom «обращать внимание» becomes «не обращать внимания»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалун","title":"«шалун» — a mischief-maker","body":"«Шалун» is an affectionate-deprecating word for a naughty child, a little rascal or scamp (from «шалить», to play up, get up to mischief). Alyosha uses it to defuse Kolya's provocation as mere boyish naughtiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of школьник","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies школьник","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шалун","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"шалун","lemma":"шалун","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он","gloss":"a scamp"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"обращайте","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"imperative verb of the clause","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращайте","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"in a rapid patter"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"молчите","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"at Krasotkin"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"governs обращать","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"обращать","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращать","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетерпеливее","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетерпеливее","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"нетерпеливее","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"more impatiently"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c7-s26","source":"— Выс-сечь, выс-сечь надо, выс-сечь! — затопал было ногами слишком уже почему-то взбесившийся доктор.","translation":"\"He should be flo-gged, flo-gged, flo-gged!\" stamped his feet the doctor, who for some reason had now grown far too enraged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Высечь надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive «высечь»","body":"«Высечь надо» is an impersonal necessity construction: «надо» ('it is necessary') plus the perfective infinitive «высечь» (to flog), with no subject expressed — 'he should be flogged.' The infinitive carries the modal demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взбесившийся доктор","title":"Past active participle «взбесившийся»","body":"«Взбесившийся» is a past active participle of reflexive «взбеситься» (to fly into a rage, lit. 'go rabid'), agreeing with «доктор»: 'the doctor, who had grown enraged.' It folds -ся and the participial ending together (-ившийся)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выс","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"infinitive complement of надо","gloss":"flo-"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"part of the phrase Выс","gloss":"-gged"},{"surface":"выс","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"infinitive complement of надо","gloss":"flo-"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"part of the phrase выс","gloss":"-gged"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"выс","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"infinitive complement of надо","gloss":"flo-"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (fragment)","role":"part of the phrase выс","gloss":"-gged"},{"surface":"затопал","lemma":"затопать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to затопал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of затопал","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесившийся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесившийся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесившийся","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"взбесившийся","lemma":"взбеситься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"grown enraged"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затопал","gloss":"the doctor"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c7-s27","source":"— А знаете, лекарь, ведь Перезвон-то у меня пожалуй что и кусается! — проговорил Коля задрожавшим голоском, побледнев и сверкнув глазами. — Иси, Перезвон!","translation":"\"You know, healer, my Perezvon just may bite after all!\" Kolya brought out in a trembling little voice, turning pale, his eyes flashing. \"Ici, Perezvon!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перезвон-то у меня пожалуй что и кусается","title":"Particle «-то» and reflexive «кусается»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «Перезвон-то» marks the dog as the emphasized topic ('Perezvon, mind you...'). «Кусается» is the reflexive «кусаться», here in its habitual/characterizing sense — 'is a biter, does bite' — a typical use of -ся for an inherent disposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голоском","title":"Diminutive «голосок»","body":"«Голоском» is the instrumental of «голосок», the diminutive of «голос» (voice). The diminutive betrays Kolya's youth and the tremor beneath his bravado — a 'little voice' that gives away his fear even as he defies the doctor."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кусается","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кусается","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Перезвон","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive modifier of Перезвон","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying кусается","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase пожалуй","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кусается","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кусается","lemma":"кусаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"bites"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кусается","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"задрожавшим","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"little voice"},{"surface":"побледнев","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверкнув","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with побледнев","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнув","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ici"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иси","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c7-s28","source":"— Коля, если вы скажете еще одно только слово, то я с вами разорву навеки! — властно крикнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Kolya, if you say so much as one word more, I will break with you forever!\" Alyosha shouted commandingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы скажете еще одно только слово, то я с вами разорву навеки","title":"Real conditional with «если... то» and perfective futures","body":"Unlike the doctor's «если б» (irrealis), this is a real conditional: «если» plus perfective future «скажете», then «то» plus perfective future «разорву» — 'if you say... I will break with you.' Both perfective futures name single decisive acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажете","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause разорву","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разорву","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разорву","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разорву","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will break"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разорву","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"властно","lemma":"властно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"commandingly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to разорву","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c7-s29","source":"— Лекарь, есть только одно существо в целом мире, которое может приказывать Николаю Красоткину, это вот этот человек, — Коля указал на Алешу, — ему повинуюсь, прощайте!","translation":"\"Healer, there is only one being in the whole world who can give orders to Nikolai Krasotkin — it is this man here,\" Kolya pointed at Alyosha, \"him I obey, goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно существо... которое может приказывать","title":"Relative «которое» + dative object","body":"«Которое» agrees in neuter singular with «существо» (being) but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause. «Приказывать» (to give orders) governs its object in the dative — «Николаю Красоткину» — the case of the one commanded."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему повинуюсь","title":"Fronted dative «ему» with «повиноваться»","body":"«Повиноваться» (to obey) takes the dative — «ему» ('him I obey'). Kolya fronts the dative pronoun for rhetorical emphasis, the marked word order throwing all the weight onto whom he will obey. The reflexive -сь is part of «повиноваться», which exists only in -ся form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Healer"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies существо","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on существо","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"приказывать","lemma":"приказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"give orders"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приказывать","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to Николаю","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula это)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повинуюсь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повинуюсь","lemma":"повиноваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I obey"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощайте","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to повинуюсь","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c7-s30","source":"Он сорвался с места и, отворив дверь, быстро прошел в комнату Перезвон бросился за ним.","translation":"He tore himself from the spot and, flinging the door open, walked quickly into the room. Perezvon rushed after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он сорвался с места и, отворив дверь, быстро прошел","title":"Reflexive «сорвался» + gerund «отворив»","body":"«Сорвался» is the perfective past of reflexive «сорваться» (to tear oneself away, bolt). «Отворив» is a perfective past gerund ('having opened') of attendant prior action, then «прошел» moves the narrative forward — the gerund-plus-finite-verb chain of brisk action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отворив","title":"«отворить» — to open (a door)","body":"«Отворить» is a slightly bookish, traditional verb for opening a door or gate (vs. the everyday «открыть»). It belongs to the elevated literary register and is especially at home in 19th-century narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отворив","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"flinging open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворив","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвался","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c7-s31","source":"Доктор постоял было еще секунд пять как бы в столбняке, смотря на Алешу, потом вдруг плюнул и быстро пошел к карете, громко повторяя: «Этта, этта, этта, я не знаю, что этта!»","translation":"The doctor stood there another five seconds or so, as if struck dumb, staring at Alyosha, then suddenly spat and walked quickly off to the carriage, repeating loudly: \"This, this, this — I don't know what this is!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доктор постоял было еще секунд пять","title":"Particle «было» with «постоял» + approximate number","body":"Again «было» marks a brief, soon-broken state — he stood for a moment, then acted. The inverted «секунд пять» (numeral after the noun) signals approximation, 'some five seconds'; «пять» takes the genitive plural «секунд»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в столбняке","title":"«столбняк» — stupor (also 'tetanus')","body":"«Столбняк» (from «столб», a post/pillar) is a stunned, frozen stupor — being rooted to the spot 'like a post.' The same word is the medical term for tetanus. Here it is figurative: the doctor stands dumbstruck."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Этта, этта, этта","title":"«Этта» — the doctor's spluttering «это»","body":"«Этта» is a deliberate phonetic distortion of «это» ('this'), the doubled т rendering the doctor's choked, indignant stammer as he repeats the word. Dostoevsky often spells out such expressive mispronunciations to caricature a voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постоял","gloss":"The doctor"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to постоял","gloss":"for a bit"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies секунд","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постоял","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies секунд","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столбняке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столбняке","lemma":"столбняк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постоял","gloss":"a stupor"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on постоял","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постоял","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плюнул","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карете","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"карете","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяя","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"повторяя","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"repeating"},{"surface":"Этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"interjection (filler word)","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"interjection (filler word)","role":"coordinated with Этта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"interjection (filler word)","role":"coordinated with Этта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of этта (complement of знаю)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"interjection (filler word)","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"this is"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c7-s32","source":"Штабс-капитан бросился его подсаживать.","translation":"The staff-captain rushed to hand him in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсаживать","title":"«подсаживать» — to help someone up/in","body":"«Подсаживать» (imperfective) is to help a person climb up or into a carriage — to hand them in, give a leg up. The captain, abject to the last, rushes to assist the very man who has just insulted his home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился его подсаживать","title":"Reflexive «бросился» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Бросился... подсаживать» — perfective reflexive «броситься» (to rush, fling oneself) plus a bare imperfective infinitive expressing the purpose of the rushing ('rushed to help him in'). The infinitive after verbs of motion/effort states what one rushes to do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подсаживать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подсаживать","lemma":"подсаживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to hand in"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c7-s33","source":"Алеша прошел в комнату вслед за Колей.","translation":"Alyosha went into the room after Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошел в комнату вслед за Колей","title":"Accusative of direction + «вслед за» + instrumental","body":"«В комнату» is accusative after «в» for motion into a place. «Вслед за» (after, following behind) governs the instrumental — «за Колей» — the case «за» takes when no motion-toward is meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Колей","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Колей","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c7-s34","source":"Тот стоял уже у постельки Илюши.","translation":"The latter was already standing by Ilusha's little bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот стоял уже у постельки Илюши","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the latter'","body":"Sentence-initial «тот» ('that one') tracks the referent across sentences — here 'the latter,' i.e. Kolya, just mentioned. This anaphoric «тот» is a key device by which Russian keeps subjects straight while reordering its words freely."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постельки","title":"Diminutive «постелька»","body":"«Постельки» is the genitive of «постелька», a tender diminutive of «постель» (bed). The diminutive softens and pities — the dying child's 'little bed' — and quietly shifts the emotional register from the doctor's farce to the deathbed scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"The latter"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"постельки","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постельки","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c7-s35","source":"Илюша держал его за руку и звал папу.","translation":"Ilusha was holding him by the hand and calling for his papa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держал его за руку и звал папу","title":"Imperfective pair «держал... звал» for ongoing action","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, presenting continuous, simultaneous action — he was holding and (was) calling. «Держать за руку» (to hold by the hand) uses «за» + accusative «руку» for the body part gripped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was holding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"папу","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звал","gloss":"for his papa"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c7-s36","source":"Чрез минуту воротился и штабс-капитан.","translation":"A minute later the staff-captain came back too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чрез минуту воротился и штабс-капитан","title":"Archaic «чрез» and emphatic «и»","body":"«Чрез» is the bookish, contracted form of «через» (after/through), with «чрез минуту» = 'a minute later.' The «и» before the subject is not 'and' but the additive particle 'too, also' — 'the staff-captain came back as well.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротился","title":"«воротиться» — to return (archaic-folksy)","body":"«Воротиться» is an older, folksier variant of «вернуться» (to come back). It sits naturally in 19th-century narrative prose and carries a faintly homespun, traditional color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies штабс","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c7-s37","source":"— Папа, папа, поди сюда… мы… — пролепетал было Илюша в чрезвычайном возбуждении, но, видимо не в силах продолжать, вдруг бросил свои обе исхудалые ручки вперед и крепко, как только мог, обнял их обоих разом, и Колю и папу, соединив их в одно объятие и сам к ним прижавшись.","translation":"\"Papa, papa, come here… we…\" Ilusha had begun to babble in extraordinary agitation, but, plainly unable to go on, he suddenly thrust both his wasted little arms forward and, as hard as he could, embraced them both at once, Kolya and his papa, joining them in a single embrace and pressing himself to them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетал было Илюша... но... вдруг бросил... обнял... соединив... прижавшись","title":"Chained gerunds and aborted «было»","body":"«Пролепетал было... но... не в силах продолжать» again uses «было» for a begun-but-broken-off action. The long sentence then chains finite perfectives («бросил», «обнял») with two gerunds — «соединив» (having joined) and reflexive «прижавшись» (pressing himself) — packing the whole gesture into one breathless period."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исхудалые ручки","title":"«исхудалый» + diminutive «ручки»","body":"«Исхудалый» means wasted, emaciated (from «худеть», to grow thin); «ручки» is the diminutive of «руки» (arms/hands). The tender diminutive set against 'wasted' makes the pathos almost unbearable — the dying boy's pitiful little arms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнял их обоих разом, и Колю и папу","title":"Animate accusative «их обоих... Колю»","body":"The objects of «обнял» (embraced) are animate, so the accusative borrows genitive-style forms: «их обоих» (both of them) and «Колю», «папу». This animacy rule is how Russian keeps the embraced 'them' distinct as objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"поди","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поди","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the unfinished quoted clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun to babble"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пролепетал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролепетал","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"parenthetical clause modifying бросил","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролепетал","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ручки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies ручки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"исхудалые","lemma":"исхудалый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ручки","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"little arms"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнял","gloss":"as hard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обнял","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролепетал","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обнял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"папу","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"his papa"},{"surface":"соединив","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обнял","gloss":"joining"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of соединив","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies объятие","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"объятие","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединив","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прижавшись","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прижавшись","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"прижавшись","lemma":"прижаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with соединив","gloss":"pressing himself"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c7-s38","source":"Штабс-капитан вдруг весь так и затрясся от безмолвных рыданий, а у Коли задрожали губы и подбородок.","translation":"The staff-captain suddenly began to shake all over with soundless sobs, and Kolya's lips and chin trembled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь так и затрясся от безмолвных рыданий","title":"Emphatic «так и» + ingressive «затрясся»","body":"«Так и» is an intensifying idiom emphasizing the sudden, irresistible force of an action ('just shook all over'). «Затрясся» — perfective reflexive «затрястись» — uses the prefix за- to mark the onset of trembling; «от... рыданий» gives the genitive of cause after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безмолвных рыданий","title":"«безмолвный» — soundless, mute","body":"«Безмолвный» (from без- 'without' + молв-/молвить 'to speak') is the bookish word for silent, wordless, mute — here the captain's 'soundless sobs.' It is more elevated than the plain «тихий» or «беззвучный»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of затрясся","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of затрясся","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to shake"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыданий","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"безмолвных","lemma":"безмолвный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рыданий","gloss":"soundless"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of затрясся","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задрожали","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"задрожали","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрясся","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of задрожали","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подбородок","lemma":"подбородок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with губы","gloss":"chin"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c7-s39","source":"— Папа, папа! Как мне жалко тебя, папа! — горько простонал Илюша.","translation":"\"Papa, papa! How sorry I am for you, papa!\" Ilusha moaned bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как мне жалко тебя","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне жалко»","body":"«Мне жалко тебя» is a classic dative-subject impersonal: no nominative, the experiencer «мне» in the dative and the invariable predicative «жалко» ('it is pitiful/sorry to me'). The object pitied, «тебя», stands in the genitive/accusative. English must recast it as 'I am sorry for you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жалко","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of жалко","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am sorry"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of жалко","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонал","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"простонал","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to жалко","gloss":"moaned"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простонал","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c7-s40","source":"— Илюшечка… голубчик… доктор сказал… будешь здоров… будем счастливы… доктор… — заговорил было штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"Ilushechka… my darling… the doctor said… you'll get well… we'll be happy… the doctor…\" the staff-captain had begun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка... голубчик","title":"Double diminutives of tenderness","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly-affectionate diminutive of «Илюша» (itself from «Илья»), and «голубчик» (lit. 'little dove') is a standard endearment, 'my dear, my darling.' Both pour out helpless tenderness as the father gropes for comfort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь здоров... будем счастливы","title":"Short adjectives in compound future","body":"«Будешь здоров» and «будем счастливы» pair the future of «быть» with short-form adjectives «здоров» (well) and «счастливы» (happy). Short adjectives are predicative only and feel natural here as temporary, hoped-for states — the captain's broken reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Ilushechka"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"my darling"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to здоров","gloss":"you'll be"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"we'll be"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заговорил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (compound part)","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c7-s41","source":"— Ах, папа! Я ведь знаю, что тебе новый доктор про меня сказал… Я ведь видел! — воскликнул Илюша и опять крепко, изо всей силы прижал их обоих к себе, спрятав на плече у папы свое лицо.","translation":"\"Ah, papa! I know what the new doctor said about me… I saw it for myself!\" exclaimed Ilusha, and again he pressed them both to him with all his might, hiding his face on his papa's shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь знаю, что тебе новый доктор про меня сказал","title":"Particle «ведь» and «что»-clause","body":"«Ведь» appeals to a truth the boy and father both half-know ('I know, you see...'). «Что» here is the subordinating conjunction opening a reported-fact clause; inside it «тебе» is dative ('to you') and «про меня» uses «про» + accusative ('about me')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding папа","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижал","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижал","gloss":"his strength","note":"idiom изо всей силы = \"with all his might\"."},{"surface":"прижал","lemma":"прижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прижал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of прижал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"спрятав","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прижал","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плече","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плече","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятав","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"папы","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плече","gloss":"papa's"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрятав","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c7-s42","source":"— Папа, не плачь… а как я умру, то возьми ты хорошего мальчика, другого… сам выбери из них из всех, хорошего, назови его Илюшей и люби его вместо меня…","translation":"\"Papa, don't cry… and when I die, take yourself a good boy, another one… choose one yourself from all of them, a good one, name him Ilusha and love him in place of me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я умру, то возьми... назови... люби","title":"Temporal «как» + imperatives","body":"Here «как я умру» means 'when I die' (colloquial «как» for «когда»), with perfective future «умру». The main clause heaps imperatives: «возьми», «выбери», «назови» (perfective, single acts) and «люби» (imperfective, ongoing) — 'take, choose, name... and love.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбери из них из всех","title":"Genitive after «из» (partitive)","body":"«Из них из всех» ('from among them all') doubles «из» + genitive, the partitive 'out of a group.' The reduplication «из них из всех» is colloquial, childlike emphasis, fitting Ilusha's broken, urgent speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умру","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возьми","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative introducing возьми","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выбери","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"выбери","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбери","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбери","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика (elliptical)","gloss":"a good one"},{"surface":"назови","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбери","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назови","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назови","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with назови","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of люби","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c7-s43","source":"— Молчи, старик, выздоровеешь! — точно осердившись, крикнул вдруг Красоткин.","translation":"\"Be quiet, old man, you'll recover!\" Krasotkin suddenly shouted, as if in anger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи, старик, выздоровеешь!","title":"Imperative «молчи» + perfective future «выздоровеешь»","body":"«Молчи» is the singular imperative of imperfective «молчать» (be silent). «Выздоровеешь» is the perfective future of «выздороветь» (to recover) — a single completed future event asserted as fact, Kolya's gruff, almost angry comfort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старик","title":"«старик» — 'old man' as rough endearment","body":"Calling the dying boy «старик» ('old man') is affectionate, comradely boy-talk — like 'old chap, old fellow.' The mismatch between the word and the frail child gives Kolya's bluff tenderness its heartbreaking edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно осердившись","title":"Gerund «осердившись» under «точно»","body":"«Точно» ('as if') governs the perfective reflexive gerund «осердившись» (from archaic-folksy «осердиться», to grow angry): 'as if having taken offense.' The narrator hedges Kolya's harshness — he only seems angry, masking grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"выздоровеешь","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"you'll recover"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осердившись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"осердившись","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"as if angered"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Krasotkin"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c7-s44","source":"— А меня, папа, меня не забывай никогда, — продолжал Илюша, — ходи ко мне на могилку… да вот что, папа, похорони ты меня у нашего большого камня, к которому мы с тобой гулять ходили, и ходи ко мне туда с Красоткиным, вечером… И Перезвон… А я буду вас ждать… Папа, папа!","translation":"\"But me, papa, me you must never forget,\" Ilusha went on, \"come to my little grave… and here's the thing, papa, bury me by our big stone, the one we used to walk out to together, and come there to me with Krasotkin, in the evening… And Perezvon… And I will wait for you… Papa, papa!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня не забывай никогда","title":"Negated imperative + double negation","body":"«Не забывай» is the imperfective negated imperative — the imperfective is normal in prohibitions/warnings ('don't ever forget'). «Никогда... не» is obligatory negative concord, the ни-adverb still demanding «не» on the verb. Fronted «меня» throws all the weight onto 'me.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на могилку","title":"Diminutive «могилка»","body":"«Могилка» is the diminutive of «могила» (grave) — a 'little grave.' On a child's lips, planning his own resting place, the gentle diminutive is devastating. «Ходить ко мне на могилку» = to come visit my grave."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нашего большого камня, к которому мы... ходили","title":"Relative «к которому» with dative-governing preposition","body":"«К которому мы... ходили» — the relative «который» agrees with masculine «камня» (stone) but takes the dative after «к» ('the stone to which we used to walk'). «Ходили» is multidirectional imperfective for the habitual round-trip 'we used to go.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забывай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забывай (repeated)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"забывай","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывай","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забывай","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"могилку","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the thing","note":"вот что = \"here's the thing\"."},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"похорони","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"bury"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похорони","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of похорони","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камня","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похорони","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of гулять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гулять","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ходили","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"ходили","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on камня","gloss":"used to go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забывай","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходи","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Красоткиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Красоткиным","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходи","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Папа","gloss":"papa"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c7-s45","source":"Его голос пресекся, все трое стояли обнявшись и уже молчали.","translation":"His voice broke off; all three stood embracing one another and now were silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его голос пресекся... уже молчали","title":"Reflexive «пресекся» + imperfective «молчали»","body":"«Пресекся» is the perfective reflexive «пресечься» (to break off, falter), -ся giving the intransitive 'his voice broke off.' The shift to imperfective «молчали» ('were now silent') turns from the event to the lingering, held silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все трое стояли обнявшись","title":"Gerund «обнявшись» as resulting posture","body":"«Обнявшись» is a perfective reflexive gerund of «обняться» (to embrace one another), used to describe an enduring posture — 'stood embracing one another.' The reciprocal -ся and the gerund together freeze the three in their shared embrace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекся","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"пресекся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"the three"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пресекся","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"обнявшись","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"молчали","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"were silent"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c7-s46","source":"Плакала тихо на своем кресле и Ниночка, и вдруг, увидав всех плачущими, залилась слезами и мамаша.","translation":"Ninochka was crying quietly in her chair too, and suddenly, seeing them all weeping, the mother burst into tears as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Плакала тихо на своем кресле и Ниночка","title":"Verb-first inversion + reflexive possessive «своем»","body":"Beginning with the verb «плакала» and placing subject «Ниночка» last throws the new information — who is also weeping — to the end, the topic-comment rhythm of literary Russian. «Своем» is the reflexive possessive 'her own (chair),' pointing back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидав всех плачущими, залилась слезами","title":"Gerund «увидав» + participle «плачущими»","body":"«Увидав» is a perfective past gerund ('having seen'). Its object «всех плачущими» pairs «всех» (everyone) with the present active participle «плачущими» in the instrumental — 'saw them all (as) weeping,' the participle a predicate complement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залилась слезами","title":"«залиться слезами» — to dissolve in tears","body":"«Залиться слезами» (lit. 'to be flooded over with tears') is a fixed idiom: to burst into a flood of tears. «Слезами» is the instrumental of means. The vivid metaphor matches the rising tide of weeping in the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was crying"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Плакала","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of кресле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Плакала","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ниночка to the clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Плакала","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on залилась","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"плачущими","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of увидав","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"залилась","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Плакала","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of залилась","gloss":"into tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links мамаша to the clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залилась","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c7-s47","source":"— Илюшечка! Илюшечка! — восклицала она.","translation":"\"Ilushechka! Ilushechka!\" she kept exclaiming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицала она","title":"Imperfective «восклицала» for repeated crying-out","body":"The imperfective past «восклицала» (not perfective «воскликнула») marks repeated, ongoing exclamation — she 'kept exclaiming.' Aspect alone conveys the iteration English must spell out with 'kept.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated exclamation, parallel to first Илюшечка","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept exclaiming"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c7-s48","source":"Красоткин вдруг высвободился из объятий Илюши.","translation":"Krasotkin suddenly freed himself from Ilusha's embrace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высвободился из объятий Илюши","title":"Reflexive «высвободился» + genitive after «из»","body":"«Высвободился» is perfective reflexive «высвободиться» (to free oneself), -ся giving the self-directed sense. «Из объятий» takes the genitive after «из» (out of), and «Илюши» is the genitive of possession ('Ilusha's embrace')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высвободился","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высвободился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"высвободился","lemma":"высвободиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"freed himself"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятий","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"объятий","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of высвободился","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies объятий","gloss":"Ilyusha's"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c7-s49","source":"— Прощай, старик, меня ждет мать к обеду, — проговорил он скороговоркой. — Как жаль, что я ее не предуведомил! Очень будет беспокоиться… Но после обеда я тотчас к тебе, на весь день, на весь вечер, и столько тебе расскажу, столько расскажу! И Перезвона приведу, а теперь с собой уведу, потому что он без меня выть начнет и тебе мешать будет; до свиданья!","translation":"\"Goodbye, old man, my mother is expecting me for dinner,\" he said rapidly. \"What a pity I didn't warn her beforehand! She'll be very worried… But after dinner I'll come straight to you, for the whole day, the whole evening, and I'll tell you so much, so much! And I'll bring Perezvon — but now I'll take him with me, because without me he'll start to howl and be a nuisance to you; goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня ждет мать к обеду","title":"Word order: object-first «меня ждет мать»","body":"The fronted accusative «меня» ('me') makes Kolya the topic while «мать» (mother), the new subject, sits after the verb — the free, case-licensed word order of Russian, weighting given vs. new rather than marking grammar. «К обеду» = 'for dinner,' «к» + dative of purpose/time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как жаль, что я ее не предуведомил!","title":"Impersonal «жаль» + «что»-clause","body":"«Как жаль, что...» is the impersonal 'what a pity that...', the invariable predicative «жаль» with no nominative subject and a «что»-clause. «Предуведомил» (perfective past) is a bookish verb, 'to forewarn, notify in advance.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перезвона приведу, а теперь с собой уведо","title":"Reflexive «с собой» + prefixed motion verbs","body":"«С собой» ('with me/oneself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the instrumental after «с». «Приведу» (will bring [a being]) and «уведу» (will take away) are prefixed perfective motion verbs from «вести» — the prefixes при-/у- giving direction and perfective future sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is waiting for"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обеду","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предуведомил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предуведомил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предуведомил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предуведомил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"предуведомил","lemma":"предуведомить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"warn beforehand"},{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоиться","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of беспокоиться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"беспокоиться","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тотчас","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of тотчас","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тотчас","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажу (repeated)","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приведу","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"приведу","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bring"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уведу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of уведу","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уведу","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приведу","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, part of potomu-chto conjunction","role":"first part of the causal conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of potomu-chto conjunction","role":"second part of the causal conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выть","lemma":"выть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"howl"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the potomu-chto clause","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мешать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начнет","gloss":"bother"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of мешать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданья","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"свиданья","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"parting exclamation","gloss":"goodbye","note":"до свиданья is the fixed farewell idiom, literally \"until [our] meeting\"."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c7-s50","source":"И он выбежал в сени.","translation":"And he ran out into the entryway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежал в сени","title":"Prefixed motion «выбежал» + accusative of direction","body":"«Выбежал» is perfective «выбежать» (to run out), the prefix вы- marking exit and turning the motion verb «бежать» into a directional perfective. «В сени» is accusative after «в» for motion into the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"entryway"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c7-s51","source":"Ему не хотелось расплакаться, но в сенях он таки заплакал.","translation":"He did not want to burst into tears, but in the entryway he wept after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему не хотелось расплакаться","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему не хотелось»","body":"«Ему не хотелось» is the impersonal reflexive «хотеться» with a dative experiencer — 'he did not feel like / was not inclined to.' There is no nominative subject; «ему» (dative) feels the impulse, and «расплакаться» (to burst out crying) is the infinitive of the urge resisted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"таки заплакал","title":"«таки» — 'after all, in spite of it'","body":"«Таки» is a colloquial particle meaning 'nevertheless, after all, in the end' — it concedes that the resisted thing happened anyway: he wept 'in spite of himself.' It quietly underlines the boy's failed self-mastery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"расплакаться","lemma":"расплакаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"entryway"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотелось","gloss":"wept"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c7-s52","source":"В этом состоянии нашел его Алеша.","translation":"It was in this state that Alyosha found him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом состоянии нашел его Алеша","title":"Fronted phrase + inversion for emphasis","body":"Beginning with «В этом состоянии» ('in this state') and inverting to «нашел его Алеша» throws emphasis onto the circumstance, holding back the subject «Алеша» for the close. The arrangement, impossible to fix in English without 'It was... that,' is ordinary Russian focus-marking."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашел","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c7-s53","source":"— Коля, вы должны непременно сдержать слово и прийти, а то он будет в страшном горе, — настойчиво проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Kolya, you absolutely must keep your word and come, or else he will be in terrible grief,\" Alyosha said insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы должны непременно сдержать слово и прийти, а то он будет в страшном горе","title":"«должны» + infinitives and «а то» ('or else')","body":"«Должны» ('must') governs the perfective infinitives «сдержать» and «прийти», each a single decisive act. «А то» is the colloquial conjunction 'or else, otherwise,' introducing the consequence — «он будет в... горе» using the compound future of «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сдержать слово","title":"«сдержать слово» — to keep one's word","body":"«Сдержать слово» is the fixed idiom 'to keep one's word, hold to a promise' (lit. 'to hold/restrain the word'). Alyosha's insistence on it sets up the theme of faithfulness that crowns the novel's ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержать","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"сдержать","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сдержать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сдержать","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the a-to idiom (otherwise)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to горе","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c7-s54","source":"— Непременно! О, как я кляну себя, что не приходил раньше, — плача и уже не конфузясь, что плачет, пробормотал Коля.","translation":"\"Absolutely! Oh, how I curse myself for not having come sooner,\" Kolya muttered, weeping and no longer ashamed that he was weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я кляну себя, что не приходил раньше","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» + imperfective «приходил»","body":"«Кляну себя» uses the full reflexive object pronoun «себя» (myself), distinct from the verbal clitic -ся — 'I curse myself.' «Не приходил раньше» is imperfective past for a repeated/general non-occurrence ('did not come [in all that time]'), here the negated multidirectional habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плача и уже не конфузясь, что плачет","title":"Two imperfective gerunds «плача... конфузясь»","body":"«Плача» (weeping) and reflexive «конфузясь» (being embarrassed) are imperfective present gerunds of simultaneous circumstance, both sharing Kolya's subject. The negated «не конфузясь, что плачет» — 'no longer embarrassed that he was crying' — captures his surrender to feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конфузясь","title":"«конфузиться» — to be embarrassed","body":"«Конфузиться» (from the borrowed «конфуз», embarrassment) means to feel awkward or ashamed, to be flustered. It is a slightly dated, genteel word, fitting the self-conscious schoolboy who is mortified to be seen crying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Absolutely"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding как я кляну себя","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кляну","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кляну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кляну","lemma":"клясть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of кляну","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кляну","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конфузясь","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конфузясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"конфузясь","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плача","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плачет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of конфузясь","gloss":"he's crying"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c7-s55","source":"В эту минуту вдруг словно выскочил из комнаты штабс-капитан и тотчас затворил за собою дверь.","translation":"At that moment the staff-captain suddenly seemed to come bursting out of the room and at once shut the door behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно выскочил из комнаты... и тотчас затворил за собою дверь","title":"«словно» + perfectives «выскочил... затворил»","body":"«Словно» ('as if, as though') frames the sudden manner of his appearance. The chained perfectives «выскочил» (darted out) and «затворил» (shut) move the action briskly event by event; «за собою» is reflexive «себя» in the old instrumental «-ою» form — 'behind himself.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затворил","title":"«затворить» — to shut (a door), bookish","body":"«Затворить» is the traditional, literary verb for closing a door (the pair to «отворить», to open), more elevated than the everyday «закрыть». It belongs to the 19th-century narrative register pervading this passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"as if","note":"вдруг словно together render the sense 'suddenly seemed to.'"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun stem, indeclinable (compound prefix)","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан, joint subject of выскочил","gloss":"staff-","note":"Штабс-капитан is a hyphenated military rank; штабс is its indeclinable first part."},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил (joined with штабс)","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затворил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"затворил","lemma":"затворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, singular","role":"oblique complement of затворил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of затворил","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c7-s56","source":"Лицо его было исступленное, губы дрожали.","translation":"His face was frenzied, his lips trembling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было исступленное, губы дрожали","title":"Long-form predicate then verbless clause","body":"«Лицо... было исступленное» uses the long-form adjective after past «было», then «губы дрожали» drops any copula, the imperfective «дрожали» painting the continuous trembling. The parallel clauses lean on the zero copula in the second."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленное","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«Исступлённый» means frenzied, in a state of ecstatic frenzy or distraction — literally 'driven out (of oneself).' It is a strong, almost religious word for being beside oneself, marking the captain's breakdown as something near possession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to исступленное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"исступленное","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of дрожали","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"дрожали","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"were trembling"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c7-s57","source":"Он стал пред обоими молодыми людьми и вскинул вверх обе руки.","translation":"He stood before the two young men and flung both his hands up in the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он стал пред обоими молодыми людьми","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental «обоими... людьми»","body":"The bookish «пред» (for «перед», before) governs the instrumental: «обоими молодыми людьми» ('the two young men'). «Людьми» is the irregular instrumental plural of «человек/люди», and «обоими» the instrumental of «оба» (both)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"обоими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"молодыми","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"flung up"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вскинул","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c7-s58","source":"— Не хочу хорошего мальчика! Не хочу другого мальчика! — прошептал он диким шепотом, скрежеща зубами. — Аще забуду тебе, Иерусалиме, да прильпнет…","translation":"\"I don't want a good boy! I don't want another boy!\" he whispered in a wild whisper, gnashing his teeth. \"If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my tongue cleave…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иерусалиме","title":"Church-Slavonic vocative «Иерусалиме»","body":"«Иерусалиме» is the old vocative case 'O Jerusalem' (modern Russian would simply use «Иерусалим»). Such vocatives — «Боже», «Господи», «отче», «Иерусалиме» — survive only in prayer and Scripture, marking the captain's words as sacred quotation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочу хорошего мальчика!","title":"Genitive of negation «хорошего мальчика»","body":"Under negated «не хочу» (I don't want), the object «хорошего мальчика» appears in the genitive rather than accusative — the genitive of negation, especially natural with «хотеть» (to want), which often governs the genitive even unnegated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"диким","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошептал","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"скрежеща","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошептал","gloss":"gnashing"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрежеща","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"Аще","lemma":"аще","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (Church Slavonic 'if')","role":"introduces the clause of забуду","gloss":"if","note":"Church Slavonic, quoting Psalm 137."},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I forget"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of забуду","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"Иерусалиме","lemma":"иерусалим","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Jerusalem","note":"Church Slavonic vocative form of Иерусалим."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle (Church Slavonic jussive 'let')","role":"introduces the jussive clause with прильпнет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"прильпнет","lemma":"прильпнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the jussive clause","gloss":"cleave","note":"From Psalm 137: 'let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth.'"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c7-s59","source":"Он не договорил, как бы захлебнувшись, и опустился в бессилии пред деревянною лавкой на колени.","translation":"He did not finish, as though he were choking, and sank powerlessly to his knees before the wooden bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы захлебнувшись, и опустился... на колени","title":"Gerund «захлебнувшись» under «как бы»","body":"«Как бы захлебнувшись» — 'as though having choked' — uses a perfective reflexive past gerund of «захлебнуться» (to choke, gasp). «Опустился... на колени» (sank to his knees) is reflexive «опуститься» with «на колени» in the accusative of direction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бессилии","title":"«бессилие» — powerlessness","body":"«Бессилие» (без- 'without' + сил-, strength) is helplessness, powerlessness, exhaustion. «В бессилии» = 'powerlessly, in his helplessness' — the spent collapse of a man with nothing left."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of договорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорил","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захлебнувшись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"захлебнувшись","lemma":"захлебнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on договорил","gloss":"choking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорил","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"helplessness"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавкой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"деревянною","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лавкой","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"лавкой","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c7-s60","source":"Стиснув обоими кулаками свою голову, он начал рыдать, как-то нелепо взвизгивая, изо всей силы крепясь, однако, чтобы не услышали его взвизгов в избе.","translation":"Clenching his head in both fists, he began to sob, yelping somehow absurdly, yet straining with all his strength to keep his yelps from being heard inside the hut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стиснув обоими кулаками свою голову, он начал рыдать","title":"Gerund «стиснув» + instrumental of means «кулаками»","body":"«Стиснув» is a perfective past gerund ('having clenched') of prior action. «Обоими кулаками» is the instrumental of means — 'with both fists' — and «свою голову» uses the reflexive possessive «свою» for 'his own head,' pointing back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепясь... чтобы не услышали его взвизгов","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы не услышали»","body":"«Чтобы не услышали» is a negative purpose clause: «чтобы» fuses «что + бы», requiring the past-form verb «услышали» — 'so that [they] should not hear.' «Крепясь» is the imperfective reflexive gerund of «крепиться» (to brace/restrain oneself), simultaneous with the sobbing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгивая... взвизгов","title":"«взвизгивать» — to yelp, squeal","body":"«Взвизгивать» / «взвизг» (a yelp, shriek, squeal) is a sharp, involuntary high cry — usually of a dog or in pain. Applied to the grown man's sobbing it is grotesque and pitiful at once, the very 'absurdity' the narrator names, as he fights to muffle these animal cries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стиснув","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"clenching"},{"surface":"обоими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies кулаками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"кулаками","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Стиснув","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Стиснув","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"рыдать","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to sob"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгивая","gloss":"absurdly"},{"surface":"взвизгивая","lemma":"взвизгивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рыдать","gloss":"yelping"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крепясь","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"крепясь","lemma":"крепиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивая","gloss":"straining to hold back"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепясь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышали","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"would hear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of вззвизгов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взвизгов","lemma":"взвизг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of услышали","gloss":"yelps"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышали","gloss":"the hut"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c7-s61","source":"Коля выскочил на улицу.","translation":"Kolya ran out into the street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочил","title":"Perfective of a sudden burst","body":"«Выскочить» (perfective, from the unidirectional «скочить»/«скакать») names a single abrupt completed motion — to leap or dash out. The prefix «вы-» adds the direction 'out', and the perfective past frames the whole action as one quick event, propelling the narrative forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на улицу","title":"«на» + accusative for motion toward","body":"«На улицу» takes the accusative «улицу» (not the prepositional «на улице» 'on the street') precisely because there is motion toward — Kolya runs out onto the street. The same preposition governs two cases, and the case alone tells you it is going-to, not being-at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"the street"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c7-s62","source":"— Прощайте, Карамазов! Сами-то придете? — резко и сердито крикнул он Алеше.","translation":"\"Goodbye, Karamazov! Will you come yourself?\" he shouted sharply and angrily at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощайте","title":"A polite/plural imperative — and a deeper word","body":"«Прощайте» is the imperative of «прощать» with the «-те» that marks plural or polite address. Literally 'forgive (me),' it is the standard Russian 'goodbye' for a parting of weight — fitting for the gravity Kolya feels here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами-то придете?","title":"Emphatic «-то» and dropped pronoun","body":"The clitic «-то» here leans on «сами» ('you yourself') to underline the topic — 'And you, for your part, will you come?' The subject pronoun «вы» is dropped because «придёте» already marks 2nd-person plural; «придёте» itself is a perfective (simple) future of «прийти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он Алеше","title":"Dative of the person addressed","body":"«Крикнул» (semelfactive perfective in «-ну-», 'gave a shout') takes «Алеше» in the dative — he shouted to/at Alyosha. The dative marks the person toward whom the speech is directed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of придете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Сами","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you come"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердито","lemma":"сердито","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with резко","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"at Alyosha"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c7-s63","source":"— Вечером непременно буду.","translation":"\"In the evening, without fail, I'll be there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вечером","title":"Instrumental of time","body":"«Вечером» ('in the evening') is the bare instrumental of «вечер», one of Russian's stock time expressions (cf. «утром», «днём», «ночью»). No preposition is needed — the instrumental case itself carries 'at that time of day.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно буду","title":"Compound future, pronoun dropped","body":"«Буду» is the conjugated future of «быть»; here it stands alone meaning 'I will be (there)', the 'there' understood. «Непременно» ('without fail, certainly') is a bookish-emphatic adverb that intensifies Alyosha's promise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll be there"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c7-s64","source":"— Что он это такое про Иерусалим… Это что еще такое?","translation":"\"What was that he said about Jerusalem… What is that, anyway?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что он это такое про Иерусалим…","title":"Colloquial pile-up «что… это такое»","body":"The loose, spoken word order — «что» (what), then subject «он», then the filler «это такое» — is idiomatic incredulity: 'What's this he's on about with Jerusalem?' Russian's free order lets the bewildered question-words sit up front while «он» slots in casually."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про Иерусалим","title":"«про» = colloquial 'about'","body":"«Про» + accusative means 'about, concerning' and is more conversational than the neutral «о» + prepositional. It suits the offhand, slightly dismissive tone of the speaker puzzling over the quotation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иерусалим","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Иерусалим","lemma":"иерусалим","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"Jerusalem"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of что","gloss":"sort of thing"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c7-s65","source":"— Это из Библии: «Аще забуду тебе, Иерусалиме», то есть если забуду всё, что есть самого у меня драгоценного, если променяю на что, то да поразит…","translation":"\"It's from the Bible: 'If I forget thee, O Jerusalem' — that is, if I forget everything that is most precious to me, if I trade it for anything, then let me be struck down…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Аще","title":"«аще» — Church-Slavonic 'if'","body":"«Аще» is the Church-Slavonic conjunction for 'if', the sacred-register ancestor of modern «если». Its presence instantly marks the line as Scripture rather than ordinary speech — which is why Alyosha must gloss it for Kolya with the plain «если»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забуду тебе… Иерусалиме","title":"Old vocative and dative-for-accusative","body":"«Иерусалиме» is the Church-Slavonic vocative (O Jerusalem), the case of solemn direct address now lost in Russian. «Тебе» here is the archaic Slavonic object form ('thee') where modern Russian would use «тебя» — both flag the line as liturgical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если забуду… если променяю","title":"Perfective future in a real condition","body":"Both «забуду» and «променяю» are perfective verbs conjugated as simple futures inside «если»-clauses — a real (not hypothetical) condition: 'if I [ever] forget… if I [ever] trade.' The perfective stresses the single decisive act being sworn against."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё… самого у меня драгоценного","title":"Genitive superlative phrase","body":"«Самого… драгоценного» is genitive (after «всё, что есть»), with «самого» intensifying the adjective to a superlative force — 'the very most precious thing I have.' «У меня» ('I have / that is mine') is the standard «у» + genitive possessive frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да поразит","title":"Optative «да» + 3rd person","body":"«Да поразит» ('let [it] strike me down') is the solemn optative: the particle «да» plus a 3rd-person perfective verb to express a wish or imprecation, an elevated, biblical-sounding construction (cf. «да будет свет» — 'let there be light'). Alyosha breaks off before naming what shall strike him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Библии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Библии","lemma":"библия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Это","gloss":"the Bible"},{"surface":"Аще","lemma":"аще","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (Church Slavonic 'if')","role":"introduces the clause of забуду","gloss":"if","note":"Church Slavonic, quoting Psalm 137."},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I forget"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of забуду","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"Иерусалиме","lemma":"иерусалим","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Jerusalem"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забуду","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"I forget"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забуду","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies драгоценного","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"драгоценного","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of променяю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"променяю","lemma":"променять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поразит","gloss":"I trade it away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of променяю","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle (Church Slavonic jussive)","role":"modifies поразит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"поразит","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забуду","gloss":"strike me down"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c7-s66","source":"— Понимаю, довольно! Сами-то приходите! Иси, Перезвон! — совсем уже свирепо прокричал он собаке и большими, скорыми шагами зашагал домой.","translation":"\"I understand, that's enough! Come yourself! Ici, Perezvon!\" he shouted at the dog now in a thoroughly ferocious tone and strode off home with great, rapid steps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами-то приходите!","title":"Imperfective imperative as warm invitation","body":"Note the switch from perfective «придёте» (s62) to the imperfective imperative «приходите»: imperfective commands of motion are the polite, welcoming form for inviting someone — 'do come!' — where a perfective «придите» would sound curt. «Сами-то» again emphatically fronts 'you yourself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"большими, скорыми шагами","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Большими, скорыми шагами» ('with great, rapid steps') is the instrumental plural, used to express the manner or means of the motion. The adjectives «большими», «скорыми» agree with «шагами» in case and number."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашагал домой","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»","body":"«Зашагал» uses the prefix «за-» on «шагать» to mark the beginning of the action — 'he set off striding, started to march.' This inceptive «за-» (cf. «заговорил», «запел») is a favourite way Russian launches a character into motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Понимаю","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Сами","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"приходите","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (French 'ici')","role":"command to the dog","gloss":"here","note":"Ici — French for 'here,' used as a command to the dog."},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иси","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свирепо","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свирепо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричал","gloss":"at the dog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большими","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"скорыми","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with большими","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зашагал","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"strode off"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашагал","gloss":"home"}]}]}