{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c1","title":{"source":"I. У Грушеньки","translated":"At Grushenka's"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c1","lines":125},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c1-s1","source":"Алеша направился к Соборной площади, в дом купчихи Морозовой, к Грушеньке.","translation":"Alyosha set off toward Cathedral Square, to the house of the merchant's widow Morozova, to Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к Соборной площади","title":"Prefixed motion verb + dative goal","body":"«Направился» is the perfective reflexive of «направиться» («to set out, head for»). The goal takes «к» + dative («к Соборной площади»), the standard way to name the direction of motion toward a place or person; note the chain of «к»-phrases all in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчихи","title":"«Купчиха» — the merchant's wife/widow","body":"«Купчиха» is the feminine of «купец» (merchant), here meaning the merchant's widow Morozova. The merchant estate («купечество») was its own legal caste below the gentry; a wealthy «купчиха» landlady places Grushenka's lodgings in a solidly provincial-bourgeois world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Соборной","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"Cathedral"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"Square"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"купчихи","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"of the merchant's widow"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to купчихи","gloss":"Morozova"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c1-s2","source":"Та еще рано утром присылала к нему Феню с настоятельною просьбой зайти к ней.","translation":"Early that morning she had sent Fenya around to him with an urgent request that he come to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та","title":"«Та» as anaphoric demonstrative","body":"The sentence opens with the bare demonstrative «Та» («that one» = Grushenka), the distal «тот» used to pick up a referent just mentioned. Russian routinely fronts «тот/та» this way to track who is meant, a device that lets word order stay free."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"присылала","title":"Imperfective «присылала» for a single past act","body":"«Присылала» is imperfective past — the imperfective here records the bare fact that she had sent (Fenya), the action viewed as background rather than as a sharply completed event. The perfective «прислала» would foreground the result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с настоятельною просьбой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою","body":"«Настоятельною» shows the older, bookish feminine instrumental singular ending -ою (modern -ой), a period flavor frequent in Dostoevsky; the whole phrase «с… просьбой» is instrumental of accompaniment after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of присылала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присылала","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присылала","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"присылала","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присылала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of присылала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"настоятельною","lemma":"настоятельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбой","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"просьбой","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присылала","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies просьбой","gloss":"to come by"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c1-s3","source":"Опросив Феню, Алеша узнал, что барыня в какой-то большой и особливой тревоге еще со вчерашнего дня.","translation":"Having questioned Fenya, Alyosha learned that the mistress had been in some great and particular agitation ever since the day before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опросив","title":"Perfective gerund (деепричастие)","body":"Опросив (\"having questioned\") is a perfective adverbial participle formed from опросить. It marks an action completed just before the main verb: Alyosha first questioned Fenya, then learned. Russian uses these -в/-вши gerunds where English often uses \"having done\" or simply \"-ing.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыня","title":"«Барыня» — the mistress","body":"«Барыня» is the lady of the house, the mistress, the feminine of «барин». In servants' mouths (Fenya's) it is the ordinary respectful word for one's employer; it recurs throughout the chapter for Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливой","title":"«Особливый» — archaic for «особенный»","body":"«Особливый» («special, particular») is an old-fashioned doublet of «особенный», already dated in Dostoevsky's day. It lends the narrator's report a slightly antique, folk coloring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опросив","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнал","gloss":"having questioned"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Опросив","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of барыня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тревоге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тревоге","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тревоге","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особливой","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"тревоге","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of барыня","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тревоге","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c1-s4","source":"Во все эти два месяца после ареста Мити Алеша часто захаживал в дом Морозовой и по собственному побуждению, и по поручениям Мити.","translation":"Throughout these two months since Mitya's arrest, Alyosha had often dropped in at the Morozova house, both on his own impulse and on errands from Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захаживал","title":"Iterative «захаживал» — used to drop in","body":"«Захаживал» is an iterative imperfective (built on the multidirectional «ходить») marking repeated, occasional visits — \"would drop in now and then.\" The -жив- vowel and the prefix «за-» together give the casual, habitual sense English carries with \"used to drop in.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по собственному побуждению, и по поручениям","title":"«По» + dative: motive and errand","body":"The paired «по»-phrases both take the dative: «по собственному побуждению» (on his own impulse) and «по поручениям Мити» (on Mitya's errands). «По» + dative regularly expresses the grounds or occasion of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захаживал","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ареста","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ареста","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захаживал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захаживал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"захаживал","lemma":"захаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to drop by"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захаживал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дом","gloss":"Morozova's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побуждению","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies побуждению","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"побуждению","lemma":"побуждение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захаживал","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручениям","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"поручениям","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with побуждению","gloss":"errands"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поручениям","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c1-s5","source":"Дня три после ареста Мити Грушенька сильно заболела и хворала чуть не пять недель.","translation":"Some three days after Mitya's arrest Grushenka had fallen seriously ill and stayed sick for nearly five weeks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заболела и хворала","title":"Aspect contrast: «заболела» vs «хворала»","body":"The two verbs split the event by aspect: perfective «заболела» («fell ill») names the single onset, while imperfective «хворала» («was sick») stretches the resulting state over \"nearly five weeks.\" This is the classic perfective-event / imperfective-duration pairing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хворала","title":"«Хворать» — to be poorly","body":"«Хворать» is a homely, slightly folk word for being ill, softer and more colloquial than «болеть». It suits the domestic register of this household scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дня три","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «дня три» instead of «три дня» — signals approximation: \"some three days, about three days.\" The genitive singular «дня» after «три» is the regular case after 2–4."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заболела","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies Дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ареста","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дня","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ареста","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заболела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заболела","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"заболела","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хворала","lemma":"хворать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заболела","gloss":"stayed sick"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недель","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"недель","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хворала","gloss":"weeks"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c1-s6","source":"Одну неделю из этих пяти пролежала без памяти.","translation":"One of those five weeks she lay unconscious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одну неделю из этих пяти пролежала","title":"Accusative of duration; topicalized object first","body":"«Одну неделю» is an accusative of duration (\"for one week\"), and fronting it before the verb makes it the topic — \"as for one of those five weeks…\" The subject (Grushenka) is dropped, recoverable from the feminine «-ла»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без памяти","title":"«Без памяти» — unconscious","body":"The fixed phrase «без памяти» (literally \"without memory/consciousness\") means insensible, unconscious. The genitive «памяти» is governed by «без», which always takes the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies неделю","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of пролежала (accusative of duration — пролежать is intransitive, неделю is not a direct object)","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пяти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пяти","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"пролежала","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролежала","gloss":"consciousness"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c1-s7","source":"Она сильно изменилась в лице, похудела и пожелтела, хотя вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить со двора.","translation":"Her face had changed a great deal; she had grown thin and sallow, though for almost two weeks now she had been able to go out of doors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"похудела и пожелтела","title":"Inceptive «по-» perfectives","body":"Both verbs carry the prefix «по-» marking a completed change of state: «похудела» (grew thin), «пожелтела» (turned sallow). The perfective sums up the whole alteration in her appearance as an accomplished result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить","title":"«…как» clause of elapsed time","body":"The construction «вот уже… две недели, как…» means \"it's now been almost two weeks since…\"; «как» here introduces the point from which the time is counted. «Могла выходить» is imperfective, marking an ongoing ability over that span."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изменилась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменилась","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"изменилась","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменилась","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"похудела","lemma":"похудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменилась","gloss":"grown thin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожелтела","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменилась","gloss":"grown sallow"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the хотя-clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies две","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"had been able"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"to go out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходить","gloss":"the yard"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c1-s8","source":"Но, на взгляд Алеши, лицо ее стало как бы еще привлекательнее, и он любил, входя к ней, встречать ее взгляд.","translation":"But to Alyosha's eye her face had become, if anything, even more appealing, and he loved meeting her gaze whenever he came in to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо ее стало как бы еще привлекательнее","title":"Comparative + «стало»","body":"«Привлекательнее» is the predicative comparative (\"more appealing\") of «привлекательный», and «стало» (became) governs it. «Как бы» (\"as it were\") and «еще» (\"even\") hedge and intensify the comparison together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"входя","title":"Imperfective gerund «входя»","body":"«Входя» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «входить», marking an action simultaneous with the main verb: \"on coming in / as he came in.\" It shares the subject of «он любил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"the view"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"of Alyosha"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлекательнее","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлекательнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"привлекательнее","lemma":"привлекательный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"more attractive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"встречать","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречать","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c1-s9","source":"Что-то как бы укрепилось в ее взгляде твердое и осмысленное.","translation":"Something had as it were grown firm and thoughtful in her look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"укрепилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» = change of state","body":"«Укрепилось» (from «укрепиться») uses the reflexive «-ся» to make the verb intransitive — something \"grew firm / strengthened itself\" rather than being firmed by an outside agent. This middle, change-of-state «-ся» is everywhere in descriptions of inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то… твердое и осмысленное","title":"Split «что-то» with trailing adjectives","body":"The indefinite «что-то» (\"something,\" specific but unnamed) is the neuter subject, and its modifiers «твердое и осмысленное» are stranded after the verb for effect — the firmness and thoughtfulness arrive as the new, weighted information at the sentence's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, subject of укрепилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, forms indefinite pronoun","role":"part of что-то, subject of укрепилось","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies укрепилось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were","note":"как бы = 'as it were', a hedging idiom softening the verb."},{"surface":"укрепилось","lemma":"укрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown firm"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of взгляде","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрепилось","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Что-то","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осмысленное","lemma":"осмысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with твердое, describing Что-то","gloss":"thoughtful"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c1-s10","source":"Сказывался некоторый переворот духовный, являлась какая-то неизменная, смиренная, но благая и бесповоротная решимость.","translation":"A certain spiritual upheaval made itself felt; there appeared in her some unchanging, humble, yet good and irrevocable resolve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сказывался… являлась","title":"Reflexive verbs of appearing, subject postposed","body":"Both clauses lead with a reflexive verb of \"manifesting\" — «сказывался» (made itself felt) and «являлась» (appeared) — with the real subject («переворот», «решимость») following. The «-ся» gives a middle, self-emerging sense, and the inversion lets each new thing emerge after its verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переворот духовный","title":"«Переворот духовный» — a spiritual upheaval","body":"«Переворот» is literally an overturning, a revolution; «переворот духовный» (with the bookish postposed adjective) names an inner, spiritual turning-point. The word marks one of Dostoevsky's signature crises-of-soul."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесповоротная","title":"«Бесповоротный» — irrevocable","body":"«Бесповоротный» (\"irreversible, irrevocable\") is built on «поворот» (a turning) with «без-» + «-ный»: a resolve from which there is no turning back. It crowns the list of adjectives weighing Grushenka's new firmness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказывался","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was making itself felt"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of переворот","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"переворот","lemma":"переворот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сказывался","gloss":"upheaval"},{"surface":"духовный","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переворот","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"являлась","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сказывался","gloss":"there appeared"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of какая-то, determiner of решимость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, forms indefinite pronoun","role":"part of какая-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"неизменная","lemma":"неизменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"unchanging"},{"surface":"смиренная","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неизменная","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"благая","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неизменная","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесповоротная","lemma":"бесповоротный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неизменная","gloss":"irrevocable"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of являлась","gloss":"resolve"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c1-s11","source":"Между бровями на лбу появилась небольшая вертикальная морщинка, придававшая милому лицу ее вид сосредоточенной в себе задумчивости, почти даже суровой на первый взгляд.","translation":"Between her brows, on her forehead, a small vertical crease had appeared, lending her dear face an air of inward, concentrated pensiveness, almost severe at first glance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придававшая… вид","title":"Past active participle modifying «морщинка»","body":"«Придававшая» is a past active participle (from imperfective «придавать»), agreeing with the feminine «морщинка» (\"the crease which lent…\"). Such participles compress a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier and govern their own objects here («лицу… вид»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"морщинка","title":"Diminutive «морщинка»","body":"«Морщинка» is the diminutive of «морщина» (wrinkle) — a small, fine crease. The tender suffix matches «милому лицу» (her dear face), softening a mark that would otherwise read as ageing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бровями","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"бровями","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"complement of Между, oblique complement of появилась","gloss":"her brows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на, oblique complement of появилась","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"появилась","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"небольшая","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies морщинка","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"вертикальная","lemma":"вертикальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies морщинка","gloss":"vertical"},{"surface":"морщинка","lemma":"морщинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of появилась","gloss":"crease"},{"surface":"придававшая","lemma":"придавать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying морщинка","gloss":"lending"},{"surface":"милому","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of придававшая","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придававшая","gloss":"air, look"},{"surface":"сосредоточенной","lemma":"сосредоточенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задумчивости","gloss":"concentrated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточенной","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"pensiveness"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суровой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"суровой","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сосредоточенной, modifies задумчивости","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суровой","gloss":"glance"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c1-s12","source":"Прежней, например, ветрености не осталось и следа.","translation":"Of her former flightiness, for instance, not a trace remained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ветрености не осталось и следа","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"The negated existential «не осталось» forces its subject into the genitive: «следа» («not a trace remained»), and «ветрености» too stands in the genitive (\"of her flightiness\"). The whole frame «не осталось и следа» is an idiom of total absence — note the emphatic «и» (\"not even a trace\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ветрености","title":"«Ветреность» — flightiness","body":"«Ветреность», from «ветер» (wind), is fickleness, frivolity, a flighty giddiness — literally being \"windy\" of character. It names exactly the old Grushenka the narrator says has vanished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ветрености","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"ветрености","lemma":"ветреность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies следа","gloss":"flightiness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"следа","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осталось (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a trace"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c1-s13","source":"Странно было для Алеши и то, что, несмотря на всё несчастие, постигшее бедную женщину, невесту жениха, арестованного по страшному преступлению, почти в тот самый миг, когда она стала его невестой, несмотря потом на болезнь и на угрожающее впереди почти неминуемое решение суда, Грушенька все-таки не потеряла прежней своей молодой веселости.","translation":"It struck Alyosha as strange, too, that despite the whole misfortune that had befallen the poor woman — the bride of a fiancé arrested for a terrible crime almost at the very instant she became his bride — and despite, afterward, the illness, and the almost inevitable verdict of the court looming ahead, Grushenka had nonetheless not lost her old youthful cheerfulness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на всё несчастие… несмотря потом на болезнь","title":"«Несмотря на» + accusative, twice","body":"The sentence is built on a doubled concessive «несмотря на…» (\"despite\"), each governing the accusative («всё несчастие», «болезнь»). The repetition piles up the calamities before the main clause's «не потеряла» finally lands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"постигшее… арестованного","title":"Stacked participles","body":"Two past active participles do the syntactic heavy lifting: «постигшее» (which had befallen, agreeing with «несчастие») and «арестованного» (a past passive participle, \"arrested,\" agreeing with «жениха»). Such dense participial chains are the engine of 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не потеряла","title":"«Все-таки не потеряла» — the long-delayed main verb","body":"After all the concessive scaffolding, the main clause is the perfective negated «не потеряла» (\"did not lose\"), reinforced by «все-таки» (\"nonetheless, all the same\"). Russian readily holds the finite verb to the very end of a heavily subordinated period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Странно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Странно","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потеряла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря, marks несчастие","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of несчастие","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"постигшее","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying несчастие","gloss":"that had befallen"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщину","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of постигшее","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to женщину","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невесту","gloss":"of a fiancé"},{"surface":"арестованного","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying жениха","gloss":"arrested"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страшному","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступлению","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"преступлению","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of арестованного","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of арестованного","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стала, modifies миг","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"relative clause on миг","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive, masculine","role":"determiner of невестой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невестой","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несмотря","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезнь","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the phrase несмотря на, coordinated with решение","gloss":"the illness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"угрожающее","lemma":"угрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying решение","gloss":"looming"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угрожающее","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неминуемое","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"неминуемое","lemma":"неминуемый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with болезнь","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потеряла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom все-таки","role":"part of the phrase таки, modifies потеряла","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom все-таки","role":"part of the phrase все, modifies потеряла","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки = 'nonetheless, all the same'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потеряла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потеряла","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by что","gloss":"had lost"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веселости","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of веселости","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веселости","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"веселости","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потеряла","gloss":"cheerfulness"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c1-s14","source":"В гордых прежде глазах ее засияла теперь какая-то тихость, хотя… хотя, впрочем, глаза эти изредка опять-таки пламенели некоторым зловещим огоньком, когда ее посещала одна прежняя забота, не только не заглохнувшая, но даже и увеличившаяся в ее сердце.","translation":"In her eyes, once so proud, there now shone a kind of quietness, although… although, to be sure, those eyes would still flare up now and then with a certain ominous little flame whenever one old worry came over her — a worry that, far from having died down, had even grown larger in her heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В гордых прежде глазах ее засияла… какая-то тихость","title":"Locative-first inversion","body":"The sentence opens with the prepositional locative «В… глазах» and ends with the postposed subject «какая-то тихость» — the new thing (\"a kind of quietness\") emerges last, after its verb «засияла» (shone forth). «Гордых прежде» (\"once proud\") is an embedded adjective + adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заглохнувшая, но даже и увеличившаяся","title":"Contrastive past active participles","body":"Two past active participles in apposition to «забота» weigh the worry: negated «не заглохнувшая» (\"not having died down\") set against «увеличившаяся» (\"having grown larger\"). The «-ся» on the latter is the change-of-state reflexive; «не только… но даже и» braces the antithesis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огоньком","title":"Diminutive «огонёк» in the instrumental","body":"«Огоньком» is the instrumental of «огонёк», the diminutive of «огонь» (fire) — a \"little flame.\" The instrumental tells us how the eyes flared («пламенели… огоньком»); the diminutive makes the ominous gleam small and intermittent."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гордых","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордых","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засияла","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"засияла","lemma":"засиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засияла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of какая-то, determiner of тихость","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, forms indefinite pronoun","role":"part of какая-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"тихость","lemma":"тихость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засияла","gloss":"quietness"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, hesitant restart","role":"false start, echoed by second хотя","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пламенели","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"to be sure"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пламенели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пламенели","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom опять-таки","role":"part of the phrase таки, modifies пламенели","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom опять-таки","role":"part of the phrase опять, modifies пламенели","gloss":"again","note":"опять-таки = 'once again, still' (emphatic)."},{"surface":"пламенели","lemma":"пламенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"would flare up"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of огоньком","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"зловещим","lemma":"зловещий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огоньком","gloss":"ominous"},{"surface":"огоньком","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of пламенели","gloss":"little flame"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посещала","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посещала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"посещала","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пламенели","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies забота","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"прежняя","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посещала","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, part of correlative не только...но","role":"part of the phrase только, modifies заглохнувшая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle, part of correlative не только...но","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заглохнувшая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заглохнувшая","lemma":"заглохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying забота","gloss":"died down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увеличившаяся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увеличившаяся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"увеличившаяся","lemma":"увеличиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with заглохнувшая","gloss":"grown larger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увеличившаяся","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c1-s15","source":"Предмет этой заботы был всё тот же: Катерина Ивановна, о которой Грушенька, когда еще лежала больная, поминала даже в бреду.","translation":"The object of that worry was always the same: Katerina Ivanovna, of whom Grushenka, while she was still lying ill, had even spoken in her delirium.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которой Грушенька… поминала","title":"Relative «которой» in the prepositional","body":"«О которой» is the relative pronoun «который» agreeing with the feminine antecedent «Катерина Ивановна» but taking the prepositional case its own clause demands after «о» (\"of/about whom\"). The clause is set off by commas, as Russian relative clauses always are."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бреду","title":"«В бреду» — in delirium","body":"«Бред» is feverish raving, delirium; the fixed locative «в бреду» (with the stressed -у́ ending) means \"in her delirium.\" That Grushenka named Katerina Ivanovna even while raving measures the depth of the obsession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the object"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of заботы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Предмет","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Предмет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тот же","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Предмет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поминала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежала","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поминала","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"больная","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of лежала, describing Грушенька","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"поминала","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on Катерина","gloss":"had spoken of"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бреду","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминала","gloss":"delirium"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c1-s16","source":"Алеша понимал, что она страшно ревнует к ней Митю, арестанта Митю, несмотря на то, что Катерина Ивановна ни разу не посетила того в заключении, хотя бы и могла это сделать когда угодно.","translation":"Alyosha understood that she was fiercely jealous over her of Mitya — Mitya the prisoner — despite the fact that Katerina Ivanovna had not once visited him in confinement, though she might have done so whenever she pleased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревнует к ней Митю","title":"«Ревновать кого к кому» — the grammar of jealousy","body":"«Ревновать» frames jealousy with the loved one as direct object («Митю», accusative) and the rival marked by «к» + dative («к ней»): she is jealous of Mitya, with Katerina Ivanovna as the threat. English inverts the relation, which is why our \"jealous over her of Mitya\" reads oddly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни разу не посетила","title":"Negative concord: «ни разу… не»","body":"«Ни разу… не посетила» pairs the intensifier «ни» (\"not a single time\") with the obligatory verbal «не»: Russian requires both, the double negative carrying one emphatic meaning, \"not once did she visit.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и могла это сделать когда угодно","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with conditional «бы»","body":"«Хотя бы… могла» uses the irrealis particle «бы» with the past-form «могла» to set up a counterfactual concession — \"though she might well have done so.\" «Когда угодно» (\"whenever she pleased\") is a free-choice indefinite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревнует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ревнует","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревнует","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимал","gloss":"is jealous"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнует","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ревнует","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"арестанта","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митю","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to арестанта","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посетила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посетила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посетила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посетила","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, explains то","gloss":"had visited"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заключении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заключении","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетила","gloss":"confinement"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могла","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посетила","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать, part of idiom когда угодно","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom когда угодно","role":"part of the phrase когда","gloss":"she pleased","note":"когда угодно = 'whenever one likes'."}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c1-s17","source":"Всё это обратилось для Алеши в некоторую трудную задачу, ибо Грушенька только одному ему доверяла свое сердце и беспрерывно просила у него советов; он же иногда совсем ничего не в силах был ей сказать.","translation":"All this had become for Alyosha something of a hard problem, for Grushenka confided her heart to him alone and ceaselessly begged him for advice; while he, at times, was utterly unable to say anything to her at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«Ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, elevated conjunction \"for, because,\" a Church-Slavonic-flavored alternative to «потому что» that Dostoevsky's narrator favors. It lifts the register a notch above ordinary speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он же иногда совсем ничего не в силах был ей сказать","title":"Contrastive «же» and negative concord","body":"The particle «же» here is adversative — \"he, for his part / whereas he\" — pivoting from Grushenka to Alyosha. «Совсем ничего… не» stacks negators («ничего» + «не») for emphatic negative concord: he was \"utterly unable to say anything at all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одному ему доверяла","title":"Dative «одному ему» — to him alone","body":"«Доверяла… сердце» (confided her heart) takes its indirect object in the dative, «одному ему» (\"to him alone\"), with «одному» agreeing with «ему». The fronting and «один» together carry the exclusivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обратилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обратилось","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had become"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задачу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of задачу","gloss":"something of a"},{"surface":"трудную","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задачу","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"задачу","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"problem"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доверяла","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of доверяла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies ему","gloss":"to him alone"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доверяла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"доверяла","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доверяла","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просила","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with доверяла","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"советов","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of просила","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, part of idiom не в силах","role":"part of the idiom не в силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom не в силах","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of в, forms idiom не в силах with был","gloss":"strength","note":"не в силах = 'unable, not strong enough (to)'."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"copula of the не-в-силах predicate","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of был (не в силах сказать)","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c1-s18","source":"Озабоченно вступил он в ее квартиру.","translation":"Full of care, he stepped into her apartment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Озабоченно вступил он","title":"Adverb-first inversion for mood","body":"Fronting the adverb «озабоченно» (\"full of care, anxiously\") and then inverting subject and verb («вступил он») throws the emotional manner into relief — the sentence's news is how he entered, not that he did."}],"words":[{"surface":"Озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступил","gloss":"full of care"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of квартиру","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"apartment"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c1-s19","source":"Она была уже дома; с полчаса как воротилась от Мити, и уже по тому быстрому движению, с которым она вскочила с кресел из-за стола к нему навстречу, он заключил, что ждала она его с большим нетерпением.","translation":"She was already home; she had come back from Mitya about half an hour earlier, and from the very quickness of the movement with which she sprang up from her chair at the table to meet him, he concluded that she had been awaiting him with great impatience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с полчаса как воротилась","title":"«С полчаса» — approximative + elapsed-time «как»","body":"«С полчаса» («about half an hour») uses «с» + accusative to mark an approximate quantity, and «как воротилась» counts time from that point — \"it was half an hour since she'd come back.\" «Воротилась» is an older variant of «возвратилась»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по тому… движению… он заключил","title":"«По» + dative of evidence","body":"«По тому быстрому движению» is «по» + dative meaning \"by/from that quick movement\" — the basis on which he inferred. «С которым она вскочила» is a relative clause whose «которым» is instrumental, the manner of springing up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждала она его","title":"Imperfective «ждала» of expectation","body":"«Ждала» is imperfective past — waiting/expecting is inherently a process, so it resists the perfective. The inversion «ждала она его» places the verb of waiting first as the new information he concluded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дома","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies воротилась","gloss":"about half an hour"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротилась","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"воротилась","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause (subject она, elided)","gloss":"had come back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротилась","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движению","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of движению","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быстрому","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движению","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"движению","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по, modifies заключил","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"relative clause on движению","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"her chair"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of compound preposition из-за","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marks стола","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of compound preposition из-за","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"behind","note":"из-за = 'from behind', a compound preposition."},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of из-за, oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies вскочила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила, part of phrase к нему навстречу","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with воротилась via и","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"had been awaiting"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждала","gloss":"impatience"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c1-s20","source":"На столе лежали карты и была сдана игра в дурачки.","translation":"Cards lay on the table, and a hand of \"fools\" had been dealt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была сдана игра","title":"Past passive participle (short form) + «была»","body":"«Была сдана» is a periphrastic passive: the short-form past passive participle «сдана» (from perfective «сдать», to deal) plus «была» — \"a game had been dealt.\" The short participle agrees in gender/number with «игра» and states a result."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сдана","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сдана","lemma":"сдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежали","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive сдана","gloss":"a hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дурачки","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дурачки","lemma":"дурачки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of в, names the game игра","gloss":"\"fools\"","note":"дурачки, lit. 'little fools' — a simple Russian card game akin to Old Maid."}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c1-s21","source":"На кожаном диване с другой стороны стола была постлана постель, и на ней полулежал, в халате и в бумажном колпаке, Максимов, видимо больной и ослабевший, хотя и сладко улыбавшийся.","translation":"On the leather sofa on the other side of the table a bed had been made up, and on it, half reclining in a dressing gown and a cotton nightcap, lay Maximov, plainly sick and feeble, though sweetly smiling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была постлана постель","title":"Passive «была постлана» + inverted subject","body":"Another short-form passive: «была постлана постель» (\"a bed had been made up\"), participle from «постлать». The subject «постель» follows its verb, the standard inversion when introducing a new entity into the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в халате и в бумажном колпаке… полулежал","title":"Instrumental-less attire via «в» + prepositional","body":"Clothing worn is expressed with «в» + prepositional: «в халате и в бумажном колпаке» (\"in a dressing gown and a cotton nightcap\"). The verb «полулежал» (\"half-lay\") shows the productive prefix «полу-» (half-)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бумажном колпаке","title":"«Бумажный колпак» — a cotton nightcap","body":"Here «бумажный» does not mean \"of paper\" but \"of cotton\" — an older sense (from «бумага» once denoting cotton wool); a «колпак» is a soft conical nightcap. The detail paints Maximov as a quaint, old-fashioned invalid."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кожаном","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постлана","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постлана","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the table"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of постлана","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"постлана","lemma":"постлать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive постлана","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полулежал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"полулежал","lemma":"полулежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb, coordinated with постлана","gloss":"lay half-reclining"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking халате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"халате","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полулежал","gloss":"dressing gown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колпаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бумажном","lemma":"бумажный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies колпаке","gloss":"cotton","note":"literally \"paper\"; a soft cap of cotton/paper-like cloth, rendered \"cotton\" in the translation."},{"surface":"колпаке","lemma":"колпак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халате","gloss":"nightcap"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полулежал","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больной","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Максимов","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ослабевший","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with больной","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on Максимов","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сладко (emphatic, part of хотя и)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбавшийся","gloss":"sweetly"},{"surface":"улыбавшийся","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying Максимов","gloss":"smiling"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c1-s22","source":"Этот бездомный старичок, как воротился тогда, еще месяца два тому, с Грушенькой из Мокрого, так и остался у ней и при ней с тех пор неотлучно.","translation":"This homeless little old man, ever since he had come back that time — some two months ago now — with Grushenka from Mokroye, had simply stayed on with her and at her side, never once leaving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичок","title":"Diminutive «старичок»","body":"«Старичок» is the affectionate diminutive of «старик» (old man) — a \"dear/little old man,\" carrying pity and gentle warmth rather than size. The narrator's tone toward the pathetic Maximov is set by this suffix."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как воротился… так и остался","title":"Correlative «как… так и» of time","body":"The «как…, так и…» frame here is temporal-emphatic: \"the moment he came back…, he just stayed on.\" «Воротился» (perfective) marks the single return; «остался» the resulting fixed state, reinforced by «неотлучно» (never leaving)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старичок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бездомный","lemma":"бездомный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичок","gloss":"homeless"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился and of остался","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротился","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяца два тому","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the time phrase месяца два тому","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"means \"ago\", closes the phrase месяца два тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мокрого","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun (place name), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies остался, part of the idiom так и","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и остался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"her side"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition heading с тех пор, modifying неотлучно","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"неотлучно","lemma":"неотлучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"without ever leaving"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c1-s23","source":"Приехав тогда с ней в дождь и слякоть, он, промокший и испуганный, сел на диван и уставился на нее молча, с робкою просящею улыбкой.","translation":"Having arrived with her then in rain and slush, he had sat down on the sofa, soaked and frightened, and fixed his eyes on her in silence, with a timid, pleading smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приехав","title":"Perfective gerund «приехав»","body":"«Приехав» (\"having arrived\") is the perfective gerund of «приехать», marking the completed action prior to the main verbs «сел» and «уставился». It shares the subject «он» (Maximov), as every деепричастие must."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"промокший и испуганный","title":"Participles as predicate adjectives","body":"«Промокший» (past active participle, \"having gotten soaked\") and «испуганный» (past passive participle, \"frightened\") describe the subject's state during the action — agreeing with «он» in the nominative, hanging loosely as he sat down."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слякоть","title":"«Слякоть» — slush, foul weather","body":"«Слякоть» is slush, mire, the muddy wet of a Russian thaw or autumn rain. Paired with «дождь», it evokes the cold misery of Maximov's arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Приехав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приехав","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дождь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дождь","lemma":"дождь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приехав","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слякоть","lemma":"слякоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дождь","gloss":"slush"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"промокший","lemma":"промокнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испуганный","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with промокший","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робкою","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic form)","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"просящею","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, imperfective (archaic form)","role":"coordinated with робкою, modifies улыбкой","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (accompanies уставился)","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c1-s24","source":"Грушенька, бывшая в страшном горе и уже в начинавшейся лихорадке, почти забывшая о нем в первые полчаса по приезде за разными хлопотами, — вдруг как-то пристально посмотрела на него: он жалко и потерянно хихикнул ей в глаза.","translation":"Grushenka, who was in terrible grief and already in the onset of a fever, having nearly forgotten about him in the first half hour after their arrival amid all the bustle, suddenly looked at him somehow intently: he gave a pitiful, lost little snicker into her face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшая… забывшая","title":"Chain of past active participles describing Grushenka","body":"Three participial phrases stack onto «Грушенька»: «бывшая в… горе» (who was in grief), «начинавшейся лихорадке» (an onsetting fever), and «забывшая о нем» (having forgotten him). This pile-up suspends the subject across a long parenthesis before the dash and the main verb «посмотрела»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально посмотрела… хихикнул","title":"Perfective verbs of single glance and laugh","body":"«Посмотрела» (looked) and «хихикнул» (gave a snicker) are both perfective, each a single bounded act; the suffix «-ну-» in «хихикнул» marks a one-off, momentary action (\"gave one little snicker\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хихикнул","title":"«Хихикнуть» — to snicker","body":"«Хихикать/хихикнуть» is to giggle or snicker, a thin, nervous, slightly absurd laugh. The semelfactive «-ну-» gives the single \"pitiful, lost little snicker\" of the cowering old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"бывшая","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Грушенька","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшая","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинавшейся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лихорадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"начинавшейся","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, locative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies лихорадке","gloss":"oncoming"},{"surface":"лихорадке","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горе","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывшая","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"забывшая","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Грушенька","gloss":"having forgotten"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забывшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies полчаса","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural (idiomatic)","role":"oblique complement of забывшая","gloss":"half hour"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезде","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"приезде","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забывшая","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлопотами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разными","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies хлопотами","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"хлопотами","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забывшая (via за)","gloss":"bustle"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"посмотрела","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хихикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикнул, coordinated with потерянно","gloss":"pitifully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потерянно","lemma":"потерянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикнул","gloss":"helplessly"},{"surface":"хихикнул","lemma":"хихикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"snickered"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of хихикнул","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хихикнул","gloss":"face","note":"idiom \"в глаза\" — \"to one's face\"."}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c1-s25","source":"Она кликнула Феню и велела дать ему покушать.","translation":"She called Fenya and ordered that he be given something to eat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велела дать ему покушать","title":"«Велеть» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Велела… дать» (\"ordered that he be given\") is the impersonal-command pattern: «велеть» takes an infinitive, and the person fed stands in the dative «ему». «Покушать» is a polite/homely perfective for \"to eat a little.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покушать","title":"«Покушать» — to have a bite","body":"«Кушать» (and its perfective «покушать») is a soft, hospitable word for eating, used especially in inviting or caring for someone. It suits Grushenka's order to feed the bedraggled old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кликнула","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кликнула","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кликнула","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"покушать","lemma":"покушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дать","gloss":"something to eat"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c1-s26","source":"Весь этот день он просидел на своем месте, почти не шелохнувшись; когда же стемнело и заперли ставни, Феня спросила барыню:","translation":"All that day he sat in his place, scarcely stirring; and when it grew dark and the shutters were closed, Fenya asked her mistress:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не шелохнувшись","title":"Negated gerund «не шелохнувшись»","body":"«Не шелохнувшись» is a perfective gerund (from «шелохнуться», to stir) negated by «не» — \"without stirring / scarcely having stirred.\" Russian regularly uses a negated деепричастие where English says \"without doing.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же стемнело и заперли ставни","title":"Impersonal «стемнело» and subjectless «заперли»","body":"«Стемнело» (\"it grew dark\") is a subjectless impersonal verb of natural process. «Заперли ставни» is an indefinite-personal third-plural with no stated subject — \"the shutters were closed [by someone].\" Both are common Russian ways to report events without naming an agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шелохнувшись","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шелохнувшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шелохнувшись","lemma":"шелохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просидел","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стемнело","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стемнело","lemma":"стемнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying спросила","gloss":"grew dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заперли","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стемнело","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"ставни","lemma":"ставень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заперли","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of спросила","gloss":"mistress"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c1-s27","source":"— Что ж, барыня, разве они ночевать останутся?","translation":"\"Well, mistress, are they really going to stay the night?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве они ночевать останутся?","title":"Particle «разве» of surprised doubt","body":"«Разве» introduces a question colored with surprise or disbelief — \"are they really going to…?\" Note that Fenya uses the plural «они… останутся» of the single old man: a deferential plural (like English \"are they staying?\") for a person she half-respects, half-puzzles over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interjection, part of the idiom Что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останутся","gloss":"surely not"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of останутся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ночевать","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of останутся","gloss":"spend the night"},{"surface":"останутся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stay"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c1-s28","source":"— Да, постели ему на диване, — ответила Грушенька.","translation":"\"Yes, make him up a bed on the sofa,\" Grushenka answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"постели ему на диване","title":"Imperative «постели» + dative recipient","body":"«Постели» is the imperative of «постлать» (to make up a bed), and «ему» is the dative of benefit — \"make up a bed for him.\" The «-и» imperative ending follows a consonant-final stressed stem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постлать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"make up (a bed)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of постели","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постели","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c1-s29","source":"Опросив его подробнее, Грушенька узнала от него, что действительно ему как раз теперь некуда деться совсем и что «господин Калганов, благодетель мой, прямо мне заявили-с, что более меня уж не примут, и пять рублей подарили».","translation":"Questioning him more closely, Grushenka learned from him that he really and truly had nowhere at all to go just now, and that \"Mr. Kalganov, my benefactor, told me straight out, sir, that he would not take me in any longer, and made me a present of five rubles.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опросив его подробнее","title":"Perfective gerund «опросив»","body":"As in s3, «опросив» (\"having questioned\") is a perfective gerund prior to the main verb «узнала». «Подробнее» is the comparative adverb \"more closely / in more detail.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некуда деться","title":"«Некуда» — the «не-» negative adverb of place","body":"«Некуда деться» means \"nowhere to go / take oneself,\" using the stressed negative adverb «некуда» with an infinitive — the impersonal \"there is nowhere to…\" pattern (the experiencer would stand in the dative). «Деться» is the reflexive \"to get to, betake oneself.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заявили-с… подарили","title":"Servile «-с» and respectful plural","body":"Maximov reports Kalganov's words with the slovoers «-с» («заявили-с») — the worn-down «сударь» tacked on for fawning politeness — and uses the deferential plural «заявили… подарили» of his single benefactor. Both mark his cringing, dependent register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опросив","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнала","gloss":"having questioned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Опросив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подробнее","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Опросив","gloss":"in more detail"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of некуда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некуда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of некуда деться","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (part of как раз)","role":"modifies некуда, part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"particle (part of как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некуда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"некуда","lemma":"некуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"деться","lemma":"деться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on некуда","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деться","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заявили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявили","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"благодетель","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявили","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заявили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"заявили","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded что-clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix, colloquial \"sir\")","role":"attached to заявили as a polite suffix","gloss":"sir","note":"the archaic servile particle \"-с\" (short for сударь), tacked onto a verb to show deference — like adding \"sir\" to a sentence."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of примут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded что-clause (w27), coordinated with заявили's clause","gloss":"will take (me) in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of подарили","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"подарили","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with примут","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c1-s30","source":"«Ну, бог с тобой, оставайся уж», — решила в тоске Грушенька, сострадательно ему улыбнувшись.","translation":"\"Well, God be with you, stay on, then,\" Grushenka decided in her anguish, smiling at him compassionately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог с тобой","title":"«Бог с тобой» — a resigned blessing","body":"«Бог с тобой» (literally \"God [be] with you\") here is a softly resigned \"oh, all right then, very well\" — a phrase of indulgent giving-in rather than literal blessing. Grushenka uses it «в тоске» (in anguish) as she lets the old man stay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставайся уж","title":"Imperative + softening particle «уж»","body":"«Оставайся» is the imperfective imperative \"stay on,\" and «уж» is a resigned, concessive particle — \"stay on, then / I suppose.\" «Улыбнувшись» that follows is a perfective gerund of attendant smiling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection opening the quoted speech","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject in the idiom бог с тобой","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of бог, idiom бог с тобой","gloss":"you","note":"\"бог с тобой\" is a fixed idiom meaning roughly \"never mind\" or \"so be it\"."},{"surface":"оставайся","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to бог с тобой","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставайся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"решила","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоске","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решила","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of решила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сострадательно","lemma":"сострадательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнувшись","gloss":"compassionately"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнувшись","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"улыбнувшись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (converb) modifying решила","gloss":"smiling"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c1-s31","source":"Старика передернуло от ее улыбки, и губы его задрожали от благодарного плача.","translation":"The old man flinched at her smile, and his lips trembled with grateful weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старика передернуло","title":"Impersonal with accusative experiencer","body":"«Старика передернуло» is a vivid impersonal construction: the verb is neuter-impersonal «передернуло» (\"a shudder ran through\") and the person affected stands in the accusative «старика». Such subjectless verbs of involuntary bodily reaction are a Russian specialty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of impersonal передернуло","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"передернуло","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flinched"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of улыбки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"улыбки","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передернуло","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of задрожали","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"задрожали","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with передернуло","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плача","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благодарного","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задрожали","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c1-s32","source":"Так с тех пор и остался у ней скитающийся приживальщик.","translation":"And so from that time on the wandering sponger stayed on with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщик","title":"«Приживальщик» — the hanger-on","body":"«Приживальщик» (also «приживальщик/приживал») is a hanger-on, a poor dependent who \"lives off\" («приживаться») a wealthier household — fed and housed in exchange for amusement and deference. It pins Maximov's exact social type, a stock figure of the period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так… и остался","title":"Resumptive «так… и»","body":"«Так с тех пор и остался» uses the emphatic «так… и» frame — \"and so he just stayed on,\" rounding off the little narrative of how the sponger lodged himself with her. «Скитающийся» (wandering) is a present active participle modifying «приживальщик»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition heading с тех пор, modifying остался","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of the phrase так ... и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"скитающийся","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, reflexive, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies приживальщик","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"sponger"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c1-s33","source":"Даже в болезни ее он не ушел из дома.","translation":"Even during her illness he did not leave the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже в болезни ее он не ушел","title":"Fronted «даже» + perfective negation","body":"Fronting «даже в болезни ее» (\"even during her illness\") foregrounds the concession; «не ушел» is negated perfective — he did not (once and for all) leave. «Ушел» is the perfective of the prefixed motion verb «уходить/уйти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial oblique, modifies ушел","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c1-s34","source":"Феня и ее мать, кухарка Грушеньки, его не прогнали, а продолжали его кормить и стлать ему постель на диване.","translation":"Fenya and her mother, Grushenka's cook, did not drive him out, but went on feeding him and making up his bed on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прогнали, а продолжали","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting two clauses","body":"«Не прогнали, а продолжали» hinges on «а», the mild contrastive \"but/rather\": not «но» of opposition but a corrective \"instead\" — they did not drive him out, but on the contrary kept feeding him. «Продолжали… кормить и стлать» shows «продолжать» governing imperfective infinitives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кухарка","title":"«Кухарка» — the cook","body":"«Кухарка» is a (female) cook, a servant of modest standing in a household. Naming Fenya's mother «кухарка Грушеньки» sketches the small domestic staff Grushenka keeps."}],"words":[{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прогнали, coordinated with мать","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Феня","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"кухарка","lemma":"кухарка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мать","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of кухарка","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прогнали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прогнали","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"продолжали","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прогнали","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кормить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кормить","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжали","gloss":"to feed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стлать","lemma":"стлать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кормить","gloss":"make up (a bed)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стлать","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стлать","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стлать","gloss":"sofa"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c1-s35","source":"Впоследствии Грушенька даже привыкла к нему и, приходя от Мити (к которому, чуть оправившись, тотчас же стала ходить, не успев даже хорошенько выздороветь) , чтоб убить тоску, садилась и начинала разговаривать с «Максимушкой» о всяких пустяках, только чтобы не думать о своем горе.","translation":"Later on Grushenka even grew used to him, and, coming back from Mitya (to whom, the moment she had recovered a little, she at once began going, without even having properly gotten well), she would sit down, to kill the misery, and begin chatting with \"little Maximov\" about all sorts of trifles, only so as not to think about her own grief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходя от Мити","title":"Imperfective gerund + «от» of source","body":"«Приходя» is the present (imperfective) gerund \"coming/whenever she came,\" marking a habitual simultaneous action with «садилась… начинала». «От Мити» is «от» + genitive, motion away from a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успев даже хорошенько выздороветь","title":"Negated gerund «не успев»","body":"«Не успев… выздороветь» is a negated perfective gerund — \"without even having properly gotten well.\" «Хорошенько» is the diminutive-adverb \"properly, good and well,\" colloquial and warm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Максимушкой","title":"Affectionate «Максимушка»","body":"«Максимушка» (here instrumental «Максимушкой») is the tender diminutive of Maximov's name, with the endearing «-ушк-» suffix — \"dear little Maximov.\" Grushenka's adopting this pet-name marks her thawing, half-maternal acceptance of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привыкла","gloss":"later on"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привыкла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привыкла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"привыкла","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew used"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привыкла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links привыкла with садилась","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приходя","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on садилась","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходя","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправившись","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"оправившись","lemma":"оправиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ходить","gloss":"having recovered"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause modifying Мити","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успев","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ходить","gloss":"having had time"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошенько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хорошенько","lemma":"хорошенько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздороветь","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"выздороветь","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успев","gloss":"to recover"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of убить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying садилась","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"тоску","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"the misery"},{"surface":"садилась","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привыкла","gloss":"would sit down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начинала","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садилась","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"разговаривать","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинала","gloss":"chatting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимушкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Максимушкой","lemma":"максимушка","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривать","gloss":"little Maximov","note":"Максимушка is a diminutive of the man Maximov's name; it declines like a feminine noun but is grammatically masculine, referring to a male character."},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of пустяках","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разговаривать","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтобы не думать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of думать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying разговаривать","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c1-s36","source":"Оказалось, что старичок умел иногда кое-что и порассказать, так что стал ей наконец даже и необходимым.","translation":"It turned out that the little old man could sometimes tell a story or two, so that in the end he became downright indispensable to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оказалось, что","title":"Impersonal «оказалось, что»","body":"«Оказалось, что…» (\"it turned out that…\") is a subjectless impersonal with the «-ся» verb introducing a «что»-clause of discovered fact. It is the standard narrative hinge for revealing something not expected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал ей… необходимым","title":"Predicate instrumental after «стать»","body":"«Стал… необходимым» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental «необходимым» after «стать» (to become) — the standard predicate-instrumental of an assumed/acquired state. «Ей» is the dative of the person to whom he became indispensable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порассказать","title":"«Порассказать» — to tell a thing or two","body":"«Порассказать», with the attenuative prefix «по-», means to recount a bit, tell a story or two now and again. The prefix lends a light, occasional sense matching «иногда кое-что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Оказалось","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun (part 1 of 2), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of порассказать","gloss":"some","note":"кое-что (\"a thing or two\") is a single indefinite pronoun split by the tagger into two tokens."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun (part 2 of 2), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of порассказать","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порассказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"порассказать","lemma":"порассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"tell a bit"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что, introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by так что","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of стал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимым","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимым, reinforcing даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"indispensable"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c1-s37","source":"Кроме Алеши, заходившего, однако, не каждый день, и всегда ненадолго, Грушенька никого почти и не принимала.","translation":"Apart from Alyosha, who looked in, however, not every day and never for long, Grushenka received almost no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заходившего","title":"Past active participle «заходивший»","body":"«Заходившего» (genitive, agreeing with «Алеши») is the past active participle of the iterative «заходить» — \"who used to look in.\" It carries the parenthetical \"however, not every day,\" compressing a relative clause about his visiting habits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого почти и не принимала","title":"Negative concord «никого… не»","body":"«Никого… не принимала» pairs the negative pronoun «никого» (genitive/accusative of «никто») with verbal «не» — obligatory double negation: \"she received almost no one.\" «И» here is the emphatic particle reinforcing the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимала","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"заходившего","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алеши","gloss":"who stopped by"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of не каждый день","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходившего","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненадолго","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ненадолго","lemma":"ненадолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with день, modifies заходившего","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принимала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of принимала","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимала","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c1-s38","source":"Старик же ее, купец, лежал в это время уже страшно больной, «отходил», как говорили в городе, и действительно умер всего неделю спустя после суда над Митей.","translation":"As for her old man, the merchant, he lay at this time already dreadfully ill — \"on his way out,\" as they said in the town — and he did in fact die just a week after Mitya's trial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старик же ее, купец","title":"Topic-shifting «же» + apposition","body":"«Старик же ее, купец…» uses «же» to switch topic — \"as for her old man, the merchant…\" «Купец» is in loose apposition to «старик». «Старик ее» is a slightly disdainful way of naming Grushenka's old merchant protector."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходил","title":"«Отходить» — to be dying","body":"Here «отходил» is the euphemistic \"was passing away / on his way out\" (cf. «отойти в мир иной»), which is why the narrator frames it in quotation marks as the townsfolk's phrase. We render it \"on his way out.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умер всего неделю спустя после суда","title":"«Спустя» of elapsed time","body":"«Неделю спустя» (\"a week later\") uses «спустя» with the accusative of duration — the postposed «спустя» is the bookish counterpart of «через». «После суда» («after the trial») adds «после» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Старик","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Старик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старик","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больной","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Старик, with лежал","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"was on his way out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отходил","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition following неделю, forming неделю спустя = 'a week later'","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c1-s39","source":"За три недели до смерти, почувствовав близкий финал, он кликнул к себе наконец наверх сыновей своих, с их женами и детьми, и повелел им уже более не отходить от себя.","translation":"Three weeks before his death, sensing the end was near, he summoned his sons up to him at last, with their wives and children, and commanded them not to leave his side anymore.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовав близкий финал","title":"Perfective gerund «почувствовав»","body":"«Почувствовав» (\"having sensed/felt\") is a perfective gerund prior to «кликнул» — sensing the end, then summoning his family. It governs its own accusative object «близкий финал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелел им… не отходить","title":"«Повелеть» + dative + negated infinitive","body":"«Повелел им… не отходить» (\"commanded them not to leave\") is the command-pattern: «повелеть» (a solemn, archaic \"to command\") + dative «им» + infinitive. «Повелеть» itself is elevated, fitting the patriarch's deathbed authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели, part of the за...до idiom","gloss":"(within)"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кликнул","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"his death"},{"surface":"почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кликнул","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"близкий","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies финал","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"финал","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовав","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кликнул","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of кликнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кликнул","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кликнул","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"сыновей","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of кликнул","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сыновей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of женами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"женами","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кликнул (accompaniment)","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with женами","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повелел","lemma":"повелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кликнул","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of повелел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходить","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повелел","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отходить","gloss":"his side"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c1-s40","source":"Грушеньку же с этой самой минуты строго заказал слугам не принимать вовсе, а коли придет, то говорить ей: «Приказывает, дескать, вам долго в веселии жить, а их совсем позабыть».","translation":"And from that very minute he strictly forbade his servants to admit Grushenka at all, and if she should come, to tell her: \"He bids you, he says, live long in your merriment, and forget him entirely.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньку же… строго заказал слугам не принимать","title":"Old «заказать» = forbid; fronted accusative object","body":"Here «заказал… не принимать» means \"strictly forbade [the servants] to admit\" — an archaic sense of «заказать» (to forbid, prohibit). The object «Грушеньку» is fronted for emphasis with topic-shifting «же», while «слугам» is the dative of those commanded."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«Дескать» flags reported speech with a tinge of distance or irony — \"he says, supposedly, as the message went.\" It (with «мол», «де») lets the narrator relay the dying merchant's haughty words as quoted, not owned."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в веселии","title":"«В веселии» — bookish locative of «веселье»","body":"«В веселии» («in merriment, in your gaiety») uses the elevated -ии locative form (modern would be «в веселье»). The old merchant's parting jab — \"live long in your merriment and forget me\" — wraps bitterness in a near-biblical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушеньку","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заказал","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"заказал","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"слугам","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of заказал","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заказал","gloss":"to admit"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимать","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коли","gloss":"she comes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заказал","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Приказывает","lemma":"приказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted message","gloss":"he orders"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical reportative marker","gloss":"so he says"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Приказывает (dative addressee of the command, whose infinitive complement is жить)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"веселии","lemma":"веселье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"merriment"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Приказывает","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позабыть","gloss":"him","note":"'их' is a deferential plural of respect referring to the singular old man, not a true plural."},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыть","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"позабыть","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Приказывает","gloss":"forget"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c1-s41","source":"Грушенька, однако ж, посылала почти каждый день справляться об его здоровье.","translation":"Grushenka, however, sent almost every day to inquire after his health.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако ж","title":"Concessive «однако ж»","body":"«Однако ж» (= «однако же») is \"however, nonetheless,\" the «ж» an emphatic shortening of «же». It marks the contrast: forbidden the house, she still sent daily to ask after him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылала… справляться","title":"Imperfective «посылала» of habit + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Посылала… справляться» — imperfective «посылала» (\"sent\" repeatedly, almost every day) plus the imperfective infinitive «справляться» (to inquire) expressing the errand's purpose. The whole records a settled habit, not one act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посылала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of посылала","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"посылала","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of посылала","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"справляться","lemma":"справляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посылала","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of справляться","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c1-s42","source":"— Наконец-то пришел! — крикнула она, бросив карты и радостно здороваясь с Алешей, — а Максимушка так пугал, что, пожалуй, уж и не придешь. Ах, как тебя нужно! Садись к столу; ну что тебе, кофею?","translation":"\"There you are at last!\" she cried, throwing down the cards and greeting Alyosha joyfully. \"And little Maximov here was frightening me that maybe you wouldn't come after all. Ah, how I need you! Sit down at the table; now, what'll you have — coffee?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец-то пришел!","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «наконец»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «наконец» heightens the relief — \"at long last you've come!\" This emphatic «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «кто-то») underscores a known, awaited thing finally happening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросив карты и… здороваясь","title":"Two gerunds, two aspects","body":"«Бросив карты» is a perfective gerund (the cards already flung down) while «радостно здороваясь» is imperfective (greeting going on as she cries out) — a neat contrast of completed vs ongoing attendant action around «крикнула»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тебе, кофею?","title":"Partitive genitive «кофею»","body":"«Кофею» is an old partitive genitive (modern «кофе»/«кофию»), \"some coffee\" — the genitive of a portion offered. The whole «что тебе, кофею?» is elliptical, warm, colloquial: \"what'll you have — some coffee?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on Наконец","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"you've come"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бросив","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнула","gloss":"throwing down"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросив","gloss":"the cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здороваясь","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"здороваясь","lemma":"здороваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросив","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of здороваясь","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Максимушка","lemma":"максимушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пугал","gloss":"little Maximov"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause introduced by а","gloss":"was frightening"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of придешь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придешь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пугал","gloss":"you'd come"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation before нужно","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of нужно (object of need)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Садись","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main word of the elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement in the elliptical question (what would you like)","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"кофею","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to что, specifying the elliptical question","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c1-s43","source":"— А пожалуй, — сказал Алеша, подсаживаясь к столу, — очень проголодался.","translation":"\"All right, then,\" said Alyosha, settling in at the table. \"I'm very hungry.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А пожалуй","title":"«А пожалуй» — assenting hedge","body":"«Пожалуй» here is \"all right then, I suppose, why not\" — a hedged assent, not its other meaning \"please.\" The opening «а» softly picks up the conversation. «Проголодался» is perfective \"got hungry,\" the resulting state \"I'm hungry.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подсаживаясь к столу","title":"Imperfective gerund «подсаживаясь»","body":"«Подсаживаясь» is the present gerund of «подсаживаться» (to take a seat beside), action simultaneous with «сказал». The «-ся» is the change-of-state reflexive; «к столу» is «к» + dative goal."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker introducing the reply","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical reply","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narration tag on the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подсаживаясь","lemma":"подсаживаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"settling in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсаживаясь","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проголодался","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"проголодался","lemma":"проголодаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"I'm hungry"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c1-s44","source":"— То-то; Феня, Феня, кофею! — крикнула Грушенька . — Он у меня уж давно кипит, тебя ждет, да пирожков принеси, да чтобы горячих. Нет, постой, Алеша, у меня с этими пирогами сегодня гром вышел. Понесла я их к нему в острог, а он, веришь ли, назад мне их бросил, так и не ел. Один пирог так совсем на пол кинул и растоптал. Я и сказала: «Сторожу оставлю; коли не съешь до вечера, значит тебя злость ехидная кормит!» — с тем и ушла. Опять ведь поссорились, веришь тому. Что ни приду, так и поссоримся.","translation":"\"That's it; Fenya, Fenya, coffee!\" cried Grushenka. \"It's been on the boil for a good while now, waiting for you — and bring some little pies too, and mind they're hot. No, wait, Alyosha, there was thunder over those pies today. I carried them to him at the jail, and he — would you believe it — flung them back at me and wouldn't eat them. One pie he chucked clean onto the floor and trampled. So I said: 'I'll leave them with the warder; if you don't eat them by evening, it means a spiteful venom is feeding you!' — and with that I left. We quarreled again, would you believe it. No matter when I go, we always quarrel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» (\"would you believe it?\") fronts the verb with the enclitic «ли» forming a rhetorical yes/no question. Grushenka studs her excited speech with it; she repeats the plainer «веришь тому» too."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ни приду, так и поссоримся","title":"«Что ни… , так и…» — every time…","body":"«Что ни приду, так и поссоримся» is the generalizing concessive frame \"no matter when I come, we end up quarreling\" — «что ни» + perfective «приду» (perfective present = future-of-each-occasion) correlated with «так и». The «ни» here is the universalizing, not the negating, particle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пирожков","title":"«Пирожки» — little pies","body":"«Пирожки» are small stuffed hand-pies (diminutive of «пирог»), a homely Russian staple. Grushenka carrying hot «пирожки» to Mitya in jail, and his trampling them, turns food into the medium of their lovers' quarrel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злость ехидная","title":"«Ехидная злость» — venomous spite","body":"«Ехидный» means venomous, malicious, snide (from «ехидна», a viper/echidna); «злость ехидная» (with the bookish postposed adjective) is \"a spiteful venom.\" Grushenka half-jokingly says such spite is what's \"feeding\" Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the interjection То-то","gloss":"that's it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"interjection","role":"second part of То-то","gloss":"that's it"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Fenya","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, repeated address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"кофею","lemma":"кофей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of an implied imperative (bring)","gloss":"coffee!"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кипит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипит (idiom: at my place)","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кипит","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"кипит","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been boiling"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кипит","gloss":"is waiting for"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пирожков","lemma":"пирожок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive object of принеси","gloss":"some little pies"},{"surface":"принеси","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative verb, coordinated with ждет","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause (that they be hot)","gloss":"mind that"},{"surface":"горячих","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, correction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative main verb, coordinated with Нет","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел (idiom: at my place)","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирогами","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of пирогами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пирогами","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"гром","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел (idiom: there was thunder)","gloss":"thunder"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out","note":"Idiom «гром вышел» = there was an uproar/quarrel."},{"surface":"Понесла","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I carried"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понесла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Понесла","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Понесла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острог","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"острог","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Понесла","gloss":"jail"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of бросил","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with он","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ел","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пирог","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пирог","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кинул","gloss":"pie"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинул","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинул","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинул","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"кинул","lemma":"кинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"растоптал","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кинул","gloss":"trampled"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Сторожу","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставлю","gloss":"with the warder"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll leave it"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of съешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies съешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"съешь","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коли","gloss":"eat it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съешь","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of кормит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злость","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кормит","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"ехидная","lemma":"ехидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злость","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"кормит","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"is feeding"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with сказала","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорились","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Опять","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"поссорились","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we quarreled"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with ни, introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"whatever [time]"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду, part of Что ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссоримся, correlative with Что ни","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"поссоримся","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, reflexive, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"we quarrel"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c1-s45","source":"Грушенька проговорила всё это залпом, в волнении.","translation":"Grushenka rattled all this off in one breath, in great agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залпом","title":"«Залпом» — in one breath, all at once","body":"«Залпом» (instrumental of «залп», a volley/salvo) means \"all in one go, at a gulp, in one breath.\" Applied to «проговорила», it conveys Grushenka pouring out the whole tirade without pause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rattled off"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"залпом","lemma":"залп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"in one breath"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила, parallel to залпом","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c1-s46","source":"Максимов, тотчас же оробев, улыбался, потупив глазки.","translation":"Maximov, immediately growing timid, smiled, his little eyes cast down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потупив глазки","title":"Perfective gerund + diminutive «глазки»","body":"«Потупив глазки» (\"casting down his little eyes\") is a perfective gerund of attendant circumstance. «Глазки» is the diminutive of «глаза» — Maximov's \"little eyes,\" the suffix marking him as small and pitiable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оробев","title":"«Оробеть» — to grow timid","body":"«Оробеть» (gerund «оробев») is to lose one's nerve, turn shy and frightened (from «робкий», timid). The inceptive «о-» perfective marks the sudden onset of his cowed shyness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбался","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оробев","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"оробев","lemma":"оробеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбался","gloss":"growing timid"},{"surface":"улыбался","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"потупив","lemma":"потупить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбался","gloss":"casting down"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of потупив","gloss":"his little eyes"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c1-s47","source":"— Этот-то раз за что же поссорились? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"What was it you quarreled about this time?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот-то раз за что же поссорились?","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «же» in one question","body":"Two particles color the question: «-то» on «этот раз» topicalizes \"this time in particular,\" and «же» after «за что» adds insistence — \"so what on earth did you quarrel about this time?\" «За что» is «за» + accusative, \"over/for what.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Этот","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорились","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорились","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"поссорились","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you quarrel"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration tag","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c1-s48","source":"— Да уж совсем и не ожидала! Представь себе, к «прежнему» приревновал: «Зачем, дескать, ты его содержишь. Ты его, значит, содержать начала?» Всё ревнует, всё меня ревнует! И спит и ест — ревнует. К Кузьме даже раз на прошлой неделе приревновал.","translation":"\"I never expected it at all! Imagine, he got jealous over the 'former one': 'Why,' says he, 'are you keeping him? So you've started keeping him, have you?' He's jealous over everything, jealous over everything to do with me! Even sleeping and eating — he's jealous. Last week he even got jealous over Kuzma once.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к «прежнему» приревновал","title":"Inceptive «приревновал» + «к» of the rival","body":"«Приревновал» is the inceptive perfective \"got jealous (suddenly),\" and the object of jealousy takes «к» + dative: «к прежнему» (\"over the former one\"). «Прежний» substantivized is Grushenka's mocking name for the Pole, her old flame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"содержать начала","title":"Phasal «начать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Содержать начала» (\"you've started keeping him\") shows the phasal verb «начать» governing an imperfective infinitive «содержать» — phasal verbs (begin, continue, stop) require the imperfective. The inversion puts «начала» last for sneering emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И спит и ест — ревнует","title":"Asyndetic «и… и» — even doing X he…","body":"«И спит и ест — ревнует» means \"sleeping and eating alike — he's jealous,\" the doubled «и… и» (\"both… and / even when\") sweeping all his states under the jealousy. The clipped present-tense verbs convey her exasperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"Представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative verb, addressed to Alyosha","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom Представь себе","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежнему","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective used as noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приревновал","gloss":"the former one"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got jealous"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative discourse marker within quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of содержишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of содержишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"содержишь","lemma":"содержать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are keeping"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of содержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (so, then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"содержать","lemma":"содержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of начала","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have started"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревнует","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's jealous"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ревнует","gloss":"about everything"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревнует","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ревнует","gloss":"he's jealous"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ест","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спит","gloss":"eats"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to спит","gloss":"he's jealous"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьме","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Кузьме","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приревновал","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приревновал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приревновал","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he got jealous"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c1-s49","source":"— Да ведь он же знал про «прежнего»-то?","translation":"\"But he knew about the 'former one,' didn't he?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он же знал","title":"Stacked particles «да ведь… же»","body":"Three particles open the line: «да» (well/but), «ведь» (appealing to shared knowledge, \"after all\"), and «же» (insistence). Together they press the obvious objection — \"but surely he already knew about the 'former one,' didn't he?\" «-то» on «прежнего» topicalizes the known Pole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking «прежнего»-то","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c1-s50","source":"— Ну вот поди. С самого начала до самого сегодня знал, а сегодня вдруг встал и начал ругать. Срамно только сказать, что говорил. Дурак! Ракитка к нему пришел, как я вышла. Может, Ракитка-то его и уськает, а? Как ты думаешь? — прибавила она как бы рассеянно.","translation":"\"Well, there you are. He knew from the very start right up to this very day, and today he suddenly got up and started in scolding. I'm ashamed even to say what he said. The fool! Rakitka had come to see him as I was leaving. Maybe it's Rakitka egging him on, eh? What do you think?\" she added, as though absently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поди","title":"«Поди» — old imperative as discourse word","body":"«Ну вот поди» uses «поди», an old imperative of «пойти», frozen into a colloquial interjection \"go figure / there you are / who'd have thought.\" It marks Grushenka's helpless wonder at Mitya's behavior."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уськает","title":"«Уськать» — to egg on, set on","body":"«Уськать» is a vivid colloquial verb meaning to incite, egg on, sic someone (originally to set a dog on, from «усь!»). Grushenka suspects Rakitin of \"setting Mitya on,\" stoking his jealousy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы рассеянно","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы рассеянно» (\"as though absently\") uses the hedging «как бы» to qualify the manner — she added it with feigned, studied casualness. The narrator's «как бы» quietly flags that the casualness is a pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поди","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"поди","lemma":"поди","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the idiomatic phrase (there you have it)","gloss":"there you are"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"ругать","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"scolding"},{"surface":"Срамно","lemma":"срамно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the predicate phrase","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Срамно","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory head of the phrase","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пришел","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уськает (parenthetical)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уськает","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Ракитка","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уськает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уськает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"уськает","lemma":"уськать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is egging on"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse tag","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration tag","gloss":"she added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"absently"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c1-s51","source":"— Любит он тебя, вот что, очень любит. А теперь как раз и раздражен.","translation":"\"He loves you, that's what it is; he loves you very much. And just now he's all on edge.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любит он тебя, вот что","title":"Verb-first focus + summarizing «вот что»","body":"Fronting the verb «любит» before the subject «он» throws the weight onto the loving itself, and «вот что» (\"that's what it is\") sums up the diagnosis. «Раздражен» is a short-form past passive participle, predicative \"is irritated/on edge.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he loves"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom вот что, that's the thing","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"on edge"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c1-s52","source":"— Еще бы не раздражен, завтра судят. И шла с тем, чтоб об завтрашнем ему мое слово сказать, потому, Алеша, страшно мне даже и подумать, что завтра будет! Ты вот говоришь, что он раздражен, да я-то как раздражена! А он об поляке! Экой дурак! Вот к Максимушке небось не ревнует.","translation":"\"Of course he's on edge — tomorrow they try him. And I'd gone to have my say to him about tomorrow, because, Alyosha, I'm terrified even to think what tomorrow will bring! You say he's on edge — well, how on edge am I! And he goes on about the Pole! What a fool! See, he's certainly not jealous over little Maximov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще бы не раздражен","title":"Idiomatic «еще бы» with «бы»","body":"«Еще бы!» is the emphatic idiom \"of course! you bet! no wonder,\" built on the irrealis «бы». «Еще бы не раздражен» = \"of course he's on edge.\" Here «судят» is an indefinite-personal plural, \"they're trying him (tomorrow).\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да я-то как раздражена","title":"Contrastive «я-то»","body":"«Я-то» pits Grushenka against Mitya — the emphatic clitic «-то» means \"I, for my part / as for me.\" «Раздражена» is the feminine short-form passive participle, matching the masculine «раздражен» she just quoted of Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экой дурак!","title":"«Экой» — colloquial 'what a…!'","body":"«Экой» (= «экий») is a folksy exclamatory \"what a…!, such a…!\" — «Экой дурак!» = \"what a fool!\" It belongs to lively, lower-register spoken Russian, fitting Grushenka's outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"on edge","note":"Idiom «ещё бы не...» = 'of course...', not a literal negation."},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"they try him"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was going"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"that intention"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"завтрашнем","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement introduced by чтоб","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"terrifying"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of страшно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on страшно","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумать","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздражен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говоришь","gloss":"is on edge"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of раздражена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражена","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"раздражена","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поляке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"поляке","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of он (elliptical: goes on about)","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"Экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дурак","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory head of the phrase","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимушке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Максимушке","lemma":"максимушка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнует","gloss":"little Maximov"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревнует (parenthetical)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревнует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's jealous"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c1-s53","source":"— Меня супруга моя очень тоже ревновала-с, — вставил свое словцо Максимов.","translation":"\"My wife was very jealous over me too, ma'am,\" Maximov put in his little word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (ревновала-с)","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"The -с tacked onto ревновала-с (and onto заявили-с, ничтожен-с, нужнее меня-с elsewhere in this chapter) is the slovoers, a worn-down form of сударь (\"sir/madam\"). Added to words, it signals servility or fussy old-fashioned politeness. Maximov, a dependent hanger-on, sprinkles it through his speech; it has no English equivalent — we suggest it with the occasional tacked-on \"sir/ma'am\" or simply let it fall away."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супруга","title":"«Супруга» — wife (elevated)","body":"«Супруга» is the formal, dignified word for \"wife\" (vs everyday «жена»). Maximov's reaching for the genteel «супруга моя» about his late wife is of a piece with his fussy «-с»: pretensions of refinement from a ragged dependent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревновала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ревновала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновала","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновала","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ревновала","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was jealous"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential politeness particle attached to ревновала","gloss":"(polite)","note":"Archaic deferential suffix, roughly \"ma'am/sir\"."},{"surface":"вставил","lemma":"вставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration tag","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словцо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"словцо","lemma":"словцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вставил","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставил","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c1-s54","source":"— Ну уж тебя-то, — рассмеялась нехотя Грушенька, — к кому тебя и ревновать-то?","translation":"\"Well, as for you,\" Grushenka laughed despite herself, \"who would there even be to be jealous of you over?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя-то… к кому тебя и ревновать-то?","title":"Doubled «-то» and rhetorical infinitive","body":"Grushenka frames a teasing rhetorical question: «к кому… ревновать-то?» — \"who would there even be to be jealous of you over?\" The bare infinitive «ревновать» plus «-то» and emphatic «и» mocks the very idea. «К кому» is «к» + dative for the would-be rival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассмеялась нехотя","title":"«Нехотя» — reluctant gerund-turned-adverb","body":"«Нехотя» (\"unwillingly, despite herself\") is a frozen negated gerund of «хотеть» now used as an adverb. «Рассмеялась» is the inceptive perfective \"burst out laughing.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"topicalized, resumed by то","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic-marking particle on тебя","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"нехотя","lemma":"нехотя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of ревновать (the rival)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревновать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревновать (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ревновать","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"be jealous"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on ревновать","gloss":"really"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c1-s55","source":"— К горничным девушкам-с.","translation":"\"Over the chambermaids, ma'am.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К горничным девушкам-с","title":"Elliptical answer in «к» + dative","body":"Maximov's deadpan reply «К горничным девушкам-с» (\"over the chambermaids, ma'am\") completes Grushenka's question by supplying just the «к» + dative rival-phrase, capped with the servile «-с». «Горничные девушки» are housemaids."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушкам","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"горничным","lemma":"горничный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies девушкам","gloss":"chambermaid"},{"surface":"девушкам","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"maids"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"polite particle (-с, sударь) attached to девушкам","gloss":"ma'am","note":"colloquial deferential suffix, marks polite/servile address to a social superior."}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c1-s56","source":"— Э, молчи, Максимушка, не до смеху мне теперь, даже злость берет. На пирожки-то глаз не пяль, не дам, тебе вредно, и бальзамчику тоже не дам. Вот с ним тоже возись; точно у меня дом богадельный, право, — рассмеялась она.","translation":"\"Oh, hush, little Maximov, I'm in no mood for laughing now — I'm half angry, even. Don't be eyeing those little pies, I won't give you any; they're bad for you, and I won't give you any cordial either. Just look — I've got him on my hands too; honestly, it's as though I kept an almshouse,\" she laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На пирожки-то глаз не пяль","title":"Negated imperative + topicalizing «-то»","body":"«Не пяль глаз» is a negated imperfective imperative \"don't go gawping/eyeing,\" the imperfective normal for prohibitions. «На пирожки-то» fronts the pies with topic-marking «-то»: \"those pies — don't be eyeing them.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе вредно","title":"Dative-subject «тебе вредно»","body":"«Тебе вредно» (\"it's bad for you\") is a classic impersonal: dative experiencer «тебе» + the predicative «вредно», no nominative subject. Russian frames \"X is bad/good for someone\" this dative way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бальзамчику","title":"Diminutive partitive «бальзамчику»","body":"«Бальзамчик» is the cozy diminutive of «бальзам», a sweet herbal cordial or liqueur; the «-у» ending is a partitive genitive (\"any cordial\"). The pet-diminutive makes the little treat she withholds sound homier still."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"Максимушка","lemma":"максимушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little Maximov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates до смеху","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеху (idiom 'не до X' = no mood for X)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the predicate не до","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of the predicate (не до смеху)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate не до смеху","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злость","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злость","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"takes hold"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирожки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пирожки","lemma":"пирожок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пяль","gloss":"little pies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic-marking particle on пирожки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пяль","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пяль","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пяль","lemma":"пялить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of вредно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вредно","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бальзамчику","lemma":"бальзамчик","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"cordial"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возись","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"возись","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"fuss with","note":"generalized imperative used colloquially as a complaint ('there you go, having to fuss with him'), not a literal command."},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the possessive construction (у меня дом)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"богадельный","lemma":"богадельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"almshouse"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялась","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c1-s57","source":"— Я ваших благодеяний не стою-с, я ничтожен-с, — проговорил слезящимся голоском Максимов. — Лучше бы вы расточали благодеяния ваши тем, которые нужнее меня-с.","translation":"\"I am not worthy of your kindnesses, ma'am; I am a worthless creature, ma'am,\" Maximov uttered in a tearful little voice. \"You would do better to lavish your kindnesses on those who need them more than I, ma'am.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодеяний не стою","title":"Genitive after «стоить»","body":"«Не стою благодеяний» — the verb «стоить» (to be worth/worthy of) governs the genitive «благодеяний» (\"your kindnesses\"), and the negation reinforces it. \"I am not worthy of your kindnesses.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничтожен-с","title":"Short adjective «ничтожен» + «-с»","body":"«Ничтожен» is the predicative short form of «ничтожный» (\"insignificant, worthless\") — short adjectives serve only as predicates and carry an absolute, almost confessional ring. Capped with the servile «-с», it is Maximov's abject self-abasement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше бы вы расточали","title":"Optative «бы» + comparative «лучше»","body":"«Лучше бы вы расточали…» (\"you'd do better to lavish…\") uses the irrealis «бы» with past-form «расточали» to soften advice into a wish — \"it would be better if you bestowed.\" «Тем, которые нужнее меня» is a correlative «тем… которые» with a comparative governing the genitive «меня»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of благодеяний","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"благодеяний","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive object of стою","gloss":"kindnesses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"polite particle attached to стою","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ничтожен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничтожен","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"worthless"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"polite particle attached to ничтожен","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"слезящимся","lemma":"слезиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner modifying проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расточали","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle marking расточали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расточали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"расточали","lemma":"расточать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lavish"},{"surface":"благодеяния","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of расточали","gloss":"kindnesses"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of благодеяния","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of расточали","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нужнее","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"more needed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular (comparison)","role":"standard of comparison for нужнее","gloss":"than I"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"polite particle closing the sentence","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c1-s58","source":"— Эх, всякий нужен, Максимушка, и по чему узнать, кто кого нужней. Хоть бы и не было этого поляка вовсе, Алеша, тоже ведь разболеться сегодня вздумал. Была и у него. Так вот нарочно же и ему пошлю пирогов, я не посылала, а Митя обвинил, что посылаю, так вот нарочно же теперь пошлю, нарочно! Ах, вот и Феня с письмом! Ну, так и есть, опять от поляков, опять денег просят!","translation":"\"Eh, everyone is needed, little Maximov, and how is one to tell who needs whom. If only that Pole had never existed at all, Alyosha — he too has taken it into his head to fall ill today. I've been to see him too. So now I'll send him pies on purpose; I wasn't sending them, but Mitya accused me of sending them, so now I'll send them on purpose, on purpose! Ah, and here's Fenya with a letter! Well, just as I thought — from the Poles again, asking for money again!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по чему узнать, кто кого нужней","title":"Embedded question with double interrogatives","body":"«Кто кого нужней» packs two interrogatives — «кто» (nom.) and «кого» (acc.) — into one tight clause: \"who is more needed than whom.\" «Нужней» is the predicative comparative of «нужный». The whole is governed by «узнать» (\"how is one to tell…\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разболеться сегодня вздумал","title":"«Вздумать» + infinitive — to take it into one's head","body":"«Вздумал разболеться» means \"took it into his head to fall ill,\" «вздумать» being the perfective of a sudden whim. «Разболеться» («раз-» + «-ся») is the inceptive \"to fall properly ill.\" Grushenka's irritation at the Pole's untimely sickness rings through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нарочно же… пошлю… нарочно","title":"Perfective future «пошлю» of resolve","body":"«Пошлю» is the perfective simple future (\"I'll send [and be done with it]\"), repeated with «нарочно» (on purpose) for stubborn emphasis. The conjugated perfective carries future meaning with no auxiliary — a single, willed act of spite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of всякий","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"Максимушка","lemma":"максимушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little Maximov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of нужней","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of нужней","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"нужней","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"needs more"},{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle marking было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (intensifier 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поляка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поляка","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"Pole"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, embedded mid-sentence","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"разболеться","lemma":"разболеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"fall ill"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разболеться","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (elided subject, referring to the Pole)","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (elided subject 'я')","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю (w36)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю (w36)","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему (intensifier 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пошлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"пирогов","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пошлю","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посылала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посылала","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was sending"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвинил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"обвинил","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посылала","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"посылаю","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обвинил","gloss":"am sending"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю (w51)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю (w51)","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю (w51)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition, parallel to нарочно (w48)","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (existential 'here is')","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Феня","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Феня","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed idiom так и есть ('sure enough')","gloss":"sure enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiomatic clause так и есть","gloss":"it is","note":"так и есть is a fixed colloquial phrase meaning 'sure enough' / 'just as I thought'."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поляков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"поляков","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"identifies the source of the request, associated with просят (\"[the Poles] are asking again for money\")","gloss":"Poles"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of просят","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"are asking"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c1-s59","source":"Пан Муссялович действительно прислал чрезвычайно длинное и витиеватое, по своему обыкновению, письмо, в котором просил ссудить его тремя рублями.","translation":"Pan Mussyalovich had in fact sent an exceedingly long and florid letter, after his usual manner, in which he asked her to lend him three rubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пан","title":"Пан — the Polish \"Mr.\"","body":"Пан is the Polish title of address (\"sir, Mr.\"), used in Russian to mark the two Poles, Mussyalovich and Vrublevsky, as foreigners standing on their dignity. The narrator's repeated пан, and Grushenka's mocking «прежний» (\"the former one\"), color them as pompous and faintly absurd. We keep \"Pan\" untranslated to preserve that flavor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"витиеватое","title":"«Витиеватый» — florid, ornate","body":"«Витиеватый» means flowery, convoluted, rhetorically overblown (from «вития», an orator). Applied to the Pole's begging letter, «по своему обыкновению» (after his usual manner), it mocks his pompous, padded style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ссудить его тремя рублями","title":"«Ссудить кого чем» — instrumental of the sum","body":"«Ссудить» (to lend, advance) here takes the person as object («его») and the sum in the instrumental «тремя рублями» (\"with three rubles\"). «Тремя… рублями» shows the numeral «три» itself declining in the instrumental, with «рублями» agreeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies длинное","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"длинное","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"витиеватое","lemma":"витиеватый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with длинное","gloss":"florid"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновению","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обыкновению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обыкновению","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies прислал","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on письмо","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ссудить","lemma":"ссудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"lend"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ссудить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies рублями","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рублями","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of ссудить","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c1-s60","source":"К письму была приложена расписка в получении с обязательством уплатить в течение трех месяцев; под распиской подписался и пан Врублевский.","translation":"Enclosed with the letter was a receipt acknowledging the loan, with an undertaking to repay it within three months; beneath the receipt Pan Vrublevsky had signed his name as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К письму была приложена расписка","title":"Passive «была приложена» + dative complement","body":"«Была приложена» is a short-form past passive participle with «была» — \"was enclosed/appended,\" with «к письму» (\"to the letter\") as «к» + dative. The subject «расписка» follows, again the inversion that introduces a new item."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с обязательством уплатить в течение трех месяцев","title":"Instrumental «с» + genitive of time-span","body":"«С обязательством» is «с» + instrumental (\"with an undertaking\"), and «в течение трех месяцев» (\"within three months\") uses «в течение» + genitive «трех месяцев», the numeral and noun both genitive. Legal-sounding precision in the IOU."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подписался","title":"Reflexive «подписаться» — to sign one's name","body":"«Подписался» (from «подписаться») uses the «-ся» as a true reflexive — to put one's own name down, sign oneself. So \"Pan Vrublevsky too signed (his name).\""}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письму","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"письму","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложена","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приложена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"приложена","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enclosed"},{"surface":"расписка","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive приложена","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking получении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"получении","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расписка","gloss":"receiving"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обязательством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обязательством","lemma":"обязательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расписка (parallel to в получении: the receipt carries the obligation)","gloss":"undertaking"},{"surface":"уплатить","lemma":"уплатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies обязательством","gloss":"to repay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцев","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"течение","lemma":"течение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в течение","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies месяцев","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уплатить","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распиской","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"распиской","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подписался","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"подписался","lemma":"подписаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приложена","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подписался","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Vrublevsky"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c1-s61","source":"Таких писем и всё с такими же расписками Грушенька уже много получила от своего «прежнего».","translation":"Many such letters, all with such receipts, Grushenka had already received from her \"former one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таких писем","title":"Genitive after quantity","body":"«Таких писем» is genitive plural, governed by «много» ('many') further on in the sentence; quantity words pull what they count into the genitive. Note too how the whole heavy object phrase is fronted before the subject «Грушенька», throwing the new information to the back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от своего «прежнего»","title":"Reflexive «свой» + the genitive «от»","body":"«Своего» is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the subject Grushenka — 'her own former one'. The preposition «от» governs the genitive, and the adjective «прежний» ('former') is used as a noun, with quotation marks marking the wry euphemism for her old Polish lover."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of писем","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"писем","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with писем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расписками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of расписками","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такими","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"расписками","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, modifies всё","gloss":"receipts"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежнего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежнего","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получила","gloss":"former one"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c1-s62","source":"Началось это с самого выздоровления Грушеньки, недели две назад.","translation":"This had begun right from Grushenka's recovery, about two weeks before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Началось это","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«Началось» (from «начаться») uses the clitic «-ся» to make the verb intransitive: not 'someone began it' but 'it began of itself'. The neuter «-ось» agrees with the neuter pronoun «это»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самого выздоровления","title":"Genitive of starting point","body":"«С» here means 'starting from' and takes the genitive: «с самого выздоровления» — 'from the very recovery'. «Самого» ('very, the exact') intensifies the noun, a common emphatic use distinct from the reflexive «сам»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Началось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выздоровления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выздоровления","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"выздоровления","lemma":"выздоровление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Началось","gloss":"recovery"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выздоровления","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the time-expression modifying Началось, quantified by две","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of Началось, closes the time-phrase недели две","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c1-s63","source":"Она знала, однако, что оба пана и во время болезни ее приходили наведываться о ее здоровье.","translation":"She knew, however, that both Pans had come around to inquire after her health even during her illness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оба пана","title":"«Пан» — the Polish gentleman","body":"«Пан» is the Polish word for 'Mr./gentleman', used throughout for Grushenka's two Poles to mark them as foreign and faintly absurd. «Оба пана» — 'both Pans'; «оба» (m.) / «обе» (f.) is the special word for 'both'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходили наведываться о ее здоровье","title":"Imperfective for repeated visits","body":"«Приходили наведываться» pairs an imperfective verb of arrival with an imperfective infinitive 'to inquire' — the imperfective signals that they came round more than once, as background habit rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (governed by numeral оба)","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"Pans"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время (intensifier 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"наведываться","lemma":"наведываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приходили","gloss":"inquire"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наведываться","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c1-s64","source":"Первое письмо, полученное Грушенькой, было длинное, на почтовом листе большого формата, запечатанное большою фамильною печатью и страшно темное и витиеватое, так что Грушенька прочла только половину и бросила, ровно ничего не поняв.","translation":"The first letter Grushenka received was a long one, on a large sheet of writing paper, sealed with a great family crest and so terribly murky and florid that Grushenka read only half and tossed it aside, having understood absolutely nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первое письмо, полученное Грушенькой","title":"Past passive participle","body":"«Полученное» is a past passive participle ('received'), agreeing in neuter singular with «письмо» and condensing a relative clause ('which was received'). Its agent, Grushenka, stands in the instrumental «Грушенькой» — the case of the doer behind a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темное и витиеватое","title":"«Витиеватый» — florid, convoluted","body":"«Витиеватый» means ornate and twisting in style, full of rhetorical curlicues; with «темное» ('murky, obscure') it skewers the Pan's pretentious prose. The word recurs in this chapter as the keynote of his letters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ровно ничего не поняв","title":"Perfective gerund + double negation","body":"«Поняв» is a perfective past gerund ('having understood'), naming a completed circumstance attendant on «бросила». «Ничего… не» is obligatory negative concord — the ни-word and «не» together mean 'nothing at all', reinforced by «ровно» ('absolutely')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of длинное","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"полученное","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письмо","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of полученное","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to длинное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"длинное","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking листе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"почтовом","lemma":"почтовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies листе","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"листе","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of длинное","gloss":"sheet"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies формата","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"формата","lemma":"формат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies листе","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"запечатанное","lemma":"запечатать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with длинное","gloss":"sealed"},{"surface":"большою","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies печатью","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"фамильною","lemma":"фамильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies печатью","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"печатью","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of запечатанное","gloss":"seal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темное","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"темное","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with длинное","gloss":"murky"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"витиеватое","lemma":"витиеватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with темное","gloss":"florid"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the так...что construction with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the так...что construction, introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прочла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"прочла","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочла","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочла","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of поняв","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросила","gloss":"having understood"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c1-s65","source":"Да и не до писем ей тогда было.","translation":"And besides, she had no time for letters just then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не до писем ей тогда было","title":"Dative + «не до» idiom","body":"«Ей не до писем» is an impersonal construction: the experiencer Grushenka is in the dative «ей», and «не до» + genitive «писем» means 'had no time/mind for letters'. There is no nominative subject — a hallmark of how Russian frames states of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и","title":"«Да и» — 'and besides'","body":"Sentence-initial «Да и» is a colloquial connective meaning 'and besides, what's more', adding a clinching afterthought. Here «да» is not 'yes' but a coordinating particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и (besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates до писем","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писем (idiom 'не до X' = no time for X)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"писем","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of the predicate (было)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c1-s66","source":"За этим первым письмом последовало на другой день второе, в котором пан Муссялович просил ссудить его двумя тысячами рублей на самый короткий срок.","translation":"This first letter was followed the next day by a second, in which Pan Mussyalovich asked her to lend him two thousand rubles for the very shortest of terms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За этим первым письмом последовало… второе","title":"«Следовать за» + instrumental","body":"«Последовать за» ('to follow after') governs the instrumental, so 'after this first letter' becomes «за этим первым письмом», with demonstrative, adjective, and noun all in the instrumental. The real subject «второе» ('a second') waits at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ссудить его двумя тысячами рублей","title":"Instrumental of the thing lent","body":"«Ссудить кого чем» — to lend someone something — takes the lent amount in the instrumental: «двумя тысячами рублей», 'with two thousand rubles'. «Рублей» is genitive plural after the numeral 'thousand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовало","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"последовало","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовало","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (substantive, 'second letter')","role":"subject of последовало","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on второе","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ссудить","lemma":"ссудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"lend"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ссудить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ссудить","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies короткий","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"короткий","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ссудить","gloss":"term"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c1-s67","source":"Грушенька и это письмо оставила без ответа.","translation":"This letter too Grushenka left without a reply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушенька и это письмо оставила без ответа","title":"Fronted object + emphatic «и»","body":"The object «это письмо» is pulled in front of the verb, and «и» here is the emphatic particle 'too / also' — 'this letter too she left unanswered'. Word order and «и» together carry the focus that English marks with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это (intensifier 'too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставила","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"оставила","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставила","gloss":"reply"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c1-s68","source":"Затем последовал уже целый ряд писем, по письму в день, всё так же важных и витиеватых, но в которых сумма, просимая взаймы, постепенно спускаясь, дошла до ста рублей, до двадцати пяти, до десяти рублей, и наконец вдруг Грушенька получила письмо, в котором оба пана просили у ней один только рубль и приложили расписку, на которой оба и подписались.","translation":"After that came a whole string of letters, one a day, all just as solemn and florid, but in which the sum requested as a loan, dropping by degrees, fell to a hundred rubles, then to twenty-five, then to ten rubles, and at last Grushenka suddenly received a letter in which both Pans asked her for one single ruble and enclosed a receipt that both had signed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумма, просимая взаймы, постепенно спускаясь, дошла","title":"Participle and gerund stacked together","body":"Two non-finite forms pile onto one noun: «просимая» is a present passive participle ('being requested') modifying «сумма», and «спускаясь» is an imperfective gerund ('dropping') describing how the sum «дошла» ('reached') its low point. This dense participial layering is the texture of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до ста рублей, до двадцати пяти, до десяти рублей","title":"«До» + genitive numerals","body":"Each step down is «до» ('down to') + genitive: «ста» (gen. of сто), «двадцати пяти», «десяти». The preposition «до» always governs the genitive, and numerals themselves decline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовал","gloss":"After that"},{"surface":"последовал","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ряд","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ряд","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of последовал","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"писем","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ряд","gloss":"of letters"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"distributive preposition marking письму","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"письму","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по (distributive)","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письму","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies важных (with так же)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важных","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"важных","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies писем","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"витиеватых","lemma":"витиеватый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with важных","gloss":"florid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of дошла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дошла","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"просимая","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сумма","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просимая","gloss":"as a loan","note":"Adverb meaning \"on credit/as a loan\"; not the noun form."},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спускаясь","gloss":"by degrees"},{"surface":"спускаясь","lemma":"спускаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дошла","gloss":"dropping"},{"surface":"дошла","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with последовал","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дошла","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двадцати пяти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пяти","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of дошла (elliptical for рублей)","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дошла","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with последовал","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просили","gloss":"Pans"},{"surface":"просили","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on письмо","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies рубль","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рубль","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рубль","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of просили","gloss":"ruble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложили","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with просили","gloss":"enclosed"},{"surface":"расписку","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приложили","gloss":"a receipt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подписались","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of подписались","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подписались","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"подписались","lemma":"подписаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on расписку","gloss":"had signed"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c1-s69","source":"Тогда Грушеньке стало вдруг жалко, и она, в сумерки, сбегала сама к пану.","translation":"Then Grushenka was suddenly seized with pity, and at dusk she ran round herself to the Pan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньке стало вдруг жалко","title":"Dative subject of feeling","body":"Another experiencer construction: «Грушеньке» (dative) + «стало жалко» ('became pitying / felt pity') — literally 'to Grushenka it became pitiable'. The feeling befalls her; there is no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбегала сама к пану","title":"Multidirectional «сбегать» — a round trip","body":"«Сбегала» (prefixed «с-» + the multidirectional «бегать») here means 'ran over and back', a quick there-and-return errand — distinct from one-way «побежала». «К пану» uses «к» + dative for motion toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбегала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумерки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сумерки","lemma":"сумерки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбегала","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"сбегала","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"ran round","note":"сбегать (\"to make a quick round trip\") is perfective, not imperfective; its imperfective counterpart is бегать."},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of сбегала (herself)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегала","gloss":"the Pan"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c1-s70","source":"Нашла она обоих поляков в страшной бедности, почти в нищете, без кушанья, без дров, без папирос, задолжавших хозяйке.","translation":"She found both Poles in terrible poverty, almost in destitution, with no food, no firewood, no cigarettes, and in debt to their landlady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без кушанья, без дров, без папирос","title":"Anaphora of «без» + genitive","body":"The hammering repetition of «без» ('without'), each governing the genitive (кушанья, дров, папирос), paints destitution by sheer accumulation of absences. «Без» always takes the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в нищете… папирос","title":"«Нищета» and «папироса»","body":"«Нищета» is abject, beggarly poverty, a notch below ordinary «бедность». A «папироса» is the old Russian cardboard-tube cigarette (not a paper-rolled «сигарета»), a period detail of the two Poles' shabby-genteel life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задолжавших хозяйке","title":"Past active participle in the accusative","body":"«Задолжавших» is a past active participle ('having gotten into debt') agreeing with «обоих поляков», the animate object of «нашла», hence its genitive-shaped accusative ending. It governs «хозяйке» in the dative — one owes a debt 'to' someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нашла","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Нашла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies поляков","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"поляков","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Нашла","gloss":"Poles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бедности","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"бедности","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Нашла","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нищете","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нищете","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедности","gloss":"destitution"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушанья","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"кушанья","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бедности","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дров","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"дров","lemma":"дрова","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with бедности","gloss":"firewood"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папирос","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"папирос","lemma":"папироса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with бедности","gloss":"cigarettes"},{"surface":"задолжавших","lemma":"задолжать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying поляков","gloss":"in debt"},{"surface":"хозяйке","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of задолжавших","gloss":"to their landlady"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c1-s71","source":"Двести рублей, выигранные в Мокром у Мити, куда-то быстро исчезли.","translation":"The two hundred rubles won from Mitya at Mokroye had somehow swiftly vanished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Двести рублей, выигранные в Мокром у Мити","title":"Past passive participle + «у» of source","body":"«Выигранные» is a past passive participle ('won'), agreeing with «двести рублей». «У Мити» uses «у» + genitive to mark the person the money was won 'off of'. «Мокром» is the prepositional of the village name Mokroye, location after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of исчезли","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"выигранные","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying рублей","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выигранные","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выигранные","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезли (with то)","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with куда to form 'somewhere'","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезли","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"исчезли","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had vanished"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c1-s72","source":"Удивило, однако же, Грушеньку, что встретили ее оба пана с заносчивою важностью и независимостью, с величайшим этикетом, с раздутыми речами.","translation":"What surprised Grushenka, however, was that both Pans received her with haughty importance and independence, with the utmost ceremony, with inflated speeches.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Удивило, однако же, Грушеньку, что…","title":"Impersonal verb fronted, «что»-clause subject","body":"The neuter verb «удивило» ('surprised') leads, with «Грушеньку» as accusative object and the real subject deferred to the «что»-clause — 'what surprised G. was that…'. «Однако же» ('however') uses the insistent particle «же»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с заносчивою важностью и независимостью","title":"Instrumental of manner + archaic ending","body":"The chain «с… важностью… независимостью… этикетом… речами» is instrumental of manner after «с» ('with'). The adjective ending «-ою» in «заносчивою» is the older bookish variant of «-ой», common in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удивило","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Удивило","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Удивило","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of Удивило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"встретили","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (subject clause of Удивило)","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встретили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретили","gloss":"Pans"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking важностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"заносчивою","lemma":"заносчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies важностью","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"важностью","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретили","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"независимостью","lemma":"независимость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with важностью","gloss":"independence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этикетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"величайшим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies этикетом","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"этикетом","lemma":"этикет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with важностью","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раздутыми","lemma":"раздутый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies речами","gloss":"inflated"},{"surface":"речами","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with важностью","gloss":"speeches"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c1-s73","source":"Грушенька только рассмеялась и дала своему «прежнему» десять рублей.","translation":"Grushenka merely laughed and gave her \"former one\" ten rubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дала своему «прежнему» десять рублей","title":"Dative recipient + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Дать» takes the recipient in the dative: «своему прежнему» ('to her own former one'), again the reflexive possessive pointing back to Grushenka. «Десять рублей» is the direct object, with «рублей» genitive plural after 'ten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассмеялась","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежнему","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular (used as noun)","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"former one"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c1-s74","source":"Тогда же, смеясь, рассказала об этом Мите, и тот вовсе не приревновал.","translation":"She told Mitya about it then, laughing, and he was not in the least jealous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеясь, рассказала","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneity","body":"«Смеясь» ('laughing') is an imperfective present gerund expressing an action going on at the same time as the main verb «рассказала» — 'laughing, she told'. The subject is shared with the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот вовсе не приревновал","title":"«Тот» as tracking pronoun + perfective of onset","body":"«Тот» ('that one') refers back to Mitya, a demonstrative used to switch the subject cleanly. «Приревновал» is perfective — the prefix «при-» here gives an inceptive 'flare of jealousy'; «вовсе не» ('not in the least') negates it emphatically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказала","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказала","gloss":"was jealous"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c1-s75","source":"Но с тех пор паны ухватились за Грушеньку и каждый день ее бомбардировали письмами с просьбой о деньгах, а та каждый раз посылала понемножку.","translation":"But from then on the Pans fastened onto Grushenka and bombarded her every day with letters begging for money, and each time she would send a little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"паны ухватились за Грушеньку","title":"Reflexive «ухватиться за» + accusative","body":"«Ухватиться за кого» ('to fasten/seize onto someone') is a reflexive «-ся» verb whose object takes «за» + accusative. The «-ся» here marks the grip as self-directed, an intensive seizing-hold."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а та каждый раз посылала понемножку","title":"Contrastive «а» + «та» + imperfective habit","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive 'and/while', shifting back to Grushenka, here named only by «та» ('that one'). «Посылала» is imperfective for a repeated habit ('would send each time'), and «понемножку» is a tender diminutive adverb 'a little bit at a time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех пор","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"паны","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ухватились","gloss":"the Pans"},{"surface":"ухватились","lemma":"ухватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened onto"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухватились","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бомбардировали","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бомбардировали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бомбардировали","lemma":"бомбардировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ухватились","gloss":"bombarded"},{"surface":"письмами","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бомбардировали","gloss":"with letters"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"просьбой","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies письмами","gloss":"a plea"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies просьбой","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посылала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылала","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"посылала","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ухватились","gloss":"would send"},{"surface":"понемножку","lemma":"понемножку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылала","gloss":"a little"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c1-s76","source":"И вот вдруг сегодня Митя вздумал жестоко приревновать.","translation":"And now suddenly, today, Mitya had taken it into his head to be cruelly jealous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя вздумал жестоко приревновать","title":"«Вздумать» + perfective inceptive","body":"«Вздумать» ('to take it into one's head') is a perfective of sudden whim, followed by the perfective infinitive «приревновать» whose «при-» again gives the inception of jealousy. The doubled «вдруг… вздумал» underscores the abruptness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновать","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"приревновать","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to be jealous"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c1-s77","source":"— Я, дура, к нему тоже забежала, всего только на минутку, когда к Мите шла, потому разболелся тоже и он, пан-то мой прежний, — начала опять Грушенька, суетливо и торопясь, — смеюсь я это и рассказываю Мите-то: представь, говорю, поляк-то мой на гитаре прежние песни мне вздумал петь, думает, что я расчувствуюсь и за него пойду. А Митя-то как вскочит с ругательствами… Так вот нет же, пошлю панам пирогов! Феня, что они там девчонку эту прислали? Вот, отдай ей три рубля да с десяток пирожков в бумагу им уверни и вели снести, а ты, Алеша, непременно расскажи Мите, что я им пирогов послала.","translation":"\"Fool that I am, I ran over to him too, only for a minute, on my way to Mitya, because he too had fallen ill — that Pan of mine, the former one,\" Grushenka began again, fidgeting and hurrying. \"So I'm laughing and I tell Mitya: imagine, I say, that Pole of mine took it into his head to sing me his old songs on the guitar — he thinks I'll go all soft and come back to him. And Mitya, how he leaps up with his curses… So no, there now, I'll send the Pans some pies! Fenya, did they send that girl over there? Here, give her three rubles and wrap up a dozen little pies for them in paper, and tell her to take them along; and you, Alyosha, be sure to tell Mitya that I sent them the pies.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я, дура","title":"«Дура» — self-deprecating 'fool'","body":"«Дура» is the feminine of «дурак», a fool — here Grushenka applies it to herself in affectionate exasperation, a very Dostoevskian self-scolding that opens her tumble of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забежала… на минутку","title":"Prefixed «за-» of a quick stop-in + diminutive","body":"«Забежать» (prefix «за-» + «бежать») means to drop in / run by on the way somewhere — exactly 'I ran over to him' en route to Mitya. «На минутку» softens it with the diminutive of «минута», 'just for a wee minute'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пан-то мой прежний… Мите-то… поляк-то","title":"The topic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» tacked onto «пан», «Мите», «поляк», «Митя» throughout this speech is the colloquial topic-emphasizer 'as for…, that…' — it foregrounds a known referent and gives the dialogue its breathless, folk-storytelling rhythm. Distinct from indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"думает, что я расчувствуюсь и за него пойду","title":"Perfective future + «пойти за» (to marry)","body":"«Расчувствуюсь» and «пойду» are perfective verbs in present-tense form, hence simple future ('I'll go soft and go off with him'). «Пойти за кого» — literally 'go behind/after someone' — is the idiom for a woman marrying a man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя-то как вскочит","title":"«Как» + perfective future for vivid past","body":"«Как вскочит» uses a present-form perfective with «как» to narrate a sudden past action vividly — 'and how Mitya leaps up!' This dramatic 'historical' future is a lively colloquial storytelling device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдай ей… уверни… вели снести","title":"Chain of imperatives","body":"Grushenka fires off perfective imperatives at Fenya: «отдай» ('give'), «уверни» ('wrap up'), «вели снести» ('order [it] taken'). «Снести» here is 'carry/take to', and «вели» + infinitive means 'order someone to do'. The clipped commands convey her bustling resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пирогов / пирожков","title":"«Пирог» and the diminutive «пирожок»","body":"«Пирог» is a baked pie/pastry; «пирожок» its diminutive, a small hand pie. Sending the destitute Poles a parcel of homely pies is a gesture of half-mocking peasant charity — and «с десяток» means 'about ten, a dozen or so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забежала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забежала","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"забежала","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran over"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забежала","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минутку","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason for разболелся","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"разболелся","lemma":"разболеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шла","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разболелся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of разболелся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пан","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's frame clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"суетливо","lemma":"суетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"fidgeting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with суетливо","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"I'm laughing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смеюсь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказываю","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказываю","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мите","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to рассказываю","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представь","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"поляк","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поляк","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поляк","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гитаре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гитаре","lemma":"гитара","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of петь","gloss":"guitar"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies песни","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of петь","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of петь","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представь","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"петь","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to sing"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представь","gloss":"he thinks"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расчувствуюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расчувствуюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"расчувствуюсь","lemma":"расчувствоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думает","gloss":"will go soft"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расчувствуюсь","gloss":"go back","note":"Idiom \"пойти за кого\" = to marry someone."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вскочит","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaps up","note":"вскочить is perfective (lemma already correctly perfective); simple future \"вскочит\" only exists for perfective verbs."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ругательствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ругательствами","lemma":"ругательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"curses"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (predicative negation)","role":"interjection of refusal","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll send"},{"surface":"панам","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of пошлю","gloss":"to the Pans"},{"surface":"пирогов","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пошлю","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прислали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"девчонку","lemma":"девчонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислали","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прислали","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did send"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдай","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"отдай","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдай","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рубля","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдай","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десяток","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десяток","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдай (coordinated with рубля)","gloss":"a dozen"},{"surface":"пирожков","lemma":"пирожок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies десяток","gloss":"of pies"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумагу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверни","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уверни","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"уверни","lemma":"завернуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдай","gloss":"wrap","note":"Dialectal/colloquial form of заверни (\"wrap!\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вели","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уверни","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вели","gloss":"to take it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажи","gloss":"be sure to"},{"surface":"расскажи","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажи","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of послала","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пирогов","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of послала","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"послала","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c1-s78","source":"— Ни за что не расскажу, — проговорил, улыбнувшись, Алеша.","translation":"\"Not for anything will I tell him,\" Alyosha said, smiling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни за что не расскажу","title":"«Ни за что» — emphatic refusal","body":"«Ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') is a fixed ни-expression; paired with «не расскажу» it forms negative concord, the doubled negation reinforcing Alyosha's flat refusal. «Расскажу» is perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил, улыбнувшись","title":"Perfective gerund «улыбнувшись»","body":"«Улыбнувшись» is a perfective past gerund ('having smiled / with a smile'), the «-вшись» form attaching the smile to «проговорил» as an attendant act. Dostoevsky's dialogue tags lean constantly on these gerunds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расскажу","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"not","note":"Double negation with ни за что is required, not emphatic redundancy."},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will I tell"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to расскажу","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"улыбнувшись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c1-s79","source":"— Эх, ты думаешь, что он мучается; ведь он это нарочно приревновал, а ему самому всё равно, — горько проговорила Грушенька.","translation":"\"Eh, you think he's suffering; why, he got jealous on purpose, and to him it's all the same anyhow,\" Grushenka said bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь он это нарочно приревновал","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'why, after all, you know' — coaxing Alyosha to see what Grushenka already sees. It is one of the modal particles English renders only with intonation, central to her persuasive voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему самому всё равно","title":"Dative experiencer in «всё равно»","body":"«Ему всё равно» ('to him it's all the same / he doesn't care') is the classic dative-experiencer idiom: the person affected is dative «ему», intensified by «самому» ('to him himself'). No nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker opening the sentence","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ты-clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучается","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"is suffering"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the ведь-clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приревновал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"got jealous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of равно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the а-clause, coordinated with мучается","gloss":"is all the same"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c1-s80","source":"— Как так нарочно? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"How do you mean, on purpose?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как так нарочно?","title":"Elliptical question «как так»","body":"«Как так?» ('how so? / what do you mean?') is a terse colloquial demand for explanation, with the verb left out — Alyosha simply echoes «нарочно» ('on purpose') back as a query. Such verbless rejoinders pace the rapid exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c1-s81","source":"— Глупый ты, Алешенька, вот что, ничего ты тут не понимаешь при всем уме, вот что. Мне не то обидно, что он меня, такую, приревновал, а то стало бы мне обидно, коли бы вовсе не ревновал. Я такова. Я за ревность не обижусь, у меня у самой сердце жестокое, я сама приревную. Только мне то обидно, что он меня вовсе не любит и теперь ''нарочно'' приревновал, вот что. Слепая я, что ли, не вижу? Он мне об той, об Катьке, вдруг сейчас и говорит: такая-де она и сякая, доктора из Москвы на суд для меня выписала, чтобы спасти меня выписала, адвоката самого первого, самого ученого тоже выписала. Значит, ее любит, коли мне в глаза начал хвалить, бесстыжие его глаза! Предо мной сам виноват, так вот ко мне и привязался, чтобы меня прежде себя виноватой сделать да на меня на одну и свалить: «ты, дескать, прежде меня с поляком была, так вот мне с Катькой и позволительно это стало». Вот оно что! На меня на одну всю вину свалить хочет. Нарочно он привязался, нарочно, говорю тебе, только я…","translation":"\"You're a simple soul, Alyoshenka, that's what; for all your cleverness, you understand nothing of this, that's what. It doesn't hurt me that he got jealous over me, such as I am — it would hurt me if he weren't jealous at all. That's how I am. I won't take offense at jealousy; I have a cruel heart myself, I'd be jealous too. What hurts me is that he doesn't love me at all and now got jealous ''on purpose'', that's what. Am I blind or what — don't I see? All at once just now he starts in to me about her, about Katka: she's this and she's that, sent for doctors from Moscow for the trial — for me, sent them to save me — sent for the very first, most learned lawyer too. So he loves her, if he began praising her to my face, the shameless eyes of him! He's the guilty one before me, so he's fastened onto me to make me out the guilty one first and lay it all on me alone: 'You,' he says, 'were with the Pole before me, so it's become permissible for me to take up with Katka.' That's what it is! He wants to lay the whole blame on me alone. He fastened onto me on purpose, on purpose, I tell you, only I…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешенька","title":"«Алешенька» — the tender diminutive","body":"Alyosha (itself short for Aleksei) is softened further to «Алешенька» with the affectionate «-енька» suffix — the warmest rung of the name-ladder, voicing Grushenka's fondness even as she chides him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то стало бы мне обидно, коли бы вовсе не ревновал","title":"Conditional with «бы» and archaic «коли»","body":"This is a contrary-to-fact conditional: «коли бы… не ревновал» (past form + «бы») in the if-clause and «стало бы… обидно» in the result. «Коли» is a bookish, folk-archaic 'if', and «мне обидно» is again the dative experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об той, об Катьке","title":"«Катька» — the pejorative diminutive","body":"Katerina Ivanovna is reduced to «Катька», the «-ка» suffix here scornful and dismissive (contrast affectionate «Катенька»). Grushenka's rival is contemptuously cut down to size by the very form of her name."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая-де она и сякая… ты, дескать","title":"Reportative particles «де» and «дескать»","body":"«Де» and «дескать» are quotative particles flagging reported speech — 'he says, so he claims' — and carrying a tinge of the speaker's skepticism. Grushenka uses them to throw Mitya's words back with mocking distance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы меня прежде себя виноватой сделать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Чтобы… сделать» expresses purpose ('in order to make…'). «Сделать кого виноватой» puts the resulting predicate in the instrumental «виноватой» ('to make me [out to be] guilty'), the case for an assumed role. «Себя» is the reflexive 'himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесстыжие его глаза","title":"«Бесстыжий» — shameless","body":"«Бесстыжий» ('shameless, brazen', literally 'without shame') is a coarse, folk-flavored reproach; «бесстыжие глаза» — 'the shameless eyes of him' — is an idiomatic exclamation of indignation at brazen effrontery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, short predicate use","role":"predicate adjective describing ты","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Глупый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешенька","lemma":"Алешенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshenka"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom вот что with что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom вот что with вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"all your"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаешь","gloss":"cleverness"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom вот что with что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom вот что with вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обидно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short predicate use","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"hurts"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приревновал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приревновал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"such as I am"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обидно","gloss":"got jealous over"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate coordinated with обидно","gloss":"would become"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стало as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обидно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short predicate use","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"hurtful"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of ревновал","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/archaic conjunction meaning \"if\" (= если)."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks ревновал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновал together with не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревновал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ревновал","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приревновал","gloss":"were jealous"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short predicate use","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am like that"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обижусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ревность","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижусь","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обижусь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"обижусь","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня, idiom у меня = \"I have\"","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of у, possessor of сердце","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeated emphatic preposition marking самой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes меня","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жестокое","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, short predicate use","role":"predicate of the clause, coordinated with обижусь","gloss":"is cruel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приревную","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"приревную","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жестокое","gloss":"would get jealous"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обидно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short predicate use","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"hurts"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит together with не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обидно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"got jealous"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom вот что with что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom вот что with вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Слепая","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, short predicate use","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слепая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что ли, \"or what\"","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom что ли, modifies что","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question, coordinated with Слепая","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition об, complement of говорит","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катьке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катьке","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to той","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит, emphatic","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative particle marking reported speech, attaches to такая","gloss":"(quote)","note":"Colloquial reported-speech particle, roughly \"so he says\"."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the reported clause","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сякая","lemma":"сякой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with такая","gloss":"such (and such)"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выписала","gloss":"doctors"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит, coordinated with выписала (w100, w107)","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of спасти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying выписала (w100)","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated, coordinated with выписала (w96)","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"адвоката","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписала (w107)","gloss":"a lawyer"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адвоката","gloss":"first-rate"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ученого","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"ученого","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адвоката, coordinated with первого","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписала","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выписала (w96, w100)","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he loves"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying любит","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/archaic conjunction meaning \"if\" (= если)."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of хвалить, part of idiom в глаза","gloss":"to my face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза, idiom в глаза = \"to one's face\"","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of в, part of idiom в глаза, modifies хвалить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"хвалить","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"praising"},{"surface":"бесстыжие","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза (w119)","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза (w119)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"exclamatory phrase, in apposition to он","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject он of виноват","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short predicate use","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is guilty"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виноват","gloss":"latched onto"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сделать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя, idiom прежде себя = \"before himself\"","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of прежде","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виноватой","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of меня, object of сделать","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying привязался","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сделать and свалить","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeated emphatic preposition marking одну","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes меня, \"alone\"","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделать","gloss":"dump"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative particle introducing the reported quote","gloss":"(he says)","note":"Colloquial quotative particle marking words attributed to someone else."},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня, temporal \"before me\"","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of прежде","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поляком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"поляком","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало, correlative with так...стало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволительно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катькой","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволительно","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позволительно","lemma":"позволительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short predicate use","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"permissible"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom вот оно что with что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeated emphatic preposition marking одну","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, emphasizes меня, \"alone\"","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of свалить","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"dump"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"Нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязался","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привязался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"latched onto"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, elliptical restatement of привязался","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with привязался","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an unfinished clause","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c1-s82","source":"Грушенька не договорила, что она сделает, закрыла глаза платком и ужасно разрыдалась.","translation":"Grushenka did not finish saying what she would do, covered her eyes with her handkerchief, and burst into terrible sobs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не договорила, что она сделает","title":"Perfective future inside reported clause","body":"«Сделает» is perfective in present form, so future — 'what she would do'. After the negated «не договорила» ('did not finish saying'), the «что»-clause reports the unspoken threat she breaks off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разрыдалась","title":"«Разрыдаться» — to burst into sobs","body":"The prefix «раз-» on «рыдать» ('to sob') gives an inceptive, intensive burst — 'broke into violent weeping'. The «-ся» makes it the involuntary onset of a state, fitting Grushenka's sudden collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of договорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорила","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"договорила","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of договорила","gloss":"would do"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорила","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрыла","gloss":"with a handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрыдалась","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"разрыдалась","lemma":"разрыдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрыла","gloss":"burst into sobs"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c1-s83","source":"— Он Катерину Ивановну не любит, — сказал твердо Алеша.","translation":"\"He does not love Katerina Ivanovna,\" Alyosha said firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он Катерину Ивановну не любит","title":"Accusative object kept under negation","body":"Note the object «Катерину Ивановну» stays accusative even though the verb is negated. A definite, specific person resists the genitive of negation, so the accusative holds — a meaningful choice over genitive «Катерины Ивановны»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"does not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c1-s84","source":"— Ну, любит не любит, это я сама скоро узнаю, — с грозною ноткой в голосе проговорила Грушенька, отнимая от глаз платок.","translation":"\"Well, loves her or doesn't — I'll soon find that out for myself,\" Grushenka said with a menacing note in her voice, taking the handkerchief from her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любит не любит","title":"«X не X» — 'whether or not'","body":"The bare juxtaposition «любит не любит» ('loves, doesn't love') is a colloquial way of saying 'whether he loves her or not, it's all one' — a dismissive concessive, here also echoing the petal-plucking game."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнимая от глаз платок","title":"Imperfective gerund «отнимая»","body":"«Отнимая» ('taking away') is an imperfective present gerund running parallel to «проговорила» — she speaks while drawing the handkerchief from her eyes. «От глаз» is «от» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms idiom любит не любит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second любит","gloss":"or not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first любит, forms idiom любит не любит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will find out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноткой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грозною","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноткой","gloss":"menacing"},{"surface":"ноткой","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила, object of с","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ноткой","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"отнимая","lemma":"отнимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"taking away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимая","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отнимая","gloss":"the handkerchief"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c1-s85","source":"Лицо ее исказилось.","translation":"Her face grew distorted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо ее исказилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of change of state","body":"«Исказилось» (from «исказиться») is a middle-voice «-ся» verb: the face 'became distorted' of itself, with no external agent. The short, intransitive sentence lands the abrupt transformation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исказилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, invariant","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"исказилось","lemma":"исказиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became distorted"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c1-s86","source":"Алеша с горестью увидел, как вдруг из кроткого и тихо-веселого лицо ее стало угрюмым и злым.","translation":"With sorrow Alyosha saw how suddenly, from being gentle and quietly cheerful, her face turned sullen and spiteful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кроткого и тихо-веселого… стало угрюмым и злым","title":"«Из» + genitive → «стать» + instrumental","body":"The transformation is framed «из X стало Y»: 'out of' the former state (genitive «кроткого и тихо-веселого») the face 'became' the new one (instrumental «угрюмым и злым» after «стать»). The instrumental is the predicate-of-becoming case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кроткого","title":"«Кроткий» — meek, gentle","body":"«Кроткий» ('meek, gentle, mild') is a morally weighted word in Dostoevsky, an evangelical virtue (the «кроткие» shall inherit the earth). Its sudden loss into «угрюмый и злой» ('sullen and spiteful') measures the shadow crossing Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горестью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестью","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кроткого (elided лица)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кроткого","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided лица","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо-весёлый","morphology":"adverb, first part of hyphenated compound adjective","role":"part of compound adjective тихо-веселого, modifies elided лица","gloss":"quietly","note":"Split by the tagger; тихо-веселого is one hyphenated compound adjective, \"quietly cheerful.\""},{"surface":"веселого","lemma":"тихо-весёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, second part of hyphenated compound","role":"part of compound adjective with тихо, coordinated with кроткого","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, invariant","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидел","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"угрюмым","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злым","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with угрюмым","gloss":"spiteful"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c1-s87","source":"— Об этих глупостях полно! — отрезала она вдруг, — не затем вовсе я и звала тебя. Алеша, голубчик, завтра-то, завтра-то что будет? Вот ведь что меня мучит! Одну только меня и мучит! Смотрю на всех, никто-то об том не думает, никому-то до этого и дела нет никакого. Думаешь ли хоть ты об этом? Завтра ведь судят! Расскажи ты мне, как его там будут судить? Ведь это лакей, лакей убил, лакей! Господи! Неужто ж его за лакея осудят, и никто-то за него не заступится? Ведь и не потревожили лакея-то вовсе, а?","translation":"\"Enough of this nonsense!\" she snapped suddenly. \"It's not for this at all that I called you. Alyosha, my dear, tomorrow — tomorrow, what will become of it? That's the thing that torments me! Me alone it torments! I look at everyone, and nobody gives it a thought, nobody cares a bit. Do even you give it a thought? Tomorrow they try him! Tell me, how will they try him there? Why, it was the lackey, the lackey who did the killing, the lackey! Lord! Surely they won't condemn him for the lackey, and nobody will stand up for him? Why, they never even troubled the lackey at all, did they?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то об том не думает, никому-то… дела нет","title":"Stacked negative pronouns + genitive of negation","body":"«Никто… не», «никому… дела нет» pile up negative concord (ни-words plus «не»/«нет»). «Дела нет» is the genitive of negation in an existential 'there is no concern', with the experiencer in the dative «никому» — 'nobody has any care for it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей, лакей убил, лакей!","title":"«Лакей» — the lackey Smerdyakov","body":"«Лакей» is a manservant/footman, here Smerdyakov, the Karamazovs' servant whom Grushenka (rightly) names the real killer. The threefold repetition hammers the class outrage that a mere lackey should hang the crime on Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто ж его за лакея осудят","title":"«Неужто» + «же»: incredulous question","body":"«Неужто» (a folksy variant of «неужели», 'surely not? / can it really be?') opens an incredulous rhetorical question, sharpened by the particle «ж» (= «же»). «За лакея» — 'on account of the lackey'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупостях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of глупостях","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"глупостях","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полно","gloss":"follies"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"enough!"},{"surface":"отрезала","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to полно","gloss":"she snapped"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отрезала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies затем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звала","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затем","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of звала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"звала","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отрезала","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of звала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on завтра","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The enclitic -то attached to a word (here завтра-то) adds emphasis, roughly 'as for tomorrow' — it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on завтра","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучит","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мучит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"Одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies меня","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (repeats мучит for emphasis)","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"Смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Смотрю","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on никто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрю","gloss":"gives a thought"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative experiencer with нет","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on никому","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive) of нет","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"none at all"},{"surface":"Думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Думаешь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Думаешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they try [him]"},{"surface":"Расскажи","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Расскажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Расскажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies судить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of судить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лакей","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лакей","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лакей","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of лакей","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord!"},{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудят","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Неужто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осудят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лакея","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осудят","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"осудят","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заступится","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on никто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заступится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заступится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заступится","lemma":"заступиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осудят","gloss":"will stand up"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потревожили","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потревожили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потревожили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потревожили","lemma":"потревожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потревожили","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on лакея","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потревожили","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"did they?"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c1-s88","source":"— Его строго опрашивали, — заметил Алеша задумчиво, — но все заключили, что не он. Теперь он очень больной лежит. С тех пор болен, с той падучей. В самом деле болен, — прибавил Алеша.","translation":"\"He was strictly questioned,\" Alyosha remarked thoughtfully, \"but everyone concluded it wasn't him. Now he's lying very ill. He's been ill ever since, ever since that falling sickness. He really is ill,\" Alyosha added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его строго опрашивали… но все заключили, что не он","title":"Impersonal-plural 'they' + imperfective","body":"«Опрашивали» is a 3rd-plural verb with no stated subject — the indefinite 'they questioned him', a common impersonal device. The imperfective suits the drawn-out process of questioning, against perfective «заключили» ('concluded')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень больной лежит… В самом деле болен","title":"Long vs short adjective «больной / болен»","body":"Russian contrasts the long form «больной» (here attributive-like, the chronic invalid who lies ill) with the short predicative «болен» ('is ill', a state). Alyosha's closing «болен» asserts the bare fact of his present condition — the short form's natural job."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опрашивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опрашивали","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"опрашивали","lemma":"опрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they questioned"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to опрашивали","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заключили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"заключили","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with опрашивали","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заключили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больной","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with лежит","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase С тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase С тех пор","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"has been ill"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of падучей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with болен","gloss":"falling sickness"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of болен","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to болен","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c1-s89","source":"— Господи, да сходил бы ты к этому адвокату сам и рассказал бы дело с глазу на глаз. Ведь из Петербурга за три тысячи, говорят, выписали.","translation":"\"Lord, you ought to go to that lawyer yourself and tell him the whole thing face to face. They say they sent for him from Petersburg for three thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да сходил бы ты к этому адвокату сам","title":"Conditional «бы» as soft command","body":"Past form «сходил» + «бы» yields not a hypothetical but a gentle exhortation — 'you really ought to go'. The «бы» softens the imperative into urging advice; «к адвокату» is «к» + dative of the person visited."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с глазу на глаз","title":"«С глазу на глаз» — face to face","body":"A fixed idiom 'eye to eye', i.e. privately, one on one. Note the archaic stressed-«у» genitive «глазу» frozen into the phrase — a fossil of an older form preserved only in such set expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сходил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of сходил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адвокату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of адвокату","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"адвокату","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходил","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of рассказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глазу","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"eye","note":"с глазу на глаз is a fixed idiom meaning 'face to face, privately' — not literally about eyes in translation."},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выписали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписали","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выписали","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"выписали","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent for"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c1-s90","source":"— Это мы втроем дали три тысячи, я, брат Иван и Катерина Ивановна, а доктора из Москвы выписала за две тысячи уж она сама. Адвокат Фетюкович больше бы взял, да дело это получило огласку по всей России, во всех газетах и журналах о нем говорят, Фетюкович и согласился больше для славы приехать, потому что слишком уж знаменитое дело стало. Я его вчера видел.","translation":"\"The three of us put up the three thousand — I, brother Ivan, and Katerina Ivanovna — but the doctors from Moscow she sent for at two thousand on her own. The lawyer Fetyukovich would have taken more, but this case has gotten such notoriety all over Russia, they're talking about it in all the papers and journals, so Fetyukovich agreed to come more for the glory of it, because the case has become too famous. I saw him yesterday.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это мы втроем дали три тысячи","title":"«Втроем» — collective adverb","body":"«Втроем» ('the three of us together, as a threesome') is a collective numeral adverb (cf. «вдвоем»), naming the joint agents listed after it. «Три тысячи» — accusative object, with «тысячи» genitive singular after «три»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Адвокат Фетюкович больше бы взял","title":"Conditional «бы» for an unrealized outcome","body":"«Больше бы взял» (past «взял» + «бы») is the irrealis: 'would have taken more' [but didn't]. «Больше» is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой». The «бы» frames the counterfactual against what actually happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory pronoun with дали","gloss":"it [was]"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"втроем","lemma":"втроём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"the three of us"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put up"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписала","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дали","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выписала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"the lawyer"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Адвокат","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of взял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of получило","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"получило","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"огласку","lemma":"огласка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получило","gloss":"notoriety"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получило","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of газетах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"газетах","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"журналах","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with газетах","gloss":"journals"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"they talk"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехать","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking славы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"приехать","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласился","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаменитое","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаменитое","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приехать","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c1-s91","source":"— Ну и что ж? Говорил ему? — вскинулась торопливо Грушенька.","translation":"\"Well, and what then? Did you talk to him?\" Grushenka flared up hurriedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинулась торопливо Грушенька","title":"Reflexive «вскинуться» of sudden movement","body":"«Вскинуться» ('to start up, flare up') is a perfective «-ся» verb of abrupt self-directed motion — Grushenka jerks to attention. The «вс-» prefix adds the upward, sudden burst; «торопливо» ('hurriedly') colors her eagerness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you talk"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вскинулась","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"торопливо","lemma":"торопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулась","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c1-s92","source":"— Он выслушал и ничего не сказал. Сказал, что у него уже составилось определенное мнение. Но обещал мои слова взять в соображение.","translation":"\"He heard me out and said nothing. He said he had already formed a definite opinion. But he promised to take my words into consideration.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него уже составилось определенное мнение","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + «у» of possession","body":"«У него составилось мнение» — literally 'an opinion had formed itself at him', i.e. he had formed one. «Составилось» is middle-voice «-ся», and «у него» (the «у»+genitive possessive) makes him the locus rather than a grammatical agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard [me] out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of составилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составилось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"составилось","lemma":"составиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Сказал","gloss":"had formed"},{"surface":"определенное","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составилось","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещал","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"consideration"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c1-s93","source":"— Как это в соображение! Ах они мошенники! Погубят они его! Ну, а доктора-то, доктора зачем та выписала?","translation":"\"What do you mean, into consideration! Ah, the scoundrels! They'll ruin him! Well, and the doctors — what did she send for the doctors for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мошенники","title":"«Мошенник» — scoundrel, swindler","body":"«Мошенник» is a rogue, cheat, or con-man. Grushenka flings it at the whole legal apparatus ('they'll ruin him!'), her peasant distrust of courtroom cleverness boiling over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доктора-то, доктора зачем та выписала?","title":"Topic «-то», then «та» for the rival","body":"«Доктора-то» foregrounds the doctors with the topic clitic «-то»; «та» ('that one [woman]') is the cold demonstrative for Katerina Ivanovna, whom Grushenka won't name. «Выписать» here is 'to send for / summon from afar'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображение","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мошенники","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мошенники","lemma":"мошенник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"Погубят","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will ruin"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Погубят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Погубят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on доктора","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send for"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c1-s94","source":"— Как эксперта. Хотят вывести, что брат сумасшедший и убил в помешательстве, себя не помня, — тихо улыбнулся Алеша, — только брат не согласится на это.","translation":"\"As expert witnesses. They want to bring out that my brother is mad and killed in a fit of derangement, not knowing himself,\" Alyosha smiled quietly, \"only my brother won't agree to that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как эксперта","title":"«Как» + accusative role","body":"«Как эксперта» — 'as an expert [witness]' — uses «как» to assign a role, with the animate noun in the genitive-shaped accusative «эксперта». The elliptical answer omits the verb, picking up 'sent for' from the previous line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убил в помешательстве, себя не помня","title":"Gerund «не помня» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не помня себя» ('not knowing/remembering himself', i.e. beside himself) is an imperfective gerund phrase with the reflexive object pronoun «себя». It is also a set idiom for acting in a frenzy, fitting the insanity defense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking эксперта","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"эксперта","lemma":"эксперт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"expert"},{"surface":"Хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотят","gloss":"to argue"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумасшедший","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедший","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, clausal complement of вывести","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сумасшедший","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помешательстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"помешательстве","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"a fit of madness"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убил","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Хотят","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласится","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to улыбнулся","gloss":"will agree"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласится","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c1-s95","source":"— Ах, да ведь это правда, если б он убил! — воскликнула Грушенька. — Помешанный он был тогда, совсем помешанный, и это я, я, подлая, в том виновата! Только ведь он же не убил, не убил! И все-то на него, что он убил, весь город. Даже Феня и та так показала, что выходит, будто он убил. А в лавке-то, а этот чиновник, а прежде в трактире слышали! Все, все против него, так и галдят.","translation":"\"Ah, but that would be the truth, if he had killed!\" Grushenka exclaimed. \"He was deranged then, utterly deranged, and it's I, I, the vile creature, who am to blame for it! Only he didn't kill, didn't kill! And the whole town is against him, saying he did. Even Fenya, even she testified in such a way that it comes out as if he killed. And the shop, and that clerk, and what they heard earlier in the tavern! Everyone, everyone is against him, all clamoring away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он убил!","title":"Counterfactual «если б» exclamation","body":"«Если б [бы] он убил» (past + reduced «б») is contrary-to-fact: 'if he had [actually] killed'. The exclamatory conditional voices Grushenka's anguished 'if only that were the truth' — the very thing she insists is false."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я, подлая, в том виновата","title":"«Подлая» — vile, base","body":"«Подлый» means base, mean, contemptible; Grushenka brands herself «подлая» ('vile creature') in a spasm of self-accusation. The noun-like use of the adjective, set off in apposition to «я», intensifies the self-flagellation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и галдят","title":"«Галдеть» — to clamor","body":"«Галдеть» is an expressive, slightly contemptuous verb for a noisy babble of many voices all at once. The imperfective «галдят» paints the whole town as an ongoing din of accusation against Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда together with ведь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause with убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of убил","gloss":"would have","note":"Unstressed form of бы; \"если б\" = \"if\" with a hypothetical/counterfactual verb."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying правда","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был, modifies он","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to Помешанный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the repeated помешанный","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats Помешанный for emphasis","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject anticipating я ... виновата","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate pronoun in the cleft, subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"repeats я for emphasis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я, in apposition","gloss":"the vile one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, predicate, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the cleft (я ... виновата)","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the repeated убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats убил for emphasis","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, elliptical predicate (against him)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies все","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of все ... на","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining the accusation","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"content clause of the accusation against him","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, restates все","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Феня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Феня and та","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала, restates Феня","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"in such a way"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показала","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of выходит","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies лавке","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лавке as another accusing source","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they heard"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of галдят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"repeats Все for emphasis","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of против","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies галдят together with и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, intensifies галдят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"галдят","lemma":"галдеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clamor away"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c1-s96","source":"— Да, показания ужасно умножились, — угрюмо заметил Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, the evidence has multiplied dreadfully,\" Alyosha remarked grimly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показания","title":"«Показание» — testimony, deposition","body":"«Показание» is a witness's formal statement or testimony (from «показать», 'to show/depose'). «Показания умножились» — 'the testimony has multiplied' — is the legal register threading through this trial-eve conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker opening the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of умножились","gloss":"the evidence"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умножились","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"умножились","lemma":"умножиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has multiplied"},{"surface":"угрюмо","lemma":"угрюмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"grimly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c1-s97","source":"— А Григорий-то, Григорий-то Васильич, ведь стоит на своем, что дверь была отперта, ломит на своем, что видел, не собьешь его, я к нему бегала, сама с ним говорила. Ругается еще!","translation":"\"And Grigory — Grigory Vasilyich — why, he sticks to his story that the door was open, he hammers away that he saw it, you can't budge him; I ran to him, talked with him myself. He even curses!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломит на своем… не собьешь его","title":"«Стоять/ломить на своем» — to stick to one's story","body":"«Стоять на своем» and the rougher «ломить на своем» are idioms for obstinately holding one's ground; «не собьешь его» ('you can't knock him off [it]') is the perfective future used impersonally ('one can't budge him'). The cluster paints Grigory's mulish certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies Григорий","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats Григорий for emphasis","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies the repeated Григорий","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Васильич","lemma":"Васильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий, subject of стоит","gloss":"Vasilyich"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom: стоять на своём)","gloss":"sticks to it","note":"«Стоять на своём» is an idiom meaning to insist stubbornly on one's own version."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"своё","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"his own story"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отперта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the passive отперта","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отперта","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"content clause of своем/стоит","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"ломит","lemma":"ломить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит (idiom: ломить на своём)","gloss":"hammers away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"своё","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломит","gloss":"his own story"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause of ломит","gloss":"he saw it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates собьешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"собьешь","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"budge"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собьешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бегала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бегала","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went running"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to я, modifies говорила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бегала","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"Ругается","lemma":"ругаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he curses"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ругается","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c1-s98","source":"— Да, это, может быть, самое сильное показание против брата, — проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, that may be the strongest piece of evidence against my brother,\" Alyosha said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое сильное показание против брата","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«Самое сильное» is the periphrastic superlative — «самый» ('the most') declining with the adjective «сильное» to agree with neuter «показание». 'The strongest piece of evidence', the bookish-neutral way to form a superlative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker opening the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of показание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, copula of показание","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms the superlative with сильное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"piece of evidence"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c1-s99","source":"— А про то, что Митя помешанный, так он и теперь точно таков, — с каким-то особенно озабоченным и таинственным видом начала вдруг Грушенька. — Знаешь, Алешенька, давно я хотела тебе про это сказать: хожу к нему каждый день и просто дивлюсь. Скажи ты мне, как ты думаешь: об чем это он теперь начал всё говорить? Заговорит, заговорит — ничего понимать не могу, думаю, это он об чем умном, ну я глупая, не понять мне, думаю; только стал он мне вдруг говорить про дитё, то есть про дитятю какого-то, «зачем, дескать, бедно дитё?» «За дитё-то это я теперь и в Сибирь пойду, я не убил, но мне надо в Сибирь пойти!» Что это такое, какое такое дитё — ничегошеньки не поняла. Только расплакалась, как он говорил, потому очень уж он хорошо это говорил, сам плачет, и я заплакала, он меня вдруг и поцеловал и рукой перекрестил. Что это такое, Алеша, расскажи ты мне, какое это «дитё»?","translation":"\"And as for Mitya being deranged — why, he's just like that even now,\" Grushenka began suddenly with a peculiarly troubled and mysterious air. \"You know, Alyoshenka, I've long wanted to tell you about this: I go to him every day and I'm simply amazed. Tell me, what do you think — what is it he's now begun talking about all the time? He starts talking and talking — and I can't understand a thing; I think, it's something clever he means, well, I'm a fool, it's not for me to understand, I think; only suddenly he started telling me about a babe, that is, about some little babe, 'why,' says he, 'is the poor babe?' 'It's for the babe's sake that I'll go to Siberia now; I didn't kill, but I must go to Siberia!' What is that, what sort of a babe — I understood not the least little thing. Only I burst out crying as he spoke, because he said it so well, weeping himself, and I wept too, and suddenly he kissed me and made the sign of the cross over me with his hand. What is that, Alyosha, tell me — what is this 'babe'?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитё / дитятя","title":"\"Дитё\" — the babe","body":"Дитё is a colloquial, tender form of дитя (\"child\"); дитятя is a folksy diminutive Grushenka adds. Mitya's cryptic talk of the \"poor babe\" (бедно дитё) refers to the dream of the starving child from Book IX, the moral vision that turns him toward accepting Siberia. We keep the archaic, tender flavor with \"babe.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заговорит, заговорит — ничего понимать не могу","title":"Inceptive «за-» + repetition for habit","body":"«Заговорит» (perfective, prefix «за-» = 'starts to speak') doubled evokes his recurring outbursts; «ничего… не могу» is negative concord. The mix of inceptive perfectives and helpless imperfective «понимать» dramatizes her bafflement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ничегошеньки не поняла","title":"«Ничегошеньки» — not the teeniest thing","body":"«Ничегошеньки» is «ничего» with a doubled affectionate-emphatic diminutive «-шеньки», an intensely colloquial 'not the least little bit'. The cooing suffix on a negative is pure spoken Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of про, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (Митя помешанный)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешанный","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Митя","gloss":"is deranged"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the main clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicate, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause, describes он","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабоченным","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"озабоченным","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таинственным","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with озабоченным","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алешенька","lemma":"Алешенька","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshenka"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of хожу","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивлюсь","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хожу","gloss":"am amazed"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажи","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse filler with начал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"Заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"repeats заговорит for vivid emphasis","gloss":"starts talking"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (vivid narrative present)","gloss":"starts talking"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимать (genitive of negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорит","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject anticipating он ... умном","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (говорит)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умном","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"умном","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глупая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, predicate, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject я","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate infinitive (не понять мне)","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of понять","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитё","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"a babe","note":"Дитё is a colloquial/dialectal form of дитя (\"child, babe\")."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть, clarifies дитё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«То есть» together means \"that is.\""},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитятю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"дитятю","lemma":"дитятя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"restates дитё as clarification","gloss":"a little babe"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дитятю","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies какого","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative particle marking reported speech","gloss":"he says","note":"Дескать marks that the following words are reported speech, roughly \"he says\" or \"so he says.\""},{"surface":"бедно","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of дитё","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate бедно","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"the babe's sake"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies дитё","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject anticipating я ... пойду","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes пойду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, asks the identity of это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, in apposition with Что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дитё","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дитё","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition, clarifies Что","gloss":"a babe"},{"surface":"ничегошеньки","lemma":"ничегошеньки","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of поняла (genitive of negation)","gloss":"not the least thing","note":"Ничегошеньки is an emphatic, affectionate/colloquial intensified form of ничего (\"nothing\")."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates поняла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расплакалась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"расплакалась","lemma":"расплакаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of расплакалась","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies очень","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause describing он","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заплакала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заплакала","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расплакалась","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакала","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of перекрестил","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"перекрестил","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, asks the identity of это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, in apposition with Что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"расскажи","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дитё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of расскажи, predicate of это","gloss":"babe"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c1-s100","source":"— Это к нему Ракитин почему-то повадился ходить, — улыбнулся Алеша, — впрочем… это не от Ракитина. Я у него вчера не был, сегодня буду.","translation":"\"It's Rakitin who's taken to visiting him for some reason,\" Alyosha smiled, \"though… this isn't from Rakitin. I wasn't with him yesterday; I'll go today.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитин… повадился ходить","title":"«Повадиться» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Повадиться ходить» ('to get into the habit of visiting') is a reflexive «-ся» verb of acquired habit, taking an imperfective infinitive for the repeated action. Slightly disapproving in tone — Rakitin keeps turning up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with повадился","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повадился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повадился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повадился","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"reason","note":"почему-то is the idiomatic compound adverb 'for some reason'; split across two tokens."},{"surface":"повадился","lemma":"повадиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken to"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повадился","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse connective introducing the next clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от Ракитина","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"I'll go"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c1-s101","source":"— Нет, это не Ракитка, это его брат Иван Федорович смущает, это он к нему ходит, вот что… — проговорила Грушенька и вдруг как бы осеклась.","translation":"\"No, it's not Rakitka, it's his brother Ivan Fyodorovich who's unsettling him, he's the one who visits him, that's what…\" Grushenka said, and suddenly seemed to break off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ракитка","title":"«Ракитка» — the belittling «-ка»","body":"Grushenka clips Rakitin to «Ракитка», the «-ка» suffix here familiar-contemptuous, brushing him aside as she names the real influence. The form itself dismisses him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг как бы осеклась","title":"Reflexive «осечься» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«Осеклась» (perfective «-ся» of «осечься», 'to stop short, falter in speech') marks her sudden self-arrest. «Как бы» ('as if, sort of') is the narrator's hedge — she 'seemed' to break off, sensing she has said too much about Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical negative reply","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Rakitka","note":"Mocking diminutive nickname for Rakitin; declines like a feminine noun though it refers to a man."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with смущает","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смущает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"смущает","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the cleft clause","gloss":"is unsettling him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with ходит","gloss":"he's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"the one who"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смущает","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смущает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осеклась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осеклась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"осеклась","lemma":"осечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорила","gloss":"broke off"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c1-s102","source":"Алеша уставился на нее как пораженный.","translation":"Alyosha stared at her as though thunderstruck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уставился на нее как пораженный","title":"Past passive participle «пораженный» as predicate","body":"«Уставиться на» ('to stare fixedly at') is reflexive «-ся». «Как пораженный» ('as though struck/thunderstruck') uses a past passive participle adjectivally — 'as one struck' — agreeing with Alyosha in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пораженный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"thunderstruck"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c1-s103","source":"— Как ходит? Да разве он ходил к нему? Митя мне сам говорил, что Иван ни разу не приходил!","translation":"\"What do you mean, visits? Has he really been visiting him? Mitya told me himself that Ivan hadn't come even once!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве он ходил к нему?","title":"«Разве» — incredulous 'really?'","body":"«Разве» opens a question of astonished disbelief ('do you mean to say he really visited?'), expecting that the answer overturns what the speaker assumed. The imperfective «ходил» asks about the fact of visiting at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван ни разу не приходил","title":"«Ни разу… не» — not even once","body":"«Ни разу не приходил» is negative concord — «ни разу» ('not a single time') + «не» — emphatically denying any visit. The imperfective «приходил» negates the occurrence itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"What do you mean"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been visiting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c1-s104","source":"— Ну… ну, вот я какая! Проболталась! — воскликнула Грушенька в смущении, вся вдруг зарумянившись. — Стой, Алеша, молчи, так и быть, коль уж проболталась, всю правду скажу: он у него два раза был, первый раз только что он тогда приехал — тогда же ведь он сейчас из Москвы и прискакал, я еще и слечь не успела, а другой раз приходил неделю назад. Мите-то он не велел об том тебе сказывать, отнюдь не велел, да и никому не велел сказывать, потаенно приходил.","translation":"\"Well… well, there I go! I've let it slip!\" Grushenka exclaimed in confusion, suddenly flushing all over. \"Wait, Alyosha, hush, so be it, since I've already let it slip I'll tell the whole truth: he's been to him twice — the first time just after he'd arrived back then — that was when he came galloping straight from Moscow, before I'd even taken to my bed — and the other time he came a week ago. Mitya told him not to tell you about it, told him absolutely not to, and not to tell anyone either; he came in secret.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Проболталась!","title":"«Проболтаться» — to blurt out a secret","body":"«Проболтаться» (reflexive «-ся», prefix «про-») means to let something slip, blab inadvertently. Grushenka's self-catching cry 'I've let it slip!' confesses her own loose tongue in the same breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и быть, коль уж проболталась","title":"«Так и быть» + archaic «коль»","body":"«Так и быть» is a fixed concessive 'so be it, very well then'. «Коль» (a clipped folk-archaic «если», 'since/if'), reinforced by «уж», resigns her to confessing now that the cat is out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите-то он не велел об том тебе сказывать… потаенно приходил","title":"«Велеть» + infinitive; archaic «сказывать»","body":"«Не велел сказывать» — 'ordered [him] not to tell'; «велеть» takes a dative addressee and an infinitive. «Сказывать» is a folk-archaic synonym of «говорить/сказать», and «потаенно» ('secretly') belongs to the same elevated-old register coloring Mitya's clandestine arrangement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of какая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what I'm like"},{"surface":"Проболталась","lemma":"проболтаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let it slip"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смущении","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зарумянившись","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарумянившись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"зарумянившись","lemma":"зарумяниться","morphology":"gerund, past, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying воскликнула","gloss":"flushing","note":"Deepричастие (past gerund) from зарумяниться 'to flush/redden', describing an action simultaneous with воскликнула."},{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait","note":"Imperative of стоять 'to stand/stop', used here as 'wait'."},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и быть","gloss":"so","note":"так и быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'so be it, very well'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проболталась","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase коль","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"проболталась","lemma":"проболтаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"let it slip"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был (elided)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прискакал","gloss":"that was"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прискакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прискакал","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прискакал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прискакал","lemma":"прискакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"came galloping"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of успела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слечь","lemma":"слечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"take to bed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to Мите","gloss":"as for","note":"-то here is a topicalizing particle ('as for Mitya'), not the pronoun то."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказывать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказывать","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with велел","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with велел","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"сказывать","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потаенно","lemma":"потаённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to велел","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c1-s105","source":"Алеша сидел в глубокой задумчивости и что-то соображал.","translation":"Alyosha sat in deep thought, turning something over in his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то соображал","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + imperfective musing","body":"«Что-то» ('something [specific but unspecified]') uses the «-то» that marks a real-but-unnamed referent. The imperfective «соображал» ('was working out') views his mental effort as an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубокой","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задумчивости","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of соображал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"turned over"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c1-s106","source":"Известие видимо его поразило.","translation":"The news had plainly struck him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известие видимо его поразило","title":"Perfective «поразить» of a single blow","body":"«Поразило» (perfective) registers a single, completed effect — the news 'struck' him at one stroke. The neuter subject «известие» is fronted, the object «его» tucked before the verb in the unmarked given-new flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"The news"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had struck"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c1-s107","source":"— Брат Иван об Митином деле со мной не говорит, — проговорил он медленно, — да и вообще со мною он во все эти два месяца очень мало говорил, а когда я приходил к нему, то всегда бывал недоволен, что я пришел, так что я три недели к нему уже не хожу. Гм… Если он был неделю назад, то… за эту неделю в Мите действительно произошла какая-то перемена…","translation":"\"Brother Ivan does not talk to me about Mitya's case,\" he said slowly, \"and indeed he has spoken to me very little at all these two months, and whenever I came to him he was always displeased that I had come, so that I haven't gone to him for three weeks now. Hm… If he was there a week ago, then… over this week some sort of change has really come over Mitya…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со мною он очень мало говорил","title":"Imperfective for habitual scarcity + «-ою» form","body":"The imperfective «говорил» frames a sustained state over two months ('spoke very little with me'). «Со мною» shows the older instrumental pronoun ending «-ою»; modern Russian prefers «со мной»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда бывал недоволен, что я пришел","title":"Iterative «бывал» + short adjective «недоволен»","body":"«Бывал» (iterative imperfective of «быть») means 'used to be, would repeatedly be'. The short-form predicative adjective «недоволен» ('displeased') states the recurring mood — the short form is the predicate-only one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошла какая-то перемена","title":"Indefinite «какая-то» + perfective change","body":"«Какая-то перемена» — 'some sort of change' — pairs the «-то» indefinite (a real but unidentified change) with feminine agreement. «Произошла» is perfective: a change has come about as a completed fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Митином","lemma":"митин","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"does not"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"мною","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бывал","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing бывал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"недоволен","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бывал","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of бывал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пришел","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Hm"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"time adverbial modifying был","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come over"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перемена","gloss":"some sort"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c1-s108","source":"— Перемена, перемена! — быстро подхватила Грушенька. — У них секрет, у них был секрет! Митя мне сам сказал, что секрет, и, знаешь, такой секрет, что Митя и успокоиться не может. А ведь прежде был веселый, да он и теперь веселый, только, знаешь, когда начнет этак головой мотать, да по комнате шагать, а вот этим правым пальцем себе тут на виске волосы теребить, то уж я и знаю, что у него что-то беспокойное на душе… я уж знаю!.. А то был веселый; да и сегодня веселый!","translation":"\"A change, a change!\" Grushenka caught it up quickly. \"They have a secret, they had a secret! Mitya told me himself there's a secret, and, you know, such a secret that Mitya can't even calm himself. And before he used to be cheerful — well, he's cheerful even now too — only, you know, when he starts tossing his head like that, and pacing the room, and tugging at the hair here on his temple with this right finger, then I just know there's something troubled on his soul… I just know it!.. But before he was cheerful; and even today he's cheerful!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда начнет этак головой мотать, да по комнате шагать","title":"Instrumental of the limb + «по» + dative","body":"«Мотать головой» ('to shake one's head') puts the body part in the instrumental «головой» — the means of the motion. «По комнате» ('about the room') uses «по» + dative for wandering movement over a space."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этим правым пальцем… на виске волосы теребить","title":"«Теребить» — to fidget, tug","body":"«Теребить» means to pluck or worry at something fitfully with the fingers. The minute physical tic — tugging the hair at his temple («на виске») — is Dostoevsky's way of bodying forth Mitya's inner unrest, which Grushenka reads like a barometer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory head noun","gloss":"A change"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated in apposition to Перемена","gloss":"a change"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught it up"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"[they] have","note":"«у них секрет» is the Russian have-construction: literally 'at them [is] a secret'."},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause (у них секрет)","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"[they] had"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, antecedent of что-clause of result","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успокоиться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"успокоиться","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"calm down"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to веселый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веселый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веселый","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселый","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселый","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal когда-clause","gloss":"starts"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мотать","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мотать","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"мотать","lemma":"мотать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"toss"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагать","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"шагать","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мотать, complement of начнет","gloss":"pace"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пальцем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"правым","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальцем","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of теребить","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive dative with теребить","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виске","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виске","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"виске","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теребить","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of теребить","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"теребить","lemma":"теребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мотать/шагать, complement of начнет","gloss":"tug at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the resumptive clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"[he] has"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"беспокойное","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of the clause","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был, means 'back then'","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to веселый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселый","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселый","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c1-s109","source":"— А ты сказала: раздражен?","translation":"\"But you said he was on edge?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты сказала: раздражен?","title":"Short adjective «раздражен»","body":"«Раздражен» is the short predicative form ('is irritated / on edge'), the only form that can stand as a bare predicate. Alyosha quotes her word back as a one-word question, the «А» a soft conversational pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of elliptical complement clause (он раздражен)","gloss":"on edge"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c1-s110","source":"— Да он и раздражен, да веселый. Он и всё раздражен, да на минутку, а там веселый, а потом вдруг опять раздражен. И знаешь, Алеша, всё я на него дивлюсь: впереди такой страх, а он даже иной раз таким пустякам хохочет, точно сам-то дитя.","translation":"\"He's on edge, yes, and cheerful too. He's on edge all the time, yes, but just for a minute, and then he's cheerful, and then suddenly on edge again. And you know, Alyosha, I keep wondering at him: such terror ahead, yet sometimes he even laughs at the silliest trifles, just like a child himself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё я на него дивлюсь","title":"Reflexive «дивиться» + «на» of wonder","body":"«Дивиться на кого» ('to marvel/wonder at') is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing «на» + accusative. «Всё» here is adverbial 'continually, still' — she keeps marveling at him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно сам-то дитя","title":"«Точно» 'just like' + topic «-то»","body":"«Точно» here is the comparative 'exactly like, as if' (not 'precisely'). «Сам-то дитя» — 'a very child himself', with «сам» ('himself') foregrounded by the topic clitic «-то». The image rounds off the portrait of Mitya's childlike volatility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражен","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселый","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселый","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивлюсь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дивлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дивлюсь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of existential clause, modifies страх","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впереди","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хохочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иной","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хохочет (иной раз = sometimes)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of пустякам","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"пустякам","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of хохочет","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"хохочет","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with дивлюсь via а","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying дитя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"though","note":"Colloquial «-то» tacked onto a word for emphasis; it does not translate as a separate word."},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in the comparison clause (точно...дитя)","gloss":"a child"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c1-s111","source":"— И это правда, что он мне не велел говорить про Ивана? Так и сказал: не говори?","translation":"\"And is it true that he forbade you to tell me about Ivan? Did he really say: don't tell?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне не велел говорить про Ивана","title":"«Велеть» with dative + negated infinitive","body":"«Велеть» governs a dative addressee «мне» and an infinitive «говорить»; negated, «не велел говорить» = 'forbade [me] to speak'. «Про Ивана» ('about Ivan') uses «про» + accusative, a colloquial alternative to «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of правда","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative clause, complement of сказал","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c1-s112","source":"— Так и сказал: не говори. Тебя-то он, главное, и боится, Митя-то. Потому тут секрет, сам сказал, что секрет… Алеша, голубчик, сходи, выведай: какой это такой у них секрет, да и приди мне сказать, — вскинулась и взмолилась вдруг Грушенька, — пореши ты меня, бедную, чтоб уж знала я мою участь проклятую! С тем и звала тебя.","translation":"\"He did say: don't tell. It's you most of all he's afraid of, Mitya is. Because there's a secret here — he said himself there's a secret… Alyosha, my dear, go, find out: what is this secret of theirs, and come and tell me, — Grushenka flared up and suddenly began to plead, — settle it for me, poor thing that I am, so that I may at last know my accursed fate! That's what I called you for.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебя-то он, главное, и боится","title":"Fronted object + «и» focus + «бояться» + genitive","body":"«Бояться» ('to fear', a «-ся»-only verb) governs the genitive, here «тебя». The object is thrown to the front with topic «-то» and focal «и» — 'it's you above all he fears' — a textbook information-structuring inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сходи, выведай… да и приди мне сказать","title":"Chained perfective imperatives","body":"Grushenka pleads in a run of perfective imperatives: «сходи» ('go [there and back]'), «выведай» ('find out, ferret out'), «приди… сказать» ('come [to] tell me'). The perfective imperative urges a single decisive errand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"участь проклятую","title":"«Участь» — fate, lot","body":"«Участь» is one's appointed lot or destiny, a bookish-elevated word weightier than everyday «судьба». «Проклятая участь» ('accursed fate') lifts Grushenka's plea into near-tragic register as she begs to know her doom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative clause, complement of сказал","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"logical object of боится, fronted for emphasis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Тебя","gloss":"though","note":"Colloquial «-то» adds emphasis to the preceding word; not a separate word in translation."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies боится","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies боится","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid of"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive, restates the subject он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Митя","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the existential clause (секрет)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause (тут секрет)","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying сказал's subject","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of что-clause","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative appositive to Алеша","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, first of a chain of imperatives","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"выведай","lemma":"выведать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходи","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies секрет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic determiner of секрет","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"[they] have"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, complement of выведай","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приди","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходи, выведай","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приди","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приди","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"вскинулась","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of narrative clause, subject Грушенька","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взмолилась","lemma":"взмолиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулась","gloss":"began to plead"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взмолилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулась and взмолилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пореши","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"settle it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пореши","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пореши","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знала","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"проклятую","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies участь","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of звала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies звала","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"звала","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of звала","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c1-s113","source":"— Ты думаешь, что это про тебя что-нибудь? Так ведь тогда бы он не сказал при тебе про секрет.","translation":"\"You think it's something about you? But then he wouldn't have spoken about the secret in front of you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда бы он не сказал при тебе про секрет","title":"Counterfactual «бы» reasoning","body":"«Тогда бы он не сказал» (past + «бы») argues from a hypothetical: 'in that case he wouldn't have spoken'. Alyosha reasons by counterfactual — the conditional «бы» without an explicit «если». «При тебе» — 'in your presence', «при» + prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь»","body":"«Что-нибудь» ('something or other, anything') uses «-нибудь» for a non-specific referent — 'is it something [whatever it might be] about you?' — contrasting with the specific «что-то» elsewhere in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of indefinite pronoun что-нибудь, predicate of the clause","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, modifies the following clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так ведь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood on сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the secret"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c1-s114","source":"— Не знаю. Может, мне-то он и хочет сказать, да не смеет. Предупреждает. Секрет, дескать, есть, а какой секрет — не сказал.","translation":"\"I don't know. Maybe he does want to tell me, but doesn't dare. He's warning me. There's a secret, he says, but what secret — he didn't say.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может, мне-то он и хочет сказать, да не смеет","title":"Topic «-то» + focal «и» + contrastive «да»","body":"«Мне-то… и хочет сказать» foregrounds 'me' with topic «-то» and focal «и» — 'me he does want to tell'. «Да не смеет» uses «да» as the contrastive 'but' — '…but doesn't dare'. The particles carry her shaded guesswork."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies хочет","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хочет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to мне","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies хочет","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"Предупреждает","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warns"},{"surface":"Секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he says","note":"«дескать» flags that what follows is being quoted or reported, roughly 'so he says'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariant (existential 'there is')","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, logical object of сказал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c1-s115","source":"— Ты сама-то что же думаешь?","translation":"\"And what do you yourself think it is?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты сама-то что же думаешь?","title":"Intensive «сама» + «же» insistence","body":"«Сама» ('[you] yourself') intensifies the pronoun, and «что же думаешь» uses the insistent particle «же» to press — 'but what do you yourself think?' Topic «-то» on «сама» nudges the focus onto her own opinion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies Ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сама","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c1-s116","source":"— А что думаю? Конец мне пришел, вот что думаю. Конец мне они все трое приготовили, потому что тут Катька. Всё это Катька, от нее и идет. «Такая она и сякая», значит, это я не такая. Это он вперед говорит, вперед меня предупреждает. Бросить он меня замыслил, вот и весь тут секрет! Втроем это и придумали — Митька, Катька да Иван Федорович. Алеша, хотела я тебя спросить давно: неделю назад он мне вдруг и открывает, что Иван влюблен в Катьку, потому что часто к ней ходит. Правду он это мне сказал или нет? Говори по совести, режь меня.","translation":"\"What do I think? It's the end of me, that's what I think. The end is what the three of them have prepared for me, because Katka is in it. It's all Katka — it all comes from her. 'She's this and she's that,' meaning I'm not like that. He's saying it in advance, warning me in advance. He's resolved to abandon me — there's the whole secret! The three of them thought it up — Mitka, Katka, and Ivan Fyodorovich. Alyosha, I've long wanted to ask you something: a week ago he suddenly comes out and tells me Ivan is in love with Katka, because he visits her so often. Did he tell me the truth or not? Tell me on your conscience, cut me to the quick.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Конец мне пришел","title":"Dative of the one it befalls","body":"«Конец мне пришел» — 'the end has come for me', literally 'an end came to me' — places the affected person in the dative «мне». Russian frames doom impersonally, the disaster arriving 'to' the experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька, Катька да Иван Федорович","title":"Scornful «-ка» names vs. the full triad","body":"The contempt is built into the morphology: Mitya and Katya are cut down to dismissive «Митька, Катька», while Ivan keeps his dignified name-and-patronymic «Иван Федорович». The mismatch of name-forms is itself characterization of how Grushenka ranks the three."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори по совести, режь меня","title":"Imperatives + idiom «режь меня»","body":"Two imperatives close the plea: «говори» ('speak') and the imperative «режь» ('cut [me]'), here figurative — 'cut me to the quick, give it to me straight'. «По совести» ('in conscience, honestly') is «по» + dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришел","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces что думаю","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of вот что думаю","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приготовили","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приготовили","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приготовили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to они, subject of приготовили","gloss":"three of them","note":"Collective numeral in apposition to they — 'the three of them prepared it.'"},{"surface":"приготовили","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate with Катька","gloss":"in on it"},{"surface":"Катька","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, coordinated with это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, coordinated with Всё","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Катька","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Всё это","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"Такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сякая","lemma":"сякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with такая","gloss":"such-and-such","note":"Informal pair 'такая-сякая' — 'this-and-that,' a dismissive description."},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing это я не такая","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of такая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of такая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is saying"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предупреждает","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of предупреждает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"предупреждает","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"is warning"},{"surface":"Бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of замыслил","gloss":"to abandon"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замыслил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Бросить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"замыслил","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has resolved"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces весь тут секрет","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies весь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, elliptical 'is'","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"Втроем","lemma":"втроём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придумали","gloss":"together, the three of them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of придумали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies придумали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"придумали","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought up"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"Митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придумали","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"Катька","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Митька","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Митька","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of time, modifies открывает","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открывает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открывает","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открывает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies открывает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"открывает","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хотела","gloss":"tells me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of влюблен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюблен","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"влюблен","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of открывает","gloss":"is in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катьку","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катьку","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблен","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on влюблен","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"Правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun for Правду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"good conscience"},{"surface":"режь","lemma":"резать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Говори","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of режь","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c1-s117","source":"— Я тебе не солгу. Иван в Катерину Ивановну не влюблен, так я думаю.","translation":"\"I won't lie to you. Ivan is not in love with Katerina Ivanovna, so I think.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе не солгу","title":"Perfective future «солгу»","body":"«Солгу» is the perfective future of «солгать/лгать» ('to lie'), in present-form: 'I will not [tell a] lie [to you]'. «Тебе» is the dative addressee. Alyosha's flat future-tense promise of honesty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в Катерину Ивановну не влюблен","title":"Short adjective «влюблен» + «в» of object","body":"«Влюблен в кого» ('in love with') uses the short predicative participle/adjective «влюблен» plus «в» + accusative for the beloved. Negated, «не влюблен» states the bare fact — the short form's predicate role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of солгу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"солгу","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will lie"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюблен","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблен","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влюблен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"влюблен","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Иван","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c1-s118","source":"— Ну, так и я тогда же подумала! Лжет он мне, бесстыжий, вот что! И приревновал он теперь меня, чтобы потом на меня свалить. Ведь он дурак, ведь он не умеет концов хоронить, откровенный он ведь такой… Только я ж ему, я ж ему! «Ты, говорит, веришь, что я убил», — это мне-то он говорит, мне-то, это меня-то он тем попрекнул! Бог с ним! Ну постой, плохо этой Катьке будет от меня на суде! Я там одно такое словечко скажу… Я там уж всё скажу!","translation":"\"Well, that's just what I thought then, too! He's lying to me, the shameless one, that's what! And now he's gotten jealous over me so as to lay the blame on me later. Why, he's a fool, he doesn't know how to hide his tracks, he's so open about everything… Only I'll give it to him, I will! 'Do you,' he says, 'believe that I killed' — that's what he says to me, to me, that's what he reproached me with! God be with him! Well, just wait — that Katka will fare badly with me at the trial! I'll say just one little word there… I'll tell everything there!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы потом на меня свалить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Чтобы… свалить» ('so as to dump/pin [it] on me') is a purpose clause; with a same-subject infinitive «чтобы» governs the bare infinitive rather than a past form. «Свалить на кого» ('to shift blame onto') takes «на» + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не умеет концов хоронить","title":"Genitive object idiom «хоронить концы»","body":"«Хоронить концы» (literally 'to bury the [rope-]ends') is an idiom for covering one's tracks; «концов» appears in the genitive here under the negated «не умеет». The folksy image fits Grushenka's shrewd read of guileless Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только я ж ему, я ж ему!","title":"Aposiopesis with insistent «ж»","body":"The unfinished threat «я ж ему!» ('I'll show him!') trails off — the verb suppressed for menace. «Ж» (= «же») drives the insistence, the breaking-off (aposiopesis) leaving the retaliation to the imagination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одно такое словечко","title":"«Словечко» — the loaded little word","body":"«Словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» ('word'), but here it is menacing, not cute — 'just one little word' she could drop at the trial to undo Katka. The diminutive sharpens the threat by its mock-casualness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies так","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"подумала","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Лжет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"бесстыжий","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"the shameless one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has grown jealous"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приревновал","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свалить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свалить","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приревновал","gloss":"pin it"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурак","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дурак","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеет","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause coordinated with дурак","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of хоронить","gloss":"his tracks"},{"surface":"хоронить","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"откровенный","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb (show him)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of elliptical verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, interrupts the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of веришь","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject with говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, attached to мне","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of попрекнул","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, attached to мне","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of попрекнул","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of попрекнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, attached to меня","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попрекнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попрекнул","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"попрекнул","lemma":"попрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproached me"},{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, elliptical 'be'","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement in Бог с ним","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, modifies будет","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катьке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Катьке","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словечко","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"for sure"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c1-s119","source":"И опять она горько заплакала.","translation":"And again she wept bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять она горько заплакала","title":"Inceptive perfective «заплакать»","body":"«Заплакала» (prefix «за-» + «плакать») is the inceptive perfective 'burst into tears, began to cry'. The «за-» of onset is one of Russian's commonest ways to mark the start of an action as a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заплакала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакала","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"заплакала","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c1-s120","source":"— Вот что я тебе могу твердо объявить, Грушенька, — сказал, вставая с места, Алеша, — первое то, что он тебя любит, любит более всех на свете, и одну тебя, в этом ты мне верь. Я знаю. Уж я знаю. Второе то скажу тебе, что я секрета выпытывать от него не хочу, а если сам мне скажет сегодня, то прямо скажу ему, что тебе обещался сказать. Тогда приду к тебе сегодня же и скажу. Только… кажется мне… нет тут Катерины Ивановны и в помине, а это про другое про что-нибудь этот секрет. И это наверно так. И не похоже совсем, чтобы про Катерину Ивановну, так мне сдается. А пока прощай!","translation":"\"Here is what I can firmly declare to you, Grushenka,\" Alyosha said, rising from his place. \"First, that he loves you — loves you more than anyone in the world, and you alone; in this you must believe me. I know it. I do know it. Second, I'll tell you that I don't want to wring the secret out of him; but if he tells me himself today, I'll say to him outright that I promised to tell you. Then I'll come to you this very day and tell you. Only… it seems to me… there's no trace of Katerina Ivanovna in this; the secret is about something else. And surely that's how it is. It doesn't look at all as if it were about Katerina Ivanovna — so it seems to me. But for now, goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал, вставая с места, Алеша","title":"Imperfective gerund «вставая»","body":"«Вставая» ('rising, getting up') is an imperfective present gerund framing the simultaneous action behind his speech — he speaks as he rises. «С места» ('from his place') is «с» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любит более всех на свете","title":"Comparative «более всех» = superlative sense","body":"«Более всех» ('more than everyone') uses the comparative «более» with a genitive of comparison «всех» to yield superlative meaning — he loves her above all others. A common way Russian builds 'the most' from a comparative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если сам мне скажет сегодня, то прямо скажу","title":"Real conditional «если… то» + perfective future","body":"Unlike the «бы» counterfactuals, this is a real (open) condition: «если скажет, то скажу» — both perfective futures, 'if he tells me, then I'll tell'. The «если… то» frame pairs a genuine condition with its consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет тут Катерины Ивановны и в помине","title":"Genitive of negation in «нет… и в помине»","body":"«Нет и в помине» ('there's not a trace, not so much as a mention') is an emphatic existential negation; its subject obligatorily takes the genitive — «нет Катерины Ивановны». The idiom flatly denies her any part in the secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, presentative","role":"introduces the clause (presentative 'here is')","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявить (fronted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of могу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявить","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the speech tag introducing the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вставая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставая","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то (predicate: 'first is')","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of elliptical clause resuming the speech","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит (w19)","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"comparative complement of более (than anyone)","gloss":"than anyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тебя (only you)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"секрета","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпытывать","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"выпытывать","lemma":"выпытывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to wring out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпытывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (he himself), subject of скажет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"correlative of если, introduces the main clause скажу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать (fronted relative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обещался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обещался","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying что","gloss":"I promised"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещался","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня (emphatic: this very)","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"tell you"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"predicate: negates existence (governs genitive Катерины Ивановны)","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"of Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины (patronymic)","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'и в помине нет' (not even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"помине","lemma":"помин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom 'и в помине нет' (no trace)","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied copula","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of про (predicate complement)","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-нибудь","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, accusative, neuter","role":"part of indefinite pronoun что-нибудь, object of про","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, accusative, neuter","role":"part of indefinite pronoun что-нибудь","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied copula (secret is about...)","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial, modifies the clause","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement (surely so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похоже","morphology":"predicative, neuter","role":"predicate: it seems/looks (negated)","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину (patronymic)","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдается","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сдается","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сдается","lemma":"сдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощай","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c1-s121","source":"Алеша пожал ей руку.","translation":"Alyosha pressed her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожал ей руку","title":"Dative «ей» + accusative «руку»","body":"The perfective «пожал» (he pressed/shook) takes the thing pressed in the accusative, «руку», while the person whose hand it is stands in the dative «ей» — literally 'pressed to-her the hand'. Russian routinely marks the affected possessor of a body part with a dative rather than a possessive pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожал","title":"Perfective past for a single act","body":"«пожал» is the perfective past of «пожимать/пожать»: one completed gesture, viewed as a whole, moving the narrative forward a single step. An imperfective «пожимал» would have made it lingering or repeated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пожал","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c1-s122","source":"Грушенька всё еще плакала.","translation":"Grushenka was still weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще плакала","title":"Imperfective «плакала» = ongoing state","body":"The imperfective past «плакала» paints weeping as a process still under way, reinforced by «всё ещё» ('still', 'all this while'). This is background description, not a single event — exactly what the imperfective is for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase 'всё ещё' (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала (part of 'всё ещё')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c1-s123","source":"Он видел, что она его утешениям очень мало поверила, но и то уж было ей хорошо, что хоть горе сорвала, высказалась.","translation":"He saw that she had put very little faith in his words of comfort, yet it had done her good all the same merely to have let her grief break loose, to have spoken it out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она его утешениям очень мало поверила","title":"«поверить» governs the dative","body":"The verb «поверить» ('to believe, give credence to') takes its object in the dative, here «его утешениям» ('his words of comfort'). So she did not believe to his comforts — the case, not word order, tells you who trusted what."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он видел, что... но и то уж было ей хорошо, что...","title":"Two «что»-clauses: report vs. anticipated content","body":"The subordinator «что» opens both the reported perception («что она... поверила») and the delayed-subject clause that «то» points forward to («что хоть горе сорвала»). Each dependent clause is set off by a comma, the standard Russian frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ей хорошо","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal «ей хорошо»","body":"There is no nominative subject here: the person who feels stands in the dative «ей», and the predicate is the invariable «хорошо» with neuter past «было» — 'it did her good / she felt better'. This experiencer-first frame is one of Dostoevsky's favourite ways into a character's inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть горе сорвала, высказалась","title":"Perfectives «сорвала» and reflexive «высказалась»","body":"Two perfective pasts name the relief as accomplished wholes: «сорвала» (vented, literally 'tore off' her grief) and the reflexive «высказалась» ('spoke herself out'). The «-ся/-сь» on «высказалась» turns the act inward — to unburden oneself by speaking — rather than taking an external object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горе сорвала","title":"«сорвать горе» — to vent one's grief","body":"«сорвать» literally means to tear or pluck off; paired with «горе» (grief) it is an expressive idiom for letting pent-up sorrow burst out. The image is of grief ripped loose rather than merely 'expressed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж","title":"Particle «уж» softening and insisting","body":"Here «уж» (a worn-down «уже») is less 'already' than an emphatic, conceding particle — 'all the same', 'at any rate' — colouring the clause with the narrator's reassuring tone. Such modal particles carry attitude that English must render with stress or added phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поверила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of утешениям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"утешениям","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of поверила","gloss":"words of comfort"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверила","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"поверила","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"had believed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase 'и то' (even that)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было хорошо, part of phrase 'и то'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо (main clause)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of хорошо","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate complement of было (main clause)","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сорвала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сорвала","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сорвала","gloss":"her grief"},{"surface":"сорвала","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"vented"},{"surface":"высказалась","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвала","gloss":"spoke it out"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c1-s124","source":"Жалко ему было оставлять ее в таком состоянии, но он спешил.","translation":"He was sorry to leave her in such a state, but he was in a hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жалко ему было оставлять ее","title":"Impersonal «жалко ему было» + infinitive","body":"Another subjectless construction: the experiencer «ему» is dative, the predicate the invariable «жалко» ('it was a pity / he was loath'), with neuter «было», and the source of the feeling is the imperfective infinitive «оставлять» ('to be leaving'). Fronting «жалко» throws the emotional weight to the head of the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таком состоянии","title":"Prepositional «в... состоянии» of state","body":"«в таком состоянии» ('in such a state') stands in the prepositional case after «в» marking location/condition, with the demonstrative «таком» agreeing in case, gender, and number with «состоянии»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но он спешил","title":"Contrastive «но» and imperfective «спешил»","body":"«но» sets the pity against the haste, and the imperfective past «спешил» ('he was hurrying') gives the haste as an ongoing condition, not a single act — the standing pressure under which Alyosha acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal construction","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of жалко","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the impersonal construction (жалко было)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"оставлять","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of было жалко","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлять","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлять","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"was in a hurry"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c1-s125","source":"Предстояло ему еще много дела.","translation":"He still had a great deal to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предстояло ему еще много дела","title":"Impersonal «предстояло ему» — what lay ahead","body":"The neuter «предстояло» ('there lay before / was in store') runs impersonally, with the dative «ему» naming the one it faced. There is again no nominative subject; the thing awaiting him is expressed quantitatively below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много дела","title":"Genitive after «много»","body":"Quantity words like «много» govern the genitive: «дела» here is genitive singular of «дело» ('business, matter'), giving 'much to do'. The quantifier-plus-genitive is the standard way Russian counts uncountable amounts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предстояло ему еще много дела","title":"Verb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"Opening with the verb «предстояло» and ending on the new information «много дела» follows Russian's topic-comment rhythm: what is given (the awaiting) comes first, the weighty news — how much work — lands last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"still lay ahead"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Предстояло","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"depends on дела","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Предстояло","gloss":"to do"}]}]}