{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c10","title":{"source":"X. «Это он говорил!»","translated":"\"It Was He Who Said That\""},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c10","lines":183},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c10-s1","source":"Алеша, войдя, сообщил Ивану Федоровичу, что час с небольшим назад прибежала к нему на квартиру Марья Кондратьевна и объявила, что Смердяков лишил себя жизни.","translation":"Alyosha, on entering, told Ivan Fyodorovich that a little over an hour ago Marya Kondratyevna had come running to his lodgings and announced that Smerdyakov had taken his own life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») of «войти» — \"having entered / on entering.\" It names a completed action prior to the main verb «сообщил» and must share its subject (Alyosha), compressing \"when he came in, he told\" into one tight clause typical of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сообщил Ивану Федоровичу, что…","title":"Dative addressee + reported clause","body":"«Сообщить» takes the person informed in the dative («Ивану Федоровичу» — to Ivan Fyodorovich) and the content in a «что»-clause. The что simply reports a fact, opening the chain of indirect speech that fills the whole sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежала… на квартиру… объявила","title":"Perfective past moves the story","body":"The string of perfectives «прибежала… объявила» (and later «лишил») reports discrete completed events one after another — Marya ran up, then announced — against which the imperfective background falls away. This event-by-event perfective chain is how Russian narration advances."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лишил себя жизни","title":"«лишить себя жизни» — to take one's own life","body":"A formal, almost legal idiom: «лишить кого-то жизни» is \"to deprive someone of life,\" so with the reflexive «себя» it means \"to take one's own life,\" the decorous register Alyosha would use in reporting a suicide. Note the genitive «жизни» governed by «лишить» (to deprive of)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщил","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибежала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небольшим","gloss":"and a bit"},{"surface":"небольшим","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежала","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщил","gloss":"had come running"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by на","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибежала","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лишил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"лишил","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявила","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive object of лишил","gloss":"himself of"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of лишил","gloss":"his life"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c10-s2","source":"«Вхожу этта к нему самовар прибрать, а он у стенки на гвоздочке висит».","translation":"\"I go in there to clear away his samovar, and there he is, hanging on a little peg by the wall.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этта","title":"Colloquial «этта»","body":"«Этта» is a dialectal, lower-class variant of «этот / вот тут» (\"just now / right here\"), which Dostoevsky uses to mark Marya Kondratyevna's uneducated peasant speech. We keep that texture by rendering her line as casual, present-tense narration (\"I go in there...\"), since a smooth literary \"I went in\" would erase the social-class colour the Russian carries."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вхожу… а он… висит","title":"Vivid narrative present","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present — «вхожу» (I'm going in), «висит» (he's hanging) — used to narrate a past discovery as if it is unfolding now. This \"historic present\" makes the gruesome moment immediate; the «а» that joins the clauses is the contrastive \"and then there…\" hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на гвоздочке","title":"Diminutive «гвоздочек»","body":"«Гвоздочек» is the diminutive of «гвоздь» (nail/peg). In Marya's mouth the affectionate diminutive — \"a little peg\" — is not tenderness toward the object but the homely, folksy texture of peasant speech, where everyday things routinely take the -ок/-очек suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вхожу","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I go in","note":"Historical present used for a past narrated event."},{"surface":"этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"adverb, dialectal","role":"modifies Вхожу","gloss":"here","note":"Dialectal form of 'здесь/сюда' (here)."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вхожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прибрать","gloss":"the samovar"},{"surface":"прибрать","lemma":"прибрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive on Вхожу","gloss":"to clear away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of висит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стенки","lemma":"стенка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of висит","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гвоздочке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гвоздочке","lemma":"гвоздочек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of висит","gloss":"a little peg"},{"surface":"висит","lemma":"висеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Вхожу","gloss":"is hanging"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c10-s3","source":"На вопрос Алеши: «Заявила ль она кому следует?» — ответила, что никому не заявляла, а «прямо бросилась к вам к первому и всю дорогу бежала бегом».","translation":"To Alyosha's question — \"Has she reported it to the proper authorities?\" — she answered that she had reported it to no one, but had \"run straight to you first of all, and run the whole way at a dead run.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заявила ль она кому следует?","title":"Interrogative particle «ль»","body":"«Ль» is the reduced enclitic form of «ли», the yes/no question particle: it follows the focused word «заявила» and turns the statement into a neutral question — \"Has she reported it?\" This bookish device is more formal than mere question intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кому следует","title":"«кому следует» — to the proper authorities","body":"A set phrase: «кому следует» literally \"to whom it is due/proper,\" i.e. \"to the appropriate persons / the authorities.\" «Следует» here is the impersonal \"it is fitting,\" governing the dative «кому». It is the idiomatic, slightly officialese way of asking whether the case was reported to those who ought to handle it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не заявляла","title":"Negative concord with «никому»","body":"\"She reported to no one\" is built with double negation: the negative pronoun «никому» (to nobody, dative) still requires «не» on the verb. Russian demands this negative concord — the two negatives reinforce rather than cancel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бежала бегом","title":"Intensifying cognate «бежала бегом»","body":"«Бегом» is the instrumental of «бег» (running) used adverbially with the verb «бежать» — a cognate intensifier, \"ran at a run / at a dead run.\" The redundancy is expressive, conveying breathless haste, and again belongs to Marya's vivid colloquial register."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответила","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"Заявила","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted question, main verb","gloss":"Has she reported"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle on Заявила","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Заявила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Заявила","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying кому","gloss":"it is proper"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заявляла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заявляла","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заявляла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заявляла","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ответила","gloss":"had reported"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заявляла","gloss":"had rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первому","gloss":"[first] of all"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies вам","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежала","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"бежала","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"бегом","lemma":"бег","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of бежала","gloss":"at a run"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c10-s4","source":"Она была как помешанная, передавал Алеша, и вся дрожала как лист.","translation":"She was like a woman out of her mind, Alyosha related, and trembled all over like a leaf.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как помешанная","title":"«помешанная» — out of her mind","body":"«Помешанная» is a participial adjective meaning \"deranged/crazed [woman]\" (lexicalized, not a regular passive participle: «помешаться» is an intransitive reflexive verb and forms none). The feminine ending agrees with the implied «она»; «как помешанная» = \"like one out of her mind.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"передавал Алеша","title":"Imperfective «передавал» frames the report","body":"The narration switches to the imperfective past «передавал» (Alyosha was relating / went on relating) to frame his ongoing act of telling, inside which the described facts sit. The choice marks reported speech in progress rather than a single completed statement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрожала как лист","title":"«дрожать как лист» — trembling like a leaf","body":"A fixed simile, exactly matching the English \"to tremble like a leaf.\" «Вся дрожала» — \"trembled all over\" — uses «вся» (the whole of her) intensively. The cliché is deliberate, lending Alyosha's account the plain, heartfelt directness of common speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to помешанная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with помешанная","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помешанная","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a woman out of her mind"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Она, subject of дрожала","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожала","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with лист","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"лист","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a leaf"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c10-s5","source":"Когда же Алеша прибежал вместе с ней в их избу, то застал Смердякова всё еще висевшим.","translation":"And when Alyosha had run with her to their cottage, he found Smerdyakov still hanging there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же… прибежал… то застал","title":"«когда… то» correlative","body":"«Когда… то…» is a correlative pair: the «когда»-clause sets the time, and «то» resumes the main clause (\"when… then…\"). The «же» on «когда» is a mild connective particle giving \"and when,\" smoothing the transition from Marya's words back to narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"застал Смердякова всё еще висевшим","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«Застать кого-то висевшим» — \"to find someone hanging.\" «Висевшим» is the past active participle of «висеть» (to hang, intransitive), in the instrumental because «застать» frames the object's state with an instrumental predicate: he found Smerdyakov [in the state of] still hanging."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избу","title":"«изба» — peasant cottage","body":"An «изба» is a traditional Russian log-built peasant house. Calling Marya and her mother's dwelling an «изба» fixes their humble rural class; \"cottage\" is our nearest English rendering, though it loses the specifically Russian log-hut connotation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибежал","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on застал","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежал","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of избу","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежал","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative marking the main clause","gloss":"[then]"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies висевшим","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"висевшим","lemma":"висеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of застал","gloss":"hanging"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c10-s6","source":"На столе лежала записка: «Истребляю свою жизнь своею собственною волей и охотой, чтобы никого не винить».","translation":"On the table lay a note: \"I destroy my life of my own free will and inclination, so as to blame no one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На столе лежала записка","title":"Locative-first word order","body":"The sentence opens with the location «На столе» (on the table) and ends with the new information «записка» (a note), the verb «лежала» between. This topic-comment ordering — given setting first, new subject last — is Russian's idiomatic way of \"there lay a note on the table,\" letting the case endings carry the grammar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Истребляю свою жизнь","title":"«истреблять» — to destroy / exterminate","body":"«Истреблять» is a strong, elevated verb meaning to annihilate or exterminate (usually of enemies, pests, whole things). Smerdyakov's choice of so formal and total a word — \"I exterminate my life\" — over a plainer «убиваю» reveals his self-taught, would-be-literary pretension even in his suicide note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею собственною волей и охотой","title":"Archaic instrumental endings «-ою»","body":"«Своею собственною… волей… охотой» is the instrumental of means — \"by my own will and inclination.\" The long feminine instrumental forms «своею собственною» (modern «своей собственной») are the bookish, slightly archaic -ою/-ею endings, lending the note a stiff, formal solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы никого не винить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы»","body":"«Чтобы» plus the infinitive «винить» expresses purpose — \"so as to blame no one.\" Note the negative concord «никого не винить» (to blame nobody). The whole clause is the crux of Smerdyakov's note: a deliberate attempt to clear Dmitri by claiming sole, willed responsibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"записка","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"Истребляю","lemma":"истреблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted note","gloss":"I destroy"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Истребляю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волей","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"собственною","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Истребляю","gloss":"free will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with волей","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of винить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of винить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies винить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"винить","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on Истребляю","gloss":"blame"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c10-s7","source":"Алеша так и оставил эту записку на столе и пошел прямо к исправнику, у него обо всем заявил, «а оттуда прямо к тебе», — заключил Алеша, пристально вглядываясь в лицо Ивана.","translation":"Alyosha left the note just so on the table and went straight to the district police chief, reported everything to him, \"and from there straight to you,\" Alyosha concluded, gazing intently into Ivan's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и оставил","title":"Emphatic «так и»","body":"«Так и оставил» — \"left it just so / just as it was.\" The particle pairing «так и» emphasises that the action was carried out exactly thus, untouched; here, that Alyosha deliberately left the note in place as evidence rather than removing it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядываясь в лицо Ивана","title":"Imperfective gerund «вглядываясь»","body":"«Вглядываясь» is the imperfective adverbial participle of «вглядываться» (to peer/gaze intently into) — \"gazing intently,\" an action simultaneous with the main «заключил». The -ся verb is reflexive-middle, and the gerund shares Alyosha's subject, painting his searching look as he speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of записку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the district police chief"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил (quoted clause)","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттуда","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with оставил","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Ivan's"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c10-s8","source":"И всё время, пока он рассказывал, он не отводил от него глаз, как бы чем-то очень пораженный в выражении его лица.","translation":"And the whole time, as he was telling it, he never took his eyes off Ivan, as though something in the expression of his face had struck him deeply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отводил от него глаз","title":"Genitive of negation «глаз»","body":"«Не отводил… глаз» — \"did not take his eyes off him.\" Under the negated «не отводил», the object «глаза» (eyes) shifts to the genitive plural «глаз», the genitive of negation. The imperfective «отводил» conveys the continuous \"the whole time… never took his eyes off.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы чем-то очень пораженный","title":"«как бы» + short participle «поражённый»","body":"«Как бы» softens to \"as though / as if,\" a hedge Dostoevsky loves. «Пораженный» is the past passive participle of «поразить» (to strike), here as a predicate — \"as though struck by something.\" The means is in the instrumental «чем-то» (by something), with the indefinite particle -то marking a specific but unnamed thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of отводил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying время","gloss":"was telling it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отводил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отводил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отводил","lemma":"отводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отводил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отводил","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пораженный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial predicate on отводил, modifies он","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражении","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"выражении","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пораженный","gloss":"the expression"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражении","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c10-s9","source":"— Брат, — вскричал он вдруг, — ты, верно, ужасно болен!","translation":"\"Brother,\" he cried out suddenly, \"you must be terribly ill!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричал","title":"Perfective «вскричал» — burst out","body":"«Вскричать» is a perfective verb with the prefix вс- meaning a sudden onset — \"to cry out, to exclaim.\" The single completed burst suits the abrupt «вдруг» (suddenly); Dostoevsky uses such momentary perfectives to mark the spikes of feeling in dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, верно, ужасно болен","title":"Short adjective «болен»","body":"«Болен» is the short (predicative) form of «больной» (ill). Short adjectives appear only as predicates and often carry a sense of a present, particular state — exactly \"you are [now] terribly ill.\" The parenthetical «верно» here means \"surely / you must be,\" not \"correctly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"ill"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c10-s10","source":"Ты смотришь и как будто не понимаешь, что я говорю.","translation":"You look at me and it is as if you don't understand what I'm saying.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто не понимаешь","title":"«как будто» — as if","body":"«Как будто» introduces an unreal comparison — \"as though you don't understand.\" The present imperfective «понимаешь» states the ongoing (non-)comprehension; the subject «ты» is dropped because the -ешь ending already marks second-person singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотришь","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаешь","gloss":"am saying"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c10-s11","source":"— Это хорошо, что ты пришел, — проговорил как бы задумчиво Иван и как бы вовсе не слыхав восклицания Алеши. — А ведь я знал, что он повесился.","translation":"\"It's a good thing you've come,\" Ivan said, as though musing, and as though he had not heard Alyosha's exclamation at all. \"And yet I knew that he had hanged himself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы задумчиво… как бы вовсе не слыхав","title":"«как бы» + anterior gerund «слыхав»","body":"Twice «как бы» hedges Ivan's manner — \"as though\" musing, \"as though\" not having heard. «Слыхав» is the anterior gerund (-в form) of the colloquial imperfective «слыхать» (to hear; perfective partner «услыхать»), negated: \"as if not having heard at all.\" The -в marks anteriority/relative past, not perfective aspect. The gerund shares Ivan's subject and frames the prior non-event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь я знал","title":"Particles «а» and «ведь»","body":"The opening «А ведь» bundles two particles: the contrastive «а» (and yet) and «ведь», which appeals to shared knowledge — \"and yet, you know, I knew.\" Together they give Ivan's line its eerie, confiding undertone of an already-possessed certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он повесился","title":"Reflexive «повеситься» — to hang oneself","body":"«Повеситься» = «повесить» (to hang [something]) + the reflexive -ся turning the action back on the subject: \"to hang oneself.\" The -ся here is the true reflexive, the agent acting upon himself — the grim, idiomatic Russian word for suicide by hanging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"is a good thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"musingly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхав","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил, coordinated with задумчиво","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слыхав","gloss":"the exclamation"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повесился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повесился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"had hanged himself"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c10-s12","source":"— От кого же?","translation":"\"From whom, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От кого же?","title":"Genitive after «от» + insistent «же»","body":"«От кого» is the genitive of «кто» governed by «от» (from) — \"from whom?\" The particle «же» here insists and presses: \"From whom, then?\" Alyosha catches the strangeness of Ivan saying he \"knew\" and demands his source."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c10-s13","source":"— Не знаю от кого.","translation":"\"I don't know from whom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаю от кого","title":"Embedded question after negation","body":"An elliptical reply — \"[I] don't know from whom.\" The subject «я» is dropped, and «от кого» is the same genitive-after-«от» echoed from Alyosha's question, now embedded under «не знаю». Ivan's fractured short answers mirror his disordered mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c10-s14","source":"Но я знал.","translation":"But I knew it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но я знал","title":"Imperfective «знал» as a state","body":"«Знал» is imperfective past — the state of \"I knew / I had the knowledge,\" not a single event. Knowing has no completed perfective; the imperfective is the natural aspect for a continuing mental state, here charged with Ivan's torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew it"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c10-s15","source":"Знал ли я?","translation":"Did I know it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знал ли я?","title":"Self-question with «ли»","body":"Ivan immediately turns his own assertion into a yes/no question: «Знал ли я?» — \"Did I [really] know?\" The particle «ли» follows the fronted, focused verb «знал». The instant reversal dramatises his unravelling grip on what is real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Did I know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle on Знал","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знал","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c10-s16","source":"Да, он мне сказал.","translation":"Yes, he told me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне сказал","title":"Dative addressee «мне»","body":"«Сказать» takes the hearer in the dative: «мне» — \"he told me.\" The perfective «сказал» reports a single completed act of telling. Who \"he\" is remains ominously unspecified — the hallucinated devil whom Ivan keeps half-naming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces сказал","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c10-s17","source":"Он сейчас еще мне говорил…","translation":"He was telling me only just now...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он сейчас еще мне говорил…","title":"Imperfective «говорил» — was telling","body":"Now the imperfective «говорил» (was speaking/telling), against the perfective «сказал» a line earlier: Ivan shifts from the finished fact to the lingering process — \"he was telling me only just now.\" «Сейчас еще» (\"just now still\") fixes it as a moment barely past, blurring into the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c10-s18","source":"Иван стоял среди комнаты и говорил всё так же задумчиво и смотря в землю.","translation":"Ivan stood in the middle of the room and spoke in that same musing way, looking at the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял… говорил… и смотря в землю","title":"Imperfective verbs + gerund «смотря»","body":"The narration runs on imperfective verbs of state and process — «стоял» (was standing), «говорил» (kept speaking) — joined to the simultaneous gerund «смотря» (looking) of «смотреть». The slight asymmetry (two finite verbs then a gerund) is normal in Russian, all describing Ivan's continuous, abstracted posture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смотря в землю","title":"«в землю» — at the floor/ground","body":"Literally \"looking into the earth/ground,\" «в землю» here means down at the floor. The word «земля» does double duty as earth, ground, and floor; the image of a man staring fixedly at the ground reinforces his withdrawn, trance-like state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумчиво","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"musingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c10-s19","source":"— Кто ''он?'' — спросил Алеша, невольно оглядевшись кругом.","translation":"\"Who is ''he''?\" Alyosha asked, glancing about him in spite of himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто он?","title":"Stressed pronoun «он»","body":"The italicised «он» (he) is emphatic: Alyosha presses on the unnamed figure — \"Who is HE?\" Without a copula in the present, «Кто он?» is simply \"who [is] he?\" The interrogative «кто» always takes masculine agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невольно оглядевшись кругом","title":"Perfective gerund «оглядевшись»","body":"«Оглядевшись» is the perfective past gerund of «оглядеться» (to look around oneself) with the reflexive -ся — \"having glanced about him.\" «Невольно» (involuntarily, in spite of himself) shows Alyosha's instinctive, uneasy reaction to Ivan's talk of an unseen \"he.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of он (quoted question)","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Кто","gloss":"is 'he'"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядевшись","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"оглядевшись","lemma":"оглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"glancing about"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядевшись","gloss":"around him"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c10-s20","source":"— Он улизнул.","translation":"\"He slipped away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"улизнул","title":"«улизнуть» — to slip away","body":"«Улизнуть» is a colloquial perfective meaning to sneak off, slip away unnoticed, give someone the slip — with a tinge of the furtive or cowardly. Ivan uses it of the devil, who \"slipped off\" at Alyosha's knock; the slangy verb makes the apparition almost contemptibly real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улизнул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"улизнул","lemma":"улизнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slipped away"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c10-s21","source":"Иван поднял голову и тихо улыбнулся:","translation":"Ivan raised his head and smiled quietly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял голову и тихо улыбнулся","title":"Perfective pair of actions","body":"Two perfectives report two quick completed gestures: «поднял» (raised) his head and «улыбнулся» (smiled). «Улыбнуться» exists only with -ся (to give a smile); «тихо» (quietly/softly) colours the smile as gentle and unsettling against the horror of his words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c10-s22","source":"— Он тебя испугался, тебя, голубя.","translation":"\"He was afraid of you — of you, my dove.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он тебя испугался","title":"«испугаться» + genitive object","body":"«Испугаться кого-то» — \"to take fright at / be frightened of someone.\" The -ся verb governs its object in the genitive, so «тебя» is genitive, not accusative — \"he got frightened of you.\" The repeated «тебя, голубя» drives the point home affectionately."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубя","title":"«голубь» — dove, as endearment","body":"«Голубь» (dove) is a tender term of endearment, like \"my dove / dear soul\"; here in the genitive «голубя», apposed to «тебя». The dove's gentleness and its Christian associations of the Holy Spirit fit Alyosha precisely, and feed Ivan's stream of angelic imagery in the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"genitive object of испугался","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя (restated)","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"голубя","lemma":"голубь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя","gloss":"my dove"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c10-s23","source":"Ты «чистый херувим».","translation":"You are a 'pure cherub.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чистый херувим","title":"«чистый херувим» — pure cherub","body":"«Чистый» means pure, clean, unmixed; «чистый херувим» = \"a pure cherub,\" set in quotation marks as a fixed epithet Ivan throws at Alyosha. The phrase carries Ivan's mix of real tenderness and feverish mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of херувим","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies херувим","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"cherub"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c10-s24","source":"Тебя Дмитрий херувимом зовет.","translation":"Dmitri calls you a cherub.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебя Дмитрий херувимом зовет","title":"«звать кого-то кем-то» — instrumental complement","body":"«Звать кого-то кем-то» — \"to call someone something\" — puts the object in the accusative («тебя») and the name in the instrumental («херувимом»). The fronting of «Тебя» topicalises Alyosha: \"You — Dmitri calls you a cherub.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зовет","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"херувимом","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of зовет","gloss":"a cherub"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calls"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c10-s25","source":"Херувим… Громовый вопль восторга серафимов!","translation":"A cherub... The thunderous cry of rapture of the seraphim!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Громовый вопль восторга серафимов","title":"«вопль восторга» — the cry of rapture","body":"«Вопль» is a loud cry or wail, «восторг» ecstatic rapture; «громовый» means thunderous. The grandiose, almost liturgical phrase \"the thunderous cry of rapture of the seraphim\" shows Ivan's mind sliding from address into delirious cosmic rhetoric. «Серафимов» is the genitive plural \"of the seraphim.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A cherub"},{"surface":"Громовый","lemma":"громовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"The thunderous"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"of rapture"},{"surface":"серафимов","lemma":"серафим","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"of the seraphim"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c10-s26","source":"Что такое серафим?","translation":"What is a seraph?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что такое серафим?","title":"«что такое» — what is…?","body":"«Что такое X?» is the standard idiom for \"what is X? / what does X even mean?\", asking for a definition rather than a thing. With no copula in the present, the bare nominatives «что» and «серафим» suffice — \"What [is] a seraph?\" Ivan's question turns from rapture to unhinged speculation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of серафим","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Что","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"серафим","lemma":"серафим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"a seraph"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c10-s27","source":"Может быть, целое созвездие.","translation":"Perhaps a whole constellation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Может быть, целое созвездие","title":"«может быть» — perhaps","body":"«Может быть» (\"it may be\") is the frozen adverbial \"perhaps, maybe.\" «Целое созвездие» — \"a whole constellation.\" Ivan's leap from angel to constellation begins the dizzying chain in which the spiritual and the astronomical collapse into one another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"(maybe)"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies созвездие","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"созвездие","lemma":"созвездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"constellation"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c10-s28","source":"А может быть, всё-то созвездие есть всего только какая-нибудь химическая молекула…","translation":"And perhaps that whole constellation is nothing more than some chemical molecule...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё-то созвездие есть всего только… молекула","title":"Bookish copula «есть» + emphatic «-то»","body":"Russian normally drops the present \"to be,\" but here Ivan keeps the bookish copula «есть» — \"that whole constellation IS only…\" — for definitional weight. The clitic «-то» on «всё-то» emphasises the known topic (\"that very whole constellation\"), and «всего только» means \"nothing more than.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"(maybe)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of созвездие","gloss":"that whole"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of созвездие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"созвездие","lemma":"созвездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"constellation"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая-нибудь","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молекула","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая-нибудь","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"химическая","lemma":"химический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молекула","gloss":"chemical"},{"surface":"молекула","lemma":"молекула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"molecule"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c10-s29","source":"Есть созвездие Льва и Солнца, не знаешь ли?","translation":"Is there a constellation of the Lion and the Sun — don't you know?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаешь ли?","title":"Tentative question «не знаешь ли»","body":"Tacking «не знаешь ли?» onto the end — \"don't you know? / do you happen to know?\" — uses the particle «ли» after the negated verb to soften the question into a tentative appeal, a more polite and literary turn than a blunt «знаешь?»"}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb (is there)","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"созвездие","lemma":"созвездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"a constellation"},{"surface":"Льва","lemma":"Лев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies созвездие","gloss":"of Leo"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Солнца","lemma":"Солнце","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Льва","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the yes/no question with не...знаешь","gloss":"[question marker]","note":"не...ли turns the clause into a tag question, like English \"don't you know?\""}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c10-s30","source":"— Брат, сядь! — проговорил Алеша в испуге, — сядь, ради бога, на диван.","translation":"\"Brother, sit down!\" said Alyosha in alarm. \"Sit down, for God's sake, on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сядь!","title":"Imperative «сядь»","body":"«Сядь!» is the perfective imperative of «сесть» (to sit down), addressed familiarly to Ivan — \"sit down!\" The perfective imperative urges a single completed action now; repeated «сядь… сядь» conveys Alyosha's alarmed insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ради бога","title":"«ради бога» — for God's sake","body":"«Ради бога» (literally \"for the sake of God\") is the everyday entreaty \"for God's sake / please.\" «Ради» governs the genitive «бога». The phrase is so worn it carries no real piety, only urgent pleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"сядь","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first imperative clause","gloss":"sit down!"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"сядь","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second imperative clause","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition ради","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the second сядь","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c10-s31","source":"Ты в бреду, приляг на подушку, вот так.","translation":"You are delirious; lie down on the pillow, like this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приляг на подушку","title":"Imperative «приляг»","body":"«Приляг» is the imperative of «прилечь» (to lie down for a while). The irregular imperative «приляг» (rather than expected *приляжь) is worth noting. The prefix при- softens it to \"lie down a bit\"; «на подушку» is accusative-of-motion after «на» — onto the pillow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты в бреду","title":"«в бреду» — locative -у́","body":"«В бреду» — \"in delirium / delirious.\" «Бред» (delirium, raving) takes the special stressed locative ending -у́ after «в» (в бреду, not *в бреде), one of a small set of masculine nouns with this old second-locative form. Alyosha's diagnosis names exactly Ivan's state — brain fever setting in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (predicate: в бреду)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты (idiom: you're delirious)","gloss":"a delirium"},{"surface":"приляг","lemma":"прилечь","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приляг","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приляг (manner)","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c10-s32","source":"Хочешь полотенце мокрое к голове?","translation":"Do you want a wet towel for your head?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь полотенце мокрое к голове?","title":"Elliptical offer + accusative object","body":"An elliptical question — \"[Do you] want a wet towel to [your] head?\" — with the verb of giving understood. «Полотенце мокрое» (inanimate neuter) is accusative = nominative; the postposed adjective «мокрое» (wet) is colloquially placed after its noun. «К голове» (to the head) takes the dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Хочешь","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"мокрое","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенце","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Хочешь","gloss":"your head"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c10-s33","source":"Может, лучше станет?","translation":"Perhaps it would make you feel better?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может, лучше станет?","title":"Impersonal «станет лучше» + comparative","body":"«Станет лучше» is impersonal — \"it will become better,\" i.e. you'll feel better — with no nominative subject; «лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хорошо/хороший». «Может» is a clipped «может быть» (perhaps). A dative \"you\" («тебе») is understood as the experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical use)","role":"parenthetical modifying станет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal: it will get)","gloss":"it will get"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c10-s34","source":"— Дай полотенце, вот тут на стуле, я давеча сюда бросил.","translation":"\"Give me the towel — it's there on the chair, I threw it down here a little while ago.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дай полотенце","title":"Imperative «дай»","body":"«Дай» is the imperative of «дать» (to give) — \"give [me] the towel.\" The irregular short imperative «дай» is one of the commonest in spoken Russian. Ivan's terse command marks the moment his attention snaps back to the physical room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning \"a short while ago, earlier today.\" Common in 19th-century and rustic speech, it situates the towel-throwing in the recent past — and becomes the hinge of the uncanny detail Ivan is about to fixate on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Дай","gloss":"the towel"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative predicate (it's right there)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тут","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"a while ago","note":"давеча is an archaic/colloquial adverb meaning \"earlier today, a little while ago.\""},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"threw"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c10-s35","source":"— Тут нет его.","translation":"\"It isn't here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут нет его","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Нет его» — \"it isn't here / there is none of it.\" The existential negative «нет» obligatorily takes its logical subject in the genitive: «его» is genitive (\"of it\"), not accusative. This is the core construction of Russian absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negative existential predicate","gloss":"there isn't"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"it","note":"Existential negation with нет takes the genitive case, not the accusative."}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c10-s36","source":"Не беспокойся, я знаю, где лежит; вот оно, — сказал Алеша, сыскав в другом углу комнаты, у туалетного столика Ивана, чистое, еще сложенное и не употребленное полотенце.","translation":"Don't worry, I know where it is; here it is,\" said Alyosha, having found, in another corner of the room, by Ivan's dressing table, a clean towel, still folded and unused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я знаю, где лежит","title":"Subject-drop in «где лежит»","body":"\"I know where [it] lies.\" The subject «оно» (the towel) is dropped in the embedded clause «где лежит», recoverable from context and the 3rd-sg ending. «Лежать» (to lie) is the natural verb for a flat object's position — Russian distinguishes lying, standing, and sitting objects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сыскав… полотенце","title":"Perfective gerund «сыскав»","body":"«Сыскав» is the perfective past gerund of the bookish/colloquial «сыскать» (to find, hunt out) — \"having found.\" It packs the prior completed action under the main «сказал», sharing Alyosha's subject. «Сыскать» is a slightly old-fashioned synonym of «найти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще сложенное и не употребленное полотенце","title":"Past passive participles as modifiers","body":"Two past passive participles modify «полотенце»: «сложенное» (folded, from «сложить») and «не употребленное» (unused, from «употребить»). Both are full long forms agreeing with neuter «полотенце» — a literary participle chain making vivid that this towel is dry, clean, untouched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of exclamation вот оно (here it is)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сыскав","lemma":"сыскать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"having found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыскав","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"of the room"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столика","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"туалетного","lemma":"туалетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столика","gloss":"dressing"},{"surface":"столика","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыскав","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столика","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"чистое","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенце","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сложенное","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сложенное","lemma":"сложённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чистое","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies употребленное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"употребленное","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with сложенное","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сыскав","gloss":"a towel"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c10-s37","source":"Иван странно посмотрел на полотенце; память как бы вмиг воротилась к нему.","translation":"Ivan looked at the towel strangely; his memory seemed to come back to him in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"память как бы вмиг воротилась к нему","title":"Archaic reflexive «воротилась»","body":"«Воротиться» is an older, folksier reflexive variant of «вернуться» (to return), with -ся as the middle/change-of-state marker: \"his memory came back to him.\" «К нему» (to him) takes the dative after «к». «Вмиг» = in an instant; «как бы» again hedges (\"as it were\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полотенце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the towel"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воротилась","gloss":"his memory"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying воротилась","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы is a fixed phrase meaning \"as if, seemingly.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"[seemingly]"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротилась","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"воротилась","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротилась","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c10-s38","source":"— Постой, — привстал он с дивана, — я давеча, час назад, это самое полотенце взял оттуда же и смочил водой.","translation":"\"Wait,\" he said, half rising from the sofa, \"a little while ago, an hour ago, I took this very towel from there too and wetted it with water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой","title":"Imperative «постой» — wait","body":"«Постой» is the perfective imperative of «постоять» (to stand/stay a moment), idiomatically \"wait! hold on!\" The prefix по- gives a brief, delimited action. Ivan throws it out as his memory suddenly snags on the towel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это самое полотенце взял… и смочил","title":"Perfective pair «взял… смочил»","body":"Two perfectives report the completed past actions \"I took… and wetted\": «взял» (took) and «смочил» (moistened, from «смочить»). «Это самое полотенце» — \"this very same towel\" — with «самое» intensifying the identification that so disturbs him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the interjected clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"half rose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привстал","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"a while ago","note":"давеча is an archaic/colloquial adverb meaning \"earlier today, a little while ago.\""},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взял (temporal: час назад)","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of полотенце","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенце (emphatic: this very)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"towel"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттуда","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смочил","lemma":"смочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"wetted"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смочил","gloss":"with water"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c10-s39","source":"Я прикладывал к голове и бросил сюда… как же оно сухое?","translation":"I held it to my head and threw it down here... how can it be dry?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же оно сухое?","title":"Bewildered «как же»","body":"«Как же оно сухое?» — \"how can it be dry, then?\" The particle «же» here intensifies the bafflement (\"how on earth…\"). With no copula, «оно сухое» is simply \"it [is] dry\"; «оно» refers to neuter «полотенце». The dry towel is the loose thread that begins to unravel Ivan's certainty about the devil's reality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прикладывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прикладывал","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was holding"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикладывал","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прикладывал","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сухое","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (emphasis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сухое","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сухое","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"dry"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c10-s40","source":"Другого не было.","translation":"There was no other.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другого не было","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"«Другого не было» — \"there was no other one.\" The negated past existential «не было» (always neuter, invariable) takes its subject in the genitive: «другого» is genitive (\"of another\"). This pairs with «нет его» above as the past-tense form of the same absence construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"another one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c10-s41","source":"— Ты прикладывал это полотенце к голове? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"You held this towel to your head?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты прикладывал это полотенце к голове?","title":"Imperfective «прикладывал» as a question","body":"Alyosha repeats Ivan's claim as a question, keeping the imperfective «прикладывал» (were you holding / did you keep holding) of «прикладывать». The imperfective here probes the process, gently testing a memory Alyosha already doubts. «К голове» — dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прикладывал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прикладывал","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did hold"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of полотенце","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прикладывал","gloss":"towel"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикладывал","gloss":"your head"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прикладывал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c10-s42","source":"— Да, и ходил по комнате, час назад… Почему так свечки сгорели?","translation":"\"Yes, and I walked about the room, an hour ago... Why have the candles burned down so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему так свечки сгорели?","title":"Perfective «сгорели» — burned down","body":"«Сгорели» is the perfective of «сгореть» (to burn up/down completely), reporting the finished result Ivan now notices: the candles have burned right down. «Свечки» is the diminutive plural of «свеча». His sudden fixation on the burnt candles marks how much time has slipped past unnoticed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свечки","title":"Diminutive «свечки»","body":"«Свечка» is the everyday diminutive of «свеча» (candle) — \"little candle,\" but here simply the ordinary colloquial word for a candle, the diminutive long since neutralised. The detail roots the delirium scene in the dim, guttering light of a 19th-c room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"standalone affirmative","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я understood)","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходил (temporal: час назад)","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сгорели","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сгорели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"свечки","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сгорели","gloss":"the candles"},{"surface":"сгорели","lemma":"сгореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"burned down"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c10-s43","source":"Который час.","translation":"What time is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Который час","title":"«который час» — what time is it","body":"«Который час?» is the fixed idiom for \"what time is it?\" — literally \"which hour [is it]?\" «Который» is the interrogative/relative adjective \"which,\" agreeing with masculine «час». Printed here without the question mark, as Ivan's flat, half-absent muttering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Который","lemma":"который","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c10-s44","source":"— Скоро двенадцать.","translation":"\"Nearly twelve.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скоро двенадцать","title":"«скоро» — soon / nearly","body":"«Скоро двенадцать» — \"[it is] nearly twelve.\" With no verb, «скоро» (soon, almost) plus the bare numeral makes the time. Midnight looms — the symbolically charged hour on the eve of the trial, framing this whole hallucinatory scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двенадцать","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"twelve"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c10-s45","source":"— Нет, нет, нет! — вскричал вдруг Иван, — это был не сон!","translation":"\"No, no, no!\" Ivan cried out suddenly. \"It was not a dream!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это был не сон!","title":"Negation «не» before the predicate","body":"«Это был не сон» — \"it was not a dream.\" «Не» negates the predicate noun «сон» directly (not the verb), so «был» agrees with masculine «сон». The threefold «Нет, нет, нет!» and the emphatic denial mark Ivan's desperate insistence on the reality of his visitor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the first нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the first нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to сон","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c10-s46","source":"Он был, он тут сидел, вон на том диване.","translation":"He was here, he sat here, there on that sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был, он тут сидел, вон на том диване","title":"Demonstratives «тут / вон / тот»","body":"Ivan piles up deixis to fix the phantom in space: «тут» (here), «вон» (over there, pointing), «на том диване» (on THAT sofa). «Том» is the prepositional of the far demonstrative «тот», agreeing with «диване». The repeated «был… сидел» — was, was sitting — insists on bodily presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диване","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"sofa"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c10-s47","source":"Когда ты стучал в окно, я бросил в него стакан… вот этот…","translation":"When you knocked at the window, I threw a glass at him... this one here...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда ты стучал… я бросил в него стакан","title":"Imperfective backdrop + perfective event","body":"Classic aspect contrast: the imperfective «стучал» (you were knocking) sets the ongoing background, and into it falls the single perfective «бросил» (I threw). «В него» (at him) takes the accusative-of-motion after «в». Ivan reconstructs the moment Alyosha's knock coincided with his hurling a glass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стучал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стучал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стучал","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросил","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучал","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standalone appositive to стакан","gloss":"this one"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c10-s48","source":"Постой, я и прежде спал, но этот сон не сон.","translation":"Wait, I had been asleep before too, but this dream is no dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и прежде спал, но этот сон не сон","title":"Particle «и» as 'also/even'","body":"Here «и» is not the conjunction \"and\" but the emphatic particle \"also/even\" — «я и прежде спал» = \"I had slept before too.\" The paradox «этот сон не сон» (\"this dream [is] not a dream\") condenses Ivan's whole crisis: a waking dream he cannot dismiss as sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the interjected clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the second clause (predicate: не сон)","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of этот сон","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c10-s49","source":"И прежде было.","translation":"It has happened before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И прежде было","title":"Impersonal «было»","body":"An elliptical, subjectless \"[it] had happened before.\" The neuter «было» stands alone, its subject (the experience) unstated — a vague impersonal that mirrors Ivan's groping toward something he cannot name. «Прежде» = before, formerly."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c10-s50","source":"У меня, Алеша, теперь бывают сны… но они не сны, а наяву: я хожу, говорю и вижу… а сплю.","translation":"I have dreams now, Alyosha... but they are not dreams, they are real: I walk, I speak, I see... and yet I am asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня… теперь бывают сны","title":"«у меня» + iterative «бывают»","body":"Possession is framed with «у меня» (literally \"at me\" + genitive) — \"I have.\" The verb «бывают» is the iterative of «быть», meaning \"there are [now and then], they happen repeatedly\" — Ivan describes a recurring condition, not one event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хожу, говорю и вижу… а сплю","title":"Imperfective present + contrastive «а»","body":"A run of imperfective presents — «хожу, говорю, вижу» (I walk, speak, see) — describes the waking-dream as continuous activity, capped by the contrastive «а сплю» (\"and yet I'm asleep\"). The «а» here means \"and yet, whereas,\" pointing the uncanny contradiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[with меня: I have]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывают","gloss":"I","note":"у меня бывают = \"I have\" — Russian expresses possession with у + genitive rather than a verb \"to have.\""},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the second clause (predicate: сны)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second сны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of они","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial (they are real)","gloss":"waking reality"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хожу","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хожу","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"сплю","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хожу","gloss":"I am asleep"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c10-s51","source":"Но он тут сидел, он был, вот на этом диване… Он ужасно глуп, Алеша, ужасно глуп, — засмеялся вдруг Иван и принялся шагать по комнате.","translation":"But he sat here, he was here, right on this sofa... He is terribly stupid, Alyosha, terribly stupid,\" Ivan said with a sudden laugh, and began to pace the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он ужасно глуп","title":"Short adjective «глуп»","body":"«Глуп» is the short predicative form of «глупый» (stupid) — \"he is stupid.\" The short form, predicate-only and a touch bookish, states the quality as a flat verdict; intensified by «ужасно» (terribly) and repeated, it turns Ivan's devil into something contemptibly petty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засмеялся… и принялся шагать","title":"Perfective «принялся» + infinitive","body":"«Принялся шагать» — \"he set to pacing / began to pace.\" «Приняться» (perfective, with -ся) means to set about doing something and takes an imperfective infinitive «шагать» (to stride/pace). Paired with the sudden «засмеялся» (burst out laughing), it captures Ivan's abrupt shift into restless, laughing agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диване","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"repeats глуп for emphasis","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"шагать","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"to pace"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагать","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c10-s52","source":"— Кто глуп?","translation":"\"Who is stupid?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто глуп?","title":"«кто» + short adjective","body":"\"Who [is] stupid?\" — no copula in the present, the interrogative «кто» (always masculine) standing as subject, with the short predicative «глуп». Alyosha echoes Ivan's word back as a frightened question, trying to follow whom his brother means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c10-s53","source":"Про кого ты говоришь, брат? — опять тоскливо спросил Алеша.","translation":"Of whom are you speaking, brother?\" Alyosha asked again, in anguish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про кого ты говоришь?","title":"«про» + accusative","body":"«Про кого» — \"about whom?\" The preposition «про» (about, concerning) governs the accusative «кого». «Про» is the more colloquial counterpart of «о» (+ prepositional); both mean \"about,\" and Alyosha's choice keeps the anxious, plain register of the exchange."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоскливо","title":"«тоскливо» — with anguish/yearning","body":"«Тоскливо» is the adverb of «тоска», that untranslatable Russian word for aching melancholy, dread, and yearning. \"Asked again in anguish\" only approximates it; Alyosha's question carries grief and helpless love for his unravelling brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are speaking"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"тоскливо","lemma":"тоскливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говоришь","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c10-s54","source":"— Черт!","translation":"\"The devil!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c10-s55","source":"Он ко мне повадился.","translation":"He has taken to coming to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повадился","title":"«повадиться» — to get into the habit","body":"«Повадиться» (perfective, -ся) is a colloquial, faintly disapproving verb: to take to doing something, to get into the (unwelcome) habit of coming. «Он ко мне повадился» — \"he's taken to coming to me,\" as one might say of a pest. It belittles the devil with everyday domestic annoyance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повадился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of повадился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"повадился","lemma":"повадиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken to coming","note":"повадиться (+ infinitive/к) is idiomatic for developing a habit of visiting or doing something."}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c10-s56","source":"Два раза был, даже почти три.","translation":"Twice he has come, almost three times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Два раза был, даже почти три","title":"«два раза» — genitive after the numeral","body":"«Два раза» — \"twice.\" The numeral «два» governs the genitive singular «раза» (of «раз»), the rule that 2–4 take the genitive singular. «Даже почти три» (\"even almost three\") trails off, the count itself blurred by Ivan's uncertainty about how real the visits were."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with раза","gloss":"three times"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c10-s57","source":"Он дразнил меня тем, будто я сержусь, что он просто черт, а не сатана с опаленными крыльями, в громе и блеске.","translation":"He taunted me with the notion that I was angry at his being merely a devil, and not Satan with scorched wings, in thunder and splendor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дразнил меня тем, будто я сержусь","title":"Correlative «тем, будто…»","body":"«Дразнить кого-то чем-то» (to taunt someone with something) sets up «тем» (instrumental of «то») as a correlative resumed by the «будто» clause: \"taunted me with [the notion] that…\". «Будто» here introduces a reported supposition Ivan rejects — \"as if I were angry.\" «Сержусь» is the reflexive «сердиться» (to be angry)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с опаленными крыльями, в громе и блеске","title":"«опалённые крылья» — scorched wings","body":"«Опалённые» is the past passive participle of «опалить» (to singe/scorch); «в громе и блеске» — \"in thunder and splendour.\" The grand Miltonic-Romantic image of a fallen Satan with scorched wings amid thunder is exactly the majesty Ivan's shabby little devil mockingly lacks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дразнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дразнил","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taunted"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразнил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнил","gloss":"with the notion"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сержусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сержусь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"am angry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining сержусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of черт","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (in the что-clause)","gloss":"a devil"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сатана","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with черт","gloss":"Satan","note":"сатана is grammatically a feminine-declension noun but refers to a masculine figure."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"опаленными","lemma":"опалить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies крыльями","gloss":"scorched"},{"surface":"крыльями","lemma":"крыло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies сатана","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking громе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"громе","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крыльями","gloss":"thunder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"блеске","lemma":"блеск","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крыльями","gloss":"splendor"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c10-s58","source":"Но он не сатана, это он лжет.","translation":"But he is no Satan — that is his lie.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он лжет","title":"Topicalising «это» + «лгать»","body":"«Это он лжет» — \"that's a lie of his / that he's lying.\" The fronted «это» topicalises the previous claim, then «он лжет» comments on it. «Лжёт» is the present of «лгать» (to lie, tell falsehoods), a more bookish verb than «врать». Ivan denies his devil even the dignity of being Satan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the first clause (predicate: сатана)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сатана","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c10-s59","source":"Он самозванец.","translation":"He is an impostor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самозванец","title":"«самозванец» — impostor / pretender","body":"«Самозванец» (literally \"self-named one\") is the loaded Russian word for a pretender to the throne — most famously the False Dmitris of the Time of Troubles. Calling the devil a «самозванец» casts him as a fraud claiming a rank (Satan's) he has no right to — a deeply Russian historical resonance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of самозванец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"самозванец","lemma":"самозванец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"an impostor"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c10-s60","source":"Он просто черт, дрянной, мелкий черт.","translation":"He is simply a devil, a paltry, petty little devil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянной, мелкий черт","title":"«дрянной» / «мелкий» — paltry, petty","body":"«Дрянной» (from «дрянь», trash/rubbish) means worthless, paltry, no-good; «мелкий» literally \"small, fine, shallow,\" here \"petty, mean.\" Heaped on «чёрт», they reduce the devil to a shabby, third-rate imp — the famous deflation that makes Dostoevsky's devil so unsettlingly ordinary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он просто черт","title":"Zero copula + «просто»","body":"«Он просто чёрт» — \"he is simply a devil,\" the present \"to be\" left unexpressed, so two bare nominatives sit side by side. «Просто» (simply, merely) dismisses any grandeur. The flat nominative-on-nominative construction is the everyday Russian way of equating subject and predicate in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of черт","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Он","gloss":"a devil"},{"surface":"дрянной","lemma":"дрянной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черт (w6)","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черт (w6)","gloss":"petty little"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to черт (w3)","gloss":"devil"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c10-s61","source":"Он в баню ходит.","translation":"He goes to the bathhouse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в баню ходит","title":"«ходить» — habitual, round-trip motion","body":"«ходит» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить», chosen here precisely for the habit: 'he goes (regularly, back and forth) to the bathhouse', not a single trip — that would be «идёт». «в баню» is accusative after «в» because it expresses motion toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"the bathhouse"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c10-s62","source":"Раздень его и наверно отыщешь хвост, длинный, гладкий, как у датской собаки, в аршин длиной, бурый…","translation":"Strip him and you will surely find a tail, long and smooth, like a Great Dane's, a yard long, a dun color...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздень его и наверно отыщешь","title":"Imperative + perfective future","body":"«Раздень» is the imperative of perfective «раздеть» (strip, undress), and «отыщешь» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present — so it carries future meaning: 'strip him and you will find'. The pairing imperative-then-future is a vivid conditional ('do X and you'll get Y')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как у датской собаки","title":"«датская собака» — a Great Dane","body":"Literally 'like a Danish dog' — the 19th-century name for the breed we call the Great Dane. «у» + genitive here means 'a Dane's (tail)', the possessor construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раздень","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Раздень","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыщешь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"отыщешь","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Раздень","gloss":"you'll find"},{"surface":"хвост","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отыщешь","gloss":"a tail"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвост","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"гладкий","lemma":"гладкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинный","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison modifying хвост","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаки","gloss":"a dog has"},{"surface":"датской","lemma":"датский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаки","gloss":"a Great Dane's","note":"Idiomatic: датская собака here means a Great Dane, not just any Danish dog."},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аршин","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"аршин","lemma":"аршин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвост","gloss":"arshin","note":"An arshin is an old Russian unit of length, about 28 inches (0.71 m) — close to a yard."},{"surface":"длиной","lemma":"длина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies аршин","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"бурый","lemma":"бурый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинный","gloss":"dun-colored"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c10-s63","source":"Алеша, ты озяб, ты в снегу был, хочешь чаю?","translation":"Alyosha, you're chilled, you've been out in the snow, do you want tea?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты в снегу был","title":"Prepositional «в снегу» for location","body":"«в снегу» is the prepositional case after «в» expressing where Alyosha has been ('in the snow'). «снег» takes the special stressed locative ending -у́ here (в снегу́), one of a small set of masculine nouns that keep this old form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озяб","title":"«озябнуть» — to grow chilled through","body":"«озяб» is the past of «озябнуть», a slightly homely word for getting thoroughly cold, especially the hands and feet. Warmer and more bodily than the neutral «замёрз»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озяб","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"озяб","lemma":"озябнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are chilled"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снегу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with озяб","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c10-s64","source":"Что? холодный?","translation":"What? Is it cold?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"холодный?","title":"Short question with zero copula","body":"A one-word question with no verb: in the present Russian needs no 'is/are', so «холодный?» alone carries 'is it cold?'. The adjective is the full (long) form agreeing with an understood masculine noun (the tea, «чай»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"холодный","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cold"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c10-s65","source":"Хочешь, велю поставить?","translation":"Shall I have some put on?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь, велю поставить?","title":"Two perfective futures, no conjunction","body":"«велю» ('I'll order/have it done') and the bare clause structure: «Хочешь, велю поставить?» = 'Do you want — shall I have it put on?'. «велю» is the perfective future of «велеть» governing the infinitive «поставить» (to put on [the samovar]); the asyndeton (no 'that/if') is conversational."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"велю","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочешь","gloss":"I'll have it"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велю","gloss":"put on"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c10-s66","source":"C’est à ne pas mettre un chien dehors.","translation":"C'est à ne pas mettre un chien dehors.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"French: pronoun + verb (contraction of ce + est)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is","note":"This line is quoted French, not Russian: a weather idiom meaning \"not fit to put a dog out.\""},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"French: preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"French: adverb (negation)","role":"negates mettre","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"French: adverb (negation)","role":"negates mettre","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mettre","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"French: verb, infinitive","role":"complement of C’est","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"French: indefinite article, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chien","lemma":"chien","morphology":"French: noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of mettre","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"dehors","lemma":"dehors","morphology":"French: adverb","role":"modifies mettre","gloss":"outside"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c10-s67","source":"Алеша быстро сбегал к рукомойнику, намочил полотенце, уговорил Ивана опять сесть и обложил ему мокрым полотенцем голову.","translation":"Alyosha ran quickly to the washstand, wetted the towel, persuaded Ivan to sit down again, and laid the wet towel around his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбегал… намочил… уговорил… обложил","title":"A chain of perfective pasts","body":"Four perfective past verbs in a row — «сбегал, намочил, уговорил, обложил» — march the action forward event by event: ran, wetted, persuaded, laid. This is the perfective's narrative job, each verb a completed step against which no background lingers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обложил ему мокрым полотенцем голову","title":"Dative «ему» + instrumental «полотенцем»","body":"«ему» is dative ('for/around him', the affected person), «голову» accusative (the thing wrapped), and «мокрым полотенцем» instrumental — the means, 'with a wet towel'. Three cases neatly distribute the roles in one clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рукомойник","title":"«рукомойник» — the hand-washstand","body":"A «рукомойник» is an old-style hanging washstand with a tipping spout for rinsing the hands — a period domestic detail. Literally 'hand-washer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сбегал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбегал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сбегал","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукомойнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рукомойнику","lemma":"рукомойник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегал","gloss":"the washstand"},{"surface":"намочил","lemma":"намочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегал","gloss":"wetted"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of намочил","gloss":"the towel"},{"surface":"уговорил","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегал","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сесть","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сесть","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уговорил","gloss":"to sit down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обложил","lemma":"обложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегал","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обложил","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мокрым","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенцем","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обложил","gloss":"towel"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обложил","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c10-s68","source":"Сам сел подле него.","translation":"He himself sat down beside him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам сел подле него.","title":"Intensifier «сам» and archaic «подле»","body":"«Сам» ('himself', emphatic) opens the clause with the subject dropped — the verb «сел» supplies it. «подле» is a bookish, slightly archaic preposition for 'beside, next to', governing the genitive «него»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сел (emphasizes elided он)","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c10-s69","source":"— Что ты мне давеча говорил про Лизу? — начал опять Иван.","translation":"\"What were you telling me a little while ago about Liza?\" Ivan began again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты мне давеча говорил про Лизу?","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for the recalled telling","body":"«говорил» is imperfective past — 'were telling / kept telling' — viewing the earlier conversation as an open process rather than a single fact; a perfective «сказал» would point to one finished utterance. «мне» is dative (to me), «про Лизу» 'about Liza' with «про» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'recently, the other day, just now'. It gives Ivan's speech an unbuttoned, everyday warmth amid the delirium."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were telling"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Лизу","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c10-s70","source":"(Он становился очень словоохотлив). — Мне нравится Лиза.","translation":"(He was growing very talkative.) \"I like Liza.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он становился очень словоохотлив","title":"Imperfective «становился» + short adjective predicate","body":"«становился» (imperfective past of «становиться») renders a gradual change of state — 'he was growing / becoming'. Its predicate «словоохотлив» is a short-form adjective, the bookish predicative form naming a current state rather than a fixed quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне нравится Лиза","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"Literally 'to me, Liza is pleasing': the grammatical subject is «Лиза» (nominative), while the person who likes her stands in the dative «мне». «нравиться» is one of Russian's experiencer verbs that flip the English subject onto the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словоохотлив","title":"«словоохотливый» — talkative","body":"A vivid compound, literally 'word-eager' (слово 'word' + охота 'eagerness') — fond of talking, garrulous. The narrator's parenthesis flags Ivan's feverish loquacity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies словоохотлив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"словоохотлив","lemma":"словоохотливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становился","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравится","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нравится","gloss":"Liza"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c10-s71","source":"Я сказал про нее тебе что-то скверное.","translation":"I said something nasty about her to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сказал про нее тебе что-то скверное","title":"Perfective «сказал» + indefinite «что-то»","body":"«сказал» (perfective) names the single completed utterance. «что-то скверное» is 'something nasty' — the particle -то marks a specific but unspecified thing the speaker has in mind, distinct from «что-нибудь» 'anything at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"combines with что to form что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"скверное","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"nasty"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c10-s72","source":"Я солгал, мне она нравится…","translation":"I lied — I do like her...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я солгал, мне она нравится","title":"Perfective «солгал» against present «нравится»","body":"«солгал» (perfective past of «солгать») states the completed act, 'I lied'; «нравится» is present and ongoing, 'I do like her'. The aspect contrast pins the lie to a single past moment and the liking to the standing present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нравится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with солгал","gloss":"I do like"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c10-s73","source":"Я боюсь завтра за Катю, больше всего боюсь.","translation":"I am afraid for Katya tomorrow — afraid most of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я боюсь завтра за Катю","title":"Reflexive «бояться» governing «за» + accusative","body":"«боюсь» is from «бояться», a verb that exists only in the -ся (reflexive) form. With «за» + accusative («за Катю») it means 'I fear FOR Katya' — anxiety on her behalf — as opposed to «бояться» + genitive, 'to be afraid OF'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of боюсь","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"I fear"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c10-s74","source":"За будущее.","translation":"For the future.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За будущее.","title":"Substantivized adjective «будущее»","body":"«будущее» ('the future') is an adjective used as a neuter noun — literally 'the being-to-come thing'. Here it follows «за» in the accusative, completing the previous line: 'I fear... for the future'."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущее","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the future"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c10-s75","source":"Она завтра бросит меня и растопчет ногами.","translation":"Tomorrow she will cast me off and trample me underfoot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она завтра бросит меня и растопчет ногами","title":"Two perfective futures","body":"«бросит» and «растопчет» are perfective verbs in present-tense form, so they read as completed future events: 'she will cast off and trample'. «ногами» is instrumental — the means, 'with her feet, underfoot'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растопчет","title":"«растоптать» — to trample to pieces","body":"The prefix рас- intensifies «топтать» (to tread on), giving 'trample down, crush underfoot completely' — a violent, total image fitting Ivan's masochistic foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"бросит","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cast off"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бросит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"растопчет","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросит","gloss":"will trample"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of растопчет","gloss":"underfoot"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c10-s76","source":"Она думает, что я из ревности к ней гублю Митю!","translation":"She thinks that out of jealousy over her I am destroying Mitya!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из ревности к ней гублю Митю","title":"«из» + genitive of motive; present «гублю»","body":"«из ревности» = 'out of jealousy', the «из» + genitive construction expressing cause/motive (cf. «из подлости», «от жажды» below). «гублю» is the present of «губить» (to ruin, destroy) — ongoing, 'I am destroying'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя» — Dmitri's familiar name","body":"«Митя» (accusative «Митю») is the affectionate short form of «Дмитрий», the brother formally tried for the murder. The diminutive register, even in a charged sentence, keeps the family intimacy alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гублю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гублю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гублю","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ревности","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"гублю","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думает","gloss":"am destroying"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of гублю","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c10-s77","source":"Да, она это думает!","translation":"Yes, that's what she thinks!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, она это думает!","title":"Affirming particle «да» + fronted «это»","body":"«Да» here is the affirming 'yes/indeed', not the conjunction. «это» ('that, this') is the object pronoun fronted before the verb for emphasis — 'yes, THAT is what she thinks' — typical of Russian's free, focus-driven word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to думает","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c10-s78","source":"Так вот нет же!","translation":"Well, but it isn't so!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот нет же!","title":"A cluster of emphatic particles","body":"«Так вот нет же!» piles three small words onto a flat 'no': «так вот» ('so there, well now') sets up a retort, and «же» drives the contradiction home — 'well, but it just isn't so!'. Such particle clusters are the very texture of Dostoevsky's spoken voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it isn't so"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c10-s79","source":"Завтра крест, но не виселица.","translation":"Tomorrow there is the cross, but not the gallows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра крест, но не виселица.","title":"Verbless contrast with «но не»","body":"No verb at all: 'Tomorrow [there is] the cross, but not the gallows'. The contrastive «но» opposes the two nouns, and «не» negates the second. The zero copula lets the bare nouns stand as stark emblems."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виселица","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виселица","lemma":"виселица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with крест","gloss":"the gallows"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c10-s80","source":"Нет, я не повешусь.","translation":"No, I will not hang myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не повешусь","title":"Reflexive «повеситься» + perfective future","body":"«повешусь» is the perfective future of «повеситься» (to hang oneself), with -ся giving a genuinely reflexive sense — the action turns back on the subject. Negated by «не»: 'I will not hang myself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to повешусь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повешусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повешусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повешусь","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will hang myself"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c10-s81","source":"Знаешь ли ты, что я никогда не могу лишить себя жизни, Алеша!","translation":"Do you know, Alyosha, that I could never take my own life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаешь ли ты","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Знаешь ли ты…?» is the literary yes/no question: the focused verb «знаешь» is fronted and followed by the enclitic «ли». More formal and weighty than a plain intonation question, it lends Ivan's appeal a heightened, almost rhetorical gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я никогда не могу лишить себя жизни","title":"Negative concord + reflexive «себя»","body":"«никогда… не» is double negation (negative concord): the ни-word and «не» both negate, yielding one English negative, 'never'. «лишить себя жизни» = 'to deprive oneself of life'; «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun and «жизни» genitive after «лишить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаешь","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"лишить","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of лишить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лишить","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c10-s82","source":"От подлости, что ли?","translation":"Out of baseness, is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От подлости, что ли?","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; dubitative «что ли»","body":"«От подлости» = 'out of baseness', cause expressed by «от» + genitive. «что ли» is a colloquial questioning tag meaning 'or what?, is it?' — Ivan voicing a guess and half-mocking himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлость","title":"«подлость» — baseness, vileness","body":"A key Dostoevskian word: moral lowness, meanness of soul. The whole family vocabulary of «подлый» / «подлость» recurs as Ivan anatomizes his own character."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"подлости","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подлости","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(question marker)"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c10-s83","source":"Я не трус.","translation":"I am no coward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не трус.","title":"Negated noun predicate, zero copula","body":"'I [am] not a coward': no verb, «не» negating the predicate noun «трус» (which stays nominative). Russian's present 'to be' is silent, so the negation falls straight on the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трус","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трус","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coward"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c10-s84","source":"От жажды жить!","translation":"Out of a thirst to live!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От жажды жить!","title":"«от» + genitive of motive + infinitive","body":"'Out of a thirst to live!': «от жажды» again the «от» + genitive of cause, here completed by the infinitive «жить». «жажда» literally 'thirst' is used figuratively — a bodily craving for life itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жажды","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жажды","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"a thirst"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c10-s85","source":"Почему это я знал, что Смердяков повесился?","translation":"How was it that I knew Smerdyakov had hanged himself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему это я знал, что Смердяков повесился?","title":"Imperfective «знал» vs perfective «повесился»","body":"«знал» (imperfective) frames a state of knowing, while the «что»-clause reports a completed event with perfective «повесился» ('had hanged himself'). The little «это» after «почему» is an emphatic 'how on earth', intensifying the bewildered question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Почему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повесился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повесился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"had hanged himself"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c10-s86","source":"Да, это ''он'' мне сказал…","translation":"Yes, it was ''he'' who told me...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ''он'' мне сказал","title":"Emphatic «это» cleft + dative «мне»","body":"«это… сказал» works like an English cleft, 'it was HE who told me'. «он» in quotation marks is the devil-hallucination; «мне» is the dative indirect object, the one told."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c10-s87","source":"— И ты твердо уверен, что кто-то тут сидел? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"And you are firmly convinced that someone was sitting here?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты твердо уверен, что кто-то тут сидел","title":"Short adjective «уверен» + indefinite «кто-то»","body":"«уверен» is the short predicative form of «уверенный» ('convinced'), the bookish predicate. «кто-то» = 'someone' (specific but unidentified, with -то); «сидел» is imperfective past, viewing the sitting as a lingering state."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"combines with кто to form кто-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c10-s88","source":"— Вон на том диване, в углу.","translation":"\"There on that sofa, in the corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вон на том диване, в углу.","title":"Demonstrative «том» + locative «в углу»","body":"«на том диване» is the prepositional case after «на» for location, with the demonstrative «тот» ('that, yonder') agreeing in case. «в углу» uses «угол»'s special stressed locative -у́ ('in the corner'). «Вон» is the pointing adverb 'over there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диване","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Вон","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with диване","gloss":"the corner"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c10-s89","source":"Ты бы его прогнал.","translation":"You would have driven him off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты бы его прогнал.","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"Past-form verb «прогнал» + the particle «бы» makes the irrealis: 'you would have driven him off' (had you been here, etc.). «бы» leans on the pronoun «ты» rather than the verb — it is mobile, often attaching to the first stressed word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прогнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks прогнал as conditional","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прогнал","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"driven off"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c10-s90","source":"Да ты же его и прогнал: он исчез, как ты явился.","translation":"Indeed, it was you who drove him off: he vanished the moment you appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ты же его и прогнал","title":"Stacked particles «да… же… и»","body":"Three particles intensify a plain statement: «да» ('indeed'), «же» (insistent, 'it was precisely you'), and «и» here meaning 'in fact, even'. Together: 'and indeed it was YOU who drove him off'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он исчез, как ты явился","title":"Perfective «исчез/явился»; «как» = 'the moment'","body":"Both verbs are perfective past, two completed events: 'he vanished, as / the moment you appeared'. «как» here is temporal ('as soon as'), and «явился» (from «явиться») is the slightly elevated 'appeared, presented yourself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прогнал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прогнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прогнал","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"прогнал","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчез","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исчез","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прогнал","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of исчез","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c10-s91","source":"Я люблю твое лицо, Алеша.","translation":"I love your face, Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я люблю твое лицо","title":"Possessive «твоё» agreeing in case","body":"«твоё лицо» is the direct object of «люблю»; «лицо» is neuter and inanimate, so its accusative looks like the nominative, and the possessive «твоё» agrees with it in gender, number, and case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c10-s92","source":"Знал ли ты, что я люблю твое лицо?","translation":"Did you know that I love your face?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знал ли ты, что я люблю твое лицо?","title":"«ли» question + embedded «что»-clause","body":"«Знал ли ты…?» is the literary yes/no question with fronted «знал» + enclitic «ли». It frames a «что»-clause of reported fact; the imperfective past «знал» asks about a state of awareness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знал","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c10-s93","source":"А ''он'' — это я, Алеша, я сам.","translation":"And ''he'' is me, Alyosha, my own self.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"''он'' — это я, Алеша, я сам","title":"Identity with «это» and intensifier «сам»","body":"«это» links the two terms in an equation, 'he IS me'. «я сам» = 'I myself', the intensifier «сам» insisting that the devilish visitor is none other than Ivan's own self — the chapter's psychological hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это я","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with я","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c10-s94","source":"Всё мое низкое, всё мое подлое и презренное!","translation":"Everything base in me, everything vile and contemptible!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё мое низкое, всё мое подлое и презренное!","title":"Substantivized neuter adjectives","body":"«низкое», «подлое», «презренное» are adjectives turned into neuter nouns ('everything that is low / base / contemptible in me'), governed by «всё». The repeated «всё моё» hammers the confession that the devil is the sum of Ivan's worst self."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презренное","title":"«презренный» — contemptible","body":"A bookish, weighty word from «презирать» (to despise) — 'despicable, contemptible'. Its elevated register sharpens the self-loathing of the line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of низкое","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Всё","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"низкое","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подлое","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подлое","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with низкое","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презренное","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with низкое","gloss":"contemptible"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c10-s95","source":"Да, я «романтик», он это подметил… хоть это и клевета.","translation":"Yes, I am a 'romantic' — he noticed that... though it is a slander.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть это и клевета","title":"Concessive «хоть… и»","body":"«хоть… и» = 'even though, although': «хоть это и клевета» means 'though it is (indeed) a slander'. The «и» reinforces the concession. «клевета» is a zero-copula predicate noun in the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"романтик","title":"«романтик» — the 'romantic' jibe","body":"To call the rationalist Ivan a «романтик» is the devil's cutting taunt: a dreamer, a sentimentalist at heart. The quotation marks signal that Ivan is throwing the devil's own word back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to романтик","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of романтик","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"романтик","lemma":"романтик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a romantic"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подметил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подметил","lemma":"подметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with романтик","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клевета","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of клевета","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клевета","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"клевета","lemma":"клевета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a slander"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c10-s96","source":"Он ужасно глуп, но он этим берет.","translation":"He is terribly stupid, but that is how he gets the better of me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он этим берет","title":"Instrumental of means «этим»","body":"«берёт» (from «брать», to take) is used idiomatically — 'that is how he wins / gets the better'. «этим» is the instrumental of «это»: 'he takes [me] BY this means', the demonstrative naming the instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of берет","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глуп","gloss":"gets the better of me"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c10-s97","source":"Он хитер, животно хитер, он знал, чем взбесить меня.","translation":"He is cunning, brutishly cunning; he knew how to drive me into a fury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он знал, чем взбесить меня","title":"Instrumental «чем» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что» ('by what means'), governing the infinitive «взбесить»: 'he knew BY WHAT to enrage me' = 'how to drive me into a fury'. A compact, idiomatic 'knew how to'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"животно хитер","title":"«животно» — 'brutishly'","body":"An adverb from «животное» (animal): 'brutishly, with animal cunning'. Paired with the short adjective «хитёр» it makes the devil's slyness instinctive, sub-human rather than clever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хитер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хитер","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"животно","lemma":"животно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хитер","gloss":"brutishly"},{"surface":"хитер","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хитер","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хитер","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбесить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"взбесить","lemma":"взбесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to enrage"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взбесить","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c10-s98","source":"Он всё дразнил меня, что я в него верю, и тем заставил меня его слушать.","translation":"He kept taunting me with believing in him, and so forced me to listen to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он всё дразнил меня… и тем заставил","title":"Imperfective «дразнил» then perfective «заставил»","body":"«всё дразнил» is imperfective ('kept taunting', the «всё» meaning 'continually'), the prolonged process; «заставил» (perfective) is its single completed result, 'and so forced me'. «тем» is the instrumental of «то», 'by that means'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я в него верю","title":"«верить в» + accusative","body":"«верить в» + accusative means 'to believe IN' (someone's existence/reality), as opposed to «верить» + dative ('to trust'). The taunt is precisely that Ivan, by believing in the devil, grants him reality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дразнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразнил","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"дразнил","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taunting"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразнил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верю","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of дразнил","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заставил","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дразнил","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"to listen to"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c10-s99","source":"Он надул меня, как мальчишку.","translation":"He fooled me like a little boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он надул меня, как мальчишку.","title":"Perfective «надул» + pejorative diminutive","body":"«надул» (perfective past of «надуть») is the single completed deception, 'he fooled me'. «мальчишку» is the expressive diminutive «мальчишка» (from «мальчик») — a 'mere boy', here carrying a dismissive, belittling tinge: fooled me like some greenhorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надул","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fooled"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of надул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison marking мальчишку","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надул","gloss":"a little boy"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c10-s100","source":"Он мне, впрочем, сказал про меня много правды.","translation":"He told me, by the way, a great deal of truth about myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он мне, впрочем, сказал про меня много правды.","title":"Genitive «правды» after a quantifier","body":"«много правды» = 'much truth': «много» governs the genitive, here «правды» (partitive genitive of quantity). «мне» is dative ('to me'), «про меня» 'about myself' with «про» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'however, by the way'","body":"A discourse word that introduces a qualification or afterthought, 'though, however, then again' — very characteristic of Dostoevsky's self-correcting, second-guessing narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"of truth"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c10-s101","source":"Я бы никогда этого не сказал себе.","translation":"I would never have said it to myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы никогда этого не сказал себе.","title":"Conditional «бы» + genitive of negation + «себе»","body":"«бы» + past «сказал» gives the counterfactual 'I would never have said'. The negated object appears in the genitive — «этого» (genitive of negation, rather than accusative «это») — and «себе» is the reflexive dative, 'to myself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to myself"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c10-s102","source":"Знаешь, Алеша, знаешь, — ужасно серьезно и как бы конфиденциально прибавил Иван, — я бы очень желал, чтоб он в самом деле был ''он'', а не я!","translation":"You know, Alyosha, you know,\" Ivan added in a terribly earnest and, as it were, confidential tone, \"I should very much like him really to be ''he,'' and not I!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы очень желал, чтоб он в самом деле был ''он''","title":"«желать… чтоб» — wish + irrealis clause","body":"«я бы… желал» is the polite conditional 'I should very much like', and it governs a «чтоб(ы)»-clause whose verb «был» takes the past form — the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы» for a wished-for, unreal outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы конфиденциально","title":"«как бы» — 'as it were'","body":"«как бы» is a hedging discourse marker, 'as if, as it were, sort of', softening «конфиденциально» (confidentially). It signals the narrator's reserve about pinning down Ivan's exact tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated, coordinated with Знаешь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links серьезно and конфиденциально","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"конфиденциально","lemma":"конфиденциально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"confidentially"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"fact","note":"'в самом деле' is a fixed idiom meaning 'really, in fact'."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of желал","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with он","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c10-s103","source":"— Он тебя измучил, — сказал Алеша, с состраданием смотря на брата.","translation":"\"He has worn you out,\" said Alyosha, looking at his brother with compassion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с состраданием смотря на брата","title":"Present gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «смотреть» — 'looking', an attendant simultaneous action sharing Alyosha's subject: 'said Alyosha, [while] looking at his brother with compassion'. «с состраданием» is «с» + instrumental, manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of измучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of измучил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"измучил","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has worn out"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to измучил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состраданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"состраданием","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c10-s104","source":"— Дразнил меня!","translation":"\"He taunted me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дразнил меня!","title":"Subjectless imperfective past","body":"The subject «он» is dropped and the imperfective «дразнил» stands alone — 'kept taunting me!'. The imperfective renders the taunting as a drawn-out, repeated torment rather than one act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дразнил","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taunted"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Дразнил","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c10-s105","source":"И знаешь, ловко, ловко: «Совесть!","translation":"And cleverly, you know, cleverly: 'Conscience!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ловко, ловко","title":"Reduplicated adverb «ловко»","body":"«ловко» ('cleverly, deftly') is a short adverbial form repeated for emphasis — the doubling, common in excited speech, conveys grudging admiration: 'and cleverly, you know, cleverly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory, coordinated with the repeated ловко","gloss":"cleverly"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory, coordinated with the first ловко","gloss":"cleverly"},{"surface":"Совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory quoted phrase","gloss":"Conscience!"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c10-s106","source":"Что совесть?","translation":"What is conscience?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что совесть?","title":"Verbless 'what is X?'","body":"«Что совесть?» — 'What [is] conscience?' — a bare nominal question with no copula, the devil's rhetorical challenge. The very form, stripped to two words, mimics his glib dismissiveness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative","role":"predicate, asks the identity of совесть","gloss":"what","note":"Predicate-subject order: 'Что совесть?' literally 'What [is] conscience?'"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c10-s107","source":"Я сам ее делаю.","translation":"I make it myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сам ее делаю.","title":"Intensifier «сам» + present «делаю»","body":"«сам» ('myself') stresses the subject, «ее» (accusative «её», = conscience) the object: 'I myself make it'. The imperfective present «делаю» states a general claim — the devil's blasphemy that conscience is a human invention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Я (intensifier)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of делаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c10-s108","source":"Зачем же я мучаюсь?","translation":"Why, then, do I torment myself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же я мучаюсь?","title":"Particle «же» + reflexive «мучаюсь»","body":"«же» after «зачем» sharpens the question into exasperation, 'why ON EARTH do I torment myself?'. «мучаюсь» is the -ся form of «мучить», here middle/reflexive — 'I suffer / torment myself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучаюсь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мучаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мучаюсь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torment myself"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c10-s109","source":"По привычке.","translation":"Out of habit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По привычке.","title":"«по» + dative of cause","body":"«по привычке» = 'out of habit', the «по» + dative construction expressing reason or motive. A one-phrase answer, the devil's bored explanation for human conscience."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привычке","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"привычке","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"habit"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c10-s110","source":"По всемирной человеческой привычке за семь тысяч лет.","translation":"Out of the universal human habit of seven thousand years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По всемирной человеческой привычке за семь тысяч лет","title":"Numeral phrase «семь тысяч лет»","body":"After «семь» (five and above) the counted noun goes to the genitive plural — «тысяч» — and «тысяч» in turn governs the genitive plural «лет» ('years'). The whole quantity phrase rides on «за» (over the span of). The adjectives «всемирной человеческой» agree with dative «привычке»."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привычке","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всемирной","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"привычке","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c10-s111","source":"Так отвыкнем и будем боги».","translation":"So let us break the habit and we shall be gods.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так отвыкнем и будем боги","title":"Perfective future exhortation + compound future","body":"«отвыкнем» (perfective future of «отвыкнуть») works as a 1st-person exhortation, 'let us break the habit'; «будем боги» is the compound future of «быть» ('we shall be'). Note «боги» stays nominative plural — a bare nominal predicate where the instrumental might also appear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвыкнем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отвыкнем","lemma":"отвыкнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (cohortative)","gloss":"let us break the habit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвыкнем","gloss":"we shall be"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c10-s112","source":"Это он говорил, это он говорил!","translation":"It was he who said that, it was he who said it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он говорил, это он говорил!","title":"Emphatic «это» cleft, imperfective «говорил»","body":"The doubled «это он говорил» is a cleft, 'it was HE who said that', insisting on the devil's authorship of the blasphemy. «говорил» is imperfective — 'kept saying / was saying', the words still ringing in Ivan's ear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил (fronted, cleft)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил (fronted, cleft)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c10-s113","source":"— А не ты, не ты? — ясно смотря на брата, неудержимо вскричал Алеша. — Ну и пусть его, брось его и забудь о нем!","translation":"\"And not you, not you?\" cried Alyosha irrepressibly, looking clearly at his brother. \"Well, let him be, drop him and forget about him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ясно смотря на брата","title":"Present gerund «смотря»","body":"Again the present gerund «смотря» ('looking') sets the attendant circumstance of Alyosha's cry, sharing his subject. «ясно» ('clearly, steadily') is the manner adverb modifying his gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и пусть его, брось его и забудь о нем!","title":"Hortative «пусть» + imperatives","body":"«пусть его» is the 3rd-person hortative 'let him be'; «брось» and «забудь» are perfective imperatives ('drop, forget'). «забудь о нём» uses «о» + prepositional for the topic — 'forget ABOUT him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the quoted question","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"irrepressibly"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom 'пусть его' (let him be)","gloss":"never mind","note":"'пусть его' is a set idiom meaning 'let him be, forget him'."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the idiom пусть его","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"брось","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забудь","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of брось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брось","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забудь","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c10-s114","source":"Пусть он унесет с собою всё, что ты теперь проклинаешь, и никогда не приходит!","translation":"Let him carry away with him everything you now curse, and never come again!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он унесет с собою всё… и никогда не приходит","title":"«Пусть» + future and negated imperfective","body":"«Пусть он унесёт» is the let-construction with perfective future ('let him carry away'), then «никогда не приходит» switches to the negated imperfective present ('never come again') — imperfective because it negates a repeated/ongoing action. «с собою» is the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental, 'with him(self)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унесет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унесет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"унесет","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carry away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унесет","gloss":"him","note":"'собою' is the instrumental of the reflexive pronoun себя (archaic/literary variant of собой)."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of унесет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter","role":"introduces the clause of проклинаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проклинаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проклинаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"проклинаешь","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying всё","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with унесет","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c10-s115","source":"— Да, но он зол.","translation":"\"Yes, but he is malicious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, но он зол.","title":"Short adjective «зол»","body":"«зол» is the short predicative form of «злой» (malicious, wicked) — the bookish predicate form naming his state. With zero copula: 'but he [is] malicious'. «но» marks the contrast with Alyosha's plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зол","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is malicious"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c10-s116","source":"Он надо мной смеялся.","translation":"He laughed at me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он надо мной смеялся.","title":"Reflexive «смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться» exists only in the -ся form; with «над» + instrumental («надо мной») it means 'to laugh AT, mock'. «надо» is the form «над» takes before the cluster in «мной». Imperfective «смеялся» = 'kept laughing at me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c10-s117","source":"Он был дерзок, Алеша, — с содроганием обиды проговорил Иван. — Но он клеветал на меня, он во многом клеветал.","translation":"He was insolent, Alyosha,\" Ivan said with a shudder of offense. \"But he slandered me, he slandered me in much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с содроганием обиды проговорил Иван","title":"«с» + instrumental, genitive «обиды»","body":"«с содроганием» is «с» + instrumental of manner ('with a shudder'), and «обиды» is the genitive 'of offense' modifying it — 'with a shudder of offense'. «проговорил» (perfective) is the single completed 'said/uttered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он во многом клеветал","title":"«во многом» — prepositional of respect","body":"«во многом» ('in much, in many respects') is «в» + the prepositional of the substantivized adjective «многое». «клеветал» (imperfective) renders the slandering as sustained: 'he slandered me in much'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дерзок","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дерзок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дерзок","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содроганием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"содроганием","lemma":"содрогание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"a shudder"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies содроганием","gloss":"of offense"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of клеветал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"клеветал","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slandered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of клеветал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of клеветал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клеветал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"клеветал","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клеветал","gloss":"slandered"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c10-s118","source":"Лгал мне же на меня же в глаза.","translation":"He lied to my face, about me to my very face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лгал мне же на меня же в глаза.","title":"Repeated insistent «же»","body":"The doubled «же» («мне же… меня же») hammers the bitter point: 'lied to ME, about ME, to my very face'. «лгал» is imperfective ('kept lying'); «в глаза» literally 'into the eyes' = 'to one's face'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лгал","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Лгал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне (emphatic)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Лгал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Лгал","gloss":"my face"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c10-s119","source":"«О, ты идешь совершить подвиг добродетели, объявишь, что убил отца, что лакей по твоему наущению убил отца…»","translation":"'Oh, you are going to perform a deed of virtue, you'll announce that you killed your father, that the lackey killed your father at your instigation...'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты идешь совершить подвиг… объявишь, что убил отца","title":"Unidirectional «идёшь» + perfective futures","body":"«идёшь» is the unidirectional motion verb, here projecting an imminent single course of action ('you are going to'), followed by the purpose infinitive «совершить» and the perfective future «объявишь» ('you'll announce'). «убил отца» — «отца» is the animate-masculine accusative borrowing the genitive form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по твоему наущению","title":"«наущение» — instigation","body":"«по твоему наущению» = 'at your instigation/prompting', a bookish word for inciting someone to wrongdoing (from «наустить»). «по» + dative again carries the 'on the grounds of' sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей","title":"«лакей» — the lackey","body":"«лакей» is a male house-servant, footman — here Smerdyakov, who served in Fyodor Pavlovich's household. The word also carries social contempt, 'lackey' in the pejorative sense, which sharpens the devil's taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the quote","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of идешь","gloss":"to perform"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершить","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"of virtue"},{"surface":"объявишь","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"you'll announce"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявишь","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наущению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of наущению","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"наущению","lemma":"наущение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"instigation"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявишь, coordinated with убил (w9)","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c10-s120","source":"— Брат, — прервал Алеша, — удержись: не ты убил.","translation":"\"Brother,\" Alyosha interrupted, \"restrain yourself: it was not you who killed him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удержись: не ты убил","title":"Reflexive imperative + contrastive negation","body":"«удержись» is the perfective imperative of «удержаться» (-ся reflexive), 'restrain/hold yourself back'. «не ты убил» negates the subject specifically — «не» before «ты» — 'it was not YOU who killed', the chapter's redemptive counter-assertion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"удержись","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"restrain yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил (cleft)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to удержись","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c10-s121","source":"Это неправда!","translation":"That isn't true!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это неправда","title":"Zero copula and «неправда»","body":"The present tense of «быть» (to be) is unexpressed: «Это неправда» is literally \"This — untruth,\" with no word for \"is.\" The noun «неправда» (un-truth, a falsehood) is the predicate complement standing in the bare nominative, as Russian always does in the zero-copula present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not true"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c10-s122","source":"— Это он говорит, он, а он это знает: «Ты идешь совершить подвиг добродетели, а в добродетель-то и не веришь — вот что тебя злит и мучит, вот отчего ты такой мстительный».","translation":"It is he who says it, he, and he knows it: 'You are going off to perform a deed of virtue, yet in virtue itself you do not even believe — that is what enrages and torments you, that is why you are so vengeful.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он говорит, он, а он это знает","title":"Emphatic repetition and contrastive «а»","body":"The doubled «он… он» and fronted «Это» hammer the topic — it is HE, not Ivan, who speaks. The hinge «а» here is the mild contrastive \"and yet / while,\" pivoting to a new point (he knows it) without real opposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты идешь совершить подвиг добродетели","title":"Motion verb + infinitive of purpose","body":"«идешь» is the unidirectional present of «идти» (going one way, now), here almost in a near-future sense \"you are going off [to do].\" The bare perfective infinitive «совершить» (to accomplish) states the purpose of the going — a common motion-verb-plus-infinitive idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в добродетель-то и не веришь","title":"Topic clitic «-то» and emphatic «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» pins down the known topic — \"in virtue itself, of all things\" — while «и» before the verb intensifies (\"you don't even believe\"). The verb «верить» governs «в» + accusative («в добродетель»), \"to believe in.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг","title":"«подвиг» — a feat, a heroic deed","body":"«подвиг» is a weighty word for a heroic exploit or self-sacrificing feat, with strong spiritual overtones (a saint's «подвиг» of asceticism). \"A подвиг of virtue\" sounds almost sarcastically grand in the devil's mouth — Ivan's planned confession dressed up as heroism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что тебя злит и мучит","title":"Correlative «вот что…»","body":"«вот что» — \"this is what\" — is a presentative correlative pointing forward, paired with the relative «что». The two present-tense verbs «злит» (angers) and «мучит» (torments) take «тебя» as their accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with говорит (cleft)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of он","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of идешь","gloss":"to perform"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершить","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"of virtue"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетель","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to добродетель","gloss":"itself","note":"'-то' here is the colloquial emphatic particle (not the pronoun то)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"subject of злит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of злит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злит","lemma":"злить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"enrages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with злит","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мстительный","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мстительный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мстительный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мстительный","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the final clause","gloss":"vengeful"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c10-s123","source":"Это он мне про меня говорил, а он знает, что говорит…","translation":"It was he who told me that about myself, and he knows what he is saying…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про меня","title":"«про» + accusative — \"about\"","body":"«про» governs the accusative and means \"about, concerning,\" a slightly more colloquial twin of «о» + prepositional. «про меня» = \"about me\"; the play «он мне про меня говорил» (he told me about me) is deliberately uncanny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он знает, что говорит","title":"Imperfective for ongoing speech","body":"Both «знает» and «говорит» are imperfective present, framing the devil's speech as a continuing process — \"he knows what he is saying.\" The whole refrain recurs through the passage as Ivan's fixed idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with говорил (cleft)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"he is saying"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c10-s124","source":"— Это ты говоришь, а не он! — горестно воскликнул Алеша, — и говоришь в болезни, в бреду, себя мучая!","translation":"\"It is you saying it, not he!\" Alyosha cried out in grief, \"and you say it in your sickness, in delirium, torturing yourself!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты говоришь, а не он","title":"Fronting and corrective «а не»","body":"Alyosha mirrors Ivan's syntax to reverse it: «ты», not «он», is fronted as the news. «а не он» — \"and not he\" — uses contrastive «а» to set up an explicit correction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя мучая","title":"Present gerund «мучая»","body":"«мучая» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «мучить» (to torment), naming a simultaneous attendant action: \"[saying it]… torturing yourself.\" It shares Ivan as subject and takes the reflexive object «себя» (oneself)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бреду","title":"«бред» — delirium, raving","body":"«бред» is feverish raving or delirium (the locative «в бреду» takes the stressed -у́ ending). Paired with «в болезни» (in sickness), it diagnoses Ivan's visitation as the speech of brain-fever, not a real apparition — the chapter's central ambiguity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with говоришь (cleft)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saying"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"in grief"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говоришь","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with болезни","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мучая","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"мучая","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говоришь","gloss":"torturing"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c10-s125","source":"— Нет, он знает, что говорит.","translation":"\"No, he knows what he is saying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он знает, что говорит","title":"Free relative «что» — 'what'","body":"«что» here is the interrogative/relative pronoun \"what,\" the direct object of transitive «говорит», heading a free relative clause: \"he knows what he is saying.\" It is not the conjunction \"that\"; the construction is a free relative, not a что-conjunction reported clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"he is saying"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c10-s126","source":"Ты, говорит, из гордости идешь, ты станешь и скажешь: «Это я убил, и чего вы корчитесь от ужаса, вы лжете!","translation":"You go out of pride, he says, you will stand up and declare: 'It was I who killed him, and why do you writhe in horror — you are lying!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты, говорит, из гордости идешь","title":"Inserted «говорит» — quotative","body":"The bare «говорит» (\"says he\") wedged into the sentence is a quotative tag marking reported speech, like English \"he says.\" «из гордости» uses «из» + genitive to give the motive — \"out of pride.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я убил","title":"Pronoun for emphasis: «Это я убил»","body":"The verb ending of «убил» already shows the subject, so the explicit «я» is added only for stress — \"It was I who killed [him].\" «убил» is the perfective masculine past of «убить», naming the single completed deed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего вы корчитесь от ужаса","title":"«чего» = \"why\" and reflexive «корчитесь»","body":"Colloquial «чего» (genitive of «что») here means \"why / what for.\" «корчитесь» is the reflexive «корчиться» (to writhe, contort oneself); «от ужаса» — «от» + genitive — gives the cause, \"from horror.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вы лжете","title":"«лгать» — to lie","body":"«лжете» is the 2nd-person plural present of «лгать» (to lie, tell falsehoods), with the irregular stem alternation г→ж. A higher, more accusatory register than the colloquial «врать»; it returns as «солгал» below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of станешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"will stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станешь","gloss":"will declare"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with убил (cleft)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies корчитесь (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of корчитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"корчитесь","lemma":"корчиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"writhe"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of корчитесь","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лжете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лжете","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with корчитесь","gloss":"are lying"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c10-s127","source":"Мнение ваше презираю, ужас ваш презираю».","translation":"Your opinion I despise, your horror I despise.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мнение ваше презираю, ужас ваш презираю","title":"Object-first word order for scorn","body":"Both clauses front the accusative object («Мнение ваше…», «ужас ваш…») before the verb «презираю», throwing rhetorical weight onto what is despised. The parallel inversion gives the line its lashing, contemptuous rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презираю","title":"«презирать» — to despise","body":"«презирать» is to scorn or hold in contempt — a key verb of this whole passage, recurring as Katya and Liza «презирают» Ivan. The repetition makes contempt the air Ivan breathes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of презираю (fronted)","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Мнение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"презираю","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I despise"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презираю (fronted)","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужас","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"презираю","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презираю","gloss":"I despise"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c10-s128","source":"Это он про меня говорит, и вдруг говорит: «А знаешь, тебе хочется, чтоб они тебя похвалили: преступник, дескать, убийца, но какие у него великодушные чувства, брата спасти захотел и признался!»","translation":"That is what he says about me, and then suddenly he says: 'And you know, you want them to praise you: a criminal, they'll say, a murderer, but what magnanimous feelings he has, he wanted to save his brother and confessed!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе хочется, чтоб они тебя похвалили","title":"Impersonal «тебе хочется» + «чтоб»-clause","body":"«хочется» is a reflexive impersonal: the wanter stands in the dative («тебе») with no nominative subject — \"you feel an urge.\" It takes a «чтоб(ы)»-clause whose verb «похвалили» is in the past form, the irrealis required after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступник, дескать, убийца","title":"Reportive particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» is a quotative particle flagging that the speaker is relaying someone else's words, often with skepticism — \"so they'll say.\" It colours the imagined praise as hollow gossip Ivan both craves and despises."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брата спасти захотел","title":"Object-first with «захотел» + infinitive","body":"«брата» (animate masculine accusative, borrowing the genitive form) is fronted before its infinitive «спасти» (to save), which in turn precedes «захотел» (wanted) — a tight, emphatic inversion. «захотел» is perfective, \"conceived the wish.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великодушные чувства","title":"«великодушный» — magnanimous","body":"«великодушный» (literally \"great-souled,\" a calque of Greek megalopsychos) means magnanimous, generous of spirit. In the devil's mouth it is poisoned praise: the very nobility Ivan secretly longs to be credited with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of похвалили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of похвалили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"похвалили","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочется","gloss":"would praise"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to похвалили","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the quoted, reported speech that follows","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Colloquial particle flagging the following words as someone else's supposed speech, like inserting 'they say' mid-sentence."},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of какие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"великодушные","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the exclamation какие ... чувства","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"confessed"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c10-s129","source":"Вот это так уж ложь, Алеша! — вскричал вдруг Иван, засверкав глазами. — Я не хочу, чтобы меня смерды хвалили!","translation":"Now that, that really is a lie, Alyosha!\" Ivan cried out all at once, his eyes flashing. \"I do not want the rabble to praise me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот это так уж ложь","title":"Stacked particles «так уж»","body":"A pile-up of emphatics — «Вот это» (now THIS), «так» (so, truly), «уж» (the intensifying particle) — all converging on «ложь» (a lie): \"Now that, that really and truly is a lie.\" Such clustered particles are the texture of Dostoevsky's spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкав глазами","title":"Perfective past gerund «засверкав»","body":"«засверкав» is the perfective past деепричастие of «засверкать» (to start flashing); the prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset (\"flashed up\"). «глазами» is the instrumental of means — flashing WITH his eyes. The gerund compresses a second action into Ivan's outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смерды","title":"«смерд» — a serf, the rabble","body":"«смерд» was the medieval term for a peasant or villein; by the 19th century it survives only as a contemptuous \"churl, base rabble.\" Ivan's choice of this archaic, lordly insult betrays the gentry pride the devil has just accused him of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ложь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ложь","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"засверкав","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of засверкав","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хвалили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of хвалили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смерды","lemma":"смерд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of хвалили","gloss":"the rabble","note":"'Smerd' was the historical term for a low-born peasant; Ivan uses it contemptuously to mean 'rabble' or 'scum.'"},{"surface":"хвалили","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"praise"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c10-s130","source":"Это он солгал, Алеша, солгал, клянусь тебе!","translation":"He lied about that, Alyosha, he lied, I swear it to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"солгал… солгал, клянусь тебе","title":"Perfective «солгал» and 1st-person «клянусь»","body":"«солгал» is the perfective past of «лгать» (to lie) — a single completed act of lying, repeated for vehemence. «клянусь» is the reflexive «клясться» (to swear, vow), taking the dative «тебе» of the one sworn to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of солгал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of солгал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with солгал","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with солгал","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c10-s131","source":"Я бросил в него за это стаканом, и он расшибся об его морду.","translation":"I threw a glass at him for it, and it smashed against his ugly mug.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросил в него за это стаканом","title":"Instrumental object of «бросить»","body":"«бросить» (to throw) takes the thing thrown in the instrumental — «стаканом», \"with a glass.\" The target goes with «в» + accusative («в него», at him), and «за это» («за» + accusative) gives the cause, \"for it.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расшибся об его морду","title":"Reflexive «расшибся» + «об» + accusative","body":"«расшибся» is the reflexive past of «расшибиться» (to smash, get smashed) — middle/change-of-state -ся, \"it shattered.\" «об его морду» uses «об» + accusative for impact against a surface."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"морда","title":"«морда» — muzzle, ugly mug","body":"«морда» is properly an animal's snout or muzzle; used of a person it is crude and contemptuous, \"ugly mug.\" Applied to the devil it both degrades the apparition and underscores how vividly bodily Ivan's hallucination is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"стаканом","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расшибся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"расшибся","lemma":"расшибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"smashed"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking морду","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of морду","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"морду","lemma":"морда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расшибся","gloss":"ugly mug"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c10-s132","source":"— Брат, успокойся, перестань! — упрашивал Алеша.","translation":"\"Brother, calm yourself, stop!\" Alyosha pleaded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успокойся, перестань","title":"Two reflexive/perfective imperatives","body":"«успокойся» (calm yourself — reflexive «успокоиться», stem in -й plus -ся→-сь→-ся) and «перестань» (stop — perfective «перестать») are both commands. Perfective imperatives like these urge a single decisive act, fitting Alyosha's plea."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упрашивал","title":"«упрашивать» — to entreat, beg","body":"«упрашивать» (imperfective) is to coax or beseech insistently, stronger and more pleading than «просить». The imperfective stresses Alyosha's repeated, sustained pleading against Ivan's unstoppable raving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"успокойся","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative addressed to Брат","gloss":"calm yourself"},{"surface":"перестань","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокойся","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"упрашивал","lemma":"упрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Брат","gloss":"pleaded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упрашивал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c10-s133","source":"— Нет, он умеет мучить, он жесток, — продолжал, не слушая, Иван. — Я всегда предчувствовал, зачем он приходит.","translation":"\"No, he knows how to torment, he is cruel,\" Ivan went on, not listening. \"I always had a presentiment of why he comes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он умеет мучить, он жесток","title":"Short adjective «жесток» as predicate","body":"«жесток» is the short (predicative) form of «жестокий» (cruel), used here as the predicate \"he is cruel.\" Short adjectives, more bookish, state a defining or absolute quality — exactly the verdict Ivan pronounces on the devil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не слушая","title":"Present gerund «не слушая»","body":"«не слушая» is the negated imperfective present деепричастие of «слушать» — \"not listening.\" It modifies «продолжал», setting the simultaneous circumstance: Ivan goes on, deaf to Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всегда предчувствовал, зачем он приходит","title":"Imperfective habit + «приходить»","body":"«предчувствовал» (imperfective past with «всегда») denotes an enduring, habitual foreboding. «приходит» is the imperfective «приходить» (to come/arrive, prefixed multidirectional), for the devil's repeated visits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to умеет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows how"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"to torment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жесток","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умеет","gloss":"is cruel"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умеет","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умеет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to умеет","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c10-s134","source":"«Пусть, говорит, ты шел из гордости, но ведь всё же была и надежда, что уличат Смердякова и сошлют в каторгу, что Митю оправдают, а тебя осудят лишь ''нравственно'' (слышишь, он тут смеялся!), а другие так и похвалят.","translation":"'Granted,' he says, 'you went out of pride; but still there was also the hope that Smerdyakov would be convicted and sent to hard labor, that Mitya would be acquitted, while you would be condemned only \"morally\" (do you hear, here he laughed!), and others would even praise you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть… ты шел из гордости","title":"Concessive «пусть» — \"granted\"","body":"«пусть» normally forms a 3rd-person imperative (\"let him…\"), but here it concedes a point — \"granted, suppose that you went out of pride.\" «шел» is the imperfective past of «идти», viewing the going as the standing fact under discussion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была и надежда, что уличат Смердякова и сошлют в каторгу","title":"Indefinite 3rd-plural for the impersonal","body":"«уличат» (will convict) and «сошлют» (will exile) are perfective futures with no stated subject — the bare 3rd-person plural used impersonally, \"they would convict… they would send,\" i.e. one would. Russian often expresses the indefinite agent this way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осудят лишь нравственно","title":"Adverb «нравственно» in scare-quotes","body":"«нравственно» is the adverb \"morally\" (from «нравственный»). The original sets it off in quotation marks because the devil is mocking the phrase — Ivan would be condemned only \"morally,\" not legally. The aside «слышишь, он тут смеялся!» captures the devil's sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to шел","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies была","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential 'there was')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надежда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уличат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уличат","lemma":"уличить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying надежда","gloss":"would be convicted"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уличат","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сошлют","lemma":"сослать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уличат","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлют","gloss":"hard labor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оправдают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдают","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сошлют","gloss":"would be acquitted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осудят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"осудят","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оправдают","gloss":"would be condemned"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравственно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осудят","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеялся","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to осудят","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of похвалят","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похвалят","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"похвалят","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"would praise"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c10-s135","source":"Но вот умер Смердяков, повесился — ну и кто ж тебе там на суде теперь-то одному поверит?","translation":"But now Smerdyakov is dead, he has hanged himself — and so who there in court will believe you now, you alone?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но вот умер Смердяков, повесился","title":"Perfective past for completed events","body":"«умер» (died) and the reflexive «повесился» (hanged himself) are perfective pasts, each a single accomplished fact that changes the situation — exactly what kills Ivan's hope. «вот» presents the new development: \"but now, see.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж тебе там на суде теперь-то одному поверит","title":"Particle «ж», clitic «-то», and dative «одному»","body":"«ж» (reduced «же») sharpens the rhetorical question; «теперь-то» stresses the changed \"now\"; «поверить» governs the dative, so «тебе… одному» is \"believe you, you alone.\" The dense particles convey the devil's needling tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умер","gloss":"hanged himself"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверит","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasis on теперь","gloss":"indeed","note":"'-то' tacked onto теперь is an emphatic enclitic, roughly 'now, of all times' — it does not stand alone as a separate word in meaning."},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to повесился","gloss":"will believe"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c10-s136","source":"А ведь ты идешь, идешь, ты все-таки пойдешь, ты решил, что пойдешь.","translation":"And yet you go, you go, you will go all the same, you have resolved to go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты идешь, идешь, ты все-таки пойдешь","title":"Imperfective present vs perfective future of «идти»","body":"The repeated imperfective present «идешь» (you are going / on your way) shifts to the perfective future «пойдешь» (you will go [and arrive]) — the same root, the aspect carrying the whole tense logic. «все-таки» means \"all the same, after all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты решил, что пойдешь","title":"Perfective «решил» + reported «что»","body":"«решил» is the perfective past of «решить» (to decide), a single resolved act. The «что»-clause reports the content of the decision; its verb «пойдешь» is the perfective future — \"you have decided that you will go.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of идешь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пойдешь","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдешь","gloss":"have resolved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдешь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c10-s137","source":"Для чего же ты идешь после этого?»","translation":"Why is it, after all this, that you go?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего же ты идешь после этого","title":"«Для чего же» — \"why on earth\"","body":"«Для чего» (literally \"for what\") asks purpose, \"why / what for\"; the inserted «же» turns it into an insistent, almost exasperated challenge. «после этого» — «после» + genitive — \"after this / all this.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c10-s138","source":"Это страшно, Алеша, я не могу выносить таких вопросов.","translation":"It is terrible, Alyosha, I cannot bear such questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это страшно","title":"Impersonal predicate «страшно»","body":"«страшно» is the neuter impersonal predicative, \"it is terrible / frightening.\" With no nominative subject it states a condition of the situation itself — the same -о form that elsewhere takes a dative experiencer («мне страшно»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу выносить таких вопросов","title":"Genitive of negation: «таких вопросов»","body":"Under the negated «не могу выносить» the object \"such questions\" slides into the genitive plural «таких вопросов» rather than the accusative — the genitive of negation, common with abstract or non-specific objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of страшно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is terrible"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страшно","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вопросов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выносить","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c10-s139","source":"Кто смеет мне задавать такие вопросы!","translation":"Who dares put such questions to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто смеет мне задавать такие вопросы","title":"«сметь» + dative «мне»","body":"«смеет» (dares) is the present of «сметь», taking an infinitive «задавать» (to put / pose, of questions). «мне» is the dative \"to me\" of the indirect object. The rhetorical «кто» (who) demands no answer — pure outrage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of смеет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"задавать","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of задавать","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c10-s140","source":"— Брат, — прервал Алеша, замирая от страха, но всё еще как бы надеясь образумить Ивана, — как же мог он говорить тебе про смерть Смердякова до моего прихода, когда еще никто и не знал о ней, да и времени не было никому узнать?","translation":"\"Brother,\" Alyosha broke in, dying of dread yet still hoping somehow to bring Ivan to his senses, \"how could he have told you of Smerdyakov's death before I arrived, when no one yet even knew of it, and there had been no time for anyone to find out?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"замирая от страха","title":"Present gerund «замирая»","body":"«замирая» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «замирать» (to freeze, grow numb, \"die\" with fear), an attendant circumstance describing Alyosha as he breaks in. «от страха» («от» + genitive) gives the cause, \"from fear.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы надеясь образумить Ивана","title":"«как бы» + present gerund «надеясь»","body":"«как бы» softens to \"as if, somehow,\" hedging the hope. «надеясь» is the present gerund of «надеяться» (to hope, a -ся verb), taking the perfective infinitive «образумить» (to bring to one's senses) — a single hoped-for outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же мог он говорить тебе про смерть Смердякова","title":"Word-order inversion «мог он»","body":"The verb «мог» precedes the subject «он» — an inversion common after the interrogative «как же», throwing emphasis onto the impossibility. «говорить тебе про смерть» pairs the dative listener with «про» + accusative for the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда еще никто и не знал о ней","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не знал»","body":"The negative pronoun «никто» (nobody) still requires «не» on the verb — Russian's obligatory double negative. «и» before «не» adds \"not even,\" and «о ней» is «о» + prepositional, \"about it [the death].\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"времени не было никому узнать","title":"Genitive of negation + dative subject","body":"«времени не было» is the negated existential: the subject \"time\" stands obligatorily in the genitive («времени») with «не было». «никому» is the dative experiencer (no one), and «узнать» the perfective infinitive — \"there had been no time for anyone to find out.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Брат","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прервал","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирая","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеясь","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if","note":"'как бы' is a hedging idiom meaning 'as if' / 'somehow', softening the claim that follows."},{"surface":"надеясь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with замирая","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"образумить","lemma":"образумить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надеясь","gloss":"to bring to his senses"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of образумить","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to прервал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерть","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прихода","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорить","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of было (negated existential)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"there had been"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"logical subject of узнать","gloss":"for anyone"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of было","gloss":"to find out"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c10-s141","source":"— Он говорил, — твердо произнес Иван, не допуская и сомнения. — Он только про это и говорил, если хочешь.","translation":"\"He told me,\" Ivan pronounced firmly, admitting not a shadow of doubt. \"That was the only thing he talked about, if you like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо произнес Иван, не допуская и сомнения","title":"Gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«произнес» is the perfective past \"pronounced.\" «не допуская» is a negated present gerund (\"not admitting\"), and its object «сомнения» (doubt) stands in the genitive of negation, reinforced by «и» (\"not even a doubt\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он только про это и говорил, если хочешь","title":"Frame «только… и» and «если хочешь»","body":"The «только… и» construction means \"that was the ONLY thing he talked about\" — «и» before the verb locks in the exclusivity. «если хочешь» (\"if you like\") is a conversational hedge, the conditional «если» without «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was talking"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допуская","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"admitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допуская","gloss":"a shadow of doubt"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c10-s142","source":"«И добро бы ты, говорит, в добродетель верил: пусть не поверят мне, для принципа иду.","translation":"'And it would be well enough,' he says, 'if you believed in virtue: let them not believe me, I go for the sake of principle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И добро бы ты… в добродетель верил","title":"«добро бы» — \"it would be all right if\"","body":"«добро бы» is an idiomatic concessive-conditional built on the particle «бы»: \"it would be well enough if…\" The verb «верил» is the past form demanded by the irrealis «бы» — \"if [only] you believed in virtue.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть не поверят мне, для принципа иду","title":"Concessive «пусть» + perfective future","body":"«пусть не поверят» — \"let them not believe\" — uses «пусть» plus the perfective future «поверят» (governing dative «мне») to grant a hypothetical. «для принципа» («для» + genitive) gives the motive, \"for principle's sake.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom добро бы","gloss":"it would be well","note":"'добро бы' is an idiom meaning 'it would be one thing if...' / 'it would be understandable if...'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the idiom добро бы","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верил","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетель","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верил","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking принципа","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"принципа","lemma":"принцип","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверят","gloss":"I go"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c10-s143","source":"Но ведь ты поросенок, как Федор Павлович, и что тебе добродетель?","translation":"But the fact is you are a little pig, like Fyodor Pavlovich, and what is virtue to you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тебе добродетель","title":"Dative of relation: «что тебе…»","body":"«что тебе добродетель?» — literally \"what [is] virtue to you?\" — uses a bare dative «тебе» with zero copula to mean \"what does virtue matter to you, what use is it to you?\" A compact idiom of dismissive challenge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поросенок","title":"«поросёнок» — a piglet","body":"«поросёнок» is a piglet (diminutive of «порося»); as an insult it brands someone a dirty, base little creature. Likening Ivan to «Федор Павлович» — his loathed father — is the devil's cruelest cut: the Karamazov \"piggishness\" Ivan dreads is in him too."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поросенок","gloss":"the fact is"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поросенок","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поросенок","lemma":"поросёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a little pig"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"preposition marking Федор","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поросенок","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of добродетель","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of добродетель","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with поросенок","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c10-s144","source":"Для чего же ты туда потащишься, если жертва твоя ни к чему не послужит?","translation":"Why, then, will you drag yourself off there, if your sacrifice will serve no purpose?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего же ты туда потащишься","title":"Perfective future «потащишься»","body":"«потащишься» is the reflexive perfective future of «потащиться» (to drag oneself off) — single completed future motion, scornfully picturing Ivan's reluctant journey. «туда» = \"thither, to there.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если жертва твоя ни к чему не послужит","title":"Negative concord with «ни к чему»","body":"«ни к чему… не послужит» piles the «ни»-phrase onto the obligatory «не»: \"will serve no purpose at all / be of no use whatever.\" «послужить» governs «к» + dative («к чему», to what end). The «ни»-word and «не» together carry a single negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жертва","title":"«жертва» — sacrifice / victim","body":"«жертва» means both \"sacrifice\" (the offering) and \"victim.\" The devil mockingly calls Ivan's planned self-incrimination his «жертва» — a sacrifice the dead Smerdyakov has rendered pointless. The double sense quietly implicates Ivan as victim too."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потащишься","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потащишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потащишься","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"потащишься","lemma":"потащиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will drag yourself off"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послужит","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертва","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужит","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послужит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послужит","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потащишься","gloss":"will serve"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c10-s145","source":"А потому что ты сам не знаешь, для чего идешь!","translation":"Precisely because you yourself do not know why you go!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам не знаешь, для чего идешь","title":"Intensive «сам» and indirect «для чего»","body":"«сам» (here nominative, agreeing with «ты») intensifies the subject — \"you yourself don't know.\" «для чего идешь» is an embedded indirect question, \"for what / why you are going.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of знаешь","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying знаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаешь","gloss":"you go"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c10-s146","source":"О, ты бы много дал, чтоб узнать самому, для чего идешь!","translation":"Oh, you would give a great deal to know for yourself why you go!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты бы много дал, чтоб узнать самому","title":"Conditional «бы дал» + purpose «чтоб»","body":"«ты бы… дал» is the conditional (past form «дал» + «бы»): \"you would give a great deal.\" The «чтоб»-clause gives purpose with the perfective infinitive «узнать» (to find out); «самому» is the dative of «сам» agreeing with the implied subject of the infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks дал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on дал","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the implied subject of узнать","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для, complement of идешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the embedded clause introduced by для чего","gloss":"you go"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c10-s147","source":"И будто ты решился?","translation":"And do you suppose you have made up your mind?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И будто ты решился","title":"Particle «будто» — \"as if, you suppose\"","body":"«будто» normally means \"as though,\" but here introduces an incredulous question — \"and you suppose / as if you've made up your mind?\" «решился» is the reflexive perfective past of «решиться» (to resolve, bring oneself to decide)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces a skeptical rhetorical question, modifies решился","gloss":"do you suppose"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have decided"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c10-s148","source":"Ты еще не решился.","translation":"You have not yet made up your mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты еще не решился","title":"Negated perfective: \"not yet decided\"","body":"«еще не решился» — \"you have not yet resolved\" — negates the perfective past «решился». With perfectives, «еще не» characteristically means \"not yet (but expected)\": the decision is still pending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have decided"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c10-s149","source":"Ты всю ночь будешь сидеть и решать: идти или нет?","translation":"All night long you will sit and deliberate: to go or not to go?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты всю ночь будешь сидеть и решать","title":"Compound future for drawn-out process","body":"«будешь сидеть и решать» is the imperfective compound future («будешь» + two imperfective infinitives), naming a prolonged, ongoing future activity — all night long. Imperfective, not perfective, precisely because the deliberating goes on and on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идти или нет","title":"Infinitive dilemma «идти или нет»","body":"The bare infinitive «идти» in a deliberative question — \"to go or not?\" — is the standard Russian way of framing an open choice, with «или нет» (\"or not\") closing the alternative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть (duration)","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сидеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решать","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидеть","gloss":"deliberate"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решать, first of the alternative question","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c10-s150","source":"Но ты все-таки пойдешь и знаешь, что пойдешь, сам знаешь, что как бы ты ни решался, а решение уж не от тебя зависит.","translation":"But you will go all the same, and you know that you will go; you yourself know that however much you may deliberate, the decision no longer depends on you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ты ни решался","title":"Concessive «как бы… ни» — \"however much\"","body":"The frame «как бы… ни» + past-form verb means \"however / no matter how much you may deliberate.\" It pairs «бы» (irrealis) with the intensifying «ни» of universal concession — a high-frequency literary construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решение уж не от тебя зависит","title":"«зависеть от» + genitive","body":"«зависеть» (to depend) governs «от» + genitive: «от тебя» — \"on you.\" Negated with «не» and stressed by «уж» (\"no longer\"), the line states that the decision no longer depends on Ivan's will — the devil's deterministic taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase все-таки, modifies пойдешь","gloss":"all the same","note":"все-таки ('all the same') is one word split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдешь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"you will go"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject (ты) of the second знаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдешь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of the second знаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive phrase как ... ни, modifies решался","gloss":"however much","note":"как ... ни forms a concessive construction: 'no matter how you deliberate'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the concessive phrase, reinforces решался","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase как ... ни, modifies решался","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"решался","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of the second знаешь, concessive clause","gloss":"you deliberate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase уж не, modifies зависит","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase уж не, modifies зависит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"depends"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c10-s151","source":"Пойдешь, потому что не смеешь не пойти.","translation":"You will go, because you do not dare not to go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что не смеешь не пойти","title":"Double negative «не смеешь не пойти»","body":"Two stacked «не» yield a strong positive: \"you do not dare not to go\" = you are compelled to go. «смеешь» (dare) takes the negated perfective infinitive «не пойти»; the structure is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's vise-like logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will go"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces the clause of смеешь","gloss":"because","note":"потому что ('because') is one conjunction split into two tokens."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Пойдешь","gloss":"you dare"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеешь","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c10-s152","source":"Почему не смеешь, — это уж сам угадай, вот тебе загадка!»","translation":"Why you do not dare — that you must work out for yourself; there is a riddle for you!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уж сам угадай","title":"Imperative «угадай» + intensive «сам»","body":"«угадай» is the perfective imperative of «угадать» (to guess, work out). «сам» (yourself) and «уж» throw it back as a challenge — \"that you must figure out for yourself.\" The fronted «это» is the object placed first as topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загадка","title":"«загадка» — riddle","body":"«загадка» is a riddle or enigma — \"вот тебе загадка\" = \"there's a riddle for you.\" It sets up the French «Le mot de l'énigme» a few lines on: the devil leaves Ivan a riddle whose answer is his own cowardice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"you dare"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of угадай, referring back to Почему не смеешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угадай","gloss":"you'd better"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the implied subject (ты) of угадай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"угадай","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle introducing загадка","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the presentative вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun introduced by вот","gloss":"a riddle"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c10-s153","source":"Встал и ушел.","translation":"He got up and left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встал и ушел","title":"Two perfective pasts, dropped subject","body":"«Встал» (got up) and «ушел» (left, prefixed perfective of «уходить/уйти») are perfective pasts driving the narrative forward event by event. The subject «он» is dropped — fully recoverable from the ending and context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c10-s154","source":"Ты пришел, а он ушел.","translation":"You came, and he went.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты пришел, а он ушел","title":"Contrastive «а» with antonymic prefixes","body":"The contrast turns on the directional prefixes: «при-шел» (came TO, arrived) versus «у-шел» (went AWAY, departed), both perfective pasts of «идти». «а» links them as a neat antithesis — \"you came, and he went.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"went away"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c10-s155","source":"Он меня трусом назвал, Алеша!","translation":"He called me a coward, Alyosha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он меня трусом назвал","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «назвать»","body":"«назвать» (to call, name) takes the thing called in the instrumental: «трусом» — \"called me a coward.\" This double-object pattern (accusative «меня» + instrumental «трусом») is the rule with verbs of naming and considering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трус","title":"«трус» — coward","body":"«трус» (a coward) is the word that crystallizes Ivan's self-knowledge in this chapter. The devil's whole \"riddle\" resolves into it: «что я трус» — that I am a coward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"трусом","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвал","gloss":"a coward"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c10-s156","source":"Le mot de l'énigme,<ref>Отгадка в том (франц.).</ref> что я трус!","translation":"Le mot de l'énigme,<ref>The answer lies in this (French).</ref> that I am a coward!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Le mot de l'énigme","title":"French in Ivan's speech","body":"\"Le mot de l'énigme\" is French for \"the answer/key to the riddle.\" The Russian text glosses it in a footnote (\"Отгадка в том\"). Sprinkling French was a mark of the educated Russian gentry; here it underlines Ivan's intellectual, \"western\" cast of mind even in delirium."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я трус","title":"Zero copula in «что я трус»","body":"«что я трус» — \"that I [am] a coward\" — is a «что»-clause with no copula and a bare nominative predicate «трус». It supplies the \"answer\" to the énigme: the riddle's solution stated as a flat present-tense identity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"word (French)","role":"French definite article, head of the phrase","gloss":"the","note":"This line quotes French, with a footnote giving the Russian translation; stray <ref> markup from the source text is embedded in a couple of tokens."},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'énigme,<ref","lemma":"énigme","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"the riddle"},{"surface":"Отгадка","lemma":"отгадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the footnote translation of 'Le mot de l'énigme'","gloss":"the answer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"lies in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в том, that","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"франц.).</ref","lemma":"французский","morphology":"abbreviation (parenthetical label)","role":"parenthetical label marking the quotation as French","gloss":"(French)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трус","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трус (elided copula)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elided copula 'am')","gloss":"a coward"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c10-s157","source":"«Не таким орлам воспарять над землей!»","translation":"'It is not for such eagles to soar above the earth!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не таким орлам воспарять над землей","title":"Dative + infinitive of (im)possibility","body":"«Не таким орлам воспарять» is a dative-plus-infinitive construction denying possibility: \"it is not for such eagles to soar.\" The dative «орлам» names those it is \"not for,\" the bare infinitive the action denied — a terse, fatalistic idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспарять над землей","title":"«воспарять» — to soar aloft (elevated)","body":"«воспарять» (to soar up, take wing) is a lofty, bookish verb with the elevated prefix «вос-» (a Church-Slavonic colouring of «вз-»). The mock-grand image of \"eagles soaring above the earth\" is the devil's sarcasm at Ivan's pretensions to greatness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of орлам","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"орлам","lemma":"орёл","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative subject of воспарять (impersonal construction)","gloss":"eagles"},{"surface":"воспарять","lemma":"воспарять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the impersonal construction","gloss":"to soar"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспарять","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c10-s158","source":"Это он прибавил, это он прибавил!","translation":"That he added, he added that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он прибавил, это он прибавил","title":"Fronting and repetition for insistence","body":"The object «Это» is fronted and the clause repeated verbatim, with «он» emphatic — \"THAT he added, he added that.\" «прибавил» is the perfective past of «прибавить» (to add [a remark]). The doubling conveys Ivan's feverish, fixated insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the second прибавил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the second прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first прибавил","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c10-s159","source":"И Смердяков это же говорил.","translation":"And Smerdyakov said the very same thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это же говорил","title":"Identifying «же» — \"the very same\"","body":"Here «же» attaches to «это» to mean \"the very same thing\" (это же = \"this same\"), an identifying use distinct from emphatic «же». «говорил» is imperfective: Smerdyakov \"used to say\" the same thing, linking the devil's voice to Smerdyakov's."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это, emphasizes sameness","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c10-s160","source":"Его надо убить!","translation":"He must be killed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его надо убить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо убить» is an impersonal necessity construction: «надо» (one must) plus the perfective infinitive «убить», with no nominative subject. «Его» is the accusative object — \"he must be killed / one must kill him.\" The dative agent is left unstated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him","note":"Russian phrases this with an active infinitive ('one must kill him') where the English translation uses a passive ('he must be killed')."},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"logical main verb, depends on надо","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c10-s161","source":"Катя меня презирает, я уже месяц это вижу, да и Лиза презирать начнет!","translation":"Katya despises me, I have seen it this whole month, and Liza too will begin to despise me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уже месяц это вижу","title":"Accusative of duration «месяц»","body":"«месяц» stands in the bare accusative to express duration — \"for a month [now].\" With the imperfective «вижу» and «уже», it means an ongoing perception persisting up to now: \"I have been seeing this for a month.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лиза презирать начнет","title":"«начать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начнет презирать» — \"will begin to despise\" — pairs the perfective future «начнет» (begin) with the imperfective infinitive «презирать». Phase verbs like «начать», «продолжать», «перестать» always take the imperfective, since beginning/continuing implies a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the durational phrase уже месяц, modifies вижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу (duration)","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирает","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"презирать","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"to despise"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with презирает","gloss":"will begin"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c10-s162","source":"«Идешь, чтоб тебя похвалили» — это зверская ложь!","translation":"'You go in order to be praised' — that is a beastly lie!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идешь, чтоб тебя похвалили","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form verb","body":"«чтоб(ы) тебя похвалили» expresses purpose — \"in order that they praise you / to be praised.\" After «чтобы» the verb «похвалили» takes the irrealis past form, and the subjectless 3rd-plural makes it impersonal \"they.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зверская ложь","title":"«зверский» — beastly, brutal","body":"«зверский» (from «зверь», a wild beast) means brutish, savage, monstrous. \"A зверская lie\" — a beastly, vicious lie — gives the falsehood an almost physical violence, matching Ivan's mounting frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you go"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of похвалили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"похвалили","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Идешь","gloss":"you be praised"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive subject anticipating ложь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"зверская","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"a beastly"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elided copula, main statement of the sentence","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c10-s163","source":"И ты тоже презираешь меня, Алеша.","translation":"And you too despise me, Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ты тоже презираешь меня","title":"«тоже» — \"too, also\"","body":"«тоже» adds Alyosha to the list of those who scorn Ivan — \"you too despise me.\" Placed between subject and verb, it scopes over «ты»: you, as well as the others."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of презираешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираешь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"презираешь","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c10-s164","source":"Теперь я тебя опять возненавижу.","translation":"Now I shall hate you once again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь я тебя опять возненавижу","title":"Inceptive perfective «возненавижу»","body":"«возненавижу» is the perfective future of «возненавидеть» — the prefix «воз-» adds an inceptive sense, \"to conceive hatred, come to hate.\" It is the perfective counterpart to the stative «ненавидеть» (to hate): \"now I shall start hating you again.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возненавижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавижу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"возненавижу","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall hate"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c10-s165","source":"И изверга ненавижу, и изверга ненавижу!","translation":"And I hate the monster, and I hate the monster!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И изверга ненавижу, и изверга ненавижу","title":"Animate accusative «изверга», doubled «и… и»","body":"«изверга» is the animate masculine accusative (borrowing the genitive form) of «изверг». The correlative «и… и» (\"both… and / and… and\") repeats the clause for raving emphasis — Ivan circling the same fury."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"«изверг» literally means one \"cast out\" (from «извергнуть», to expel), hence a monster, a fiend, a brute beyond the human pale. Ivan flings it at Mitya, the brother he means to save yet now wishes to abandon to «каторга»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the second ненавижу","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first ненавижу","gloss":"I hate"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c10-s166","source":"Не хочу спасать изверга, пусть сгниет в каторге!","translation":"I do not want to save the monster, let him rot in penal servitude!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть сгниет в каторге","title":"Third-person imperative «пусть сгниет»","body":"«пусть» + perfective future «сгниет» forms a 3rd-person command/wish — \"let him rot.\" «сгнить» (to rot through, perfective) with «в каторге» (prepositional of location) hurls a curse: \"let him rot in penal servitude.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"спасать","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасать","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сгниет, forms an optative clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"сгниет","lemma":"сгнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочу, independent optative clause","gloss":"rot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каторге","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сгниет","gloss":"penal servitude"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c10-s167","source":"Гимн запел!","translation":"He has struck up a hymn!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гимн запел","title":"Inceptive «за-» in «запел»","body":"«запел» is the perfective past of «запеть»; the prefix «за-» marks the inception, \"struck up / began to sing.\" «Гимн» (a hymn) is the fronted accusative object. The sarcastic line mocks Ivan's noble resolve as mere hymn-singing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запел (implied subject он)","gloss":"a hymn"},{"surface":"запел","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implied subject он)","gloss":"struck up singing"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c10-s168","source":"О, завтра я пойду, стану пред ними и плюну им всем в глаза!","translation":"Oh, tomorrow I shall go, I shall stand before them all and spit in every one of their faces!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойду, стану пред ними и плюну им всем в глаза","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective futures march the resolve forward: «пойду» (I'll go), «стану» (I'll stand), «плюну» (I'll spit). «плюнуть» governs the dative of the person («им всем») plus «в» + accusative for the target («в глаза», in the face)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ними","title":"«пред» — archaic «перед»","body":"«пред» is the elevated, shortened form of the preposition «перед» (\"before, in front of\"), governing the instrumental «ними». The clipped form lends the vow of public defiance a solemn, almost biblical ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"will stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of стану","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плюну","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"will spit"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of плюну","gloss":"at them"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of им","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of плюну (target: в глаза)","gloss":"the face"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c10-s169","source":"Он вскочил в исступлении, сбросил с себя полотенце и принялся снова шагать по комнате.","translation":"He sprang up in a frenzy, flung the towel from himself, and set to pacing the room once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил в исступлении, сбросил… и принялся снова шагать","title":"Narrative chain of perfectives","body":"Three perfective pasts — «вскочил» (sprang up), «сбросил» (flung off), «принялся» (set about) — move the action point by point. «принялся» (reflexive «приняться») governs the imperfective infinitive «шагать» (to pace), since the pacing is an open-ended process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy of rage","body":"«исступление» is a state of frenzied transport — a person beside himself with rage, passion, or religious ecstasy. A favourite Dostoevskian word for the soul pushed past its limits, it diagnoses Ivan at the brink of full brain-fever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"сбросил","lemma":"сбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"flung off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сбросил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сбросил","gloss":"the towel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"set to"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"шагать","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагать","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c10-s170","source":"Алеша вспомнил давешние слова его: «Как будто я сплю наяву… Хожу, говорю и вижу, а сплю» Именно как будто это совершалось теперь Алеша не отходил от него.","translation":"Alyosha recalled his earlier words: \"It is as though I were asleep while awake… I walk, I speak, and I see, yet I am asleep,\" and it was precisely as though that were taking place now; Alyosha did not leave his side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как будто я сплю наяву","title":"«как будто» — \"as if\"","body":"«как будто» (\"as though, as if\") frames the unreal comparison. «сплю наяву» yokes opposites — «сплю» (I sleep, imperfective present) and «наяву» (in waking reality) — \"I am asleep while awake,\" Ivan's image of his own dissociated state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хожу, говорю и вижу, а сплю","title":"Multidirectional «хожу» and contrastive «а»","body":"«хожу» is the multidirectional imperfective of «ходить» (to walk about, generally), against the unidirectional «идти». The string «хожу, говорю и вижу» of habitual presents is then undercut by contrastive «а сплю» — \"…and yet I'm asleep.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша не отходил от него","title":"Imperfective «не отходил от» + genitive","body":"«отходить от» (to step away from) governs «от» + genitive («от него»). The imperfective past «не отходил» negates a continuous state — \"did not [keep] leaving his side,\" i.e. stayed by him throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"давешние","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"his earlier"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто, introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"as","note":"как будто ('as though') is quoted interior speech Ivan spoke to Alyosha earlier, recalled here."},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сплю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сплю","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause как будто я сплю наяву","gloss":"am asleep"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сплю","gloss":"while awake"},{"surface":"Хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю, first of the quoted verbs","gloss":"I walk"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause Хожу, говорю и вижу, а сплю","gloss":"I speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сплю","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"I am asleep"},{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто, introduces the clause of совершалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совершалось","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause как будто это совершалось теперь","gloss":"were happening"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"did leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c10-s171","source":"Мелькнула было у него мысль бежать к доктору и привесть того, но он побоялся оставить брата одного: поручить его совсем некому было.","translation":"The thought had flashed through him of running for the doctor and fetching him, but he was afraid to leave his brother alone: there was no one at all to whom he could entrust him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мелькнула было у него мысль бежать","title":"The particle «было» of cancelled action","body":"«было» after a perfective verb marks an action begun or impending but not carried through — \"the thought had flashed up [but came to nothing].\" «Мелькнула» is the perfective past of «мелькнуть» (to flash by); «мысль бежать» links the noun to a bare infinitive of intention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побоялся оставить брата одного","title":"«побояться» + infinitive; animate object","body":"«побоялся» (reflexive perfective \"was afraid, took fright\") governs the infinitive «оставить» (to leave). «брата» is the animate accusative (genitive-shaped), and «одного» agrees with it — \"to leave his brother alone.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поручить его совсем некому было","title":"Negative «некому» + dative-infinitive","body":"«некому» is the negative dative pronoun \"there is no one to (whom).\" With the past «было» and the perfective infinitive «поручить» (to entrust), it forms the impersonal \"there was no one at all to entrust him to.\" «его» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, past, marks an interrupted or momentary action","role":"modifies Мелькнула","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мелькнула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Мелькнула","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"of running"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"доктору","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привесть","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with бежать, second infinitive dependent on мысль","gloss":"fetching"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привесть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побоялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мелькнула","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побоялся","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"поручить","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive subject of the impersonal predicate некому было","gloss":"to entrust"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поручить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некому","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"некому","lemma":"некому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, negative","role":"impersonal predicate, dative subject of поручить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the impersonal construction некому было","gloss":"there was"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c10-s172","source":"Наконец Иван мало-помалу стал совсем лишаться памяти.","translation":"At last, little by little, Ivan began to lose consciousness altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал совсем лишаться памяти","title":"«стать» + imperfective + genitive after «лишаться»","body":"«стал лишаться» pairs phase verb «стать» (began) with the imperfective infinitive «лишаться» (to lose, be deprived of), which governs the genitive «памяти» (of memory/consciousness). Losing-and-lacking verbs regularly take the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"«мало-помалу» is a fixed reduplicative adverb meaning \"little by little, gradually.\" Its slow, lulling rhythm mirrors Ivan's sinking — fitting the imperfective «лишаться» of a fading process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу, modifies стал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу, modifies стал","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишаться","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"лишаться","lemma":"лишаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to lose"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лишаться","gloss":"consciousness"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c10-s173","source":"Он всё продолжал говорить, говорил не умолкая, но уже совсем нескладно.","translation":"He kept on talking still, talked without falling silent, but now altogether incoherently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал говорить, говорил не умолкая","title":"Imperfective duration + gerund «не умолкая»","body":"«продолжал» (continued) and «говорил» are imperfective, stressing unbroken duration. «не умолкая» is the negated present gerund of «умолкать» (to fall silent) — \"without falling silent,\" an attendant manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нескладно","title":"«нескладно» — incoherently","body":"«нескладно» (adverb of «нескладный») means disjointedly, awkwardly, without coherence — speech that won't hang together. It marks the slide from Ivan's lucid raving into mere disordered muttering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжал","gloss":"he talked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умолкая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"умолкая","lemma":"умолкать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of говорил","gloss":"falling silent"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нескладно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нескладно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"нескладно","lemma":"нескладно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with говорил, predicate adverb","gloss":"incoherently"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c10-s174","source":"Даже плохо выговаривал слова и вдруг сильно покачнулся на месте.","translation":"He even pronounced his words badly, and suddenly swayed violently where he stood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плохо выговаривал слова и вдруг сильно покачнулся","title":"Imperfective process vs perfective event","body":"«выговаривал» (imperfective, was pronouncing badly) describes the ongoing impairment; then the perfective «покачнулся» (reflexive, \"swayed\") punctuates it with a single sudden event, signalled by «вдруг». The aspect switch enacts the lurch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плохо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговаривал","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"выговаривал","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выговаривал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачнулся","gloss":"violently"},{"surface":"покачнулся","lemma":"покачнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выговаривал","gloss":"swayed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покачнулся","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c10-s175","source":"Но Алеша успел поддержать его.","translation":"But Alyosha managed to catch hold of him in time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша успел поддержать его","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive — \"in time\"","body":"«успел» (perfective past of «успеть», to manage / have time) takes the perfective infinitive «поддержать» (to catch, hold up). The pairing means \"managed to catch hold of him in time\" — the nick-of-time rescue captured in one verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"поддержать","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to support"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c10-s176","source":"Иван дал себя довести до постели, Алеша кое-как раздел его и уложил.","translation":"Ivan let himself be led to the bed, and Alyosha somehow undressed him and put him down to sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван дал себя довести до постели","title":"«дать себя» + infinitive — permissive passive","body":"«дал себя довести» is the idiom \"let himself be led\": «дать» (to allow) + the reflexive «себя» + perfective infinitive «довести» (to lead all the way). «до постели» («до» + genitive) gives the goal — \"to the bed.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое-как","title":"«кое-как» — somehow, anyhow","body":"«кое-как» means \"somehow, after a fashion, with difficulty\" — getting a thing done clumsily or barely. It conveys Alyosha's awkward labour of undressing the half-conscious Ivan «кое-как раздел его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of довести","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"довести","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"be led"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довести","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздел (and уложил); starts a new asyndetic clause, not coordinated with дал (whose subject is Иван)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase кое-как, modifies раздел","gloss":"somehow","note":"кое-как ('anyhow, somehow') is one adverb split into two tokens."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase кое-как","gloss":"anyhow"},{"surface":"раздел","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (subject Алеша), asyndetically parallel to Иван дал... — not coordinated with дал","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уложил","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздел","gloss":"put to bed"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c10-s177","source":"Сам просидел над ним еще часа два.","translation":"He himself sat over him for another two hours or so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам просидел над ним еще часа два","title":"Intensive «сам» and «часа два» of approximation","body":"«Сам» (he himself) opens the sentence with the subject dropped — recoverable as Alyosha. «часа два» inverts numeral and noun to express approximation, \"a couple of hours or so\"; «два» governs the genitive singular «часа»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просидел над ним","title":"Durative prefix «про-» + «над» + instrumental","body":"«просидел» (perfective of «просидеть») uses the prefix «про-» of spent duration — \"sat through [a span of time].\" «над ним» («над» + instrumental) is \"over him,\" the watcher hovering above the sleeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject (himself), referring to Alyosha","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел (duration)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"governs часа","gloss":"two","note":"часа два inverts the usual numeral-noun order to mean 'about two hours'."}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c10-s178","source":"Больной спал крепко, без движения, тихо и ровно дыша.","translation":"The sick man slept soundly, without stirring, breathing quietly and evenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо и ровно дыша","title":"Present gerund «дыша» of manner","body":"«дыша» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «дышать» (to breathe), here an adverbial of manner attending «спал» — \"slept… breathing quietly and evenly.\" The gerund gathers the picture of calm sleep into the main clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Больной","title":"«больной» — the sick man (substantivized adjective)","body":"«Больной» (\"sick, ill\") is here a substantivized adjective serving as a noun, \"the sick man,\" still declining like an adjective. Such adjective-nouns (раненый — the wounded, прохожий — a passer-by) are common; the cool clinical label distances the raving Ivan into a patient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"soundly"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дыша","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дыша","gloss":"evenly"},{"surface":"дыша","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of спал","gloss":"breathing"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c10-s179","source":"Алеша взял подушку и лег на диване не раздеваясь.","translation":"Alyosha took a pillow and lay down on the sofa without undressing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лег на диване не раздеваясь","title":"Negated present gerund «не раздеваясь»","body":"«не раздеваясь» is the negated present gerund of the reflexive «раздеваться» (to undress) — \"without undressing,\" an attendant circumstance. «лег» is the perfective past of «лечь» (to lie down)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздеваясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"раздеваясь","lemma":"раздеваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лег","gloss":"undressing"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c10-s180","source":"Засыпая, помолился о Мите и об Иване.","translation":"As he fell asleep, he prayed for Mitya and for Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Засыпая, помолился о Мите и об Иване","title":"Present gerund «засыпая» + perfective «помолился»","body":"«Засыпая» is the present gerund of «засыпать» (to be falling asleep) — the ongoing frame within which the single perfective act «помолился» (prayed, reflexive «помолиться») occurs. «о Мите… об Иване» is «о/об» + prepositional, the persons prayed for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Засыпая","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помолился","gloss":"falling asleep"},{"surface":"помолился","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he prayed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иване","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мите","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c10-s181","source":"Ему становилась понятною болезнь Ивана: «Муки гордого решения, глубокая совесть!»","translation":"Ivan's illness was becoming comprehensible to him: \"The torments of a proud resolve, a profound conscience!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становилась понятною","title":"Imperfective «становилась» — a state coming on","body":"The imperfective past «становилась» (was becoming) frames Ivan's illness as gradually dawning on Alyosha, a process rather than a finished realization. Paired with its perfective «стать», the imperfective is exactly what narration reaches for to hold an unfolding inner change in view."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понятною","title":"Instrumental predicate «понятною»","body":"After «становиться» (to become) the predicate adjective stands in the instrumental, «понятною» rather than nominative «понятная» — the case that frames a role or state as assumed or coming-into-being. The long ending «-ою» (for «-ой») is a bookish 19th-century variant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему","title":"Dative experiencer «Ему»","body":"There is no nominative subject feeling the change; the person to whom the illness becomes clear stands in the dative «ему» (to him). This experiencer-first framing — the world acting upon a passive inner self — pervades Dostoevsky's rendering of consciousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Муки гордого решения","title":"«муки» — torments, throes","body":"«муки» (singular «мука») are agonies or torments, a heavy, often spiritual word — the same root gives «мученик», a martyr. Here «муки гордого решения», the torments of a proud resolve, names the cost of Ivan's prideful decision to confess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of становилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"становилась","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was becoming"},{"surface":"понятною","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of становилась","gloss":"comprehensible"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of становилась","gloss":"the illness"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"heads the quoted exclamation, parallel to болезнь","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"гордого","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Муки","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Муки","gloss":"a conscience"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c10-s182","source":"Бог, которому он не верил, и правда его одолевали сердце, всё еще не хотевшее подчиниться.","translation":"God, in whom he did not believe, and His truth were overmastering the heart that still would not submit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому он не верил","title":"Relative «которому» in the dative","body":"The relative pronoun «который» agrees with its antecedent «Бог» in gender and number (masculine singular) but takes the case its own clause demands: «верить» governs the dative, so «которому» (in whom he believed). A clean illustration of how «который» borrows its case from inside the relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще не хотевшее подчиниться","title":"Past active participle «не хотевшее»","body":"«хотевшее» is a past active participle in «-вш-» from «хотеть», agreeing with neuter «сердце» — literally 'the heart that still did not want'. It condenses a «которое не хотело»-clause into a single trailing modifier, the bookish participial weight Dostoevsky favours for a charged final image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подчиниться","title":"Reflexive «подчиниться» — to submit","body":"The «-ся» here gives a middle, change-of-state sense: «подчиниться» means to submit oneself, to yield, intransitively. The heart 'would not submit' — the verb's reflexivity makes the surrender something the heart does to itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда его одолевали","title":"Word order: «сердце» as the stressed comment","body":"The compound subject «Бог… и правда его» leads, the verb «одолевали» (plural, agreeing with both) sits mid-clause, and the object «сердце» with its long participial tail is held to the end — the topic-comment flow that lets Russian land its weight on the unyielding heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одолевали","title":"«одолевать» — to overpower, get the better of","body":"«одолевать/одолеть» means to overcome, vanquish, or get the upper hand over — God and His truth «одолевали сердце», were overmastering the heart. A vigorous, almost martial verb for an inward conquest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одолевали","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верил","gloss":"in whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Бог","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Бог","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"одолевали","lemma":"одолевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were overmastering"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of одолевали","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё ещё, modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотевшее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотевшее","gloss":"would not"},{"surface":"хотевшее","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"подчиниться","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотевшее","gloss":"to submit"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c10-s183","source":"«Да, неслось в голове Алеши, уже лежавшей на подушке, — да, коль Смердяков умер, то показанию Ивана никто уже не поверит; но он пойдет и покажет! — Алеша тихо улыбнулся: — Бог победит! — подумал он. — Или восстанет в свете правды, или… погибнет в ненависти, мстя себе и всем за то, что послужил тому, во что не верит», — горько прибавил Алеша и опять помолился за Ивана.","translation":"\"Yes,\" it rushed through Alyosha's head as it lay already on the pillow, \"yes, if Smerdyakov is dead, then no one will believe Ivan's testimony now; but he will go and give it!\" Alyosha smiled quietly: \"God will conquer!\" he thought. \"Either he will rise up in the light of truth, or… he will perish in hatred, avenging upon himself and upon everyone the fact that he served what he does not believe in,\" Alyosha added bitterly, and he prayed once more for Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже лежавшей на подушке","title":"Past active participle agreeing with «голове»","body":"«лежавшей» is a past active participle of «лежать», in the feminine prepositional to agree with «в голове Алеши» — 'the head, already lying on the pillow'. Russian quietly attaches the resting posture to the very head that the thought rushes through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль Смердяков умер, то показанию Ивана никто уже не поверит","title":"Conditional «коль… то» and perfective future","body":"«коль» is an archaic, folksy 'if' (for «если»), answered by correlative «то» (then). The consequence runs in the perfective simple future «не поверит» — a perfective verb conjugated like a present yields completed future meaning: 'no one will [come to] believe'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показанию Ивана никто уже не поверит","title":"«верить» + dative, with negative concord","body":"«поверить» governs the dative, so its object is «показанию» (Ivan's testimony), not an accusative. Note the double negation «никто… не поверит» — Russian negative concord keeps «не» on the verb even with the negative pronoun «никто»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показанию … покажет","title":"«показание» / «показать» — legal testimony","body":"Here «показание» is courtroom testimony, evidence given, and «покажет» means he will testify, give evidence — not the everyday 'show'. The same root «каз-» runs through both; the legal sense dominates this whole strand of the novel as Ivan resolves to confess at the trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бог победит!","title":"Perfective future «победит» — God will conquer","body":"«победит» is the perfective simple future of «победить» (to conquer, win): a single, decisive completed outcome, not a process. The bare, ending-borne future gives Alyosha's hope its ringing finality — 'God will conquer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или восстанет в свете правды, или… погибнет","title":"Correlative «или… или» with perfective futures","body":"The paired «или… или» (either… or) frames Ivan's two fates, both in the perfective future: «восстанет» (will rise up) and «погибнет» (will perish) — each a single, sealed event. The aspect makes the alternatives absolute, with no middle ground."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мстя себе и всем","title":"Gerund «мстя» — avenging as he perishes","body":"«мстя» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «мстить», an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing the subject of «погибнет»: he will perish 'avenging upon himself and everyone'. The reflexive «себе» (dative of «себя») points the vengeance back at the very subject who acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что послужил тому, во что не верит","title":"Correlative «то, что» / «тому, во что»","body":"Bookish correlatives carry the syntax: «за то, что» (for the fact that) and «тому, во что не верит» (that which he does not believe in), where «послужить» takes the dative «тому» and the relative «во что» takes accusative after «в». Pronoun cases here track each verb's government precisely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted interior monologue, parallel to неслось","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"неслось","lemma":"нестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неслось","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежавшей","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лежавшей","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying голове","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подушке","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшей","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to умер","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверит","gloss":"is dead"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"показанию","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показанию","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неслось","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверит","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покажет","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверит","gloss":"will give it"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неслось","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of победит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"победит","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to улыбнулся","gloss":"will conquer"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неслось","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"восстанет","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неслось","gloss":"will rise up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстанет","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свете","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанет","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнет","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"мстя","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on погибнет","gloss":"avenging"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of мстя","gloss":"upon himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"upon everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мстя","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"послужил","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"he served"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of послужил","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит, refers back to тому","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"does not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying что (w52)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"frame verb closing the quotation, parallel to неслось","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"помолился","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолился","gloss":"Ivan"}]}]}