{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c2","title":{"source":"II. Больная ножка","translated":"The Injured Foot"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c2","lines":236},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c2-s1","source":"Первое из этих дел было в доме госпожи Хохлаковой, и он поспешил туда, чтобы покончить там поскорее и не опоздать к Мите.","translation":"The first of these errands was at Madame Hohlakov's house, and he hurried there to finish quickly and not be late to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы покончить там поскорее и не опоздать","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы» introduces a purpose clause; because the subject is the same as the main clause, it governs the bare infinitives «покончить… и не опоздать» rather than a past-form verb. This is the willed-outcome conjunction, distinct from plain reported «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешил туда","title":"Perfective «поспешил» moving the narrative","body":"The perfective past «поспешил» (from «поспешить») reports a single completed event that advances the action — he hurried off — against the imperfective background of the surrounding description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поскорее","title":"«поскорее» — get it done sooner","body":"A comparative «скорее» (sooner/faster) softened by the prefix «по-», meaning 'as quickly as possible, the sooner the better'. The «по-» lends a colloquial, urging tone common in spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дел","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дел","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive (partitive) complement of Первое","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доме","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покончить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешил","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опоздать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опоздать","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончить","gloss":"be late"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опоздать","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c2-s2","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова уже три недели как прихварывала: у ней отчего-то вспухла нога, и она хоть не лежала в постели, но всё равно, днем, в привлекательном, по пристойном дезабилье полулежала у себя в будуаре на кушетке.","translation":"For three weeks now Madame Hohlakov had been ailing: her foot had swollen for some reason, and though she did not keep to her bed, she nonetheless spent her days reclining in her boudoir on a couch, in a fetching but decorous dishabille.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже три недели как прихварывала","title":"Imperfective for an ongoing state","body":"The imperfective past «прихварывала» frames an illness still in progress («уже три недели» — for three weeks now), a duration up to the present moment. The «как» here is the colloquial 'it's been three weeks that…' construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прихварывала","title":"«прихварывать» — to be poorly","body":"An imperfective of «хворать» (to be ill) with the attenuating prefix «при-»: not gravely sick but ailing, a bit under the weather. The word is homely and slightly old-fashioned."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ней","title":"«у ней» — older form of «у неё»","body":"«ней» as a genitive of «она» (for modern «неё») is a 19th-century and dialectal variant. After the preposition «у» it gives the standard 'have' construction — literally 'by her [there] swelled a foot'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дезабилье","title":"«дезабилье» — dishabille","body":"A French loan (déshabillé) for elegant undress, a loose at-home wrap. The borrowed word itself signals the boudoir-novel register Dostoevsky gently mocks in Madame Hohlakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прихварывала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как (uже...как: for X now)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прихварывала","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlative with уже, introduces прихварывала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прихварывала","lemma":"прихварывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been ailing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive complement (у ней = her)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего-то","morphology":"adverb, indefinite","role":"part of indefinite adverb отчего-то","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"отчего-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of indefinite adverb отчего-то, modifies вспухла","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"вспухла","lemma":"вспухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прихварывала","gloss":"had swelled"},{"surface":"нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспухла","gloss":"her foot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежала (though)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспухла","gloss":"kept to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of phrase 'всё равно' (nonetheless)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase 'всё равно'","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies полулежала (temporal: by day)","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дезабилье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"привлекательном","lemma":"привлекательный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дезабилье","gloss":"a fetching"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links привлекательном and пристойном (likely printing variant of 'но')","gloss":"but","note":"The text reads 'по' here; in context ('привлекательном, по пристойном') it functions as 'но' (but) — likely a printing variant."},{"surface":"пристойном","lemma":"пристойный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дезабилье","gloss":"decorous"},{"surface":"дезабилье","lemma":"дезабилье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of полулежала","gloss":"dishabille"},{"surface":"полулежала","lemma":"полулежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспухла","gloss":"reclined"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of полулежала (у себя: her own)","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будуаре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будуаре","lemma":"будуар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полулежала","gloss":"boudoir"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушетке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кушетке","lemma":"кушетка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полулежала","gloss":"a couch"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c2-s3","source":"Алеша как-то раз заметил про себя с невинною усмешкой, что госпожа Хохлакова, несмотря на болезнь свою, стала почти щеголять: явились какие-то наколочки, бантики, распашоночки, и он смекал, почему это так, хотя и гнал эти мысли как праздные.","translation":"Alyosha had once remarked to himself, with an innocent smile, that Madame Hohlakov, despite her illness, had taken to dressing almost coquettishly: little caps and bows and frilled wrappers had appeared, and he had a notion why this was so, though he drove such thoughts off as idle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил про себя","title":"«про себя» with the reflexive pronoun","body":"The reflexive pronoun «себя» (no nominative) after «про» means 'to himself, inwardly'. It points back to the clause subject Alyosha, marking the thought as private and unspoken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наколочки, бантики, распашоночки","title":"A cascade of diminutives","body":"Three diminutives in a row — little caps, little bows, little frilled wrappers — heap up affectionate-belittling -очк-/-ик suffixes. The pile-up itself mocks the frilly excess of Hohlakov's new finery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щеголять","title":"«щеголять» — to show off one's dress","body":"To dress dashingly and parade one's finery, to be a dandy («щёголь»). 'Began almost to show off' captures the new coquettishness Alyosha notices in his ailing hostess."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смекал","title":"«смекать» — to have an inkling","body":"A colloquial verb for shrewdly guessing or figuring out. Imperfective «смекал» suggests Alyosha was half-sensing the reason (Perhotin's courtship) rather than reaching a firm conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезнь свою","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свой» means 'one's own', referring back to the clause's subject Hohlakov — her own illness. Using «её» instead would have pointed to some other woman's illness; «свой» keeps the possession self-referential."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of phrase 'как-то раз' (once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of phrase 'как-то раз'","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил, part of 'как-то раз'","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had remarked"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невинною","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкой","gloss":"an innocent"},{"surface":"усмешкой","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition, compound","role":"part of phrase 'несмотря на'","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition, compound","role":"part of phrase 'несмотря на', governs болезнь","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь (her own)","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щеголять","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"щеголять","lemma":"щеголять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"dress coquettishly"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"parallel explanatory clause","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, nominative, plural","role":"part of indefinite determiner какие-то, modifies наколочки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, nominative, plural","role":"part of indefinite determiner какие-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"наколочки","lemma":"наколочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"little caps"},{"surface":"бантики","lemma":"бантик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with наколочки","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"распашоночки","lemma":"распашоночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with наколочки","gloss":"frilled wrappers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смекал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смекал","lemma":"смекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with явились","gloss":"had an inkling"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement, direct object clause of смекал","gloss":"was so"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гнал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гнал (concessive emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гнал","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смекал","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of гнал","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of праздные","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"праздные","lemma":"праздный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"predicate complement, modifies мысли","gloss":"idle"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c2-s4","source":"В последние два месяца госпожу Хохлакову стал посещать, между прочими ее гостями, молодой человек Перхотин.","translation":"In the last two months a young man named Perhotin had begun to call on Madame Hohlakov, among her other guests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"госпожу Хохлакову стал посещать… молодой человек Перхотин","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The accusative object «госпожу Хохлакову» is fronted while the nominative subject «молодой человек Перхотин» lands at the end. Cases keep the roles clear, so the new information — the young man — gets the stressed final position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал посещать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (began to)","body":"«стал» (perfective of «стать») plus the imperfective infinitive «посещать» is the standard phrasal inceptive: 'began to call on'. The perfective marks the onset, the imperfective the ongoing, repeated visiting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"между прочими","title":"«между прочими» — among the others","body":"Here literally 'among her other [guests]', with «прочими» (instrumental plural of «прочий», 'other, the rest') governed by «между». Not to be confused with the fixed adverb «между прочим», 'by the way'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"госпожу","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посещать","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакову","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожу","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"посещать","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостями","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочими","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies гостями","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гостями","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"гостями","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посещать","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"Perhotin"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c2-s5","source":"Алеша не заходил уже дня четыре и, войдя в дом, поспешил было прямо пройти к Лизе, ибо у ней и было его дело, так как Лиза еще вчера прислала к нему девушку с настоятельною просьбой немедленно к ней прийти «по очень важному обстоятельству», что, по некоторым причинам, заинтересовало Алешу.","translation":"Alyosha had not been by for some four days, and on entering the house he meant to go straight to Lise, for his business was with her, since only yesterday Lise had sent a maid to him with an urgent plea that he come to her at once \"on a very important matter\" — which, for certain reasons, had caught Alyosha's interest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя в дом","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«войдя» is the perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») of «войти»: 'having entered'. It packs a prior, completed action sharing Alyosha's subject into a single word before the main clause — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешил было прямо пройти","title":"The particle «было» of the cancelled action","body":"«было» after a perfective verb marks an action begun or intended but then thwarted: he made to go straight in — but didn't. It signals to the reader that the move was interrupted, here by Hohlakov's summons."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"An archaic-elevated causal conjunction, 'for', stiffer and more literary than «потому что». Its repeated use here gives the narration a deliberately bookish, almost scriptural texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прислала к нему девушку с настоятельною просьбой","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment with «с»","body":"«с настоятельною просьбой» — 'with an urgent plea' — uses the instrumental after «с» to show what the maid was sent with. Note the older long ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой»), frequent in 19th-c. prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по очень важному обстоятельству","title":"«обстоятельство» — circumstance, matter","body":"A bookish noun in -ство, 'circumstance, matter'. Lise's formal phrasing 'on a very important matter' (the quotation marks mark her own words) is comically grave for a young girl, which is why it intrigues Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заходил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had called"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня четыре (already)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by четыре, temporal complement of заходил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дня, inverted for approximation ('some four days')","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешил","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заходил","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an intended/interrupted action, modifies поспешил","gloss":"meant to","note":"the archaic 'V + было' construction marks an action begun or intended (here left unfulfilled)."},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройти","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизе","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause (ибо у ней... было его дело)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (archaic form), feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (w21)","gloss":"her","note":"archaic 'у ней' = modern 'у неё' (with her)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes у ней","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause, links дело and у ней","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так как (since) with как (w25)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms так как (since) with так (w24)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прислала","gloss":"Lisa"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"прислала","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"девушку","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислала","gloss":"a maid"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"настоятельною","lemma":"настоятельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбой","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"просьбой","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислала (via с)","gloss":"plea"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of просьбой (content of the plea)","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельству","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельству","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"обстоятельству","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти (via по)","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter","role":"subject of заинтересовало, referring back to the preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причинам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of причинам","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"причинам","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовало (via по)","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"заинтересовало","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had interested"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовало","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c2-s6","source":"Но пока девушка ходила к Лизе докладывать, госпожа Хохлакова уже узнала от кого-то о его прибытии и немедленно прислала попросить его к себе «на одну только минутку».","translation":"But while the maid had gone to announce him to Lise, Madame Hohlakov had already learned somehow of his arrival and at once sent word begging him to come to her \"for just one little minute.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока девушка ходила к Лизе докладывать","title":"Multidirectional «ходила» for a round trip","body":"«ходила» (multidirectional «ходить») fits the there-and-back errand: the maid went off to announce him and would return. With «пока» it sets the imperfective background against which Hohlakov's perfective intervention happens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнала от кого-то","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» — someone in particular","body":"«-то» on «кто» marks a specific but unidentified person: she heard from somebody (definite to the world, unknown to us). Contrast «кто-нибудь», which would mean 'anyone at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на одну только минутку","title":"«минутку» — just one little minute","body":"The diminutive «минутка» softens and wheedles — 'just one teeny minute' — the polite fiction of a brief intrusion. Hohlakov's own coaxing words are flagged by the quotation marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying узнала","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходила","gloss":"the maid"},{"surface":"ходила","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the пока-clause","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизе","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"докладывать","lemma":"докладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of ходила","gloss":"to announce him"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had learned"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого-то","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of узнала (part of кого-то)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix forming кого-то with кого","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of прибытии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"прислала","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнала","gloss":"sent word"},{"surface":"попросить","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прислала","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of попросить","gloss":"her (own) place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросить (via на)","gloss":"little minute"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c2-s7","source":"Алеша рассудил, что лучше уж удовлетворить сперва просьбу мамаши, ибо та будет поминутно посылать к Лизе, пока он будет у той сидеть.","translation":"Alyosha reasoned that it would be better to satisfy the mother's request first, for otherwise she would keep sending to Lise every minute while he sat there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше уж удовлетворить сперва просьбу мамаши","title":"Impersonal evaluative «лучше» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless construction: the comparative adverb «лучше» ('better') governs the infinitive «удовлетворить» with no nominative subject — 'it would be better to satisfy first'. Such impersonal weighings are typical of inner reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет поминутно посылать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будет посылать» is the analytic imperfective future (быть + imperfective infinitive), naming a repeated future action — she'll keep sending, again and again — which the adverb «поминутно» ('every minute') reinforces."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаши","title":"«мамаша» — mamma","body":"A familiar, slightly homely word for mother; in the third person it can also be a faintly ironic way of referring to 'the mamma'. Here it names Hohlakov as Lise's mother with a touch of warm comedy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассудил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассудил","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate head of the clausal complement of рассудил","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удовлетворить","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"удовлетворить","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удовлетворить","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"просьбу","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удовлетворить","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"мамаши","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбу","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылать","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посылать","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of посылать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылать","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"посылать","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"keep sending"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизе","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылать","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидеть","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидеть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сидеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"her (place)"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the пока-clause, sets duration for посылать","gloss":"sits"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c2-s8","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова лежала на кушетке, как-то особенно празднично одетая и видимо в чрезвычайном нервическом возбуждении.","translation":"Madame Hohlakov lay on her couch, dressed up somehow with a peculiar festivity and plainly in a state of extraordinary nervous excitement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"особенно празднично одетая","title":"Past passive participle «одетая»","body":"«одетая» is the past passive participle of «одеть» ('dressed'), agreeing feminine with Hohlakov and serving as a predicative adjective: 'dressed up'. The adverb «празднично» ('festively') modifies it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чрезвычайном нервическом возбуждении","title":"Prepositional of state after «в»","body":"«в… возбуждении» uses the prepositional after «в» to describe a state one is 'in' — extreme nervous excitement. The agreeing adjectives «чрезвычайном нервическом» make the case visible on every word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нервическом","title":"«нервический» — nervous (period form)","body":"A 19th-century adjective for 'nervous, of the nerves', where modern Russian would say «нервном». The dated suffix -ическ- gives a clinical, fashionable-malady flavour fitting Hohlakov's self-dramatising."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушетке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кушетке","lemma":"кушетка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the couch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms как-то (somehow) with то (w7), modifies одетая","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix forming как-то with как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies празднично","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"празднично","lemma":"празднично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетая","gloss":"festively"},{"surface":"одетая","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial phrase describing Госпожа, predicate complement of лежала","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies в чрезвычайном... возбуждении","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"нервическом","lemma":"нервический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала, coordinated with одетая","gloss":"excitement"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c2-s9","source":"Алешу встретила криками восторга.","translation":"She met Alyosha with cries of delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу встретила криками восторга","title":"Object-first, dropped subject, instrumental of manner","body":"The accusative «Алешу» opens the clause, the subject 'she' is dropped (clear from «встретила»), and «криками восторга» is the instrumental of means — she met him 'with cries of delight'. A compact, vivid Russian word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встретила","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject 'she' elided)","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"криками","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретила","gloss":"with cries"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies криками","gloss":"of delight"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c2-s10","source":"— Века, века, целые века не видала вас!","translation":"\"Ages, ages, whole ages it has been since I saw you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целые века не видала вас","title":"Genitive vs accusative under negation","body":"With the negated «не видала», the object «вас» stays accusative, but the construction is the genitive-of-negation type. Note also «века» — accusative plural of duration ('for whole ages'), Hohlakov's hyperbole."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"века, века, целые века","title":"«век» — an age, an eternity","body":"«век» means a century or age; the tripled, escalating repetition ('ages, ages, whole ages') is pure Hohlakov rhetoric, inflating four days into eternities. The plural «века» heightens the hyperbole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"Ages"},{"surface":"века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Века","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies века (w4)","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal accusative complement of видала","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject 'I' elided)","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видала","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c2-s11","source":"Целую неделю, помилуйте, ах, впрочем вы были всего четыре дня назад, в среду.","translation":"A whole week, mercy on me — ah, though in fact you were here only four days ago, on Wednesday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помилуйте","title":"«помилуйте» — 'mercy on me!', 'come now!'","body":"Literally an imperative 'have mercy', but used as an exclamation of protest or remonstrance — 'good gracious!', 'come now!'. It is a stock interjection of flustered, genteel speech, exactly Hohlakov's idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'though, on second thought'","body":"A discourse word marking a self-correction or qualification, 'however, then again'. It punctuates Hohlakov's scatter-brained back-and-forth as she contradicts her own 'whole week' with 'only four days ago'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal accusative, exclamatory phrase","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"mercy on me"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были, introduces contrast","gloss":"though actually"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ах-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дня","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of были (четыре дня назад)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking среду","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"среду","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были, parallel to четыре дня назад","gloss":"Wednesday"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c2-s12","source":"Вы к Lise, я уверена, что вы хотели пройти к ней прямо на цыпочках, чтоб я не слыхала.","translation":"You have come to Lise, I am certain you meant to slip straight to her on tiptoe so that I should not hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я не слыхала","title":"«чтоб» + past form for purpose","body":"Negative purpose 'so that I should not hear' uses «чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») with the past-form verb «слыхала», the irrealis required after «чтобы» when the subject differs from the main clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на цыпочках","title":"«на цыпочках» — on tiptoe","body":"A fixed phrase 'on tiptoe', from «цыпочки». The image of Alyosha sneaking past her on tiptoe feeds Hohlakov's playful mock-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of an elided verb (implied 'were going')","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase, complement of the elided verb","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of я (main clause)","gloss":"am certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to slip through"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройти","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цыпочках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"цыпочках","lemma":"цыпочка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"tiptoe"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхала","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c2-s13","source":"Милый, милый Алексей Федорович, если б вы знали, как она меня беспокоит!","translation":"Dear, dear Alexei Fyodorovich, if you only knew how she worries me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б вы знали, как она меня беспокоит","title":"Unreal wish with «если б»","body":"«если б» (clipped «если бы») plus the past form «знали» builds an unreal/wished-for conditional — 'if only you knew'. The particle «бы/б» is the engine of Russia's single irrealis mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Милый","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of знали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of беспокоит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of беспокоит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"беспокоит","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"worries"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c2-s14","source":"Но это потом.","translation":"But that comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но это потом","title":"Zero-copula nominal sentence","body":"A verbless sentence — 'but this [is] for later'. Russian uses no present-tense copula, so «это» plus the adverb «потом» stands as a complete utterance, clipped and breathless in Hohlakov's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c2-s15","source":"Это хоть и самое главное, но это потом.","translation":"Even though it is the most important thing, it comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и самое главное, но это потом","title":"Concessive «хоть… но»","body":"«хоть (и)… но» pairs a concession with its rebuttal: 'even though [it's] the most important thing, still [it's] for later'. «хоть» here is the concessive 'although', not the indefinite 'at least'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое главное","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самое главное» is the periphrastic superlative — «самый» ('most') agreeing with the neuter adjective «главное» ('the chief, the most important thing'). «главное» substantivised becomes Hohlakov's running refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms хоть и (even though) with и, modifies главное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"forms хоть и with хоть","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"important thing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это, parallel to главное","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c2-s16","source":"Милый Алексей Федорович, я вам доверяю мою Лизу вполне.","translation":"Dear Alexei Fyodorovich, I entrust my Lise to you entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам доверяю мою Лизу","title":"Dative recipient with «доверять»","body":"«доверять» governs the dative of the person trusted — «вам» ('to you') — and the accusative of the thing entrusted — «мою Лизу». A clean ditransitive: I entrust Lise (acc.) to you (dat.)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вполне","title":"«вполне» — entirely, fully","body":"An adverb meaning 'completely, wholly'. Placed at the very end for weight, it makes the entrusting absolute — she gives Lise over to Alyosha utterly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, not grammatical subject","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доверяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"доверяю","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entrust"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Лизу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Лизу","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доверяю","gloss":"Lisa"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доверяю","gloss":"entirely"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c2-s17","source":"После смерти старца Зосимы — упокой господи его душу!","translation":"Since the death of the elder Zosima — God rest his soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упокой господи его душу","title":"«упокой, Господи, его душу» — God rest his soul","body":"A fixed Orthodox prayer-formula spoken at the mention of the dead: «упокой» is the imperative of «упокоить» ('give rest'), addressed to the Lord. The bare imperative + «Господи» is liturgical idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю (in the following segment)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокоить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation, addressed to господи","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to God","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of упокой","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c2-s18","source":"(Она перекрестилась), — после него я смотрю на вас как на схимника, хотя вы и премило носите ваш новый костюм.","translation":"(She crossed herself.) — since his death I look upon you as a monk under vows, though you do wear your new suit so very charmingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"премило","title":"«премило» — ever so charmingly","body":"The intensifying prefix «пре-» ('very, most') on «мило' ('nicely, charmingly') yields 'ever so charmingly'. The gushing intensifier is pure Hohlakov, undercutting the monk-talk with a compliment on his tailoring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестилась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"перекрестилась","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical","gloss":"crossed herself"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"his (death)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase на схимника","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking схимника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"схимника","lemma":"схимник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю (comparison)","gloss":"monk in vows","note":"a схимник has taken the highest ('great schema') monastic vows."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of носите","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of носите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies носите","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"премило","lemma":"премило","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носите","gloss":"so charmingly"},{"surface":"носите","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"wear"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of костюм","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies костюм","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"костюм","lemma":"костюм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of носите","gloss":"suit"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c2-s19","source":"Где это вы достали здесь такого портного?","translation":"Wherever did you find such a tailor here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такого портного","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«портного» is accusative of the animate masculine «портной» ('tailor'), which borrows the genitive ending — as does the agreeing «такого». Animacy is why 'such a tailor' as object looks genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где это вы достали","title":"Emphatic «это» in a question","body":"«это» wedged into the question ('wherever did you…') is not the pronoun but an emphatic particle adding wondering surprise. Russian sprinkles such little focus-words to colour the speaker's astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Где","gloss":"ever","note":"emphatic 'это' in questions, as in 'wherever did you...'."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of достали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"достали","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of портного","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"портного","lemma":"портной","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate genitive-form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достали","gloss":"tailor"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c2-s20","source":"Но нет, нет, это не главное, это потом.","translation":"But no, no, that is not the important thing, that comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это не главное","title":"Negating the predicate with «не»","body":"«не» before «главное» negates the nominal predicate: 'this [is] not the important thing'. With the zero present-tense copula, «не» simply stands before the word it denies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"the important thing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c2-s21","source":"Простите, что я вас называю иногда Алешей, я старуха, мне всё позволено, — кокетливо улыбнулась она, — но это тоже потом.","translation":"Forgive me for calling you Alyosha sometimes — I am an old woman, everything is permitted me,\" she smiled coquettishly, \"but that too comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всё позволено","title":"Dative subject + short passive participle","body":"An impersonal construction: the experiencer «мне» stands in the dative, and «позволено» is the neuter short passive participle ('is permitted'). 'To me everything is permitted' — no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кокетливо улыбнулась она","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and verb-first inversion","body":"«улыбнулась» carries the reflexive «-ся» (here a verb that simply exists in the -ся form, 'to smile'), and the subject «она» follows the verb in narrator's inversion — the standard pattern for inserted speech tags."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старуха","title":"«старуха» — old woman","body":"A plain, slightly self-deprecating word for an old woman. Hohlakov plays the 'I'm just an old woman' card to license calling Alyosha by the intimate «Алёша» — coquettish self-aging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Forgive me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of называю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of называю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"называю","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Простите","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называю","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of старуха","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я (new clause)","gloss":"an old woman"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволено","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the impersonal-passive clause","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"кокетливо","lemma":"кокетливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась","gloss":"coquettishly"},{"surface":"улыбнулась","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the stage-direction clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (final clause)","gloss":"for later"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c2-s22","source":"Главное, мне бы не забыть про главное.","translation":"The important thing — I must not forget the important thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне бы не забыть про главное","title":"Dative + «бы» + infinitive: anxious wish","body":"A dative experiencer «мне» with the particle «бы» and an infinitive «не забыть» expresses an anxious self-directed wish — 'I really mustn't forget'. The irrealis «бы» softens it into a fretful hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic-fronted head of the sentence","gloss":"The important thing"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of забыть (impersonal infinitive construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the desiderative mood of забыть","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate explaining Главное","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главное","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"the important thing"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c2-s23","source":"Пожалуйста, напомните мне сами, чуть я заговорюсь, а вы скажите: «А главное?»","translation":"Please, remind me yourself the moment I ramble off, just say to me: 'And the important thing?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напомните мне сами","title":"Polite imperative + intensifier «сами»","body":"«напомните» is the plural/polite imperative ('remind'), and «сами» ('yourself, of your own accord') intensifies the addressee. She begs Alyosha himself to do the reminding."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заговорюсь","title":"«заговориться» — to rattle on, lose the thread","body":"The prefix «за-» plus «-ся» gives 'to get carried away talking, to ramble off the point'. The perfective future «заговорюсь» here means 'the moment I ramble on'. Aptly self-aware of Hohlakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомните (politeness marker)","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"напомните","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remind"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of напомните","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, plural","role":"modifies the implied subject of напомните (yourself)","gloss":"yourself","note":"intensive pronoun emphasizing 'you yourself'."},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорюсь","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заговорюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заговорюсь","lemma":"заговориться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чуть-clause","gloss":"start rambling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with напомните","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted question (subject 'это' elided)","gloss":"the important thing"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c2-s24","source":"Ах, почему я знаю, что теперь главное!","translation":"Ah, how am I to know what the important thing is now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я знаю","title":"Rhetorical «почему я знаю» — how should I know?","body":"Here a rhetorical exclamation, 'how am I to know!', expressing helpless bewilderment rather than a real question. «почему» ('why/how') with the present «знаю» frames it as an outburst, not an inquiry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of главное","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"the important thing"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c2-s25","source":"С тех пор как Lise взяла у вас назад свое обещание, — свое детское обещание, Алексей Федорович, — выйти за вас замуж, то вы, конечно, поняли, что всё это была лишь детская игривая фантазия больной девочки, долго просидевшей в креслах, — слава богу, она теперь уже ходит.","translation":"Ever since Lise took back the promise she gave you — her childish promise, Alexei Fyodorovich — to marry you, you of course understood that all of it was merely the playful childish fancy of a sick little girl who had sat so long in her wheeled chair — thank God, she now walks already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С тех пор как Lise взяла у вас назад свое обещание","title":"«с тех пор как» — ever since","body":"A temporal subordinator 'ever since', launching a long since-clause. «взяла… назад… своё обещание» — 'took back her own promise' — uses reflexive «своё», keeping the promise Lise's own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго просидевшей в креслах","title":"Past active participle «просидевшей»","body":"«просидевшей» is the past active participle of «просидеть» ('to sit through'), declined to agree with «девочки» in the genitive — 'of a little girl who had sat so long'. A whole который-clause compressed into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девочки","title":"«девочка» — diminutive of «дева/девушка»","body":"A diminutive for a little girl, here tinged with the pity of a 'sick little girl'. The suffix carries tenderness, framing Lise's marriage-promise as the harmless fancy of a child."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase «с тех пор как» (ever since), governs пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase С тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition С","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative to то, introduces the temporal clause of взяла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause modifying поняли","gloss":"took back"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяла","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обещание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обещание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"детское","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to обещание (w11)","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive explaining the promise (обещание w11/w14)","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"in marriage"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause поняли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying поняли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to фантазия","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"детская","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"игривая","lemma":"игривый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочки","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"девочки","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of фантазия","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просидевшей","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"просидевшей","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying девочки","gloss":"having sat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of просидевшей","gloss":"wheeled chair"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"idiom with богу (thank God), parenthetical","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final independent clause","gloss":"walks"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c2-s26","source":"Этот новый доктор, которого Катя выписала из Москвы для этого несчастного вашего брата, которого завтра…","translation":"That new doctor whom Katya sent for from Moscow for that unhappy brother of yours, the one who tomorrow…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого Катя выписала из Москвы","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«которого» agrees with its antecedent «доктор» in gender/number but takes the accusative its own clause demands (object of «выписала») — and being animate, looks genitive. 'whom Katya sent for'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выписала","title":"«выписать» — to send for, summon from afar","body":"Beyond 'to write out', «выписать» means to order or summon someone/something from elsewhere — here a doctor 'fetched' from Moscow. A society lady's word for importing a metropolitan specialist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on доктор","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписала","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun; clause left incomplete (trails off)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"incomplete clause (trails off), modifies elided verb","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c2-s27","source":"Ну что об завтрашнем!","translation":"Well, what of tomorrow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну что об завтрашнем","title":"Substantivised «завтрашнем» after «об»","body":"«завтрашнем» (from «завтрашний», 'tomorrow's') is used as a noun in the prepositional after «об» — 'about the tomorrow [thing]'. The rhetorical «ну что…!» dismisses it: 'well, what of tomorrow!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation, resumed by об завтрашнем","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтрашнем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"завтрашнем","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c2-s28","source":"Я умираю от одной мысли об завтрашнем!","translation":"I am dying at the mere thought of tomorrow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от одной мысли об завтрашнем","title":"Causal «от» + genitive","body":"«от» governs the genitive «мысли» to give cause — 'dying from the mere thought'. «одной» here means 'the mere, the very' rather than 'one'. The «от»-of-cause is the idiom for swooning from an emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умираю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умираю","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am dying"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мысли","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умираю","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтрашнем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"завтрашнем","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition об, substantival use ('the morrow')","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c2-s29","source":"Главное же, от любопытства…","translation":"Chiefly out of curiosity…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное же, от любопытства","title":"Particle «же» of insistence","body":"«же» here adds emphatic insistence to «главное» — 'but the chief thing [is]…'. This tiny modal particle, untranslatable directly, presses the point and re-launches her scattered train of thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, used adverbially","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Главное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of от, explains Главное","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c2-s30","source":"Одним словом, этот доктор вчера был у нас и видел Lise…","translation":"In a word, that doctor was here with us yesterday and saw Lise…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Одним словом","title":"«одним словом» — in a word, in short","body":"A fixed instrumental phrase, 'in a word, to sum up'. Hohlakov uses it to pretend she is coming to the point — just before wandering off again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был у нас и видел Lise","title":"Imperfective «видел» for the simple fact","body":"«видел» (imperfective «видеть») states a plain past fact — 'saw Lise' — rather than a pointed result. Paired with «был у нас» ('was at our place'), it just records that the visit happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"idiom, instrumental adverbial modifying был","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, locative predicate with у нас","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c2-s31","source":"Я ему пятьдесят рублей за визит заплатила.","translation":"I paid him fifty roubles for the visit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пятьдесят рублей","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral ≥ 5","body":"After «пятьдесят» (fifty) the counted noun takes the genitive plural: «рублей». Numbers five and above (and compounds ending in them) govern the genitive plural — hence «рублей», not «рубли»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заплатила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заплатила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заплатила","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking визит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"визит","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"заплатила","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c2-s32","source":"Но это всё не то, опять не то…","translation":"But that is all beside the point, beside the point again…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это всё не то, опять не то","title":"«не то» — not the thing, beside the point","body":"«то» (neuter of «тот») as 'the [right] thing'; negated «не то» means 'not it, beside the point'. The repeated «не то… опять не то» enacts her flailing inability to reach what she means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (idiom: 'not the point')","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"the point"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c2-s33","source":"Видите, я уж совсем теперь сбилась.","translation":"You see, I have lost the thread entirely now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбилась","title":"«сбиться» — to lose the thread, get muddled","body":"«сбиться» (with «-ся») means to go astray, get confused, lose one's place. Perfective «сбилась» — 'I've gotten completely muddled now'. The perfective marks the confusion as an accomplished fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбилась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сбилась","lemma":"сбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost the thread"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c2-s34","source":"Я тороплюсь.","translation":"I am in a hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тороплюсь","title":"Reflexive «торопиться» — to hurry","body":"«торопиться» exists only in the «-ся» form: an intransitive middle verb, 'to be in a hurry'. «тороплюсь» is first-person present — 'I'm hurrying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тороплюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тороплюсь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am in a hurry"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c2-s35","source":"Почему я тороплюсь?","translation":"Why am I in a hurry?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тороплюсь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тороплюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тороплюсь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am in a hurry"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c2-s36","source":"Я не знаю.","translation":"I do not know.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c2-s37","source":"Я ужасно перестаю теперь знать.","translation":"I am ceasing dreadfully now to know anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестаю теперь знать","title":"«переставать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«перестаю» (imperfective «переставать», 'to cease') takes an imperfective infinitive «знать» — 'I'm ceasing to know'. The ongoing present and the imperfective complement together render a process of unravelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перестаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестаю","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"перестаю","lemma":"переставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am ceasing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестаю","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c2-s38","source":"Для меня всё смешалось в какой-то комок.","translation":"Everything has muddled itself for me into a kind of lump.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё смешалось в какой-то комок","title":"Middle «-ся»: «смешаться» — to get mixed up","body":"«смешалось» with «-ся» is the intransitive/middle 'got muddled, ran together' (vs transitive «смешать», 'to mix'). The «-ся» turns the action inward: everything has blurred of itself into a lump."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в какой-то комок","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» — some kind of","body":"«какой-то» ('some sort of, a kind of') is the adjectival indefinite from «какой» + «-то», marking the lump as real but vague. It mirrors Hohlakov's groping, unfocused state of mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешалось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешалось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"смешалось","lemma":"смешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has muddled itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of комок, part of какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix forming indefinite pronoun with какой (какой-то = 'some kind of')","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"комок","lemma":"комок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешалось","gloss":"lump"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c2-s39","source":"Я боюсь, что вы возьмете и выпрыгнете от меня от скуки, и я вас только и видела.","translation":"I am afraid you will up and bolt away from me out of boredom, and that will be the last I see of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмете и выпрыгнете","title":"«взять и» + verb — to up and do something","body":"The idiom «взять и» + a second verb expresses a sudden, willful act — 'you'll up and bolt'. Both verbs are perfective futures («возьмёте», «выпрыгнете»), naming the abrupt single action she dreads."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от меня от скуки","title":"Doubled «от» — away from me, out of boredom","body":"Two «от»-phrases, each genitive: «от меня» (away from me, source of motion) and «от скуки» (out of boredom, cause). The same preposition does two jobs in one breathless clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я вас только и видела","title":"«только и видела» — that's the last I'll see of you","body":"A set colloquial turn, 'and that will be the last I see of you / you'll be gone in a flash'. The «только и» frames the seeing as fleeting — gone before grasped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возьмете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьмете","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боюсь; idiom возьмете и (= 'will up and')","gloss":"will up and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпрыгнете","lemma":"выпрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмете","gloss":"bolt away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпрыгнете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скуки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"скуки","lemma":"скука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпрыгнете","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видела, idiom только и (= 'that's the last')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видела","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c2-s40","source":"Ах, боже мой!","translation":"Ah, good heavens!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боже мой","title":"«Боже мой!» — vocative «Боже»","body":"«Боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» ('O God'); «Боже мой!» is the everyday exclamation 'my God! good heavens!'. The old vocative lives on chiefly in such fixed pious cries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to боже","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c2-s41","source":"Что же мы сидим, и во-первых — кофе, Юлия, Глафира, кофе!","translation":"Why are we just sitting here — first of all, coffee! Yulia, Glafira, coffee!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же мы сидим","title":"Particle «же» in a self-rebuke","body":"«же» here pushes the question into mild self-reproach — 'why on earth are we just sitting?'. The particle gives the rhetorical exasperation that English carries only by stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom что же (= 'why ever'), modifies сидим","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сидим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom во-первых (firstly)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom во-первых (firstly)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сидим (exclamation)","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"Глафира","lemma":"глафира","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Glafira"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c2-s42","source":"Алеша поспешно поблагодарил и объявил, что он сейчас только пил кофе.","translation":"Alyosha hastily thanked her and declared that he had only just had coffee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас только пил кофе","title":"Imperfective «пил» for the recent fact","body":"«пил» (imperfective «пить») here states the recent fact 'had just had coffee' — Russian often uses the imperfective past for an action whose mere occurrence is at issue, not its completion. «сейчас только» = 'just now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поблагодарил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поблагодарил","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"поблагодарил","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thanked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поблагодарил","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пил, idiom сейчас только (= 'just now')","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пил","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c2-s43","source":"— У кого?","translation":"\"With whom?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У кого?","title":"«у» + genitive interrogative","body":"«кого» is the genitive of «кто», governed by «у» — 'at whose [place]?'. The «у» + genitive construction here asks where (at whose home) Alyosha had his coffee."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c2-s44","source":"— У Аграфены Александровны.","translation":"\"With Agrafena Alexandrovna.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфены","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c2-s45","source":"— Это… это у этой женщины!","translation":"\"It… it is with that woman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у этой женщины","title":"Demonstrative «этой» dripping with scorn","body":"«у этой женщины» — 'with THAT woman' — uses the near demonstrative «эта» (genitive «этой») not to point but to disdain. Russian, like English, can load a plain 'this/that' with contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (copula elided), predicate у этой женщины","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, predicate complement","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c2-s46","source":"Ах, это она всех погубила, а впрочем, я не знаю, говорят, она стала святая, хотя и поздно.","translation":"Ah, she has ruined everyone — though, for that matter, I do not know, they say she has become a saint, even if it is late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это она всех погубила","title":"Cleft emphasis with «это… она»","body":"«это она» fronts and highlights the culprit — 'it is she who ruined everyone'. «всех» is the genitive/accusative of «все» ('everyone'), animate object of perfective «погубила'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она стала святая","title":"Predicate after «стать»: nominative «святая»","body":"Predicate nouns/adjectives after «стать» usually take the instrumental, yet here colloquial speech keeps the nominative «святая» ('a saint') — a common spoken-Russian relaxing of the predicate-instrumental rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to погубила","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with погубила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погубила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of погубила","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"погубила","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has ruined"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying знаю","gloss":"for that matter"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with погубила","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying стала","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"святая","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поздно","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поздно, idiom хотя и (= 'even though')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on стала","gloss":"late"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c2-s47","source":"Лучше бы прежде, когда надо было, а теперь что ж, какая же польза?","translation":"Better before, when it was needed, but now, what of it, what use is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше бы прежде","title":"«лучше бы» — would have been better","body":"«лучше бы» with the irrealis «бы» voices a regret about the unreal past — 'it would have been better earlier'. The verb is gapped, leaving the bare comparative + «бы» to carry the counterfactual wish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж, какая же польза","title":"Particle «же/ж» of rhetorical resignation","body":"Both «что ж» (clipped «же») and «какая же польза» carry the resigned-rhetorical «же»: 'well, what of it… what use is it, then?'. The particle gives the shrug English supplies with 'then/after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Лучше","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лучше","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on прежде","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Лучше, idiom что ж (= 'so what')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of польза","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"польза","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided copula)","gloss":"use"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c2-s48","source":"Молчите, молчите, Алексей Федорович, потому что я столько хочу сказать, что, кажется, так ничего и не скажу.","translation":"Hush, hush, Alexei Fyodorovich, because I have so much to say that I shall, it seems, end up saying nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчите, молчите","title":"Imperative «молчите» (be quiet)","body":"«молчите» is the polite/plural imperative of «молчать» ('to be silent') — 'hush!'. The doubling intensifies the command, comic since it is she, not Alyosha, who will not stop talking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ничего и не скажу","title":"Negative concord: «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего… не скажу» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with the negated verb — Russian's obligatory double negation: literally 'I'll say nothing not'. The «так… и» adds 'end up [saying] nothing at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчите","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"молчите","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчите","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хочу, part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Молчите","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying скажу","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу, idiom так... и не (= 'at all')","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by что (w11), correlating with столько (w8)","gloss":"will say"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c2-s49","source":"Этот ужасный процесс… я непременно поеду, я готовлюсь, меня внесут в креслах, и притом я могу сидеть, со мной будут люди, и вы знаете ведь, я в свидетелях.","translation":"This dreadful trial… I shall certainly go, I am preparing for it, they will carry me in in my chair, and besides I am able to sit, people will be with me, and you do know, after all, that I am among the witnesses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня внесут в креслах","title":"Indefinite-personal 3rd-plural «внесут»","body":"«внесут» (they will carry in) is a subjectless 3rd-person-plural — 'they'll carry me in', i.e. one will be carried in. Russian uses this agentless plural where English reaches for a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы знаете ведь","title":"Particle «ведь» appealing to shared knowledge","body":"«ведь» invokes what the hearer already knows — 'you do know, after all'. It is the quintessential appeal-particle, pulling Alyosha into complicity with her self-importance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of процесс","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готовлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готовлюсь","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поеду","gloss":"am preparing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of внесут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"внесут","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поеду","gloss":"will carry in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of внесут","gloss":"wheeled chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поеду","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of будут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поеду","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поеду","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject (copula elided), predicate в свидетелях","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement, object of preposition в","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c2-s50","source":"Как я буду говорить, как я буду говорить!","translation":"How shall I speak, how shall I speak!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как я буду говорить","title":"Compound future + exclamatory «как»","body":"«буду говорить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive), 'I shall be speaking'; the exclamatory «как» turns it into anxious wonder — 'how I shall speak!'. The repetition heightens her stage-fright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies говорить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the repeated clause","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c2-s51","source":"Я не знаю, что я буду говорить.","translation":"I do not know what I shall say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я буду говорить","title":"«что» as indirect-question object","body":"Here «что» ('what') is the interrogative pronoun heading an embedded question — 'I don't know what I shall say' — object of «знаю». Distinguish it from the conjunction «что» ('that')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c2-s52","source":"Надо ведь присягу принять, ведь так, так?","translation":"One has to take an oath, you know, is that not so, is it not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо ведь присягу принять","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» ('one must') is an impersonal predicative governing the infinitive «принять» with no nominative subject — 'one has to take [an oath]'. «ведь» again appeals for agreement: 'you have to, you know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies присягу","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"присягу","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on принять","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c2-s53","source":"— Так, но не думаю, чтобы вам можно было явиться.","translation":"\"Yes, but I do not think you will be allowed to appear.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не думаю, чтобы вам можно было явиться","title":"«чтобы» after a negated «думать»","body":"A doubting main clause «не думаю» triggers «чтобы» + past-form in the complement — the irrealis of doubt, 'I don't think that you would be allowed'. Inside, «вам можно было» is a dative-subject impersonal ('it would be possible for you')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to appear"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c2-s54","source":"— Я могу сидеть; ах, вы меня сбиваете!","translation":"\"I am able to sit; ah, you are throwing me off!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вы меня сбиваете","title":"«сбивать» — to throw off, confuse","body":"Imperfective «сбивать» ('to knock down; to throw off the track') — 'you're throwing me off!'. It pairs with the earlier perfective «сбилась» (s33): he keeps confusing her, and she keeps losing the thread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to сбиваете","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сбиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сбиваете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сбиваете","lemma":"сбивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"are throwing off"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c2-s55","source":"Этот процесс, этот дикий поступок, и потом все идут в Сибирь, другие женятся, и всё это быстро, быстро, и всё меняется, и, наконец, ничего, все старики и в гроб смотрят.","translation":"This trial, this savage deed, and then everyone goes off to Siberia, others marry, and all of it so fast, so fast, and everything changes, and at last there is nothing, everyone grows old and stares into the grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все идут в Сибирь, другие женятся","title":"Generalising imperfective present","body":"A string of imperfective presents — «идут», «женятся», «меняется» — paints a sweeping, habitual picture: everyone goes off, others marry, all changes. «-ся» on «женятся/меняется» marks the reciprocal/middle voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в гроб смотрят","title":"«в гроб смотрят» — staring into the grave","body":"A vivid idiom: «смотреть в гроб» / 'to have one foot in the grave', be near death. The «в гроб» (accusative of direction, 'into the coffin') gives the bleak image closing her tumble of thoughts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of процесс","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first item in an asyndetic list, coordinated with поступок","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"second item in the asyndetic list, coordinated with процесс","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with женятся","gloss":"goes off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идут","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, plural","role":"subject of женятся","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"женятся","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with идут","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быстро","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb (used predicatively)","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb (used predicatively)","role":"repeats быстро for emphasis","gloss":"so fast","note":"Repetition is for emotional emphasis, not a separate meaning."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of меняется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"меняется","lemma":"меняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with женятся","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause ничего","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (used predicatively, verb-less clause)","role":"elliptical predicate, coordinated with меняется","gloss":"there is nothing"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of старики (verb-less predicate)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"старики","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of все (no copula), coordinated with меняется","gloss":"is old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрят","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, shares subject все with старики","gloss":"stares"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c2-s56","source":"Ну и пусть, я устала.","translation":"Well, so be it, I am tired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и пусть","title":"«пусть» — let it be, so be it","body":"«пусть» is the third-person imperative/concessive particle, here a resigned 'let it be, so be it'. With «ну и» it forms a weary shrug — she gives up the struggle for the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies пусть, forms idiom и пусть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom ну и пусть (so be it)","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of устала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"устала","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am tired"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c2-s57","source":"Эта Катя — cette charmante personne, она разбила все мои надежды, теперь она пойдет за одним вашим братом в Сибирь, а другой ваш брат поедет за ней и будет жить в соседнем городе, и все будут мучить друг друга.","translation":"That Katya — cette charmante personne — she has shattered all my hopes; now she will follow one of your brothers to Siberia, while your other brother will go after her and live in the neighboring town, and they will all torment one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она пойдет за одним вашим братом… а другой ваш брат поедет","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting two brothers","body":"«а» hinges the two clauses in gentle contrast — one brother this way, the other brother that — without true opposition. Note the perfective unidirectional motion verbs «пойдёт»/«поедет», each a single future trajectory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдет за… братом… поедет за ней","title":"«за» + instrumental: 'after, following'","body":"«за» with the instrumental («за братом», «за ней») means 'after, in pursuit of' — to follow someone. Hence Katya 'will follow' one brother and the other 'will go after her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разбила","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"cette","morphology":"French determiner (code-switched aside)","role":"heads the French parenthetical, in apposition to Катя","gloss":"this","note":"Katerina Ivanovna breaks into French for a sarcastic aside: 'this charming person.'"},{"surface":"charmante","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"French adjective (code-switched aside)","role":"modifies personne","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"personne","lemma":"personne","morphology":"French noun (code-switched aside)","role":"head of the French parenthetical, in apposition to Катя","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разбила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"разбила","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"shattered"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разбила","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with разбила","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies братом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братом","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет (destination)","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поедет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"поедет","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with поедет","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседнем","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучить","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of мучить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with жить","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun (fixed first half of reciprocal idiom)","role":"part of the reciprocal idiom друг друга (one another)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (declining half of reciprocal idiom)","role":"direct object of мучить, part of друг друга","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c2-s58","source":"Меня это с ума сводит, а главное, эта огласка: во всех газетах в Петербурге и в Москве миллион раз писали.","translation":"It drives me out of my mind, and above all this notoriety: in every newspaper in Petersburg and Moscow they have written of it a million times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня это с ума сводит","title":"«сводить с ума» — to drive mad","body":"An idiom 'to drive [someone] out of [their] mind': accusative «меня» as object, «с ума» ('off one's mind', genitive after «с'). The neuter «это» is the subject — 'this drives me mad'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"миллион раз писали","title":"Indefinite-personal «писали»","body":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «писали» — 'they wrote / it was written' a million times, an agentless 'people wrote'. The hyperbolic «миллион раз» is Hohlakov's measure of the scandal's reach."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огласка","title":"«огласка» — publicity, exposure","body":"«огласка» is unwanted public exposure, the spreading of a private matter into the open — 'notoriety, the talk of it'. The word fixes Hohlakov's real terror: not the crime but being talked about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сводит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сводит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сводит","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"сводит","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause introducing огласка","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of огласка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"огласка","lemma":"огласка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic fragment before the colon, coordinated with это","gloss":"notoriety"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of газетах","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"газетах","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of писали","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies газетах","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Петербурге","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of писали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"писали","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb explaining огласка, after the colon","gloss":"they wrote"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c2-s59","source":"Ах да, представьте себе, и про меня написали, что я была «милым другом» вашего брата, я не хочу проговорить гадкое слово, представьте себе, ну представьте себе!","translation":"Ah yes, just imagine, they wrote about me too, that I had been your brother's \"dear friend\" — I will not utter the vile word — just imagine, well, just imagine it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представьте себе","title":"Imperative idiom «представьте себе»","body":"«представьте себе» — literally 'imagine to yourself' — is the imperative «представьте» plus reflexive dative «себе», a fixed exclamation 'just imagine!'. Its threefold repetition conveys her breathless indignation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадкое слово","title":"«гадкий» — vile, nasty","body":"«гадкий» means foul, repugnant, nasty — a strong word of disgust. She coyly refuses to 'utter the vile word' (the insinuation that she was the brother's «милый друг»), while making sure Alyosha grasps it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я была «милым другом»","title":"Instrumental predicate after past «была»","body":"After «была» the predicate «милым другом» stands in the instrumental — the standard rule that predicate nouns with быть in the past take the instrumental, framing the role as one she 'was [cast as]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, coordinated with Ах","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of написали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with представьте","gloss":"they wrote"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause я была другом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to другом","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of была, clausal complement of написали","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with написали","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"проговорить","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"гадкое","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорить","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeats представьте for emphasis","gloss":"just imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeats представьте a third time for emphasis","gloss":"just imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c2-s60","source":"— Этого быть не может!","translation":"\"That cannot be!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого быть не может","title":"Genitive subject under negated existence","body":"«этого… не может» puts the logical subject in the genitive under negation — 'of this there cannot be', i.e. 'that cannot be!'. The genitive of negation governs even this abstract «этого»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cannot"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c2-s61","source":"Где же и как написали?","translation":"Where and how was it written?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же и как","title":"The particle «же» sharpening a question","body":"«же» here adds urgency and slight impatience to the question word «Где» — 'But where on earth, and how, was it written?' It is one of Russian's small modal particles that English renders only by stress or an added phrase ('on earth', 'then'), so common in Dostoevsky's eager dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"написали","title":"Impersonal third-person plural, perfective","body":"«написали» ('they wrote') is a subjectless plural — no 'they' is named — a standard Russian way of saying 'it was written / one wrote'. The perfective past views the writing as a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Где","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"was it written"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c2-s62","source":"— Сейчас покажу.","translation":"\"I will show you at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покажу","title":"Perfective present = simple future","body":"«покажу» is the perfective verb «показать» conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields future meaning: 'I will show'. There is no auxiliary — the future sits in the ending, and «Сейчас» ('right now / in a moment') pins it to the immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll show you"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c2-s63","source":"Вчера получила — вчера и прочла.","translation":"I received it yesterday — and read it yesterday too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вчера получила — вчера и прочла","title":"Dropped subject and the focusing «и»","body":"Both verbs are first-person past with the subject 'I' dropped, recoverable from context; «получила»/«прочла» are feminine -л forms, marking the speaker (Madame Hohlakov) as a woman. The «и» before «прочла» is not 'and' but a focusing particle — 'yesterday too', 'that very same yesterday' — underscoring how fast it all happened."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прочла","title":"«прочла» — the contracted feminine past of «прочесть»","body":"«прочла» is the feminine past of «прочесть» ('to read through', perfective), a slightly bookish synonym of «прочитать». Its consonant-stem past gives the short forms прочёл / прочла rather than a -л on the full infinitive stem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I received it"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочла","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочла","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with получила","gloss":"read it"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c2-s64","source":"Вот здесь в газете «Слухи», в петербургской.","translation":"Here, in the newspaper Rumors, the Petersburg one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в петербургской","title":"Trailing adjective in the prepositional","body":"«в петербургской» ('in the Petersburg one') is a detached adjective agreeing with the dropped «газете», both in the prepositional after «в». Russian comfortably leaves the adjective to stand for the whole noun phrase, a colloquial afterthought tacked on for clarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of здесь","gloss":"the newspaper"},{"surface":"Слухи","lemma":"Слухи","morphology":"proper noun (newspaper title), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to газете","gloss":"Rumors"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking петербургской","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"петербургской","lemma":"петербургский","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), locative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical for газете, coordinated with газете","gloss":"Petersburg one"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c2-s65","source":"Эти «Слухи» стали издаваться с нынешнего года, я ужасно люблю слухи, и подписалась, и вот себе на голову: вот они какие оказались слухи.","translation":"This Rumors has begun coming out only this year; I am dreadfully fond of rumors, and I subscribed, and now here it is on my own head: here is the sort of rumors they turned out to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали издаваться","title":"Passive «-ся» under a phase verb","body":"«издаваться» ('to be published / come out') is the reflexive «-ся» form giving an imperfective passive sense, governed by «стали» ('began'). Together they mean 'began to be issued', the -ся carrying the passive while «стать» marks the onset of the process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с нынешнего года","title":"«с» + genitive: 'starting from'","body":"«с нынешнего года» ('since / from this year') shows the preposition «с» governing the genitive to mean a starting point in time. «нынешний» ('present, current') is a slightly old-fashioned, homely word for 'this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"себе на голову","title":"Idiom: «(вот) себе на голову»","body":"«себе на голову» literally 'onto one's own head' is an idiom for bringing trouble down on oneself — 'to my own cost / and look what I brought on myself'. The reflexive «себе» points the misfortune squarely back at the speaker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот они какие оказались слухи","title":"Expressive word order with «вот… какие»","body":"The scrambled order — «вот они какие оказались слухи» — is pure spoken emphasis: 'here is what sort of rumors they turned out to be'. Fronting «вот они какие» throws all the weight onto her dismayed evaluation, with the noun «слухи» trailing as an afterthought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Слухи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Слухи","lemma":"Слухи","morphology":"proper noun (newspaper title), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"Rumors"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"издаваться","lemma":"издаваться","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to be published"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"нынешнего","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of издаваться","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with стали","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"слухи","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"rumors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подписалась","lemma":"подписаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with люблю","gloss":"subscribed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the idiom себе на голову","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative (reflexive, idiomatic)","role":"dative of the idiom себе на голову (on my own head)","gloss":"on my own"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову, part of the idiom","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, idiom себе на голову (brought it on myself)","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner (predicative), nominative, plural","role":"predicate determiner, modifies слухи","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"слухи","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"rumors"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c2-s66","source":"Вот здесь, вот в этом месте, читайте.","translation":"Here, right here, in this spot, read it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"читайте","title":"Polite/plural imperative «читайте»","body":"«читайте» is the imperative of imperfective «читать» with the polite/plural -те. The imperfective imperative invites the action as a process — 'go ahead and read' — rather than commanding a single completed result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читайте","gloss":"right here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to здесь, modifies читайте","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"читайте","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c2-s67","source":"И она протянула Алеше газетный листок, лежавший у ней под подушкой.","translation":"And she held out to Alyosha a sheet of newspaper that had been lying under her pillow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежавший у ней под подушкой","title":"Past active participle replacing a «который»-clause","body":"«лежавший» ('that had been lying') is the past active participle of «лежать», agreeing with «листок» (masc. acc.) and condensing a relative clause 'which was lying' into one modifier — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ней","title":"«у ней» — colloquial for «у неё»","body":"«у ней» is a colloquial / 19th-century variant of «у неё» ('at her / hers'). The narrator slips into it (and again below) to keep the texture conversational, even in third-person narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протянула Алеше газетный листок","title":"Dative recipient with «протянуть»","body":"'Held out the sheet to Alyosha': «Алеше» is the dative of the indirect object (the recipient), «листок» the accusative direct object. The dative quietly does the work English needs 'to' for."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянула","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"газетный","lemma":"газетный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies листок","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"листок","lemma":"листок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протянула","gloss":"sheet"},{"surface":"лежавший","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying листок","gloss":"that had been lying"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (governed by у), feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавший, forms у ней под подушкой (under her pillow)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавший","gloss":"pillow"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c2-s68","source":"Она не то что была расстроена, она была как-то вся разбита, и действительно, может быть, у ней всё в голове свернулось в комок.","translation":"It was not so much that she was upset; rather she was somehow utterly shattered, and indeed it may be that everything in her head had truly tangled itself into a lump.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что была расстроена","title":"Concessive frame «не то что… »","body":"«не то что X, …» ('it was not so much that X, rather…') is a graded-negation construction that corrects one description in favour of a stronger one. Here it builds toward «вся разбита» — not merely 'upset' but 'utterly shattered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся разбита","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«разбита» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «разбитый» ('broken, smashed'), feminine to agree with the subject — 'she was [completely] shattered'. The intensifier «вся» ('all of her') heightens it. Short forms are the bookish, result-stating predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свернулось в комок","title":"Middle «-ся»: 'tangled itself into a lump'","body":"«свернулось» (neuter, agreeing with «всё») is a middle/change-of-state «-ся» verb: everything in her head 'curled / tangled itself up' of its own accord. The -ся makes the process intransitive, with no outside agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была расстроена (subordinate clause)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, part of idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (idiomatic)","role":"part of idiom не то что (it's not that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom не то что, introduces clause","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of расстроена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"расстроена","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"upset"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разбита","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разбита","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (split token, part 1 of как-то)","role":"part of adverb как-то (somehow), modifies разбита","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то ('somehow') is one word split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (split token, part 2 of как-то)","role":"part of adverb как-то (somehow), modifies разбита","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes она, modifies разбита","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"разбита","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with расстроена","gloss":"shattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свернулось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular (idiomatic parenthetical)","role":"part of parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (idiomatic parenthetical)","role":"part of parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (governed by у), feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свернулось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свернулось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свернулось","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"свернулось","lemma":"свернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with разбита","gloss":"had tangled itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комок","lemma":"комок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свернулось","gloss":"a lump"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c2-s69","source":"Газетное известие было весьма характерное и, конечно, должно было на нее очень щекотливо подействовать, но она, к своему счастью может быть, не способна была в сию минуту сосредоточиться на одном пункте, а потому чрез минуту могла забыть даже и о газете и перескочить совсем на другое.","translation":"The newspaper item was very characteristic and was of course bound to affect her quite painfully, but, perhaps to her good fortune, she was incapable at that moment of fixing on a single point, and so within a minute she might forget even the newspaper and skip off to something else entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно было на нее очень щекотливо подействовать","title":"«должно было» + infinitive: 'was bound to'","body":"The neuter «должно было» plus a perfective infinitive «подействовать» expresses past obligation/likelihood — 'was bound to act on her'. The whole is impersonal; the news, not a person, is the implied force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не способна была … сосредоточиться","title":"Short adjective «способна» as predicate","body":"«способна» is the short feminine form of «способный» ('capable'), used predicatively with «была» and an infinitive — 'was incapable of concentrating'. Short adjectives, more bookish, naturally take a following infinitive here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сию минуту","title":"«сию» — the archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«в сию минуту» ('at that very minute') uses «сей» ('this'), an archaic, bookish demonstrative already old-fashioned in Dostoevsky's day and now wholly literary. It lends the narration a faintly elevated, period flavour against the homely «чрез» beside it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"«чрез» — the contracted, poetic «через»","body":"«чрез» is the non-pleophonic, Church-Slavonic-flavoured doublet of «через» ('through, after'). In 'чрез минуту' ('within a minute') it is a bookish contraction common in 19th-century prose, where modern Russian would simply write «через»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Газетное","lemma":"газетный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of характерное","gloss":"item"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характерное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"характерное","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of известие","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies должно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicative), neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with характерное","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щекотливо","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"щекотливо","lemma":"щекотливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подействовать","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"подействовать","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"to affect"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of способна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастью, parenthetical","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"счастью","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of к, parenthetical (fortunately)","gloss":"good fortune"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular (idiomatic parenthetical)","role":"part of parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (idiomatic parenthetical)","role":"part of parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способна","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicative), feminine, singular","role":"main predicate, coordinated with характерное","gloss":"was capable"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to способна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner (archaic), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточиться (temporal)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"сосредоточиться","lemma":"сосредоточиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способна","gloss":"of fixing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пункте","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточиться","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла (temporal)","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with способна","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о газете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о газете, part of даже и (idiomatic emphasis)","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"the newspaper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перескочить","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with забыть","gloss":"skip off"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочить","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c2-s70","source":"Про то же, что повсеместно по всей России уже прошла слава об ужасном процессе, Алеша знал давно, и, боже, какие дикие известия и корреспонденции успел он прочесть за эти два месяца среди других, верных, известий о своем брате, о Карамазовых вообще и даже о себе самом.","translation":"That the fame of the dreadful trial had already spread everywhere throughout all of Russia, Alyosha had known for a long time, and — good God — what wild reports and dispatches he had managed to read over these two months, among the other, truthful, accounts of his brother, of the Karamazovs in general, and even of himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про то же, что … Алеша знал давно","title":"Fronted «про то, что…» clause as topic","body":"The sentence opens with its object — «Про то… что повсеместно… прошла слава» ('As for the fact that fame had spread…') — held in suspense before the main clause «Алеша знал давно». This topic-first inversion, plus the insistent «же», is classic Dostoevskian emphasis: the thing already known is set up as background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боже","title":"Vocative «боже» — 'O God'","body":"«боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» ('God'), used as an exclamation 'good God!'. The narrator drops it into the sentence as a burst of feeling, set off from the clause's grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел он прочесть","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive: 'managed to'","body":"«успел … прочесть» means 'managed / had time to read'. «успеть» typically pairs with a perfective infinitive to stress that the action was actually completed within the available time — here, all the wild reports he 'got through' in two months."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о себе самом","title":"Reflexive «себя» intensified by «сам»","body":"«о себе самом» ('about himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (prepositional «себе») pointing back to Alyosha, with the intensifier «сам» agreeing — 'about his very self'. «себя» has no nominative and serves any person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Про, complement of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of по, modifying прошла","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying то","gloss":"had spread"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking процессе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ужасном","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процессе","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"процессе","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of слава (via об)","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"good God"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of известия","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дикие","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies известия","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"известия","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прочесть (fronted)","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"корреспонденции","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with известия (direct object of прочесть)","gloss":"dispatches"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прочесть","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца (with два)","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of прочесть","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известий","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies известий","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"верных","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with других, modifies известий","gloss":"truthful"},{"surface":"известий","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of среди","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брате","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies известий","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Карамазовых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with брате, modifies известий","gloss":"the Karamazovs"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Карамазовых","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"coordinated with Карамазовых, modifies известий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"his very own"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c2-s71","source":"В одной газете даже сказано было, что он от страху после преступления брата посхимился и затворился; в другой это опровергали и писали, напротив, что он вместе со старцем своим Зосимой взломали монастырский ящик и «утекли из монастыря».","translation":"In one newspaper it had even been stated that, out of terror after his brother's crime, he had taken monastic vows and shut himself away; in another this was refuted, and they wrote, on the contrary, that he and his elder Zosima had broken open the monastery strongbox and \"absconded from the monastery.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от страху","title":"Old partitive/causal genitive «от страху»","body":"«от страху» ('out of fear') shows «от» + genitive expressing cause, and the ending «-у» is the old masculine partitive/second genitive (alongside «страха»), a flavourful 19th-century form still alive in set phrases. The case marks fear as the source of the act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посхимился","title":"«посхимиться» — to take the schema (strictest vows)","body":"«посхимился» means he took the «схима», the highest and most austere grade of Orthodox monastic vows. The verb is built on the same root as «схимник» ('schema-monk') below; the newspaper's lurid claim is that Alyosha became a hermit-ascetic out of horror."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это опровергали и писали","title":"Impersonal plural 'they refuted'","body":"«опровергали … писали» are subjectless imperfective plurals — 'they refuted… and wrote' — meaning the other paper's anonymous writers. Imperfective here paints the repeated, ongoing rumor-mongering rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies газете","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stated"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посхимился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посхимился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посхимился","gloss":"fear","note":"Archaic partitive genitive of страх in -у, common after от in older Russian."},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступления","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посхимился","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"his brother's"},{"surface":"посхимился","lemma":"посхимиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказано","gloss":"took monastic vows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затворился","lemma":"затвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посхимился","gloss":"shut himself away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опровергали","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of опровергали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"опровергали","lemma":"опровергать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказано","gloss":"was refuted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"писали","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опровергали","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писали","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взломали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взломали (jointly with Зосимой)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взломали","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Зосимой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Зосимой","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старцем","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"взломали","lemma":"взломать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of писали","gloss":"broke open"},{"surface":"монастырский","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взломали","gloss":"strongbox"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утекли","lemma":"утечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взломали","gloss":"absconded"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утекли","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c2-s72","source":"Теперешнее же известие в газете «Слухи» озаглавлено было: «Из Скотопригоньевска (увы, так называется наш городок, я долго скрывал его имя), к процессу Карамазова».","translation":"The present item in the newspaper Rumors was headed: \"From Skotoprigonyevsk (alas, that is the name of our little town, which I long concealed), concerning the Karamazov trial.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озаглавлено было","title":"Short passive participle: 'was headed'","body":"«озаглавлено было» is the short neuter past passive participle of «озаглавить» ('to title') plus «было» — the periphrastic passive stating a result: the item 'was headed/titled'. The agent is unstated, as fits an anonymous press piece."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я долго скрывал его имя","title":"Narrator's «я» and imperfective «скрывал»","body":"The first-person «я … скрывал» ('I long concealed') is the chronicler-narrator stepping forward inside a parenthetical. The imperfective «скрывал» paints concealment as a sustained habit over the whole telling, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперешнее","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперешнее","gloss":"for its part"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive озаглавлено","gloss":"item"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озаглавлено","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"Слухи","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to газете","gloss":"Rumors"},{"surface":"озаглавлено","lemma":"озаглавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was headed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of озаглавлено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Скотопригоньевска","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Скотопригоньевска","lemma":"скотопригоньевск","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of Из (headline dateline)","gloss":"Skotoprigonyevsk"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause referring to Скотопригоньевска","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называется","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause coordinated with называется","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking процессу","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"процессу","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озаглавлено","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процессу","gloss":"Karamazov's"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c2-s73","source":"Оно было коротенькое, и о госпоже Хохлаковой прямо ничего не упоминалось, да и вообще все имена были скрыты.","translation":"It was a short one, and Madame Hohlakov was not mentioned outright at all; indeed, all the names were concealed altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коротенькое","title":"Diminutive «коротенькое» — 'nice and short'","body":"«коротенькое» is the expressive diminutive of «короткий» ('short'), with the affectionate suffix «-еньк-». It softens the adjective to 'a short little (item)', a tone Madame Hohlakov and the narrator both reach for constantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего … не упоминалось","title":"Negative concord with passive «-ся»","body":"«ничего … не упоминалось» — 'nothing was mentioned' — shows Russian's obligatory double negation: the ни-word «ничего» (genitive) and the verbal «не» both stand. «упоминалось» is the «-ся» imperfective passive, neuter to match the dropped subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все имена были скрыты","title":"Short passive participle, plural","body":"«были скрыты» is «быть» plus the short plural past passive participle of «скрыть» ('to conceal') — 'were concealed'. A clean periphrastic passive stating the result, with «все имена» as nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of коротенькое","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to коротенькое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"коротенькое","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Оно","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминалось","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of passive упоминалось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упоминалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упоминалось","lemma":"упоминаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было коротенькое","gloss":"was mentioned"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрыты","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of имена","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"имена","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive скрыты","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of скрыты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"скрыты","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with упоминалось","gloss":"concealed"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c2-s74","source":"Извещалось лишь, что преступник, которого с таким треском собираются теперь судить, отставной армейский капитан, нахального пошиба, лентяй и крепостник, то и дело занимался амурами и особенно влиял на некоторых «скучающих в одиночестве дам».","translation":"It was merely reported that the criminal whom they were now preparing to try with such a clamor was a retired army captain of an insolent stamp, an idler and a serf-owner, forever occupied with love affairs and particularly influential over certain \"ladies pining away in their solitude.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … собираются теперь судить","title":"Relative «которого» in the accusative","body":"«которого» agrees with its antecedent «преступник» in gender/number but takes the accusative its own clause demands — the object of «судить» ('to try'), with animacy giving the genitive-like accusative ending. The clause is set off by commas, as Russian relatives always are."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с таким треском","title":"«с треском» — 'with a great clamour'","body":"«с треском» literally 'with a crackling / crash', here figuratively 'with much noise and fanfare' — the trial is being mounted as a public spectacle. «нахального пошиба» nearby means 'of an insolent stamp/cut', «пошиб» a slightly contemptuous word for type or manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то и дело занимался амурами","title":"Imperfective of habit, «занимался»","body":"«занимался амурами» ('was forever busy with love affairs'), reinforced by «то и дело» ('time and again'), is the imperfective past of habit and repetition — the durative background to his character. «амуры» (from Amour/Cupid) is a playful, slightly mocking word for amours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извещалось","lemma":"извещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was reported"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Извещалось","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занимался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занимался","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking треском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of треском","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"треском","lemma":"треск","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судить","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"собираются","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on преступник","gloss":"are preparing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собираются","gloss":"to try"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"армейский","lemma":"армейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to преступник","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"нахального","lemma":"нахальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пошиба","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"пошиба","lemma":"пошиб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитан (genitive of quality)","gloss":"stamp"},{"surface":"лентяй","lemma":"лентяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"idler"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепостник","lemma":"крепостник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"serf-owner"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun (part of fixed idiom то и дело)","role":"part of idiom то и дело, modifies занимался","gloss":"constantly","note":"«То и дело» is a fixed idiom meaning \"every so often, constantly\"; not a literal subordinating clause."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom то и дело","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun (part of idiom то и дело)","role":"part of idiom то и дело, modifies занимался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"занимался","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Извещалось","gloss":"was occupied with"},{"surface":"амурами","lemma":"амур","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимался","gloss":"love affairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влиял","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"влиял","lemma":"влиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занимался","gloss":"was influential over"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скучающих","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of скучающих","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"скучающих","lemma":"скучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дам","gloss":"pining"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одиночестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одиночестве","lemma":"одиночество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скучающих","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of влиял","gloss":"ladies"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c2-s75","source":"Одна-де такая дама из «скучающих вдовиц», молодящаяся, хотя уже имеющая взрослую дочь, до того им прельстилась, что всего только за два часа до преступления предлагала ему три тысячи рублей с тем, чтоб он тотчас же бежал с нею на золотые прииски.","translation":"One such lady, it was said, one of the \"pining widows,\" affecting youth though she already had a grown daughter, was so smitten with him that a mere two hours before the crime she had offered him three thousand roubles on the condition that he flee with her at once to the goldfields.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одна-де такая дама","title":"The reportive particle «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» (here on «Одна-де») marks reported speech — 'so they say / allegedly' — distancing the narrator from the claim. It is an old, colloquial equivalent of «мол» or «дескать», common in 19th-century prose when relaying a rumor; English carries it with framing like 'it was said'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молодящаяся … имеющая","title":"Present active participles describing the lady","body":"«молодящаяся» ('making herself out young', from the «-ся» verb «молодиться») and «имеющая» ('having') are present active participles in -щ-, agreeing with «дама». They pack two whole который-clauses into adjectives — bookish, condensed description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того им прельстилась, что","title":"«до того… что» + instrumental of «-ся» verb","body":"«до того … что» is the correlative 'to such a degree… that'. «прельстилась им» ('was captivated by him') is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing the instrumental «им» — the means/object of her enchantment. The clause it launches gives the result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три тысячи рублей … с тем, чтоб он … бежал","title":"«с тем, чтобы» + past-form purpose clause","body":"«с тем, чтоб он … бежал» ('on the condition / so that he flee') is a purpose clause where «чтоб(ы)» requires the past-tense form «бежал» as its irrealis — a willed, not-yet-real outcome. «три тысячи рублей» shows the genitive plural «рублей» governed by a numeral of five-and-above range."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прельстилась","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle (hearsay marker)","gloss":"it's said","note":"Colloquial/archaic «де» marks reported speech, roughly \"they say, allegedly.\""},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прельстилась","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдовиц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"скучающих","lemma":"скучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies вдовиц","gloss":"pining"},{"surface":"вдовиц","lemma":"вдовица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"widows"},{"surface":"молодящаяся","lemma":"молодиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дама","gloss":"affecting youth"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеющая","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеющая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"имеющая","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying дама","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"взрослую","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имеющая","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прельстилась","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прельстилась","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"прельстилась","lemma":"прельститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smitten"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предлагала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагала","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступления","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"предлагала","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прельстилась","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагала","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагала","gloss":"the condition"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прииски","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"goldfields"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c2-s76","source":"Но злодей предпочел-де лучше убить отца и ограбить его именно на три же тысячи, рассчитывая сделать это безнаказанно, чем тащиться в Сибирь с сорокалетними прелестями своей скучающей дамы.","translation":"But the villain, it was said, preferred to murder his father and rob him of those very three thousand, reckoning to do it with impunity, rather than drag himself off to Siberia with the forty-year-old charms of his pining lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предпочел-де лучше убить … чем тащиться","title":"«предпочесть … чем» with the reportive «-де»","body":"«предпочел … чем тащиться» — 'preferred to murder… rather than drag himself off' — frames a choice between two perfective/imperfective infinitives. The «-де» again flags the whole as the newspaper's allegation, and «лучше» reinforces 'sooner / rather'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно на три же тысячи","title":"Focusing «именно» and insistent «же»","body":"«именно … три же тысячи» piles up two emphatic devices — «именно» ('precisely, those very') and the particle «же» ('the same') — to drive home the bitter irony: he killed for exactly the three thousand she had offered him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тащиться","title":"«тащиться» — to drag oneself wearily","body":"«тащиться» is the «-ся» verb 'to trudge / drag oneself along', expressively conveying reluctant, burdensome movement. Set beside «прелести» ('charms') it makes the newspaper's sneer audible: Siberia with her 'forty-year-old charms' as a wearisome haul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассчитывая сделать это безнаказанно","title":"Imperfective gerund «рассчитывая»","body":"«рассчитывая» ('reckoning, calculating') is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle / деепричастие in -я, naming a simultaneous attendant action sharing the main subject — 'preferred… reckoning to do it with impunity'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"злодей","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предпочел","gloss":"the villain"},{"surface":"предпочел","lemma":"предпочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"preferred"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle (hearsay marker)","gloss":"it's said","note":"Colloquial/archaic «де» marks reported speech, roughly \"they say.\""},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies убить (in предпочел...лучше...чем construction)","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предпочел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбить","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"rob"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ограбить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограбить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рассчитывая","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ограбить","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рассчитывая","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"безнаказанно","lemma":"безнаказанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"with impunity"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тащиться","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"тащиться","lemma":"тащиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"second term of comparison with убить/ограбить","gloss":"drag himself off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащиться","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прелестями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сорокалетними","lemma":"сорокалетний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies прелестями","gloss":"forty-year-old"},{"surface":"прелестями","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тащиться","gloss":"charms"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"скучающей","lemma":"скучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"pining"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прелестями","gloss":"lady"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c2-s77","source":"Игривая корреспонденция эта, как и следует, заканчивалась благородным негодованием насчет безнравственности отцеубийства и бывшего крепостного права.","translation":"This playful piece of correspondence ended, as such things must, with a noble indignation over the immorality of parricide and of the former institution of serfdom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Игривая корреспонденция эта","title":"Postposed demonstrative «эта»","body":"Putting «эта» after its noun — «корреспонденция эта» rather than «эта корреспонденция» — is a literary, slightly formal word order that lends weight and a summarizing, 'this aforementioned' tone, common in Dostoevsky's narratorial sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заканчивалась благородным негодованием","title":"Instrumental of means with «-ся» verb","body":"«заканчивалась … негодованием» — 'ended with indignation' — pairs the reflexive «-ся» intransitive «заканчиваться» with an instrumental «негодованием» naming what it ended with/by. The instrumental supplies the 'with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Игривая","lemma":"игривый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies корреспонденция","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"корреспонденция","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заканчивалась","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of корреспонденция","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следует","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следует","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying заканчивалась","gloss":"is fitting"},{"surface":"заканчивалась","lemma":"заканчиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"благородным","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заканчивалась","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безнравственности","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"безнравственности","lemma":"безнравственность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"immorality"},{"surface":"отцеубийства","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies безнравственности","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"serf-holding"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отцеубийства","gloss":"serfdom"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c2-s78","source":"Прочтя с любопытством, Алеша свернул листок и передал его обратно госпоже Хохлаковой.","translation":"Having read it with curiosity, Alyosha folded the sheet and handed it back to Madame Hohlakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прочтя с любопытством","title":"Perfective gerund «прочтя» — 'having read'","body":"«Прочтя» is the perfective past adverbial participle (деепричастие) of «прочесть», expressing a completed prior action sharing the main subject: 'having read [it], Alyosha folded…'. It is the standard literary way to chain two actions in sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"передал его обратно госпоже Хохлаковой","title":"Dative recipient of 'handing back'","body":"«госпоже Хохлаковой» is dative — the recipient to whom Alyosha hands the sheet back — while «его» (the листок) is the accusative object. The dative is the case of the person something is given to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочтя","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on свернул","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прочтя","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свернул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"свернул","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"листок","lemma":"листок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свернул","gloss":"the sheet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свернул","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c2-s79","source":"— Ну как же не я? — залепетала она опять, — ведь это я, я почти за час предлагала ему золотые прииски, и вдруг «сорокалетние прелести»!","translation":"\"Well, how can it not be me?\" she began babbling again. \"After all it is I, I who almost an hour beforehand offered him the goldfields — and suddenly 'forty-year-old charms'!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну как же не я?","title":"Indignant «же» in a negated identity question","body":"«Ну как же не я?» — 'Well, how can it not be me?' — uses «же» to charge the question with protest. Note the predicate pronoun stays nominative «я» under negation in this 'it is I' identity sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетала","title":"«залепетать» — to start babbling","body":"«залепетала» combines the inceptive prefix «за-» ('begin to') with «лепетать» ('to babble, prattle, lisp'), so 'she started babbling away'. The verb perfectly catches Madame Hohlakov's breathless, scattered speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это я, я","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, obvious knowledge — 'after all / why, it is I' — and the doubled «я, я» adds emotional insistence. «ведь» recurs throughout her speech as her signature plea for the listener's agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question как же не я","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement in the rhetorical question (как же не я)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"залепетала","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began babbling"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залепетала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing это я","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of cleft это я","gloss":"it","note":"«Это я» is a cleft construction meaning \"it is I,\" used for emphasis."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (cleft: it is I)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предлагала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагала","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"предлагала","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause, coordinated with залепетала","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагала","gloss":"goldfields"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелести (exclamation)","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сорокалетние","lemma":"сорокалетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies прелести","gloss":"forty-year-old"},{"surface":"прелести","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"exclaimed in ironic contrast with прииски","gloss":"charms","note":"Mocking exclamation: she offered goldfields, but the papers call it just her \"forty-year-old charms.\""}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c2-s80","source":"Да разве я затем?","translation":"Was that what I meant by it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве я затем?","title":"«разве» — incredulous rhetorical question","body":"«разве» introduces a question expecting the answer 'no', expressing disbelief or protest — 'Was that what I meant by it?? / Surely I didn't…'. The opening «Да» is an emphatic discourse 'why', and the verb is elided, leaving «затем» ('for that purpose') to carry the sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies затем (rhetorical question)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied predicate (затем)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for that purpose"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c2-s81","source":"Это он нарочно!","translation":"He did it on purpose!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — 'on purpose, deliberately'","body":"«нарочно» means 'deliberately, on purpose, to spite'. «Это он нарочно!» ('He did it on purpose!') with the verb dropped is vividly spoken — the bare pronoun and adverb carry the whole accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory pronoun (cleft, referring to он's action)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied predicate (нарочно)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c2-s82","source":"Прости ему вечный судья за сорокалетние прелести, как и я прощаю, но ведь это… ведь это знаете кто?","translation":"May the eternal Judge forgive him the forty-year-old charms, as I forgive him too, but you know this is… this is — do you know who it is?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прости ему вечный судья","title":"Imperative «прости» with dative of the forgiven","body":"«Прости ему … (за)» is the imperative 'forgive him', where «ему» (dative) is the person forgiven and «за сорокалетние прелести» names the offence. The subject «вечный судья» follows the verb, a solemn inversion fitting the near-liturgical wish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это знаете кто?","title":"«ведь» plus interrogative «кто» in a teaser","body":"«ведь это… знаете кто?» ('this is — you know who?') again uses «ведь» to draw the listener in, while «кто» (interrogative 'who') is dangled to build suspense before the name is revealed. The broken-off «это…» mimics her excited, halting delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Прости","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Прости","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прелести","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сорокалетние","lemma":"сорокалетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прелести","gloss":"forty-year-old"},{"surface":"прелести","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural, feminine","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"charms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of прощаю","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощаю","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прощаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прощаю","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Прости","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"you know","note":"discourse particle, roughly 'you know / after all'."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb (elliptical after ведь)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"complement of знаете (indirect question)","gloss":"who"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c2-s83","source":"Это ваш друг Ракитин.","translation":"It is your friend Rakitin.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ваш друг Ракитин","title":"Zero-copula identity, nominative predicate","body":"'It is your friend Rakitin' — Russian uses no present-tense 'is', and «ваш друг Ракитин» stands in the bare nominative as the predicate of the implied copula. The pointing «Это» ('this/it') is invariable here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copular sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c2-s84","source":"— Может быть, — сказал Алеша, — хотя я ничего не слыхал.","translation":"\"Perhaps,\" said Alyosha, \"though I have heard nothing of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слыхал","title":"«слыхал» — colloquial iterative of «слышать»","body":"«слыхал» is a folksy, iterative-flavoured variant of «слышал» ('heard'), implying 'I've not heard tell of it / never happened to hear'. Dostoevsky uses «слыхать/слыхал» repeatedly in this exchange to keep the speech informal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of слыхал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c2-s85","source":"— Он, он, а не «может быть»!","translation":"\"It is he, it is he, and no 'perhaps' about it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он, он, а не «может быть»!","title":"Contrastive «а» — 'and not'","body":"«а не» sets the emphatic «Он, он» against the quoted «может быть» — 'It is he, and no \"perhaps\" about it'. The mildly contrastive conjunction «а» marks the shift/correction, doing work English splits between 'but' and 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an implied copula (it is he)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Он","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c2-s86","source":"Ведь я его выгнала…","translation":"For I turned him out…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я его выгнала…","title":"«ведь» + feminine perfective past «выгнала»","body":"«Ведь я его выгнала» ('For I turned him out') opens with the appealing «ведь» and uses the perfective past «выгнала» (feminine -л-а) for the single decisive act of throwing him out. «выгнать» ('to drive/throw out') is blunt and forceful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгнала","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выгнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выгнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выгнала","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c2-s87","source":"Ведь вы знаете всю эту историю?","translation":"Surely you know the whole story?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю эту историю","title":"Accusative of «весь этот» + feminine noun","body":"«всю эту историю» is the feminine accusative of the phrase «вся эта история» — «всю» (all), «эту» (this), «историю» — all agreeing in case, the determiners making the noun's accusative visible. «Ведь» again seeks the listener's assent: 'Surely you know…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c2-s88","source":"— Я знаю, что вы его пригласили не посещать вас впредь, но за что именно — этого я… от вас по крайней мере, не слыхал.","translation":"\"I know that you asked him not to call on you anymore, but for what reason exactly — that I have not heard, at least not from you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пригласили не посещать вас впредь","title":"Negated infinitive after «пригласить»: a polite request","body":"«пригласили не посещать» literally 'invited [you] not to visit' is a delicately euphemistic way of saying 'asked him not to call anymore' — «не» negates the infinitive «посещать» (imperfective, of repeated visiting), softened by the courteous «пригласить». «впредь» means 'henceforth'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что именно — этого я … не слыхал","title":"Genitive of negation with «не слыхал»","body":"Under negation the object shifts to genitive: «этого … не слыхал» ('I did not hear of that'), where «этого» is genitive rather than accusative «это». The dash and fronted «за что именно» ('for what exactly') topicalize the question before the negated verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пригласили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пригласили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пригласили","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посещать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посещать","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пригласили","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of посещать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посещать","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of an implied verb (this I have not heard)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере (idiom по крайней мере)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c2-s89","source":"— А стало быть, от него слышали!","translation":"\"So you have heard it from him, then!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А стало быть, от него слышали!","title":"«стало быть» — 'so then, it follows'","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed inferential connective ('so then / consequently'), here pounced on triumphantly. The verb «слышали» is second-person plural with «вы» dropped — 'you heard it from him', and «от него» (genitive after «от») names the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom (стало быть = 'so, then')","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c2-s90","source":"Что ж он, бранит меня, очень бранит?","translation":"Well, does he abuse me, abuse me a great deal?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж он, бранит меня, очень бранит?","title":"Reduced «ж» (же) and repeated imperfective","body":"«Что ж» is the clipped spoken form of «Что же» ('well, what about… / so'). The doubled imperfective present «бранит … очень бранит» ('abuses… abuses a great deal') dwells on the ongoing, habitual scolding rather than one instance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бранит","title":"«бранить» — to scold, abuse, rail at","body":"«бранить» means to scold, berate, or revile — stronger than mild criticism, the verb for tongue-lashing and verbal abuse. It recurs across the next lines as the keyword for Rakitin's habitual sniping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of бранит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бранит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бранит","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бранит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бранит","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"бранит","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бранит","gloss":"abuses"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c2-s91","source":"— Да, он бранит, но ведь он всех бранит.","translation":"\"Yes, he abuses you, but then he abuses everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но ведь он всех бранит","title":"«ведь» softening a generalization","body":"«ведь» here means 'but then / after all' — appealing to common knowledge to excuse Rakitin: he abuses everyone, so don't take it personally. «всех» is the animate accusative ('everyone') of «все», borrowing the genitive form per Russian animacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бранит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бранит","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранит","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бранит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of бранит","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бранит","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бранит","gloss":"abuses"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c2-s92","source":"Но за что вы ему отказали — я и от него не слыхал.","translation":"But why you refused him — that I have not heard from him either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что вы ему отказали — я и от него не слыхал","title":"Dative with «отказать» + focusing «и»","body":"«отказать» ('to refuse') governs the dative «ему» — 'why you refused him'. In the second clause «и от него» means 'from him either', the «и» a focusing particle, and «не слыхал» continues the negative; one could expect genitive of the object, but the clause-object «за что» is questioned, not declined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отказали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отказали","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c2-s93","source":"Да и вообще я очень редко с ним встречаюсь.","translation":"And in any case I meet him very rarely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень редко с ним встречаюсь","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» with «с» + instrumental","body":"«встречаюсь с ним» ('I meet with him') is the reciprocal «-ся» verb «встречаться» plus «с» governing the instrumental «ним» — the standard frame for mutual meeting. The imperfective present «встречаюсь» with «очень редко» states a habitual fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречаюсь","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встречаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречаюсь","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречаюсь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встречаюсь","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meet"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c2-s94","source":"Мы не друзья.","translation":"We are not friends.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы не друзья","title":"Negated zero-copula, nominative predicate","body":"'We are not friends' — no copula in the present, «не» simply negates, and the predicate «друзья» stays nominative plural (the genitive of negation applies to objects/existence, not to a predicate noun of identity)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of друзья","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"friends"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c2-s95","source":"— Ну, так я вам это всё открою и, нечего делать, покаюсь, потому что тут есть одна черта, в которой я, может быть, сама виновата.","translation":"\"Well, then I shall lay it all open to you and, there is nothing for it, confess, because there is one little point in it for which I myself may perhaps be to blame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так я вам это всё открою","title":"Perfective future «открою» with dative listener","body":"«открою» (perfective «открыть», here figuratively 'I shall lay open / reveal') in present-form endings = simple future. «вам» is the dative of the person told to, «это всё» the accusative thing revealed — a tidy give-to-someone frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечего делать, покаюсь","title":"«нечего делать» and the confessional «покаюсь»","body":"«нечего делать» is an idiom 'there's nothing to be done / no help for it'. «покаюсь» ('I shall confess / repent', perfective future) carries a religious colouring — она frames her gossip as a confession, foreshadowing the Zosima-as-confessor motif below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой я … сама виновата","title":"Relative «которой» (prepositional) + short adjective «виновата»","body":"«в которой» is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «в», agreeing in feminine with «черта» ('trait/point'). «виновата» is the short feminine predicate adjective 'to blame/guilty', and «сама» ('myself') intensifies — 'for which I myself may be to blame'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открою","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открою","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will lay open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun (impersonal construction)","role":"parenthetical (нечего делать = 'there's nothing for it')","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"покаюсь","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открою","gloss":"I shall confess"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause (part of потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies черта","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть, modifies виновата","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the relative clause on черта","gloss":"to blame"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c2-s96","source":"Только маленькая, маленькая черточка, самая маленькая, так что, может быть, ее и нет вовсе.","translation":"Only a tiny, tiny little point, the very tiniest, so that perhaps it does not even exist at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маленькая черточка","title":"Diminutive cascade: «черта» → «черточка»","body":"«черточка» is the diminutive of «черта» ('trait, point, little detail'), 'a tiny little point'. Repeating «маленькая, маленькая … самая маленькая» around the diminutive, Madame Hohlakov shrinks her own guilt to vanishing — a comic verbal tic of self-minimizing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, ее и нет вовсе","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«ее … нет вовсе» ('it does not exist at all') is the negated existential «нет», which obligatorily puts its subject in the genitive — «ее» (genitive of «она», the черточка). The «и» here is emphatic ('even'), «вовсе» 'at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленькая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленькая","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little point"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies маленькая (superlative)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to черточка","gloss":"tiniest"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom (может быть = 'perhaps'), modifies нет","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of нет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"does not exist"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c2-s97","source":"Видите, голубчик мой, — госпожа Хохлакова вдруг приняла какой-то игривый вид, и на устах ее замелькала милая, хотя и загадочная улыбочка, — видите, я подозреваю… вы меня простите, Алеша, я вам как мать… о нет, нет, напротив, я к вам теперь как к моему отцу… потому что мать тут совсем не идет…","translation":"You see, my dear boy,\" — Madame Hohlakov suddenly assumed a kind of playful air, and a sweet, if enigmatic, little smile flickered on her lips — \"you see, I suspect… you will forgive me, Alyosha, I speak to you as a mother… oh no, no, on the contrary, I turn to you now as to my father… because a mother does not fit here at all…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голубчик мой","title":"Affectionate vocative-style address «голубчик»","body":"«голубчик» ('little dove, my dear') is a tender diminutive of «голубь» ('dove') used as an endearment in direct address. With possessive «мой» it warmly buttonholes Alyosha — the expressive, intimate register Madame Hohlakov slips into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на устах ее замелькала … улыбочка","title":"Bookish «уста» and inverted subject","body":"«уста» ('lips, mouth') is a Church-Slavonic/poetic word for the everyday «губы», lending solemnity to a comic moment. The verb «замелькала» precedes its subject «улыбочка» (itself a diminutive of «улыбка», 'a sweet little smile') — a literary inversion that puts the action first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я к вам теперь как к моему отцу","title":"«к» + dative in the 'as to' comparison","body":"«к вам … как к моему отцу» ('to you… as to my father') uses «к» governing the dative twice, building an 'I turn to you the way I'd turn to…' figure. The elided verb ('turn / speak') is recoverable; Russian leaves it out in such parallel phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker (you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голубчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приняла","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приняла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приняла","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"assumed"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вид (forms indefinite какой-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with какой","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"игривый","lemma":"игривый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приняла","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking устах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"устах","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, prepositional (locative), masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замелькала","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of устах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"замелькала","lemma":"замелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приняла","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочка","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase modifying улыбочка","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies загадочная","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"загадочная","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочка","gloss":"enigmatic"},{"surface":"улыбочка","lemma":"улыбочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замелькала","gloss":"little smile"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker, precedes подозреваю","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозреваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подозреваю","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of простите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an implied copula, predicate мать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of the implied copula","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison мать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement in comparison (как мать)","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation (no)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, introduces the next clause","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb (turn/address)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison к отцу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, comparison object","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause of идет","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fit"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c2-s98","source":"Ну, всё равно как к старцу Зосиме на исповеди, и это самое верное, это очень подходит: назвала же я вас давеча схимником, — ну так вот этот бедный молодой человек, ваш друг Ракитин (о боже, я просто на него не могу сердиться!","translation":"Well, it is all the same as confessing to the elder Zosima, and that is the truest of all, it suits perfectly: did I not just now call you a monk under vows — well then, this poor young man, your friend Rakitin (oh God, I simply cannot be angry with him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"назвала же я вас давеча схимником","title":"Predicate instrumental «схимником» after «назвать»","body":"«назвала вас … схимником» ('called you a schema-monk') puts the predicate noun «схимником» in the instrumental, as «назвать кого кем» requires. The «же» is insistent ('why, didn't I just call you…'), and «давеча» is a homely word for 'a little while ago, just now'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схимником","title":"«схимник» — a monk under the strictest vows","body":"A «схимник» has taken the «схима», the most austere grade of Orthodox monasticism, bound to extreme asceticism. Calling lay novice Alyosha a «схимник» is fond exaggeration — and echoes the newspaper's claim above that he had «посхимился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о боже, я просто на него не могу сердиться","title":"Vocative «боже» and negated «-ся» verb","body":"«о боже» is again the Church-Slavonic vocative ('O God') as exclamation. «сердиться на него» ('to be angry at him') is a «-ся» verb taking «на» + accusative for its target; «не могу сердиться» negates the modal, '[I] simply cannot be angry at him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно ('all the same')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison к старцу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосиме","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старцу","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповеди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of верное","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies верное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"верное","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with the previous clause","gloss":"truest"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подходит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходит","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"подходит","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suits"},{"surface":"назвала","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies назвала","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of назвала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of назвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"схимником","lemma":"схимник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвала","gloss":"a monk under vows"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse phrase ну так вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces человек","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic/subject of the suspended clause (continues after the parenthesis)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, vocative marker for боже","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection (oh God)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сердиться","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"be angry"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c2-s99","source":"Я сержусь и злюсь, но не очень), одним словом, этот легкомысленный молодой человек вдруг, представьте себе, кажется, вздумал в меня влюбиться.","translation":"I am cross and vexed, but not very), in a word, this frivolous young man suddenly, just imagine, seems to have taken it into his head to fall in love with me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сержусь и злюсь","title":"Paired «-ся» emotion verbs","body":"«сержусь» (be angry) and «злюсь» (be cross/vexed) are both «-ся» verbs of inner state, lacking a non-reflexive counterpart in this meaning. Russian frames many emotions this way, the -ся turning the feeling inward upon the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздумал в меня влюбиться","title":"«вздумать» + infinitive: 'took it into his head'","body":"«вздумал … влюбиться» means 'took it into his head to fall in love', the perfective «вздумать» conveying a sudden, slightly absurd whim. «влюбиться в меня» uses «-ся» plus «в» + accusative ('to fall in love with me'), and «представьте себе» ('just imagine') is an imperative parenthetical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легкомысленный","title":"«легкомысленный» — frivolous, light-minded","body":"«легкомысленный» is a transparent compound — «легкий» ('light') + «мысль» ('thought') — 'light-minded, frivolous, flighty'. It is Madame Hohlakov's verdict on Rakitin, faintly indulgent even as it dismisses him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сержусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сержусь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am cross"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злюсь","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сержусь","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сержусь/злюсь (intensity)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic phrase (одним словом = 'in a word'), modifies the sentence","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"легкомысленный","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative (imagine!)","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (seems), modifies вздумал","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, subject человек","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбиться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"влюбиться","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to fall in love"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c2-s100","source":"Я это потом, потом только вдруг приметила, но вначале, то есть с месяц назад, он стал бывать у меня чаще, почти каждый день, хотя и прежде мы были знакомы.","translation":"I noticed it only later, only suddenly later, but at first — that is, about a month ago — he began coming to me more often, almost every day, although we had been acquainted before as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал бывать у меня чаще, почти каждый день","title":"Iterative «бывать» + comparative «чаще»","body":"«бывать» is the iterative/frequentative of «быть» — 'to frequent, be there habitually'. «стал бывать … чаще» ('began coming more often') pairs the onset verb «стать» with this habitual, and «чаще» is the comparative of «часто» ('often')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и прежде мы были знакомы","title":"Concessive «хотя» + short adjective «знакомы»","body":"«хотя» ('although') opens a concessive clause, and «знакомы» is the short plural predicate adjective 'acquainted' (from «знакомый»). Short adjectives are the predicative norm with «быть» — 'we had been acquainted before too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приметила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приметила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приметила","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приметила (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приметила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приметила","lemma":"приметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"approximative preposition marking месяц","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of с, quantified with назад","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"бывать","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывать","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывать, parallel to чаще","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знакомы","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знакомы","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"знакомы","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective in the хотя-clause","gloss":"acquainted"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c2-s101","source":"Я ничего не знаю… и вот вдруг меня как бы озарило, и я начинаю, к удивлению, примечать.","translation":"I knew nothing of it… and then suddenly something seemed to dawn on me, and to my astonishment I begin to notice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня как бы озарило","title":"Impersonal construction: 'something dawned on me'","body":"«меня … озарило» is a classic impersonal/subjectless construction: the neuter verb has no nominative subject, and the experiencer «меня» stands in the accusative ('it lit me up / something dawned on me'). «как бы» softens it to 'as if'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я начинаю … примечать","title":"Historical present «начинаю»","body":"Amid past-tense narration she switches to the present «начинаю … примечать» ('I begin to notice') — the vivid 'historical present' that drops the listener into the moment. «примечать» is a slightly old-fashioned imperfective 'to notice, observe'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of озарило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies озарило","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"озарило","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"dawned on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начинаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начинаю","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies начинаю","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"примечать","lemma":"примечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинаю","gloss":"notice"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c2-s102","source":"Вы знаете, я уже два месяца тому назад начала принимать этого скромного, милого и достойного молодого человека, Петра Ильича Перхотина, который здесь служит.","translation":"You know, two months ago now I began receiving this modest, dear, and worthy young man, Pyotr Ilyich Perhotin, who is in the service here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала принимать этого скромного, милого … молодого человека","title":"Animate accusative across the whole phrase","body":"«этого скромного, милого и достойного молодого человека» is a long accusative noun phrase where every adjective and the determiner «этого» take the animate-masculine accusative (=genitive) ending to agree with «человека». «принимать» here means 'to receive (as a guest)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяца, part of the phrase тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"receiving"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скромного","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"милого","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скромного","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достойного","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скромного","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"служит","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Петра","gloss":"serves"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c2-s103","source":"Вы столько раз его встречали сами.","translation":"You have met him yourself so many times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы столько раз его встречали сами","title":"Imperfective of repeated past + intensifier «сами»","body":"«столько раз … встречали» ('met so many times') calls for the imperfective «встречать», which carries repetition. «сами» ('yourself', nominative plural agreeing with polite «вы») intensifies — 'you have met him yourself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встречали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встречали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встречали","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have met"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"in apposition to Вы (emphatic)","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c2-s104","source":"И не правда ли, он достойный, серьезный.","translation":"And is it not true, he is worthy and serious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не правда ли, он достойный, серьезный","title":"Tag question «не правда ли» and the particle «ли»","body":"«не правда ли?» ('is it not true? / isn't he?') is a fixed tag question seeking agreement, built on the interrogative particle «ли». The predicate adjectives «достойный, серьезный» are long forms used predicatively, a colloquial alternative to the short forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical tag question (не правда ли)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достойный","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"достойный","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of он","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"серьезный","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with достойный","gloss":"serious"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c2-s105","source":"Приходит он в три дня раз, а не каждый день (хотя пусть бы и каждый день), и всегда так хорошо одет, и вообще я люблю молодежь, Алеша, талантливую, скромную, вот как вы, а у него почти государственный ум, он так мило говорит, и я непременно, непременно буду просить за него.","translation":"He comes once every three days, and not every day (though let him come every day, by all means), and is always so well dressed, and in general I love young people, Alyosha — talented, modest ones, just like you — and he has almost a statesman's mind, he speaks so charmingly, and I shall certainly, certainly put in a word for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходит он в три дня раз","title":"Inverted historical present + «в … раз» frequency","body":"«Приходит он» fronts the present-tense verb before the subject for liveliness, and «в три дня раз» is the idiom 'once every three days'. «приходить» is the imperfective (prefixed motion) of habitual arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть бы и каждый день","title":"Concessive «пусть бы» — 'even if / let it be'","body":"«(хотя) пусть бы и каждый день» ('though let him come every day, by all means') combines the optative «пусть» ('let') with the irrealis «бы» to wave away the limit she just stated — a hypothetical concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду просить за него","title":"Compound (imperfective) future «буду просить»","body":"«буду просить» is the analytic imperfective future — «буду» plus imperfective infinitive — 'I will (keep) putting in a word for him'. The doubled «непременно, непременно» ('certainly, certainly') is her emphatic verbal habit. «государственный ум» means 'a statesman's mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"governed by в, quantified by три","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Приходит (once every three days)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with раз","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase пусть бы","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase пусть бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of пусть бы","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"молодежь","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"young people"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"талантливую","lemma":"талантливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежь","gloss":"talented"},{"surface":"скромную","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежь","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison вы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"compared to молодежь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in the у-construction (he has)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies государственный","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"государственный","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"statesman's"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause (у него ум)","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мило","lemma":"мило","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"charmingly"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просить","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просить (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of просить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"put in a word"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c2-s106","source":"Это будущий дипломат.","translation":"He is a future diplomat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это будущий дипломат","title":"Zero-copula with attributive «будущий»","body":"'He is a future diplomat' — present-tense identity with no copula, «будущий дипломат» a bare nominative predicate. «будущий» ('future') is the lexicalized present active participle of «быть» (root буд- + suffix -ущ-), which came to function as an adjective; Russian has no future active participle category. It modifies the noun attributively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дипломат","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"будущий","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дипломат","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"дипломат","lemma":"дипломат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"diplomat"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c2-s107","source":"Он в тот ужасный день меня почти от смерти спас, придя ко мне ночью.","translation":"On that dreadful day he all but saved me from death by coming to me in the night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придя ко мне ночью","title":"Perfective gerund «придя» — 'by coming'","body":"«придя» is the perfective past adverbial participle of «прийти» ('to come, arrive'), a prefixed motion verb, expressing the prior/means action: 'all but saved me from death by coming to me in the night'. The deepening of the main clause through a trailing gerund is very literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от смерти спас","title":"«от» + genitive of 'saving from'","body":"«спас от смерти» ('saved from death') uses «от» governing the genitive «смерти» to mark what one is rescued from. «почти от смерти» ('all but from death') is her habitual hyperbole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спас","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спас","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спас","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спас","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спас","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"придя","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спас","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of придя","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придя","gloss":"at night"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c2-s108","source":"Ну, а ваш друг Ракитин приходит всегда в таких сапогах и протянет их по ковру…","translation":"Well, but your friend Rakitin always comes in such boots and trails them across the carpet…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"протянет их по ковру","title":"Vivid perfective present + «по» of motion over a surface","body":"«протянет их по ковру» ('trails them across the carpet') uses a perfective-present form for a vivid, almost gnomic habitual picture, and «по ковру» — «по» + dative — expresses movement spread over a surface. «в таких сапогах» evokes his coarse, muddy boots."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (interjection)","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сапогах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протянет","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"trails"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of протянет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ковру","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ковру","lemma":"ковёр","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянет","gloss":"carpet"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c2-s109","source":"одним словом, он начал мне даже что-то намекать, а вдруг один раз, уходя, пожал мне ужасно крепко руку.","translation":"in a word, he had even begun to drop me hints, and then one time, suddenly, on leaving, he pressed my hand dreadfully hard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходя, пожал мне ужасно крепко руку","title":"Imperfective gerund «уходя» framing the moment","body":"«уходя» ('on leaving / as he was leaving') is the present (imperfective) gerund giving the simultaneous circumstance of «пожал … руку» ('pressed [my] hand'). Note the dative-of-possession «мне» — 'pressed the hand to-me', Russian's way of saying 'my hand'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал мне даже что-то намекать","title":"Indefinite «что-то» — 'something or other'","body":"«что-то» ('something, a hint of something') marks a specific-but-unspecified referent, the -то particle signalling she knows there was something but can't pin it down. «намекать» ('to hint') takes the dative «мне» for the person hinted to."}],"words":[{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом, part of the idiom одним словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverbial (in a word)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of намекать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of намекать","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"намекать","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to hint"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уходя","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожал","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"пожал","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пожал","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепко","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожал","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c2-s110","source":"Только что он мне пожал руку, как вдруг у меня разболелась нога.","translation":"No sooner had he pressed my hand than my foot suddenly began to ache.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что он мне пожал руку, как вдруг","title":"«Только что… как» — 'no sooner… than'","body":"The correlative «Только что … как (вдруг)» frames two events as immediately consecutive — 'no sooner had he pressed my hand than my foot suddenly began to ache'. Both verbs are perfective («пожал», «разболелась»), marking sharp completed points."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня разболелась нога","title":"Inceptive «раз-» + «-ся»: 'began to ache badly'","body":"«разболелась» combines the intensive-inceptive prefix «раз-» with «болеть» and «-ся» — 'started really hurting'. «у меня … нога» frames it as 'my foot' via «у» + genitive, the body-part possessor construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"No sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пожал","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пожал","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause (только что…)","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожал","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (только что…как)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разболелась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of разболелась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"разболелась","lemma":"разболеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to ache"},{"surface":"нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разболелась","gloss":"foot"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c2-s111","source":"Он и прежде встречал у меня Петра Ильича и, верите ли, всё шпыняет его, всё шпыняет, так и мычит на него за что-то.","translation":"He had met Pyotr Ilyich at my house before, too, and, would you believe it, he keeps needling him, keeps needling, simply growls at him over something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шпыняет … мычит","title":"«шпынять» and «мычать» — needling and growling","body":"«шпынять» is colloquial 'to needle, jab at, keep picking on' someone; «мычать» literally 'to moo/low (like cattle)', here 'to mumble/growl resentfully'. The repeated «всё шпыняет, всё шпыняет» ('keeps needling, keeps needling') paints Rakitin's incessant sniping at Perhotin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"«верите ли» — parenthetical with «ли»","body":"«верите ли» ('would you believe it') is a parenthetical appeal using the interrogative particle «ли», a polite-literary way to flag astonishment. It punctuates her excited narration like a verbal nudge to the listener."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встречал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"встречал","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to meet"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречал","gloss":"my (place)"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (верите ли)","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шпыняет","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"шпыняет","lemma":"шпынять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"needling"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of шпыняет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шпыняет","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"шпыняет","lemma":"шпынять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the preceding шпыняет","gloss":"needling"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies мычит","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies мычит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"мычит","lemma":"мычать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шпыняет","gloss":"growls"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мычит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, oblique complement of мычит","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-thing"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c2-s112","source":"Я только смотрю на них обоих, как они сойдутся, а внутри смеюсь.","translation":"I just watch the two of them whenever they come together, and inwardly I laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как они сойдутся","title":"«как» + perfective future for 'whenever'","body":"«как они сойдутся» ('whenever the two of them come together') uses «как» with the perfective future «сойдутся» (from «сойтись», -ся, 'to converge/meet') to mean a recurring conditional 'each time they meet'. Russian commonly uses the perfective future this way for repeated hypothetical occasions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а внутри смеюсь","title":"Contrastive «а» + «-ся» verb «смеюсь»","body":"«а внутри смеюсь» ('while inwardly I laugh') hinges on the mild contrastive «а» ('while, and yet'). «смеяться» ('to laugh') is one of those verbs existing only in the «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies них (both)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойдутся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сойдутся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сойдутся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of смотрю","gloss":"come together"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"inwardly"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрю","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c2-s113","source":"Вот вдруг я сижу одна, то есть нет, я тогда уж лежала, вдруг я лежу одна, Михаил Иванович и приходит и, представьте, приносит свои стишки, самые коротенькие, на мою больную ногу, то есть описал в стихах мою больную ногу.","translation":"Now then, suddenly I am sitting alone — that is, no, I was lying down by then — suddenly I am lying alone, and Mihail Ivanovich comes in and, just imagine, brings his little verses, the very shortest, on my ailing foot — that is, he described my ailing foot in verse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть нет, я тогда уж лежала","title":"Self-correcting historical present and past","body":"She lurches between the vivid present «я сижу одна» ('I am sitting alone') and a correcting past «я тогда уж лежала» ('I was already lying down by then'), then back to the present «вдруг я лежу одна». The tense-jumping mimics her flustered, real-time storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишки … коротенькие","title":"Belittling diminutive «стишки»","body":"«стишки» is the diminutive/pejorative of «стихи» ('verses') — 'little verses, doggerel', faintly mocking. Paired with «коротенькие» ('nice and short', also diminutive), it deflates Rakitin's poetic offering before she even quotes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"Now then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сижу (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical correction, parallel to сижу","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежу","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of лежу (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"Mihail"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical (imagine)","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"приносит","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стишки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стишки","lemma":"стишки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приносит","gloss":"little verses"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies коротенькие","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"коротенькие","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies стишки","gloss":"shortest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносит","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to приносит","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стихах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стихах","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"foot"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c2-s114","source":"Постойте, как это:","translation":"Wait, how does it go:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постойте, как это","title":"Imperative «постойте» — 'wait a moment'","body":"«Постойте» is the polite/plural imperative of «постоять», idiomatically 'wait / hold on' as she gropes for the lines. The perfective «постоять» gives the brief, momentary sense — 'pause just a second'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Wait"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (goes)","gloss":"it goes"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c2-s115","source":"Эта ножка, эта ножка / Разболелася немножко… —","translation":"This little foot, this little foot / Has started aching just a bit… —","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта ножка, эта ножка / Разболелася немножко","title":"Verse diminutives and the old form «разболелася»","body":"The jingle leans entirely on diminutives — «ножка» (dear little foot), «немножко» (just a teeny bit) — for its cloying cuteness. «Разболелася» is the old/folk-poetic full ending «-ся» (for modern «разболелась»), padding the line to fit the meter; both diminutive and archaic form make the doggerel comic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ножка","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Разболелася","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ножка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ножка","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"Разболелася","lemma":"разболеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has started aching"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Разболелася","gloss":"a little"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c2-s116","source":"или как там, — вот никак не могу стихов запомнить, — у меня тут лежат, — ну я вам потом покажу, только прелесть, прелесть, и, знаете, не об одной только ножке, а и нравоучительное, с прелестною идеей, только я ее забыла, одним словом, прямо в альбом.","translation":"or however it runs — there now, I simply cannot remember verses — I have it here somewhere — well, I shall show you later, only it is a delight, a delight, and you know, not about the little foot alone, but edifying as well, with a charming idea, only I have forgotten it — in a word, fit straight for an album.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не могу стихов запомнить","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic «никак»","body":"«никак не могу … запомнить» ('simply can't manage to remember'), with «никак» ('no way at all') reinforcing the «не» in negative concord. The object «стихов» appears in the genitive of negation rather than accusative «стихи»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прямо в альбом","title":"«в альбом» — fit for a keepsake album","body":"«прямо в альбом» means 'fit straight for an album' — the kind of pretty, sentimental verse a 19th-century lady would inscribe in her «альбом», a bound keepsake book passed round for poems and drawings. «нравоучительное» ('edifying, with a moral') marks the genre's expected uplift."}],"words":[{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it runs","note":"«как там» is a filler idiom for a half-remembered line: 'or however it goes.'"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никак","gloss":"there now"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of запомнить","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"запомнить","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"me","note":"«у меня ... лежат» = idiom 'I have it lying (here).'"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"I'll show"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прелесть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прелесть","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"a delight"},{"surface":"прелесть","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелесть","gloss":"a delight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies ножке","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ножке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ножке","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ножке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ножке","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелесть","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нравоучительное","lemma":"нравоучительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ножке","gloss":"edifying"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прелестною","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеей","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"идеей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нравоучительное","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыла","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, sentence adverbial","gloss":"word","note":"«одним словом» = 'in a word.'"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies альбом","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking альбом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"альбом","lemma":"альбом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прямо","gloss":"album"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c2-s117","source":"Ну, я, разумеется, поблагодарила, и он был видимо польщен.","translation":"Well, of course I thanked him, and he was plainly flattered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был видимо польщен","title":"Short passive participle «польщен»","body":"«польщен» is the short masculine past passive participle of «польстить» ('to flatter') — 'he was flattered', a result-state predicate with «был». «видимо» here means 'visibly, evidently'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поблагодарила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поблагодарила","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"поблагодарила","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thanked him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of польщен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to польщен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies польщен","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"польщен","lemma":"польщённый","morphology":"short-form adjective (past passive participle), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поблагодарила","gloss":"flattered"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c2-s118","source":"Не успела поблагодарить, как вдруг входит и Петр Ильич, а Михаил Иванович вдруг насупился как ночь.","translation":"I had scarcely finished thanking him when in walks Pyotr Ilyich, and Mihail Ivanovich suddenly turned as black as night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не успела поблагодарить, как вдруг входит","title":"«не успела… как» with present-tense punch","body":"«Не успела поблагодарить, как вдруг входит» — 'I had scarcely finished thanking when in walks…' — the «не успеть … как» frame plus a switch to the vivid present «входит» drops us into the scene. Subject «я» is dropped; «поблагодарить» is the perfective infinitive of completed thanks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"насупился как ночь","title":"«насупиться как ночь» — 'turned black as night'","body":"«насупиться» means 'to knit one's brows, scowl, grow sullen'. «насупился как ночь» ('scowled black as night') is a vivid simile for sudden glowering jealousy — Rakitin darkening the instant his rival appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had scarcely"},{"surface":"поблагодарить","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"thanking him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of как","gloss":"walks in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of насупился","gloss":"Mihail"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насупился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"насупился","lemma":"насупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with входит","gloss":"turned dark"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction introducing the simile (not a preposition)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насупился","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c2-s119","source":"Я уж вижу, что Петр Ильич ему в чем-то помешал, потому что Михаил Иванович непременно что-то хотел сказать сейчас после стихов, я уж предчувствовала, а Петр Ильич и вошел.","translation":"I could see at once that Pyotr Ilyich had got in the way of something for him, because Mihail Ivanovich had certainly meant to say something just then, right after the verses — I had had a foreboding of it — and in walked Pyotr Ilyich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Петр Ильич ему в чем-то помешал","title":"«помешать» + dative; indefinite «в чём-то»","body":"«помешать ему» ('got in his way / hindered him') governs the dative «ему». «в чём-то» ('in something') is the indefinite -то form, prepositional after «в» — a specific but unnamed something he interrupted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно что-то хотел сказать … я уж предчувствовала","title":"Imperfective of intention + «уж»","body":"«хотел сказать» ('had meant to say') and «предчувствовала» ('had had a foreboding') are imperfective pasts giving the background of intention and premonition. The particle «уж» (reduced «уже») here means 'already / for my part' — colouring her sense of having foreseen it all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помешал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of помешал","gloss":"some","note":"«в чём-то» is the indefinite pronoun 'in some way / something.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the phrase чем","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"помешал","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"got in the way"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Mihail"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"some","note":"«что-то ... сказать» = 'meant to say something.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помешал","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стихов","gloss":"right after"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"the verses"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"had a foreboding"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"walked in"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c2-s120","source":"Я вдруг Петру Ильичу стихи и показываю, да и не говорю, кто сочинил.","translation":"All at once I show Pyotr Ilyich the verses too, and I do not say who composed them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вдруг Петру Ильичу стихи и показываю","title":"Dative recipient + emphatic narrative «и»","body":"«Петру Ильичу … стихи … показываю» — 'I show the verses to Pyotr Ilyich' — with the dative «Петру Ильичу» as recipient and «стихи» the accusative object. The «и» before «показываю» is the narrative emphatic 'and so I just up and show', and the present tense keeps it vivid."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и не говорю, кто сочинил","title":"«да и» plus a negated reported clause","body":"«да и не говорю» ('and I don't even say') uses the additive «да и» ('and besides / and indeed') with the present «не говорю». The embedded «кто сочинил» ('who composed [them]') is an indirect question introduced by interrogative «кто»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of показываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показываю","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показываю","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of показываю","gloss":"the verses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стихи","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"показываю","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показываю","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"composed them"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c2-s121","source":"Но я уверена, я уверена, что он сейчас догадался, хотя и до сих пор не признается, а говорит, что не догадался; но это он нарочно.","translation":"But I am certain, certain, that he understood at once — though even now he won't admit it and says he didn't catch on; only that is on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уверена, я уверена","title":"Short-form adjective «уверена» as predicate","body":"«Уверена» is the short feminine form of «уверенный» (sure, certain), used predicatively after the dropped copula: 'I [am] certain.' The short form, bookish and a touch emphatic, suits Madame Hohlakov's breathless insistence; the repetition heightens it. The feminine -а tells us the speaker is a woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и … а","title":"Concessive «хотя и …, а …»","body":"«Хотя» (although) opens a concessive clause, here reinforced by the particle «и», and the contrast is then picked up by the mild adversative «а» ('but/while'). The pairing «although … and yet …» is a hallmark of spoken, run-on narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не признается … не догадался","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and aspect in «признаётся / догадался»","body":"«Признаётся» carries the reflexive clitic «-ся» (here in the sense 'to confess/admit'), in the imperfective present for an ongoing refusal. It is the reflexive counterpart of the non-reflexive «признавать/признать» ('to acknowledge, recognize') — both forms exist. «Догадался» is the perfective past — a single completed 'caught on,' the point he denies. The aspect switch tracks process versus completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"short-form adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am certain"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"short-form adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уверена","gloss":"am certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догадался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of признается","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until","note":"«до сих пор» = idiom 'to this day, even now.'"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"признается","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on догадался","gloss":"admits it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with признается","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догадался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"caught on"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"he does"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c2-s122","source":"Петр Ильич тотчас захохотал и начал критиковать: дрянные, говорит, стишонки, какой-нибудь семинарист написал, — да, знаете, с таким азартом, с таким азартом!","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich immediately burst out laughing and began to criticize: trashy little verses, he says, some seminarian must have scribbled them — and, you know, with such gusto, such gusto!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишонки","title":"«стишонки» — contemptuous 'wretched little verses'","body":"«Стишонки» is «стихи» (verses) plus the pejorative suffix «-онк-», which belittles rather than endears: 'trashy little doggerel.' The dismissive ring is the whole point of Pyotr Ilyich's mockery. Compare the neutral «стишки» (light verses) — the «-онк-» tips it into scorn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянные","title":"«дрянной» — trashy, worthless","body":"«Дрянные» (from «дрянь», rubbish/trash) means 'good-for-nothing, shoddy.' A strong colloquial put-down, it caps the contempt of «дрянные стишонки» — 'trashy little verses.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"азарт","title":"«азарт» — fervour, gusto","body":"«Азарт» (from French via Polish, ultimately Arabic az-zahr, 'dice') means passionate excitement, reckless ardour — the heat of a gambler or zealot. «С таким азартом» = 'with such gusto'; the doubling mimics her excited speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"Inserted «говорит» framing quoted speech","body":"Throughout this monologue «говорит» ('he says,' lit. 3rd-sg present) is dropped in mid-sentence as a quotative tag, the way colloquial Russian threads reported speech without 'that.' It is parenthetical and unstressed; English needs 'he says' or quotation marks to carry the same flagging of someone else's words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захохотал","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захохотал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"критиковать","lemma":"критиковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to criticize"},{"surface":"дрянные","lemma":"дрянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies стишонки","gloss":"trashy"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"стишонки","lemma":"стишонок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of критиковать","gloss":"little verses"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of семинарист","gloss":"some","note":"«какой-нибудь» = indefinite 'some ... or other.'"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the phrase какой","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"семинарист","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"seminarian"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стишонки","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азартом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of азартом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"азартом","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"gusto"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азартом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of азартом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"азартом","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with азартом","gloss":"gusto"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c2-s123","source":"Тут ваш друг, вместо того чтобы рассмеяться, вдруг совсем и взбесился…","translation":"And here your friend, instead of laughing, suddenly flew into a complete rage…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того чтобы рассмеяться","title":"«вместо того чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Вместо того чтобы» ('instead of') governs an infinitive: 'instead of laughing.' The «чтобы» here is the purpose/result conjunction fused into a set phrase; with a bare infinitive it stays non-finite rather than taking the past-form irrealis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взбесился","title":"Perfective «взбеситься» — flew into a rage","body":"«Взбесился» is perfective past of «взбеситься» (to fly into a fury), the prefix «вз-» giving a sudden inceptive burst, reinforced by «вдруг» (suddenly). The «-ся» marks the change-of-state (middle) sense. It captures a single explosive moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взбесился","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбесился","gloss":"of","note":"«вместо того чтобы» = idiom 'instead of (doing something).'"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассмеяться","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"рассмеяться","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбесился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взбесился","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"взбесился","lemma":"взбеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew into a rage"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c2-s124","source":"Господи, я думала, они подерутся: «Это я, говорит, написал.","translation":"Lord, I thought they would come to blows: 'It was I,' he says, 'who wrote it.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господи","title":"«Господи» — the Church-Slavonic vocative","body":"«Господи» is the old vocative of «Господь» (Lord), surviving as an exclamation, 'Lord! / good heavens!' It is a frozen form of direct address with no nominative force here — pure interjection, very common in Dostoevsky's emotional speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подерутся","title":"Perfective future «подерутся»","body":"«Подерутся» is the perfective future of «подраться» (to come to blows, the «-ся» here reciprocal): a perfective verb conjugated like a present yields future meaning, 'they would come to blows.' Inside «я думала» it reads as anticipated future-in-the-past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я … написал","title":"Fronted «это я» for emphasis","body":"Russian's free word order lets «это я написал» front the subject as the stressed comment — 'it was I who wrote it.' The cleft-like emphasis falls on «я», answering an implied 'who?'; English needs a cleft to match it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подерутся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"подерутся","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"would come to blows"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of я","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"who wrote it"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c2-s125","source":"Я, говорит, написал в шутку, потому что считаю за низость писать стихи…","translation":"'I wrote it,' he says, 'as a joke, because I consider it beneath me to write verses…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что считаю за низость","title":"Causal «потому что» + «считать за»","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens the causal clause. «Считать за низость» is the older idiom «считать за + accusative» ('to reckon as / regard as') — 'I consider it beneath me,' where modern Russian would prefer «считать низостью» with the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"низость","title":"«низость» — baseness, a vile thing","body":"«Низость» (from «низкий», low) is an abstract noun in «-ость», 'lowness, baseness' — a base or degrading act. Here the poet declares writing verse a «низость», something demeaning to a man of his pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of считаю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on написал","gloss":"consider it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низость","gloss":"beneath me","note":"«считать за низость» = idiom 'to consider (something) beneath one.'"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"a low thing"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies низость","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of писать","gloss":"verses"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c2-s126","source":"Только стихи мои хороши.","translation":"'Only my verses are good.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стихи мои хороши","title":"Short adjective «хороши» as predicate","body":"«Хороши» is the short plural form of «хороший», predicating 'my verses are good.' The possessive «мои» follows its noun («стихи мои»), an inverted, slightly emphatic order — 'verses of mine, they are good.' The short adjective gives a crisp, assertive close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стихи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of хороши","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of стихи","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"хороши","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"short-form adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are good"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c2-s127","source":"Вашему Пушкину за женские ножки монумент хотят ставить, а у меня с направлением, а вы сами, говорит, крепостник; вы, говорит, никакой гуманности не имеете, вы никаких теперешних просвещенных чувств не чувствуете, вас не коснулось развитие, вы, говорит, чиновник и взятки берете!»","translation":"'They want to put up a monument to your Pushkin for singing of women's little feet, while mine have a purpose; and you yourself,' he says, 'are a serf-driver; you,' he says, 'have no humanity in you, you feel none of the enlightened feelings of our day, progress has never so much as touched you, you,' he says, 'are a petty official and you take bribes!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ножки","title":"«ножки» — diminutive 'little feet'","body":"«Ножки» is the affectionate diminutive of «ноги» (feet/legs). It echoes Pushkin's own coy «ножки» and chimes with the chapter title «Больная ножка» ('The Injured Foot'). The diminutive lends a teasing, salon-light tone to the dig."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с направлением","title":"«с направлением» — 'with a tendency / purpose'","body":"«Направление» here is the period buzzword for ideological 'tendency' or progressive social commitment in art. «У меня с направлением» = my verses 'have a purpose,' i.e. serve the cause — the radical 1860s creed that art must be socially useful, against Pushkin's 'pure' poetry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакой гуманности не имеете … никаких … чувств не чувствуете","title":"Negative concord with «никакой» + genitive","body":"«Никакой … не имеете», «никаких … чувств не чувствуете» show Russian's obligatory double negation: the «ни-» word and the verb's «не» together carry one negation ('you have no humanity at all'). Under negation the objects shift to the genitive («гуманности», «чувств») — the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просвещенных … развитие","title":"«просвещение» / «развитие» — Enlightenment, progress","body":"«Просвещённые чувства» ('enlightened feelings') and «развитие» ('development, intellectual progress') are the catchwords of the progressive intelligentsia. «Вас не коснулось развитие» — 'progress has never touched you' — mocks the official as a man left behind by the modern, enlightened age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Пушкину","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Пушкину","lemma":"Пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотят","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"женские","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ножки","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хотят","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"монумент","lemma":"монумент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ставить","gloss":"a monument"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"ставить","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to put up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"mine have","note":"«у меня с направлением» elliptically = 'mine (verses) have a purpose.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking направлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"направлением","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"a purpose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of крепостник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"крепостник","lemma":"крепостник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"a serf-driver"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гуманности","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"гуманности","lemma":"гуманность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of чувствуете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств","gloss":"none of"},{"surface":"теперешних","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"of our day"},{"surface":"просвещенных","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of чувствуете","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствуете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствуете","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of коснулось (коснуться governs the genitive)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коснулось","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"коснулось","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"развитие","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of коснулось","gloss":"progress"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of чиновник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"a petty official"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взятки","lemma":"взятка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of берете","gloss":"bribes"},{"surface":"берете","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чиновник","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c2-s128","source":"Тут уж я начала кричать и молить их.","translation":"At that point I began to cry out and to beg them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала кричать и молить","title":"Phasal «начать» + imperfective infinitives","body":"«Начать» (to begin) requires imperfective infinitives — «кричать», «молить» — because one can only begin a process, not a completed whole. The perfective «начала» itself names the single onset; the verbs it governs stay imperfective by rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"at that point"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to cry out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричать","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c2-s129","source":"А Петр Ильич, вы знаете, такой не робкий, и вдруг принял самый благородный тон: смотрит на него насмешливо, слушает и извиняется: «Я, говорит, не знал.","translation":"And Pyotr Ilyich, you know, is not the timid sort, and all at once he assumed the most gentlemanly tone: he looks at him mockingly, listens, and apologizes: 'I had no idea,' he says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принял самый благородный тон","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«Самый благородный» forms the superlative analytically: «самый» ('most') declines with the adjective, 'the most gentlemanly tone.' «Принял … тон» is perfective past — a single, decisive assumption of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрит … слушает и извиняется","title":"Historic present for vividness","body":"Mid-narration she slips into the present — «смотрит», «слушает», «извиняется» — the 'historic present' that stages a past scene as if unfolding now. «Извиняется» carries reflexive «-ся» ('apologizes'). The string of imperfective presents paints simultaneous, ongoing behaviour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"насмешливо","title":"«насмешливо» — mockingly","body":"Adverb from «насмешливый» (derisive, mocking), built on «насмешка» (a jibe). It signals the whole register of Pyotr Ilyich's performance: politeness worn as a mask for ridicule, the theme her next lines spell out."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of робкий","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of робкий","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies робкий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"робкий","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Петр Ильич","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with робкий","gloss":"assumed"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благородный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"gentlemanly"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"слушает","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"listens"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"извиняется","lemma":"извиняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушает","gloss":"apologizes"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c2-s130","source":"Если б я знал, я бы не сказал, я бы, говорит, похвалил…","translation":"'Had I known, I should not have said it; I should have praised it,' he says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б я знал, я бы не сказал, я бы … похвалил","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A textbook irrealis: past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы» («если б … знал … я бы … сказал … похвалил») give a contrary-to-fact conditional, 'had I known, I would not have said it, I would have praised it.' «Если б» is «если бы» clipped; «бы» is mobile, leaning here on «я»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase если, marks знал as counterfactual","gloss":"-","note":"«если б» = «если бы», the conditional/counterfactual marker."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сказал as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похвалил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks похвалил as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"похвалил","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"have praised it"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c2-s131","source":"Поэты, говорит, все так раздражительны…»","translation":"'Poets,' he says, 'are all so irritable…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все так раздражительны","title":"Short adjective «раздражительны»","body":"«Раздражительны» is the short plural of «раздражительный» (irritable), predicating a general trait: 'poets are all so irritable.' The short form fits aphoristic, generalizing statements about an entire class."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поэты","lemma":"поэт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздражительны","gloss":"poets"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks direct speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Поэты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражительны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"раздражительны","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"short-form adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"irritable"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c2-s132","source":"Одним словом, такие насмешки под видом самого благородного тона.","translation":"In a word, such mockery, all under the cover of the most gentlemanly tone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Одним словом","title":"«одним словом» — 'in a word'","body":"A fixed instrumental phrase, «одним словом» ('with one word') = 'in a word, in short.' It is one of Madame Hohlakov's habitual fillers as she lurches to summarize her own digressions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под видом самого благородного тона","title":"«под видом» + genitive — 'under the guise of'","body":"«Под видом» ('under the guise/cover of') governs the genitive «самого благородного тона». The preposition-like «под видом» captures exactly the duplicity she means: mockery disguised as the most gentlemanly manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"sentence adverbial","gloss":"word","note":"«одним словом» = 'in a word.'"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of насмешки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies насмешки","gloss":"the cover"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благородного","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тона","gloss":"gentlemanly"},{"surface":"тона","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"tone"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c2-s133","source":"Это он мне сам потом объяснил, что это всё были насмешки, а я думала, он и в самом деле.","translation":"He explained it to me himself afterward, that it had all been mockery, but I thought he was in earnest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я думала, он и в самом деле","title":"Contrastive «а» and an unfinished clause","body":"The mild adversative «а» ('but/while') pivots from his explanation to her own misreading. The sentence then trails off — «он и в самом деле [серьёзно]» ('he really meant it') — the verb left unsaid, a vivid trace of impulsive spoken syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — 'really, in earnest'","body":"«В самом деле» (lit. 'in the very matter') means 'really, genuinely, in earnest.' Here it contrasts the sincere reading she took with the mockery he intended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies были","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to насмешки","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of были","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объяснил","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clausal complement of думала","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самом (emphatic, 'indeed')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very","note":"«в самом деле» is a fixed idiom meaning 'indeed, in earnest' — glossed word-by-word but read as a unit."},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в, complement of the clausal complement of думала","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c2-s134","source":"Только вдруг я лежу, как вот теперь пред вами, и думаю: будет или не будет благородно, если я Михаила Ивановича вдруг прогоню за то, что неприлично кричит у меня в доме на моего гостя?","translation":"Only suddenly I am lying there, just as I am now before you, and I think: would it be the noble thing, or not, if I were to drive Mihail Ivanovich out at once for behaving so improperly, shouting at my guest in my own house?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет или не будет благородно","title":"Impersonal predicate «благородно»","body":"«Будет … благородно» is impersonal: the neuter short form «благородно» ('it [would be] noble') with no nominative subject, the deliberation framed as 'would it be the noble thing.' The «или не будет» tucks in the alternative — a courtroom-like weighing in her own head."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я … прогоню","title":"Real conditional with perfective future «прогоню»","body":"Here «если» introduces a real (not «бы») condition, and «прогоню» is the perfective future of «прогнать» (to drive out) — a conjugated perfective with future force, 'if I were to drive him out.' Real «если» + perfective future is the open, not counterfactual, conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что неприлично кричит","title":"Causal «за то, что» + imperfective present","body":"«За то, что» ('for the fact that, because') names the ground for expelling him; the imperfective present «кричит» describes his ongoing, repeated shouting. «Неприлично» ('improperly') is the adverbial judgment that colours the whole indignant clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежу","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying лежу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежу (within the как-clause)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежу (within the как-clause)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежу","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благородно (clausal complement of думаю)","gloss":"would it be"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет (w15)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благородно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"благородно","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет, clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прогоню","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прогоню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Михаила","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогоню","gloss":"Mihail"},{"surface":"Ивановича","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаила","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прогоню","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прогоню","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause modifying благородно","gloss":"I drive out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прогоню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"improperly"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"my (place)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гостя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"guest"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c2-s135","source":"И вот верите ли: лежу, закрыла глаза и думаю: будет или не будет благородно, и не могу решить, и мучаюсь, мучаюсь, и сердце бьется: крикнуть аль не крикнуть?","translation":"And, would you believe it: I lie there, I have closed my eyes, and I think — would it be noble or not — and I cannot decide, and I am in torment, in torment, and my heart is pounding: to cry out, or not to cry out?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» in «верите ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused verb «верите» to form the appeal 'would you believe it?' More literary than bare question intonation, «ли» is a favourite Dostoevskian tag for buttonholing the listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучаюsь, мучаюсь, и сердце бьется","title":"Reflexive «-ся» middles for inner states","body":"«Мучаюсь» (I am tormented) and «бьётся» (is pounding) both carry «-ся» as middle/intransitive markers of an inner, self-affecting process. The doubled «мучаюсь, мучаюсь» and the present tense render the live, ongoing agitation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«Аль» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или / или же» ('or'). «Крикнуть аль не крикнуть?» ('to cry out, or not?') drops into a homely, almost peasant register at the climax of her dithering — a small but pointed shift of voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause listed after верите","gloss":"I lie there"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежу","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежу","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благородно, clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"would it be"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет (w13)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благородно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"благородно","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучаюсь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"torment myself"},{"surface":"мучаюсь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with мучаюсь (w20)","gloss":"torment myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бьется","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"бьется","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучаюсь","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"крикнуть","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"head of the rhetorical question after бьется","gloss":"to cry out"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнуть (w28)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крикнуть","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнуть (w25)","gloss":"to cry out"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c2-s136","source":"Один голос говорит: кричи, а другой говорит: нет, не кричи!","translation":"One voice says: cry out, and another says: no, do not cry out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Один голос … а другой","title":"Correlative «один … другой» joined by «а»","body":"«Один … а другой» ('one … and/while the other') sets two voices in balanced contrast, the hinge «а» marking the opposition without strong adversative force. The imperatives «кричи» / «не кричи» (cry out / don't) dramatize the inner split."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies голос","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"cry out!"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит (w7)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит (w3)","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"clausal complement of говорит (w7)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи (w10)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"cry out!"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c2-s137","source":"Только что этот другой голос сказал, я вдруг и закричала и вдруг упала в обморок.","translation":"The instant that second voice had spoken, I suddenly cried out and suddenly fell down in a faint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что … сказал, я вдруг и закричала","title":"«только что» + perfective past — 'the instant that'","body":"«Только что … сказал» here means 'the moment / as soon as he had said,' with «сказал» perfective for the completed cue, and the main «закричала» (perfective, 'I cried out') following at once. The «и» before «закричала» underlines immediacy: 'and at that I cried out.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упала в обморок","title":"«упасть в обморок» — to faint","body":"The set phrase «упасть в обморок» = 'to fall into a faint, to swoon.' «Обморок» is a loss of consciousness; the perfective «упала» marks the single completed collapse — the theatrical climax she has been building toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что ('the instant that')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Только, introduces the subordinate clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate только что-clause","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричала (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричала","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обморок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обморок","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"a faint"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c2-s138","source":"Ну, тут, разумеется, шум.","translation":"Well, then, of course, an uproar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут … шум","title":"Verbless nominal sentence","body":"«Тут, разумеется, шум» has no verb at all — just 'then, of course, [an] uproar.' Russian freely drops the copula and even a verb of occurrence, leaving the bare nominative «шум» to register the event with breathless economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шум","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies шум","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"uproar"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c2-s139","source":"Я вдруг встаю и говорю Михаилу Ивановичу: мне горько вам объявить, но я не желаю вас более принимать в моем доме.","translation":"I suddenly get up and say to Mihail Ivanovich: it grieves me to tell you so, but I no longer wish to receive you in my house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорю Михаилу Ивановичу","title":"Dative addressee «Михаилу Ивановичу»","body":"«Говорю» ('I say') takes its addressee in the dative — 'I say to Mihail Ivanovich.' Both the first name «Михаилу» and the patronymic «Ивановичу» decline together in the dative, the respectful name-plus-patronymic form of address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне горько вам объявить","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне горько»","body":"«Мне горько … объявить» is an impersonal experiencer construction: the dative «мне» feels, the predicate «горько» ('[it is] bitter/grievous'), no nominative subject — 'it grieves me to tell you.' This dative-first framing of feeling pervades Dostoevsky's emotional speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"принимать","title":"«принимать» — to receive (a guest)","body":"«Принимать» in this social sense means 'to receive, to admit as a visitor.' «Не желаю вас более принимать» = 'I no longer wish to receive you' — the formal language of cutting off a caller, fitting her grand 'scene.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встаю","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встаю","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Михаилу","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"Mihail"},{"surface":"Ивановичу","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаилу","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of горько","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"grieves"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on горько","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горько","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимать","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c2-s140","source":"Так и выгнала.","translation":"And so I turned him out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и выгнала","title":"Resultative «так и» + perfective","body":"«Так и выгнала» — 'and so I just turned him out.' The pairing «так и» before a perfective verb conveys 'and that's exactly what happened / so I went and did it,' a colloquial seal on a decisive completed act. «Выгнала» is perfective past of «выгнать» (to drive out, the prefix «вы-» = out)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгнала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on Так (idiom 'так и' = 'simply, just')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"выгнала","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned him out"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c2-s141","source":"Ах, Алексей Федорович!","translation":"Ah, Alexei Fyodorovich!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексей Федорович","title":"Name-plus-patronymic address «Алексей Фёдорович»","body":"She addresses Alyosha with the full respectful name-plus-patronymic, «Алексей Фёдорович» ('son of Fyodor'). The patronymic «-ович» marks deference and warmth at once; she will also call him by the intimate diminutive «Алёша» elsewhere, the shift itself a measure of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c2-s142","source":"Я сама знаю, что скверно сделала, я всё лгала, я вовсе на него не сердилась, но мне вдруг, главное вдруг, показалось, что это будет так хорошо, эта сцена…","translation":"I know myself that I behaved badly, I was lying through it all, I was not in the least angry with him, but suddenly — chiefly suddenly — it seemed to me that it would be so fine, this scene…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе на него не сердилась","title":"Emphatic negation «вовсе … не»","body":"«Вовсе … не» intensifies the negation to 'not in the least, not at all': «вовсе на него не сердилась» = 'I was not in the slightest angry with him.' «Сердиться на + accusative» ('to be angry at') is reflexive «-ся»; «него» is the post-preposition «н-» form of «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне … показалось, что это будет так хорошо","title":"Impersonal «мне показалось» + future predicate","body":"«Мне показалось» ('it seemed to me') is another dative-experiencer impersonal, here governing «что это будет так хорошо» — 'that this would be so fine,' with «будет» the future of быть inside reported thought. The repeated «вдруг» ('suddenly') stresses the impulse's abruptness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скверно","lemma":"скверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лгала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of лгала","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"лгала","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердилась","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердилась","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"was angry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies показалось","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, modifies главное","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to хорошо","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"nice"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцена","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to это (w23)","gloss":"scene"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c2-s143","source":"Только верите ли, эта сцена все-таки была натуральна, потому что я даже расплакалась и несколько дней потом плакала, а потом вдруг после обеда всё и позабыла.","translation":"Only, would you believe it, the scene turned out to be natural all the same, because I even burst into tears and went on weeping for several days afterward, and then suddenly, after dinner one day, I forgot the whole thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"натуральна","title":"«натуральный» — genuine, real","body":"«Натуральна» (short fem. of «натуральный») here means 'natural, genuine, real' — the scene she had staged turned out to be sincere after all. The faintly fashionable foreign word suits her salon idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расплакалась … позабыла","title":"Inceptive «рас-» perfectives","body":"«Расплакалась» (burst into tears) and «позабыла» (forgot) are perfectives marking single completed turns; the prefix «рас-» in «расплакаться» gives the sudden onset of weeping, «-ся» the middle sense. The run «расплакалась … плакала … позабыла» moves event–background–event in classic aspect alternation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse clause introducing натуральна","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцена","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of натуральна","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies натуральна (idiom все-таки)","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of the idiom все-таки, modifies натуральна","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking сцена to натуральна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"натуральна","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of расплакалась","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расплакалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расплакалась","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"расплакалась","lemma":"расплакаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on натуральна","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of плакала","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расплакалась","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабыла","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позабыла","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позабыла (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позабыла","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расплакалась","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c2-s144","source":"Вот он и перестал ходить уже две недели, я и думаю: да неужто ж он совсем не придет?","translation":"And so he stopped coming, a whole two weeks now, and I keep thinking: can it be that he won't come at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестал ходить","title":"«перестать» + imperfective; multidirectional «ходить»","body":"«Перестать» (to cease) takes an imperfective infinitive — «ходить», the multidirectional motion verb for habitual, repeated visiting ('to come round, frequent'), not a single trip. 'He stopped coming' = he broke off his regular visits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да неужто ж он совсем не придет?","title":"Particles «неужто» and «ж»","body":"«Неужто» is a folksy, archaic variant of «неужели» ('can it really be that…?'), expressing incredulous doubt, and the clitic «ж» (= «же») adds insistence. Together with «да» they pile on the anxious, colloquial colour: 'can it really be he won't come at all?' «Придёт» is perfective future of «прийти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестал (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies две","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"keep thinking"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c2-s145","source":"Это еще вчера, а вдруг к вечеру приходят эти «Слухи».","translation":"That was only yesterday, and then suddenly, toward evening, these 'Rumors' arrive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходят эти «Слухи»","title":"Prefixed motion «приходят» of an arriving object","body":"«Приходят» (imperfective of «приходить/прийти», 'to arrive') has the directional prefix «при-» and is here used wittily of an arriving thing — the newspaper issues. The historic present keeps the scene live."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (было)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходят","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходят","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Слухи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"Слухи","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приходят","gloss":"'Rumors'","note":"«Слухи» ('Rumors') is the name of the local gossip-sheet/newspaper, capitalized and quoted in the source."}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c2-s146","source":"Прочла и ахнула, ну кто же написал, это он написал, пришел тогда домой, сел — и написал; послал — и напечатали.","translation":"I read it and gasped — well, who else wrote it, he wrote it, he went home that time, sat down, and wrote it; he sent it off, and they printed it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел … сел … написал … послал … напечатали","title":"Chain of perfectives driving the narrative","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «пришёл, сел, написал, послал, напечатали» (came, sat, wrote, sent, printed) — moves the story forward event by completed event, each a single bounded act. The breathless asyndeton mimics her excited reconstruction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же написал","title":"Emphatic «же» with «кто»","body":"«Ну кто же написал» ('well, who else could have written it') uses the particle «же» after the interrogative «кто» to press the rhetorical question — the answer is obvious to her. «Же» here means roughly 'on earth / else,' insisting on the self-evident."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочла","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я elided)","gloss":"I read it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ахнула","lemma":"ахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прочла","gloss":"gasped"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of написал (w7)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ахнула","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написал (w10)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал (w10)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"restates написал (w7)","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ахнула","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал (w16)","gloss":"sent it off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напечатали","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал (subject 'they' implied)","gloss":"they printed it"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c2-s147","source":"Ведь это две недели как было.","translation":"And that, you see, was two weeks ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь это … как было","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence as an appeal to shared knowledge — 'you see / after all' — flagging the fact as something the listener should register with her. «Две недели как было» idiomatically = 'it was two weeks ago,' the «как» dating the event back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying было","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom недели как было ('weeks ago')","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to недели","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c2-s148","source":"Только, Алеша, ужас я что говорю, а вовсе не говорю, об чем надо?","translation":"Only, Alyosha, heavens, what am I saying — and am I not talking about the wrong thing altogether, not about what I ought to?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об чем надо","title":"Archaic «об чем» and impersonal «надо»","body":"«Об чём» is a colloquial/older variant of «о чём» ('about what'), with «об» kept before the consonant. «Надо» ('one ought, it is necessary') is an impersonal modal taking no nominative subject — 'about what one ought [to speak].' The whole is an anxious self-correction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ужас я что говорю","title":"«ужас» as an intensifying interjection","body":"«Ужас» (horror, terror) is thrown in here as an exclamatory intensifier — 'heavens, what am I saying!' — not as a true noun in the clause. This loose, emphatic use of «ужас» (cf. «ужас как» = 'awfully') is a marker of agitated colloquial speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"heavens"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю (w10)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю (w6)","gloss":"am talking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю (w10)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем ('what is needed')","gloss":"is needed"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c2-s149","source":"Ах, само говорится!","translation":"Ah, it simply runs on of its own accord!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"само говорится","title":"Middle «-ся»: 'it speaks itself'","body":"«Само говорится» uses reflexive «-ся» in its impersonal/middle sense — 'it says itself, it runs on of its own accord' — with «само» ('itself') reinforcing the spontaneity. The construction lets the talk seem to flow without a willing speaker, a perfect image of her own unstoppable chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to говорится","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of говорится","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"говорится","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"runs on"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c2-s150","source":"— Мне сегодня ужасно как нужно поспеть вовремя к брату, — пролепетал было Алеша.","translation":"\"Today I am terribly anxious to reach my brother in good time,\" Alyosha managed to falter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно как нужно поспеть","title":"Impersonal «нужно» + intensifier «ужасно как»","body":"«Мне … нужно поспеть» is impersonal-modal: dative «мне» plus «нужно» ('I must / need to') and the perfective infinitive «поспеть» ('to get there in time'). «Ужасно как» ('terribly, awfully') is a colloquial intensifier — 'I'm dreadfully anxious to be in time.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетал было","title":"Perfective past + «было» (the 'almost' marker)","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past («пролепетал было») marks an action begun or attempted but cut short or undone — Alyosha 'started to falter out' his excuse before being interrupted. This «было» is a distinctive, near-untranslatable nuance of literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to falter out, babble","body":"«Пролепетать» (perfective of «лепетать», to babble/lisp) means to bring out timidly, in a faltering murmur. It paints Alyosha as overwhelmed, barely able to get a word in against her flood — vivid characterization in a single verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies нужно (colloquial, together with ужасно)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"поспеть","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"to arrive in time"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспеть","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспеть","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"managed to falter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пролепетал (aspectual particle, 'started to')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c2-s151","source":"— Именно, именно!","translation":"\"Just so, just so!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Именно","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c2-s152","source":"Вы мне всё напомнили!","translation":"You've reminded me of everything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы мне всё напомнили","title":"«напомнить» with dative person, accusative thing","body":"«Напомнить» (to remind) takes the person in the dative («мне») and the thing in the accusative («всё») — 'you reminded me of everything.' The perfective marks a single completed jolt of memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напомнили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of напомнили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напомнили","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"напомнили","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reminded"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c2-s153","source":"Послушайте, что такое аффект?","translation":"Listen, what is 'temporary insanity'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аффект","title":"аффект — a legal/psychological term, not 'affection'","body":"«Аффект» is a false friend: it does NOT mean English 'affect/affection.' In Russian it is a psychological and legal term for a state of overwhelming passion or temporary loss of self-control — the basis of a diminished-responsibility defence («состояние аффекта»). Madame Hohlakov has just picked up this fashionable courtroom buzzword from the newly reformed law courts. We render it 'temporary insanity' / 'a state of passion' here, the nearest English legal equivalent; keep in mind the Russian word is the same clinical-sounding term throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что такое аффект?","title":"Definitional «что такое…?»","body":"«Что такое X?» is the fixed frame for asking a definition — 'what is X? / what does X mean?' — distinct from a plain «что?» Here it sets up her whole muddled lecture on legal «аффект»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of аффект, clausal complement of Послушайте","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что такое ('what is')","gloss":"(is)"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"temporary insanity","note":"«аффект» is the legal/psychiatric term for a fit of passion that diminishes criminal responsibility — rendered here as 'temporary insanity.'"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c2-s154","source":"— Какой аффект? — удивился Алеша.","translation":"\"What temporary insanity?\" Alyosha was taken aback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивился","title":"Reflexive «удивиться» — to be astonished","body":"«Удивился» (perfective, with reflexive «-ся») means 'was surprised, taken aback' — the «-ся» marks the inner change of state. A neat one-word stage direction for Alyosha's bafflement at her jargon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of аффект","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory question","gloss":"temporary insanity"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taken aback"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c2-s155","source":"— Судебный аффект.","translation":"\"Forensic insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Судебный аффект","title":"«судебный» — forensic, of the courts","body":"«Судебный» (from «суд», court) means 'judicial, forensic, of the law courts.' «Судебный аффект» is her garbled coinage — 'courtroom insanity,' the legally exculpatory passion. The adjective ties the fashionable term to the new judiciary she so admires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"forensic"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"insanity"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c2-s156","source":"Такой аффект, за который всё прощают.","translation":"The kind of insanity for which one is forgiven everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за который всё прощают","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative + impersonal «прощают»","body":"«За который» — «который» governed by «за» ('for which') — opens the relative clause, agreeing with «аффект» in gender/number but taking the case «за» demands. «Прощают» is a 3rd-plural 'they pardon' used impersonally ('one is forgiven'), a common subjectless device."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of аффект","gloss":"that kind of"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"insanity","note":"Legal term for temporary insanity / an irresistible impulse — the courtroom fad Dostoevsky is satirizing throughout this scene."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of за, referring back to аффект","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прощают","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прощают","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on аффект","gloss":"they forgive"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c2-s157","source":"Что бы вы ни сделали — вас сейчас простят.","translation":"Whatever you may have done — they pardon you at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что бы вы ни сделали","title":"Concessive «что бы … ни» — 'whatever you may'","body":"«Что бы … ни» is the concessive-universal frame: interrogative «что» + «бы» + «ни» + past-form verb = 'whatever you may have done.' Note the «ни» (not «не») intensifying inside this construction, distinct from plain negation. «Простят» is perfective future, 'they will pardon.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of что бы ни (concessive)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что бы ни (concessive)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may have done"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of простят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простят","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сделали","gloss":"they pardon"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c2-s158","source":"— Да вы про что это?","translation":"\"But what are you talking about?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да вы про что это?","title":"Particle «да» + colloquial «про что»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an emphatic, slightly impatient opener — 'but…, now…'. «Про что» ('about what') is the colloquial «про + accusative» for the topic of speech, looser than «о чём». The dangling «это» adds the spoken 'what is this you're on about?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the omitted copula","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the omitted copula","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c2-s159","source":"— А вот про что: эта Катя…","translation":"\"Why, about this: that Katya…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта Катя","title":"Demonstrative «эта» + diminutive «Катя»","body":"«Эта Катя» ('this Katya') uses the near demonstrative «этот» (fem. «эта») in its colloquial, topic-introducing sense — 'this Katya [of ours].' «Катя» is the familiar diminutive of «Екатерина», warm and intimate."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"just this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to что","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c2-s160","source":"Ах, это милое, милое существо, только я никак не знаю, в кого она влюблена.","translation":"Ah, what a sweet, sweet creature she is — only I can't for the life of me tell who it is she is in love with.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"существо","title":"«существо» — a 'creature, being'","body":"«Существо» (neuter, from «существовать», to exist) means 'a being, a creature,' used affectionately of a person — 'what a sweet creature.' The doubled endearment «милое, милое существо» is pure Hohlakov gush."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в кого она влюблена","title":"«влюблён в + accusative» and short participle","body":"«Влюблена» is the short passive participle of «влюбиться» used predicatively ('is in love'), governing «в + accusative» for the object of love — «в кого» ('with whom'). «Никак не знаю» piles emphatic «никак» ('in no way') onto the negation: 'I simply cannot tell.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существо (copula omitted)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with милое","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не знаю (emphatic negation)","gloss":"can't at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of влюблена","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влюблена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"влюблена","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"is in love"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c2-s161","source":"Недавно сидела у меня, и я ничего не могла выпытать.","translation":"She sat with me not long ago, and I couldn't get a thing out of her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не могла выпытать","title":"Genitive «ничего» under negation","body":"«Ничего … не могла выпытать» combines the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with the verb's «не» in obligatory negative concord — 'I couldn't get anything out of her.' «Ничего» stands in the genitive as the negated object. «Выпытать» (perfective) = to extract by questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she sat"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of могла","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выпытать","lemma":"выпытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"wheedle out"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c2-s162","source":"Тем более что сама начинает со мною теперь так поверхностно, одним словом, всё об моем здоровье и ничего больше, и даже такой тон принимает, а я и сказала себе: ну и пусть, ну и бог с вами…","translation":"All the more since she herself has begun to be so superficial with me now — in a word, nothing but my health and nothing more, and she even adopts a certain tone — so I said to myself: well, let her, well, God be with you…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем более что","title":"«тем более что» — 'all the more since'","body":"«Тем более что» is a fixed subordinating phrase introducing an added reason, 'especially as, all the more because.' «Тем более» (lit. 'by that much more') is itself an instrumental-of-degree idiom. It chains her grievances together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со мною … об моем здоровье","title":"Archaic «со мною», «об моём»","body":"«Со мною» (instrumental of «я» after «с») uses the longer, more bookish ending «-ою» beside modern «мной»; «об моём» again keeps «об» before a consonant for «о моём». Both are mildly old-fashioned, spoken-genteel forms typical of the period and of her fussy register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог с вами","title":"«бог с вами» — 'God be with you / never mind'","body":"«Бог с вами» (lit. 'God [be] with you') is a set phrase of resigned dismissal or letting-go — 'oh, very well; let it be; bless you.' Here, with «ну и пусть» ('well, let her'), it signals her wounded shrug at Katya's coolness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of тем более что (idiom)","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тем более что (idiom)","gloss":"more so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинает","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is beginning"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверхностно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверхностно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поверхностно","lemma":"поверхностно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинает","gloss":"superficially"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of одним словом (idiom)","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of одним словом (idiom)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, elliptical, parallel to ничего больше","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всё","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject, coordinated with всё","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимает","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинает","gloss":"adopts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начинает","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to бог","gloss":"let her"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom бог с вами","gloss":"God","note":"«Бог с вами» is a set idiom of resigned dismissal — roughly \"never mind, so be it.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бог (idiom)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c2-s163","source":"Ах да, ну так вот этот аффект: этот доктор и приехал.","translation":"Oh yes, well, so about this temporary insanity: that doctor has arrived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот доктор и приехал","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb; «приехать»","body":"The «и» in «этот доктор и приехал» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle, 'this very doctor did arrive / has indeed come.' «Приехал» is the perfective prefixed motion verb «приехать» (to arrive by vehicle), «при-» giving the sense of reaching a destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of аффект","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"temporary insanity"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"arrive"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c2-s164","source":"Вы знаете, что приехал доктор?","translation":"Do you know that a doctor has come?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"a doctor"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c2-s165","source":"Ну как вам не знать, который узнает сумасшедших, вы же и выписали, то есть не вы, а Катя.","translation":"Well, how could you not know — the one who diagnoses the insane, why, you were the very ones who sent for him — that is, not you, but Katya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вам не знать","title":"«как вам не знать» — rhetorical dative + infinitive","body":"«Как вам не знать» fuses a dative «вам» with an infinitive «знать» into a rhetorical exclamation — 'how could you not know! / of course you know.' The dative-plus-infinitive frames an obligation or self-evident expectation, here pressed home with affectionate insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который узнает сумасшедших","title":"Relative «который» as clause subject","body":"«Который узнаёт сумасшедших» ('the one who recognizes/diagnoses the insane') has «который» as the nominative subject of its own clause, agreeing with the implied 'doctor.' «Сумасшедших» is genitive/accusative animate plural ('the mad'), an adjective used as a noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выписали","title":"«выписать» — to send for, summon","body":"«Выписать» here means 'to send for, order in' (a specialist from elsewhere) — literally 'to write out [a request for].' «Вы же и выписали» = 'you were the very ones who sent for him,' the «же» insisting on her listener's own role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of знать","gloss":"could you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause (как вам не знать)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying the doctor (understood antecedent)","gloss":"diagnoses"},{"surface":"сумасшедших","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of узнает","gloss":"the insane"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выписали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выписали","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"выписали","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent for him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of то есть (idiom)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of то есть (idiom)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate, parallel to выписали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вы","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c2-s166","source":"Всё Катя!","translation":"It is all Katya!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Всё (copula omitted)","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c2-s167","source":"Ну так видите: сидит человек совсем не сумасшедший, только вдруг у него аффект.","translation":"Well, so you see: a man sits there entirely sane, only all at once he is seized by this temporary insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него аффект","title":"Possessive «у + genitive» for a state","body":"«У него аффект» ('he has [an attack of] insanity') uses the «у + genitive» possessive pattern — literally 'by him [there is] insanity' — Russian's normal way of saying 'someone has X,' here extended to a sudden mental state. «Него» is the post-preposition «н-» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видите","gloss":"there sits"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумасшедший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying человек","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause у него аффект","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у (possessive construction)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive construction (у него аффект)","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c2-s168","source":"Он и помнит себя и знает, что делает, а между тем он в аффекте.","translation":"He is in possession of himself and knows what he is doing, and yet all the while he is in a state of insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помнит себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'is himself'","body":"«Помнит себя» (lit. 'remembers himself') is the idiom for being in possession of one's wits, fully conscious — the full object pronoun «себя» refers back to the subject and has no nominative. Contrast the bound clitic «-ся»: «себя» is a free word here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем","title":"Adversative «а между тем» — 'and yet'","body":"«А между тем» ('and yet, and all the while') pairs the contrastive «а» with «между тем» ('meanwhile') to mark the paradox she relishes: he knows what he does, and yet is 'in a state of insanity.' It is the rhetorical pivot of her whole muddled argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"помнит","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помнит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помнит","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"he's doing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom между тем)","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of между тем (idiom)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate complement","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (copula omitted)","gloss":"a state of insanity"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c2-s169","source":"Ну так вот и с Дмитрием Федоровичем, наверно, был аффект.","translation":"Well, so it must have been with Dmitri Fyodorovich too — surely it was a state of insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Дмитрием Федоровичем","title":"Instrumental after «с»; name-plus-patronymic","body":"«С Дмитрием Фёдоровичем» — «с» ('with') governs the instrumental, and both the name «Дмитрием» and patronymic «Фёдоровичем» take the instrumental ending «-ом/-ем» together. The full name-plus-patronymic gives Dmitri his formal, respectful designation even in her gossip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c2-s170","source":"Это как новые суды открыли, так сейчас и узнали про аффект.","translation":"As soon as the new courts were opened, they learned all about temporary insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как … открыли, так сейчас и узнали","title":"Correlative «как …, так … и» — 'as soon as'","body":"«Как … открыли, так … и узнали» is the 'no sooner … than / as soon as' correlative: «как» + perfective, answered by «так … и» + perfective, the «и» again emphatic. «Открыли» / «узнали» are impersonal 3rd-plural perfectives ('they opened / learned'), the subject left vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the как…так clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies суды","gloss":"the new"},{"surface":"суды","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открыли","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"открыли","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"were opened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of как, modifies узнали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they learned"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффект","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"temporary insanity"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c2-s171","source":"Это благодеяние новых судов.","translation":"It is a blessing bestowed by the new courts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодеяние","title":"«благодеяние» — a benefaction, blessing","body":"«Благодеяние» ('good deed, benefaction, boon') is a bookish, faintly elevated compound from «благо» (good) + «деяние» (deed) — the «благо-» element is a Church-Slavonic flavoured prefix common in lofty vocabulary. Her grand word for the reformed courts, slightly comic in her mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of благодеяние","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"благодеяние","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a blessing"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies судов","gloss":"of the new"},{"surface":"судов","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies благодеяние","gloss":"courts"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c2-s172","source":"Доктор этот был и расспрашивает меня про тот вечер, ну про золотые прииски: каков, дескать, он тогда был?","translation":"That doctor came and questioned me about that evening — well, about the gold mines: what sort of state was he in then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был и расспрашивает","title":"Mixed past «был» and historic present «расспрашивает»","body":"She shifts mid-sentence from past «был» ('came/was here') to the vivid historic present «расспрашивает» ('questions'), staging the interview as live. «Расспрашивать» (imperfective, «рас-» = thoroughly, all about) marks the drawn-out, probing questioning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«Дескать» is a particle flagging reported or second-hand speech and the speaker's slight detachment from it — 'so to say, supposedly, as if to ask.' Here it tints the doctor's question: 'what sort of state, he says, was he in?' A favourite tic of colloquial narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивает","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Доктор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel main verb, coordinated with расспрашивает","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расспрашивает","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивает","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прииски","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"the gold"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вечер","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun (predicative), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он in the reported question","gloss":"what state"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"discourse marker flagging reported speech","gloss":"he said","note":"«Дескать» flags the following clause as someone else's reported words, roughly \"he goes\" or \"quote-unquote.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the reported question (каков он был)","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c2-s173","source":"Как же не в аффекте — пришел и кричит: денег, денег, три тысячи, давайте три тысячи, а потом пошел и вдруг убил.","translation":"How could he not have been in a state of insanity — he came in shouting: money, money, three thousand, give me three thousand, and then he went off and suddenly killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же не в аффекте","title":"Rhetorical «как же не…» with «же»","body":"«Как же не в аффекте» ('how could he not be in a state of insanity!') is a rhetorical question with emphatic «же», expecting agreement — of course he was. «В аффекте» is the prepositional of state ('in [a state of] X'). The double negative-rhetoric drives her foregone conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел … пошел … убил","title":"Perfective motion + perfective event chain","body":"«Пришёл» (came, «при-») and «пошёл» (set off, «по-») are prefixed perfective motion verbs framing the action, capped by «убил» (killed). The bare succession of perfectives — arrival, departure, deed — and the stark «вдруг убил» ('and suddenly killed') give the murder its abrupt, dreadful finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the rhetorical question (copula omitted)","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of кричит (exclamation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with денег","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with денег","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"give me"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давайте","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c2-s174","source":"Не хочу, говорит, не хочу убивать, и вдруг убил.","translation":"I don't want to, he says, I don't want to kill — and suddenly he killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочу … не хочу убивать, и вдруг убил","title":"Imperfective «убивать» vs perfective «убил»","body":"The aspect contrast is the whole point: «не хочу убивать» uses the imperfective infinitive for the act-as-such he refuses ('I don't want to be killing / to do the killing'), while «убил» is perfective for the single completed deed. Russian sets the willed process against the accomplished fact in one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"contrastive clause to хочу","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c2-s175","source":"Вот за это-то самое его и простят, что противился, а убил.","translation":"It is for that very thing that they will pardon him: that he struggled against it, and yet killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за это-то самое","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «это»","body":"«За это-то самое» foregrounds the cause with the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» ('for that very thing, precisely that') plus «самое». Distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», this «-то» underlines a known, stressed topic — the crux of her perverse logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что противился","title":"Reflexive imperfective «противился»","body":"«Противился» is the imperfective past of «противиться» (to resist, oppose, a «-ся»-only verb governing the dative) — 'that he struggled against it.' The imperfective stresses the ongoing inner resistance, set against the perfective «убил» that follows. «Что» introduces the explanatory clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, part of это-то самое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"attached to это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это (это-то самое = this very thing)","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll forgive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of противился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"противился","lemma":"противиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of простят","gloss":"he resisted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with противился","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c2-s176","source":"— Да ведь он же не убил, — немного резко прервал Алеша.","translation":"\"But he didn't kill anyone,\" Alyosha interrupted, rather sharply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он же не убил","title":"Particle stack «да ведь … же»","body":"Alyosha's protest piles three particles: «да» (but/now), «ведь» (after all, appealing to fact), and «же» (insisting) — 'but he didn't actually kill anyone, you know!' Such clustering of modal particles is the very texture of Dostoevskian dialogue, carrying emphasis English can only suggest by intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резко","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c2-s177","source":"Беспокойство и нетерпение одолевали его всё больше и больше.","translation":"Unease and impatience were mastering him more and more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Беспокойство и нетерпение одолевали его","title":"Inanimate subjects 'master' the object","body":"«Беспокойство и нетерпение одолевали его» ('unease and impatience were overcoming him') makes the emotions the grammatical subject and the person the accusative object «его» — a characteristic Russian framing where feelings act upon a passive sufferer. «Одолевали» is imperfective for the mounting, ongoing pressure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё больше и больше","title":"«всё больше и больше» — 'more and more'","body":"«Всё больше и больше» uses «всё» as an intensifier with the doubled comparative «больше» to express steady increase — 'more and more.' The comparative «больше» is the suppletive form to «много/большой». It paints Alyosha's swelling agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одолевали","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нетерпение","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Беспокойство","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"одолевали","lemma":"одолевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were mastering"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одолевали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всё больше и больше (idiom)","gloss":"more and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies одолевали","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c2-s178","source":"— Знаю, это убил тот старик Григорий…","translation":"\"I know — it was that old man Grigory who killed him…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это убил тот старик Григорий","title":"Fronted «это» + demonstrative «тот»","body":"«Это убил тот старик Григорий» fronts «это» as the topic ('it was killed-by…') and uses the far demonstrative «тот» ('that') to single out 'that old man Grigory.' The free word order puts the climactic agent «Григорий» last, in focus position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of убил, referring to Fyodor Pavlovich","gloss":"him","note":"Cleft-like construction — «это» stands for the victim (Fyodor Pavlovich), already known from the surrounding conversation, not for Grigory."},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c2-s179","source":"— Как Григорий? — вскричал Алеша.","translation":"\"How, Grigory?\" Alyosha cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскричал","title":"«вскричать» — to cry out, exclaim","body":"«Вскричал» (perfective, prefix «вс-/вз-» giving a sudden upward burst) is the bookish narrative verb for a sharp exclamation — 'cried out, exclaimed.' Common in 19th-century prose for dialogue tags; it conveys Alyosha's startled outburst at her accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative modifying Григорий (elliptical clause)","gloss":"what do you mean"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c2-s180","source":"— Он, он, это Григорий.","translation":"\"It was he, it was he, it was Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он, он, это Григорий","title":"Emphatic repetition and nominal «это Григорий»","body":"The reduplicated pronoun «он, он» ('he, he') and the verbless «это Григорий» ('it [was] Grigory') show the copula dropped in the present and the subject hammered by repetition. The bare nominatives, with no verb, render her insistent, breathless certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Григорий (copula omitted)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Он","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Григорий (copula omitted)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (copula omitted)","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c2-s181","source":"Дмитрий Федорович как ударил его, так он лежал, а потом встал, видит, дверь отворена, пошел и убил Федора Павловича.","translation":"When Dmitri Fyodorovich struck him, he lay there, and then he got up, sees the door standing open, went in and killed Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ударил его, так он лежал","title":"Folk «как… так…» narration","body":"This «как… так…» pairing ('the moment he struck him, so he lay…') is a colloquial, almost peasant storytelling rhythm, stringing events with paratactic conjunctions rather than subordination. It marks the unschooled, breathless register of the speaker (Madame Hohlakov reporting servant gossip)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видит","title":"Vivid present amid past narration","body":"The string of perfective pasts «лежал… встал… пошел и убил» suddenly drops into the present «видит» ('sees'), the historic present that makes the action immediate and breathless. The surrounding perfectives «встал», «пошел», «убил» each mark a single completed step of the story."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дверь отворена","title":"Short passive participle as result","body":"«отворена» is the short-form past passive participle of «отворить» (to open), here predicative: 'the door [stands] opened'. The short passive with an implied быть states a result reached and still in force — a hallmark of bookish and narrative Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of как, modifies лежал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay there"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворена","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворена","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of дверь (copula omitted)","gloss":"standing open"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c2-s182","source":"— Да зачем, зачем?","translation":"\"But why, why?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да зачем, зачем?","title":"Initial «да» as a conversational hinge","body":"This «да» is not 'yes' but a discourse particle launching an objection or eager interjection — 'but…', 'why…'. It is one of the most frequent texture-words of Dostoevskian dialogue, signalling that the speaker picks up and pushes against what was just said."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with зачем","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c2-s183","source":"— А получил аффект.","translation":"\"He got a fit of temporary insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аффект","title":"«аффект» — the new courtroom buzzword","body":"A learned legal-medical loan (from Latin affectus) meaning a state of diminished responsibility, 'a fit of passion / temporary insanity'. Madame Hohlakov parrots it as the fashionable term of the reformed courts; its repetition throughout the scene satirizes how a piece of expert jargon has seeped into society chatter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А получил","title":"Topic-shifting «а» plus perfective","body":"The mild contrastive «а» opens the answer with a slight pivot ('well, he got…'). «получил» is perfective past — a single completed onset of the «аффект», treating the seizure as one bounded event."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c2-s184","source":"Как Дмитрий Федорович ударил его по голове, он очнулся и получил аффект, пошел и убил.","translation":"When Dmitri Fyodorovich hit him over the head, he came to and was seized by temporary insanity, went off and killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударил его по голове","title":"«по» + dative for 'across/over' the body","body":"To strike someone 'on a body part', Russian uses «по» + dative: «по голове» ('over the head'). The preposition «по» governs the dative and here conveys a blow distributed across a surface rather than to a point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнулся","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of change of state","body":"«очнуться» (perfective) means 'to come to, regain consciousness'. The bound «-ся» here marks an intransitive change of state happening to the subject, not a true reflexive — the man 'came round' rather than doing something to himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on очнулся","gloss":"hit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"was seized by"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"temporary insanity"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c2-s185","source":"А что он говорит сам, что не убил, так этого он, может, и не помнит.","translation":"And as for his saying himself that he didn't kill anyone — why, he simply may not remember it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что он говорит сам, что не убил","title":"Fronted «А что…» topicalization","body":"The sentence hoists its topic to the front — 'And as for [the fact] that he says he didn't kill' — before delivering the comment ('he simply may not remember it'). This left-dislocation, restated by «так этого», is classic Russian topic–comment structuring of loose spoken syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого он, может, и не помнит","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"The negated verb «не помнит» pulls its object into the genitive: «этого» rather than accusative «это». The genitive of negation is near-automatic with abstract, non-specific objects like 'it/that'. The «и» here is the emphatic particle 'even/simply', not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the topicalized что-clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying говорит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical modifying помнит","gloss":"maybe","note":"Parenthetical use of может (\"maybe\"), not the finite verb \"can\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнит","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c2-s186","source":"Только, знаете, лучше, гораздо лучше будет, если Дмитрий Федорович убил.","translation":"Only, you know, it would be better, far better, if it were Dmitri Fyodorovich who had killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо лучше будет","title":"«гораздо» + comparative; future of быть","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better'), intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much'). «будет» is the simple future of «быть» functioning as the copula — 'it will be far better'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если Дмитрий Федорович убил","title":"Real conditional with «если»","body":"A plain factual conditional with «если» plus indicative past «убил» (no «бы»): 'if it was Dmitri who killed'. This is the open, real-condition type — contrast the irrealis «если бы… убил» which would mean 'if he had killed (but he didn't)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with лучше","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лучше","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лучше","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c2-s187","source":"Да это так и было, хоть я и говорю, что Григорий, но это наверно Дмитрий Федорович, и это гораздо, гораздо лучше!","translation":"And so it really was, even though I do say it was Grigory; but no doubt it was Dmitri Fyodorovich, and that is far, far better!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть я и говорю","title":"Concessive «хоть… и»","body":"«хоть» (a clipped «хотя») plus the emphatic «и» forms a concessive: 'even though I do say…'. The «и» before the verb underlines the conceded point. This loose «хоть… но…» pairing is markedly colloquial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это наверно Дмитрий Федорович","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"There is no verb 'to be' here: «это наверно Дмитрий Федорович» = 'it [is] surely Dmitri Fyodorovich'. In the present tense Russian simply omits the copula, leaving the predicate noun in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on было","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause of Григорий","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical clausal complement of говорю (\"it was Grigory\")","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Дмитрий","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal after это","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c2-s188","source":"Ах, не потому лучше, что сын отца убил, я не хвалю, дети, напротив, должны почитать родителей, а только все-таки лучше, если это он, потому что вам тогда и плакать нечего, так как он убил, себя не помня или, лучше сказать, всё помня, но не зная, как это с ним сделалось.","translation":"Ah, not better because a son killed his father — I do not praise it; children, on the contrary, ought to honor their parents — but still it is better if it was he, because then you would have nothing to weep over, since he killed without being himself, or, better to say, remembering everything, yet not knowing how it came over him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам тогда и плакать нечего","title":"Dative subject with «нечего» + infinitive","body":"An impersonal construction: the experiencer «вам» stands in the dative, and «нечего» ('there is nothing to') governs the infinitive «плакать» — 'you would have nothing to weep over'. These dative-experiencer, subjectless frames pervade Russian emotional speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя не помня","title":"«не помня себя» — gerund + reflexive object","body":"«помня» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «помнить», naming an attendant circumstance: '[while] not remembering himself'. «себя» is the reflexive pronoun object pointing back to the subject; the whole idiom «не помня себя» means 'beside oneself, out of one's mind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не зная, как это с ним сделалось","title":"Gerund «зная» and the «-ся» of 'happening'","body":"Another imperfective gerund «зная» ('not knowing') frames the final clause. Inside it, «сделалось» is «делаться/сделаться» with «-ся» in its impersonal middle sense 'came about, happened to him' — the deed is depicted as something that befell him rather than something he did."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше, correlates with что (w5)","gloss":"because","note":"потому...что is a split construction meaning \"because\"."},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил, correlates with потому (w3)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of лучше","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хвалю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвалю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хвалю","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"почитать","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"родителей","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of почитать","gloss":"their parents"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше, part of все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"все-таки (\"still, nevertheless\") is one word split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше, part of все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause continued by если","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего, correlates with что (w26)","gloss":"because","note":"потому...что split construction, cf. w3/w5."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нечего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нечего","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun, negative","role":"adverbial clause on лучше","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of убил, correlates with как (w33)","gloss":"since","note":"так как together means \"since, because\"."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on помня","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убил","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parallel structure to помня (w38)","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помня","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделалось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сделалось","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c2-s189","source":"Нет, пусть они его простят; это так гуманно, и чтобы видели благодеяние новых судов, а я-то и не знала, а говорят, это уже давно, и как я вчера узнала, то меня это так поразило, что я тотчас же хотела за вами послать; и потом, коли его простят, то прямо его из суда ко мне обедать, а я созову знакомых, и мы выпьем за новые суды.","translation":"No, let them pardon him; it is so humane, and then people would see the blessing of the new courts — and I knew nothing of it, and they say it has been so this long while, and when I learned of it yesterday it struck me so that I wanted to send for you that very minute; and then, if he is pardoned, let him come straight from the court to dine with me, and I shall invite my acquaintances, and we shall drink to the new courts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть они его простят","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"Russian forms a 'let them…' command with «пусть» plus a finite verb: «пусть простят» ('let them pardon'). It expresses a wish or concession directed at a third party, here urging the new courts to acquit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы видели благодеяние","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы» introduces a purpose clause and requires the past-tense form «видели» (not an infinitive or present): 'so that [people] might see…'. The «чтобы» + past pattern is the standard way Russian expresses willed or intended outcomes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я-то и не знала","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «я» («я-то») foregrounds the known topic with a contrastive emphasis: 'I, for my part, knew nothing'. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» in «что-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic equivalent of «если» ('if'). Sprinkled into Madame Hohlakov's torrent, it adds an old-fashioned, homely flavour beside her French phrases and legal jargon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of простят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гуманно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гуманно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"гуманно","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"благодеяние","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"the blessing"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies судов","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"судов","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies благодеяние","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"indeed","note":"я-то is emphatic \"I\", not the pronoun \"то\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простят","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of давно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifies поразило","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause before поразило","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поразило","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the next clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause after коли-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies его","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (compare пусть)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обедать","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of обедать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive with его","gloss":"to dine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of созову","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"созову","lemma":"созвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обедать","gloss":"will invite"},{"surface":"знакомых","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of созову","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выпьем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with созову","gloss":"will drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суды","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies суды","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"суды","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпьем","gloss":"courts"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c2-s190","source":"Я не думаю, чтоб он был опасен, притом я позову очень много гостей, так что его можно всегда вывести, если он что-нибудь, а потом он может где-нибудь в другом городе быть мировым судьей или чем-нибудь, потому что те, которые сами перенесли несчастие, всех лучше судят.","translation":"I don't think he would be dangerous; besides, I shall invite a great many guests, so that he can always be led out if he does anything, and afterward he might become a justice of the peace somewhere in another town, or something of the kind, because those who have themselves suffered misfortune judge best of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не думаю, чтоб он был опасен","title":"«чтобы» after a negated opinion verb","body":"After the negated «не думаю», the subordinate clause takes «чтоб(ы)» + past «был» rather than «что» + present: this irrealis frame casts doubt on the proposition ('I don't think that he would be dangerous'). «опасен» is a short-form adjective in predicative use."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его можно всегда вывести","title":"Impersonal «можно» + perfective infinitive","body":"«можно» ('it is possible / one can') heads a subjectless modal construction with the perfective infinitive «вывести» ('to lead out'): 'he can always be led out'. The patient «его» is the accusative object; there is no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он что-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» and elided verb","body":"«что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite pronoun 'anything (at all)', formed with the «-нибудь» suffix. The verb is comically left out — 'if he [does] anything' — mimicking flustered speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"те, которые сами перенесли несчастие","title":"Correlative «те, которые…»","body":"«те» (those) is the demonstrative correlative anticipating the relative «которые» ('those who…'). «которые» agrees with «те» in number but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause. «сами» intensifies: 'who have themselves suffered'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опасен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опасен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to опасен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"опасен","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позову","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позову","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позову","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думаю","gloss":"will invite"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on гостей","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of позову","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of можно, correlates with что (w15)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on позову","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывести","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"lead out"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of что-нибудь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of the elided verb (\"does anything\")","gloss":"anything","note":"что-нибудь (\"anything\") is one word split by the tagger."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вывести","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"somewhere","note":"где-нибудь (\"somewhere\") is one word split by the tagger."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to судьей","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"мировым","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьей","gloss":"of the peace"},{"surface":"судьей","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of может","gloss":"a justice"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"coordinated with судьей","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чем-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of судят, correlates with что (w40)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of судят","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of перенесли","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies перенесли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"перенесли","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on те","gloss":"have suffered"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перенесли","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c2-s191","source":"А главное, кто ж теперь не в аффекте, вы, я — все в аффекте, и сколько примеров: сидит человек, поет романс, вдруг ему что-нибудь не понравилось, взял пистолет и убил кого попало, а затем ему все прощают.","translation":"And the main thing — who is not in a state of insanity nowadays? You, I — we are all in a state of insanity, and there are so many examples: a man sits singing a romance, suddenly something doesn't please him, he takes up a pistol and shoots whoever happens to be there, and then everyone forgives him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж теперь не в аффекте","title":"Rhetorical question with particle «ж»","body":"«ж» (a reduced «же») adds insistent, exasperated emphasis to the rhetorical question: 'who, after all, is not in a state of insanity nowadays?' The answer is meant to be 'nobody'. Such modal particles supply the emotional colour English would carry by intonation alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидит человек, поет романс… взял пистолет и убил","title":"Historic present sliding into perfective past","body":"The vignette opens in the vivid present («сидит», «поет») for an unfolding scene, then snaps to perfective pasts («взял», «убил») for the abrupt, completed deed. The aspect/tense switch dramatizes the suddenness of the violence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кого попало","title":"«кого попало» — 'just anyone'","body":"The idiom «кто/кого попало» means 'whoever happens to be there, just anybody at random', with a dismissive shade. «попало» is a frozen neuter past of «попасть»; the phrase signals utter indiscriminateness — he shoots no one in particular."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of аффекте","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто","gloss":"a state of insanity"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of аффекте (w13)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"summarizes вы, я as a group, subject of аффекте (w13)","gloss":"we all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of все","gloss":"a state of insanity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on примеров","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"примеров","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"поет","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"романс","lemma":"романс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поет","gloss":"a romance"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of понравилось","gloss":"something","note":"что-нибудь (\"something\") is one word split by the tagger."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes up"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a pistol"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"shoots"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"попало","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement of кого","gloss":"happens along"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощают","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прощают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прощают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"прощают","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"forgives"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c2-s192","source":"Я это недавно читала, и все доктора подтвердили.","translation":"I read this only recently, and all the doctors confirmed it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я это недавно читала","title":"Imperfective «читала» — the activity, not the result","body":"«читала» is imperfective past: she reports the activity of reading ('I was reading / read about this'), with feminine «-ла» agreement marking the speaker as a woman. A perfective «прочитала» would stress finishing the whole text; here it is the experience that matters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читала","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"читала","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доктора","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подтвердили","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"подтвердили","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with читала","gloss":"confirmed"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c2-s193","source":"Доктора теперь подтверждают, всё подтверждают.","translation":"The doctors confirm everything nowadays, they confirm it all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доктора теперь подтверждают, всё подтверждают","title":"Imperfective present for a general truth","body":"The imperfective present «подтверждают» states a habitual, general fact: 'the doctors confirm [everything] nowadays'. The repetition with «всё» ('everything') gives the satirical sense that medical authority now rubber-stamps any excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подтверждают","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтверждают","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"подтверждают","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтверждают","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"подтверждают","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats подтверждают for emphasis","gloss":"confirm"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c2-s194","source":"Помилуйте, у меня Lise в аффекте, я еще вчера от нее плакала, третьего дня плакала, а сегодня и догадалась, что это у ней просто аффект.","translation":"Mercy on us, my Lise is in a state of insanity — only yesterday I was weeping over her, and the day before too, and today I have realized that it is simply temporary insanity in her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте!» — 'Mercy on us! / Good heavens!'","body":"Literally an imperative 'have mercy (on me)' (polite plural), «помилуйте» has bleached into an exclamation of polite protest or astonishment — 'good heavens!', 'come now!'. It keeps a faint religious colouring from «помиловать», 'to show mercy'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — 'the day before yesterday'","body":"A fixed genitive time-expression meaning 'two days ago, the day before yesterday' (literally 'of the third day'). It is slightly old-fashioned and bookish, common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ней","title":"«у ней» — the older third-person form","body":"«у ней» is the 19th-century / colloquial variant of standard «у неё» ('in her'). Such pronoun forms pepper Dostoevsky's dialogue and mark period speech rather than error."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mercy on us"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement, marks Lise as \"my\"","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject, modified by в аффекте","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing Lise","gloss":"a state of insanity"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Помилуйте","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня, part of the idiom третьего дня","gloss":"the day before","note":"третьего дня together is an idiom for \"the day before yesterday\"."},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying плакала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Помилуйте","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадалась","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадалась","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"догадалась","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помилуйте","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of аффект","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of аффект","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of догадалась","gloss":"temporary insanity"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c2-s195","source":"Ох, Lise меня так огорчает!","translation":"Oh, Lise distresses me so!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lise меня так огорчает","title":"Object before verb for emphasis","body":"The object «меня» sits before the verb «огорчает», throwing the weight onto the speaker's suffering: 'Lise distresses me so!'. Free word order lets Russian foreground the wounded 'me' without any special construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of огорчает","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of огорчает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огорчает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"огорчает","lemma":"огорчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"distresses"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c2-s196","source":"Я думаю, она совсем помешалась.","translation":"I think she has gone quite out of her mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она совсем помешалась","title":"«помешаться» — «-ся» change of state","body":"«помешалась» (perfective, feminine past) is «помешаться» 'to go mad', where «-ся» marks an intransitive change of state befalling the subject. «совсем» ('quite, completely') intensifies — 'she has gone quite out of her mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помешалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помешалась","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"помешалась","lemma":"помешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"has gone mad"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c2-s197","source":"Зачем она вас позвала?","translation":"Why did she summon you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем она вас позвала?","title":"Perfective «позвала» — a single summons","body":"«позвала» is perfective past (feminine): one completed act of summoning, 'why did she call you?'. The perfective frames it as a discrete event, the trigger for Alyosha's visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позвала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summon"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c2-s198","source":"Она вас позвала, или вы сами к ней пришли?","translation":"Did she summon you, or did you come to her of your own accord?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами к ней пришли","title":"Prefixed motion verb «прийти»","body":"«пришли» is the perfective «прийти» ('to come, arrive'), a prefixed motion verb where «при-» supplies the direction (arrival) and makes the pair ordinary perfective/imperfective. «сами» ('yourself') stresses that he came of his own accord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позвала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвала","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c2-s199","source":"— Да, она звала, и я пойду сейчас к ней, — встал было решительно Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, she sent for me, and I am going to her now,\" said Alyosha, getting up resolutely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал было решительно Алеша","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or about to happen but then checked or reversed: «встал было» = 'started to get up [but…]'. This special «было» (unstressed, invariable) is a subtle 19th-century narrative device showing a movement nipped in the bud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative particle opening the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of звала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"звала","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with звала","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"got up","note":"встал было ('got up, [but]') marks an action begun and then interrupted."},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, past","role":"marks встал as begun then broken off","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c2-s200","source":"— Ах, милый, милый Алексей Федорович, тут-то, может быть, и самое главное, — вскрикнула госпожа Хохлакова, вдруг заплакав.","translation":"\"Ah, dear, dear Alexei Fyodorovich, this — this perhaps is the very heart of the matter,\" Madame Hohlakov cried out, suddenly bursting into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг заплакав","title":"Perfective gerund «заплакав»","body":"«заплакав» is the perfective past gerund of «заплакать» ('to burst into tears'), naming a completed action attendant on the main verb: 'having suddenly burst into tears, [she] cried out'. The prefix «за-» gives the inceptive sense 'to start crying'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тут-то","title":"Emphatic «тут-то» — 'right here is…'","body":"The clitic «-то» attached to «тут» foregrounds the moment: 'this, precisely this, is the heart of the matter'. It is the topic-emphasizing «-то», pointing a spotlight rather than forming an indefinite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"addressee, in apposition to the sentence","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject-adverb of главное","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before самое","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies главное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of тут","gloss":"heart of the matter"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заплакав","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"bursting into tears"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c2-s201","source":"— Бог видит, что я вам искренно доверяю Lise, и это ничего, что она вас тайком от матери позвала.","translation":"\"God sees that I entrust Lise to you in all sincerity, and it is nothing that she summoned you in secret from her mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тайком","title":"«тайком» — 'secretly, on the sly'","body":"An adverb meaning 'in secret, stealthily' (from «тайна», secret). «тайком от матери» = 'in secret from her mother'. The «-ком» is a frozen instrumental-style adverbial ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доверяю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доверяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доверяю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доверяю","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"доверяю","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видит","gloss":"entrust"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of доверяю","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позвала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позвала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвала","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвала","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ничего","gloss":"summoned"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c2-s202","source":"Но Ивану Федоровичу, вашему брату, простите меня, я не могу доверить дочь мою с такою легкостью, хотя и продолжаю считать его за самого рыцарского молодого человека.","translation":"But to your brother Ivan Fyodorovich — forgive me — I cannot entrust my daughter so lightly, even though I continue to regard him as the most chivalrous of young men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивану Федоровичу… не могу доверить дочь мою","title":"Dative recipient with «доверить»","body":"«доверить» ('to entrust') takes the thing in the accusative («дочь мою») and the recipient in the dative («Ивану Федоровичу»). The dative names the person to whom something is entrusted — its core 'to/for whom' role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считать его за… молодого человека","title":"«считать за» + accusative","body":"«считать кого-то за кого-то» ('to regard someone as…') governs the accusative after «за». «самого рыцарского молодого человека» is animate masculine accusative (matching the genitive form «-ого»), agreeing throughout with «человека»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рыцарского","title":"«рыцарский» — chivalrous, knightly","body":"From «рыцарь» ('knight', a Germanic loan via Polish), the adjective means 'knightly, chivalrous'. Calling Ivan 'the most chivalrous of young men' is high gentry flattery — and ironic, given his tormented role in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доверить","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"доверить","lemma":"доверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"entrust"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доверить","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легкостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"легкостью","lemma":"лёгкость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доверить","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжаю","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on продолжаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"продолжаю","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on доверить","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжаю","gloss":"to consider"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies рыцарского","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"рыцарского","lemma":"рыцарский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"chivalrous"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c2-s203","source":"А представьте, он вдруг и был у Lise, a я этого ничего и не знала.","translation":"And imagine, he suddenly visited Lise, and I knew nothing whatever of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А представьте","title":"«представьте» — polite imperative as appeal","body":"«представьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «представить» ('imagine!'), used as a conversational appeal to the listener — 'just imagine!'. Madame Hohlakov scatters these direct-address imperatives to keep Alyosha drawn into her account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я этого ничего и не знала","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic «и»","body":"Under «не знала», the object goes genitive: «этого ничего» ('nothing of this'). «ничего» is the negative pronoun requiring the verb's «не» (negative concord), and «и» before the verb adds 'not even'. The cluster heaps up negation for emotional force."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знала","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on знала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c2-s204","source":"— Как? Что? Когда? — ужасно удивился Алеша.","translation":"\"How? What? When?\" Alyosha was dreadfully astonished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно удивился Алеша","title":"Verb–subject inversion in attribution","body":"The narrator places verb before subject («удивился Алеша») — the normal Russian pattern for speech-and-action tags. «ужасно» ('terribly') is the intensifying adverb, and «удивился» carries «-ся» as a change-of-state verb 'to become astonished'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of its own phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamation, head of its own phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of its own phrase","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c2-s205","source":"Он уж не садился и слушал стоя.","translation":"He no longer sat down, but listened standing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал стоя","title":"Gerund «стоя» as manner","body":"«стоя» is the imperfective present gerund of «стоять» ('standing'), here adverbial: 'listened [while] standing'. Such gerunds often function like English '-ing' manner adverbs, sharing the subject of the main verb «слушал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж не садился","title":"«уж» + imperfective for 'no longer'","body":"«уж» (a reduced «уже», 'already/now') with negated imperfective «не садился» yields 'no longer sat down'. The imperfective marks the absence of the repeated/habitual action of sitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of садился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садился","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"садился","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садился","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"standing"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c2-s206","source":"— Я вам расскажу, я для этого-то, может быть, вас и позвала, потому что я уж и не знаю, для чего вас позвала.","translation":"\"I'll tell you — that is perhaps the very reason I called you, for by now I no longer know why I called you at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для этого-то… вас и позвала","title":"Emphatic «-то» plus «и» of focus","body":"«этого-то» foregrounds the reason with the topic-clitic «-то», and the «и» before «позвала» means 'precisely/exactly' — 'it is for this very reason that I called you'. Together they put heavy rhetorical stress on the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего вас позвала","title":"«для чего» — genitive after «для»","body":"«для» governs the genitive, so the interrogative «что» appears as «чего»: «для чего» = 'for what, why'. The comic self-contradiction — 'I called you for this, for I no longer know why I called you' — captures her muddle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позвала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies позвала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позвала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"second main verb, parallel to расскажу","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on знаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"summoned"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c2-s207","source":"Вот что: Иван Федорович был у меня всего два раза по возвращении своем из Москвы, первый раз пришел как знакомый сделать визит, а в другой раз, это уже недавно, Катя у меня сидела, он и зашел, узнав, что она у меня.","translation":"It is this: Ivan Fyodorovich has been to see me only twice since his return from Moscow — the first time he came to pay a call, as an acquaintance, and the other time, that was quite recently, Katya was sitting with me, and he dropped in on learning that she was here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по возвращении своем","title":"«по» + prepositional for 'after'","body":"Here «по» governs the prepositional «возвращении» in its temporal sense 'upon, after' — 'after his return'. «своем» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the subject Ivan ('his own return'). This «по» + prepositional 'after' is a bookish, formal turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнав, что она у меня","title":"Perfective gerund «узнав»","body":"«узнав» is the perfective past gerund of «узнать» ('to find out, learn'), expressing a prior completed action: 'having learned that she was here, he dropped in'. The gerund neatly subordinates the cause to the main verb «зашел»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и зашел","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"The «и» between subject and verb («он и зашел») is not 'and' but an emphatic particle 'so/indeed' — 'so he just dropped in'. «зашел» is prefixed «зайти», 'to drop by, stop in', the «за-» giving the sense of a brief incidental visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращении","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"возвращении","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies был","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возвращении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возвращении","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знакомый","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on пришел","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"визит","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зашел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недавно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"background clause to зашел","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on зашел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"dropped in"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on зашел","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of меня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of меня","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of у, within что-clause of узнав","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c2-s208","source":"Я, разумеется, и не претендовала на его частые визиты, зная, сколько у него теперь и без того хлопот, — vous comprenez, cette affaire et la mort terrible de votre papa, — только вдруг узнаю, что он был опять, только не у меня, а у Lise, это уже дней шесть тому, пришел, просидел пять минут и ушел.","translation":"I, of course, made no claim upon his frequent visits, knowing how much he has on his hands as it is — vous comprenez, cette affaire et la mort terrible de votre papa — only suddenly I learn that he had been again, but not to see me, rather to see Lise, that was some six days ago now: he came, sat for five minutes, and left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная, сколько у него… хлопот","title":"Gerund «зная» + genitive of quantity","body":"The imperfective gerund «зная» ('knowing') frames her concession. After «сколько» the noun «хлопот» ('troubles, bother') stands in the genitive plural — quantity words govern the genitive of what is measured."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и без того","title":"«и без того» — 'as it is, even without that'","body":"A common idiom meaning 'as it is already, anyway' — «сколько у него и без того хлопот» = 'how much he has on his hands as it is'. It concedes that the burden exists independently of any further demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of претендовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to претендовала","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on претендовала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендовала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"претендовала","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claimed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking визиты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of визиты","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"частые","lemma":"частый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies визиты","gloss":"frequent"},{"surface":"визиты","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of претендовала","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on претендовала","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хлопот","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зная","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хлопот","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of без","gloss":"that","note":"'и без того' is an idiom meaning 'even as it is, already'."},{"surface":"хлопот","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject-complement of сколько","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"French word","role":"French parenthetical aside","gloss":"you","note":"French in the original: 'vous comprenez, cette affaire et la mort terrible de votre papa' — 'you understand, this affair and the terrible death of your papa.'"},{"surface":"comprenez","lemma":"comprenez","morphology":"French word","role":"depends on vous","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"cette","morphology":"French word","role":"modifies affaire","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"affaire","lemma":"affaire","morphology":"French word","role":"depends on cette","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"French word","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"French word","role":"modifies mort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mort","lemma":"mort","morphology":"French word","role":"coordinated with affaire","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"French word","role":"modifies mort","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"French word","role":"preposition marking papa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"French word","role":"modifies papa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"French word","role":"oblique complement of mort","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with претендовала","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнаю","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тому","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"sat for"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c2-s209","source":"А узнала я про это целых три дня спустя от Глафиры, так что это меня вдруг фраппировало.","translation":"And I learned of it a full three days later from Glafira, so that it quite shocked me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целых три дня спустя","title":"«три дня» — genitive singular after «три»","body":"After «два/три/четыре» the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «три дня» ('three days'). «целых» ('a whole', genitive plural agreeing with the numeral phrase) intensifies the delay. «спустя» is a postposed adverb 'later'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фраппировало","title":"«фраппировать» — a Frenchified 'to shock'","body":"From French frapper ('to strike'), this Gallicism means 'to shock, startle'. It is exactly the kind of half-digested foreign word a status-conscious lady would use; Dostoevsky lets such loanwords expose Madame Hohlakov's affected, salon-bred speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"целых","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies три","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition marking дня","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Глафиры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Глафиры","lemma":"глафира","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"Glafira"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of фраппировало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of фраппировало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фраппировало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"фраппировало","lemma":"фраппировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнала","gloss":"shocked"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c2-s210","source":"Тотчас призываю Lise, a она смеется: он, дескать, думал, что вы спите, и зашел ко мне спросить о вашем здоровье.","translation":"I summon Lise at once, and she only laughs: he thought, she says, that you were asleep, and dropped in on me to ask after your health.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тотчас призываю Lise, а она смеется","title":"Historic present in lively narration","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present («призываю», «смеется») used as a vivid historic present to relive the scene: 'I summon Lise at once, and she laughs'. The contrastive «а» pivots from the speaker's action to Lise's mocking response."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — quotative 'so she says'","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging that the following words are someone else's claim, often with a sceptical or distancing tinge: 'he thought, [she says / supposedly], that you were asleep'. It is the spoken language's marker of secondhand, not-quite-vouched-for speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призываю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"призываю","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of призываю","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with призываю","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle on думал","gloss":"she says","note":"'дескать' marks reported speech, roughly 'so [she] says'."},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеется","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спите","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"were asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"dropped in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on зашел","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c2-s211","source":"Конечно, оно так и было.","translation":"Of course, that was just how it was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно так и было","title":"Neuter «оно» + emphatic «так и»","body":"The bleached neuter «оно» ('it') plus «так и было» ('was indeed just so') is a fixed affirmative: 'that's exactly how it was'. The «так и» pairing asserts that reality matched the account precisely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c2-s212","source":"Только Lise, Lise, о боже, как она меня огорчает!","translation":"Only Lise, Lise, oh God, how she distresses me!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Lise","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"repeated in apposition to Lise","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before боже","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exclamatory clause of огорчает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огорчает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of огорчает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"огорчает","lemma":"огорчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"distresses","note":"Idiomatic exclamation: 'oh God, how she distresses me.'"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c2-s213","source":"Вообразите, вдруг с ней в одну ночь — это четыре дня тому, сейчас после того, как вы в последний раз были и ушли, — вдруг с ней ночью припадок, крик, визг, истерика!","translation":"Just imagine, suddenly one night — that was four days ago, right after you had been here the last time and gone — suddenly in the night she had a fit, screaming, shrieking, hysterics!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг с ней ночью припадок","title":"Verbless nominal sentence","body":"There is no verb at all: «вдруг с ней ночью припадок» = 'suddenly, in the night, a fit [came] upon her'. The bare nominative «припадок» plus «с ней» ('with/to her') gives a clipped, breathless onset — the syntax itself enacts the shock."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крик, визг, истерика","title":"Asyndetic crescendo of nouns","body":"Three nominative nouns piled without conjunctions — «крик, визг, истерика» ('screaming, shrieking, hysterics') — mount in intensity. «визг» (a shrill shriek) is harsher than «крик» (a cry); the bare list mimics the rising fit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ночь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вообразите","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate дня тому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies дня","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase дня тому (ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после того","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"were here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушли","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies припадок","gloss":"in the night"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory noun list","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with припадок","gloss":"screaming"},{"surface":"визг","lemma":"визг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with припадок","gloss":"shrieking"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with припадок","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c2-s214","source":"Отчего у меня никогда не бывает истерики?","translation":"Why do I never have hysterics?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня никогда не бывает истерики","title":"«у меня… не бывает» + genitive","body":"The «у меня» possessive-existential frame, negated with «не бывает» (the iterative of «быть», 'does not happen / is never had'), throws the subject «истерики» into the genitive of negation. «никогда… не» is negative concord: 'I never have hysterics'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"истерики","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c2-s215","source":"Затем на другой день припадок, а потом и на третий день, и вчера, и вот вчера этот аффект.","translation":"Then the next day another fit, and the day after that a third, and yesterday too, and then yesterday this temporary insanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на другой день","title":"«на другой день» — 'the next day'","body":"«другой» here means 'next, following' rather than 'other': «на другой день» = 'on the next day'. Russian «другой» spans both 'another' and 'the next' depending on context — a small false-friend trap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies припадок","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the day's event","gloss":"another fit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the day's fit","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the day's fit","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the day's fit","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of аффект","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, coordinated with припадок","gloss":"fit of temporary insanity"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c2-s216","source":"А она мне вдруг кричит: «Я ненавижу Ивана Федоровича, я требую, чтобы вы его не принимали, чтобы вы ему отказали от дома!»","translation":"And all at once she cries out to me: 'I hate Ivan Fyodorovich, I insist that you stop receiving him, that you forbid him the house!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я требую, чтобы вы его не принимали","title":"«требовать, чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"Verbs of demanding take «чтобы» plus the past-tense form for the willed content: «чтобы вы… не принимали» ('that you should not receive him'). This is the irrealis «чтобы» of indirect command — the demand of an outcome, not a report of fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отказали от дома","title":"«отказать от дома» — to forbid the house","body":"«отказать кому-то от дома» is the period idiom 'to bar someone from one's house, refuse to receive them anymore' — a social cutting-off. «отказать» governs the dative of the person («ему») and «от дома» ('from the house')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кричит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of требую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавижу","gloss":"insist"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of требую","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отказали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отказали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отказали","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with принимали","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказали","gloss":"the house","note":"'Отказать от дома' is idiomatic: to forbid someone the house / deny them admittance."}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c2-s217","source":"Я обомлела при такой неожиданности и возражаю ей: с какой же стати буду я отказывать такому достойному молодому человеку и притом с такими познаниями и с таким несчастьем, потому что все-таки все эти истории — ведь это несчастье, а не счастие, не правда ли?","translation":"I was struck dumb at such unexpectedness and object to her: on what grounds am I to refuse so worthy a young man, one of such learning besides, and with such a misfortune upon him — for after all these stories are surely a misfortune and not good fortune, isn't that so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обомлела","title":"«обомлеть» — to be struck dumb","body":"«обомлела» (perfective past, fem.) means 'I went numb / was stunned, struck dumb' with shock. The verb is expressive and somewhat literary, conveying a momentary paralysis of astonishment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с какой же стати","title":"«с какой стати» — 'on what grounds, why on earth'","body":"An idiomatic indignant question, 'why on earth, by what right'. «стать» here is a frozen noun ('cause, reason'); the inserted «же» sharpens the indignation — 'why ever should I refuse so worthy a young man?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это несчастье… не правда ли?","title":"«ведь» and the tag «не правда ли?»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, surely'), and «не правда ли?» ('isn't that so?') is the bookish question tag seeking agreement. Together they pull the listener into endorsing her view — the texture of Dostoevskian persuasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обомлела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обомлела","lemma":"обомлеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was struck dumb"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неожиданности","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неожиданности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"неожиданности","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обомлела","gloss":"unexpectedness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возражаю","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обомлела","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возражаю","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стати","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стати","lemma":"стать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказывать","gloss":"grounds","note":"'С какой стати' is an idiom: 'on what grounds / why on earth.'"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of отказывать","gloss":"am to"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отказывать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отказывать","lemma":"отказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of возражаю","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеку","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"достойному","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отказывать","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the added clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking познаниями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of познаниями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"познаниями","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with человеку","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of несчастьем","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"несчастьем","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with познаниями","gloss":"a misfortune"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of несчастье","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастье","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of несчастье","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастье","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"a misfortune"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"счастие","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастье","gloss":"good fortune"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the tag question","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c2-s218","source":"Она вдруг расхохоталась над моими словами и так, знаете, — оскорбительно.","translation":"She suddenly burst out laughing at my words, and so, you know — insultingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расхохоталась над моими словами","title":"Inceptive «рас-» + «-ся»; «над» + instrumental","body":"«расхохоталась» = «рас-» (sudden, full onset) + «хохотать» + «-ся»: 'burst out laughing'. «над» governs the instrumental «моими словами» ('at/over my words'), the standard way to say one laughs 'at' something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расхохоталась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхохоталась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"расхохоталась","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of расхохоталась","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"оскорбительно","lemma":"оскорбительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with так, describes расхохоталась","gloss":"insultingly"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-c2-s219","source":"Ну я рада, думаю, что рассмешила ее, и припадки теперь пройдут, тем более что я сама хотела отказать Ивану Федоровичу за странные визиты без моего согласия и потребовать объяснения.","translation":"Well, I am glad, I think, that I have made her laugh, and now the fits will pass — all the more since I myself had meant to refuse Ivan Fyodorovich for his strange visits without my consent and to demand an explanation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну я рада, думаю, что рассмешила ее","title":"Short adjective «рада» as predicate","body":"«рада» is the short-form feminine of «рад» ('glad'), which exists only as a predicate — one cannot say «радая». Short «рад/рада/рады» is the normal way to say 'glad', a fossilized predicative adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более что","title":"«тем более что» — 'all the more since'","body":"A compound subordinator meaning 'especially as, all the more so because'. «тем» is the instrumental of «то» locking with «более» ('the more'); the clause gives a reinforcing reason — here, that she had her own grounds to refuse Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to рада","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассмешила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рассмешила","lemma":"рассмешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рада","gloss":"made laugh"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмешила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пройдут","gloss":"the fits"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пройдут","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассмешила","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем более что","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем более что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотела","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тем более что-clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"отказать","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to refuse"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отказать","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking визиты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies визиты","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"визиты","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отказать","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласия","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"согласия","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies визиты","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потребовать","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отказать","gloss":"to demand"},{"surface":"объяснения","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"direct object of потребовать","gloss":"an explanation"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-c2-s220","source":"Только вдруг сегодня утром Лиза проснулась и рассердилась на Юлию и, представьте, ударила ее рукой по лицу.","translation":"Only suddenly this morning Liza woke and grew angry with Yulia and, just imagine, struck her across the face with her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассердилась на Юлию","title":"«сердиться на» + accusative","body":"«рассердиться на кого-то» ('to get angry at') governs «на» + accusative: «на Юлию». The «-ся» verb is a change of state ('grew angry'), and «на» here marks the target of the emotion rather than location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Юлия / Юлию","title":"Yulia the maid","body":"Yulia (here «Юлию», accusative) is one of Madame Hohlakov's serving-girls (a «горничная»). The casual mention of striking and then kissing a maid's feet sets up the next line's shock at violating the household's egalitarian pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулась","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проснулась","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"проснулась","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассердилась","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулась","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Юлию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Юлию","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердилась","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"ударила","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулась","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ударила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударила","gloss":"with her hand"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударила","gloss":"the face"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-c2-s221","source":"Но ведь это монструозно, я с моими девушками на ''вы''.","translation":"But that is monstrous — I address my maids with the formal 'you.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монструозно","title":"«монструозно» — a salon Gallicism","body":"From French monstrueux, 'monstrous, outrageous'. Like «фраппировало», it is a fashionable foreign coinage flagging Madame Hohlakov's affected, French-flecked speech rather than ordinary Russian («чудовищно» would be the native word)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монструозно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of монструозно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"монструозно","lemma":"монструозный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (address)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of девушками","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"девушками","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"maids"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"formal 'you'"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-c2-s222","source":"И вдруг чрез час она обнимает и целует у Юлии ноги.","translation":"And then suddenly, within the hour, she is embracing Yulia and kissing her feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез час","title":"«чрез» — archaic «через»","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/older form of «через» ('within, after [a span of time]'). «чрез час» = 'within an hour'. The clipped «чрез» is a literary-archaic flavouring common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнимает и целует у Юлии ноги","title":"Historic present + «у» of the possessor","body":"Present-tense «обнимает», «целует» relive the scene vividly. «у Юлии ноги» uses «у» + genitive to mark the body's owner — literally 'kisses the feet at Yulia', i.e. 'kisses Yulia's feet'; Russian often expresses inalienable possession this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнимает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнимает","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обнимает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обнимает","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целует","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимает","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor Юлии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Юлии","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor of ноги","gloss":"Yulia's"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целует","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-c2-s223","source":"Ко мне же прислала сказать, что не придет ко мне вовсе и впредь никогда не хочет ходить, а когда я сама к ней потащилась, то бросилась меня целовать и плакать и, целуя, так и выпихнула вон, ни слова не говоря, так что я так ничего и не узнала.","translation":"She sent word to me that she would not come to me at all and never wishes to come to me again, and when I dragged myself to her, she flung herself upon me, kissing me and weeping, and, even as she kissed me, simply pushed me out the door without a word, so that I learned nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целуя, так и выпихнула вон","title":"Gerund «целуя» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«целуя» is the imperfective present gerund ('[while] kissing'), simultaneous with the main perfective «выпихнула» ('shoved out'). «так и» emphasizes the abruptness — 'even as she kissed me, she simply shoved me out'. «вон» means 'out (away)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни слова не говоря","title":"«ни… не» negation with a gerund","body":"«ни слова не говоря» = 'not saying a single word'. «ни» intensifies the negation ('not even one'), «слова» is genitive of negation after the negated «говоря» (the gerund of «говорить»), and the construction shows the obligatory «не» of negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так ничего и не узнала","title":"Stacked emphatic «так… и не»","body":"«так… и не узнала» conveys 'I never did find out (despite everything)', the «так и не» pattern marking an outcome that frustratingly failed to come about. With «ничего» it piles negation: 'I learned nothing at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прислала","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent word"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прислала","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потащилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потащилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потащилась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"потащилась","lemma":"потащиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"dragged myself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative of когда, introduces бросилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросилась","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целовать","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целуя","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial, modifies выпихнула","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и (just)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпихнула","lemma":"выпихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"pushed out"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпихнула","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial, modifies выпихнула","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of узнала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"learned"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-c2-s224","source":"Теперь, милый Алексей Федорович, на вас все мои надежды, и, конечно, судьба всей моей жизни в ваших руках.","translation":"Now, dear Alexei Fyodorovich, all my hopes rest on you, and, of course, the fate of my whole life is in your hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вас все мои надежды","title":"Verbless sentence with fronted «на вас»","body":"No verb: «на вас все мои надежды» = '[all] my hopes [rest] on you'. The fronted «на вас» throws the whole emotional weight onto Alyosha. The implied copula is simply omitted in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ваших руках","title":"«в» + prepositional for location","body":"«в ваших руках» ('in your hands') uses «в» + prepositional for a static location (contrast «в руки» with accusative for motion 'into the hands'). The idiom means 'in your power, dependent on you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"predicate location, modifies надежды","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (rest on)","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with надежды","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate location of судьба","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-c2-s225","source":"Я вас просто прошу пойти к Lise, разузнать у ней всё, как вы только один умеете это сделать, и прийти рассказать мне, — мне, матери, потому что, вы понимаете, я умру, я просто умру, если всё это будет продолжаться, или убегу из дома.","translation":"I simply beg you to go to Lise, to find out everything from her, as you alone know how to do, and to come and tell me — me, her mother — because, you understand, I shall die, I shall simply die, if all this goes on, or I shall run away from home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошу пойти… разузнать… и прийти рассказать","title":"Chain of perfective infinitives","body":"«прошу» governs a string of perfective infinitives — «пойти… разузнать… прийти рассказать» — each naming a single intended completed act. The perfectives frame the requested errand as a sequence of discrete results she wants achieved."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как вы только один умеете это сделать","title":"«один» as 'alone, only you'","body":"«вы… один» here means 'you alone, you the only one' (not the numeral 'one'): 'as you alone know how to do it'. «один» can carry this 'sole, by oneself' sense, flattering Alyosha as uniquely able."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я умру, я просто умру","title":"Perfective future «умру»","body":"«умру» is the simple (perfective) future of «умереть» ('I shall die') — a perfective verb conjugated with present-type endings to give future meaning. The doubling «я умру, я просто умру» is Madame Hohlakov's hallmark hyperbole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"разузнать","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разузнать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разузнать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies умеете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"умеете","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разузнать","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеете","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прийти","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"in apposition to мне (w22)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне (w23)","gloss":"her mother"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of понимаете","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошу","gloss":"you understand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаете","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру (w33)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умру (w33)","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умру (w30)","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжаться","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of продолжаться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"продолжаться","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умру (w33)","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"убегу","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умру (w33)","gloss":"I shall run away"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-c2-s226","source":"Я больше не могу, у меня есть терпение, но я могу его лишиться, и тогда… и тогда будут ужасы.","translation":"I can bear no more; I have patience, but I may lose it, and then… and then there will be horrors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я могу его лишиться","title":"«лишиться» + genitive","body":"«лишиться» ('to lose, be deprived of') governs the genitive: «его» here is the genitive of «оно» (referring to «терпение», patience) — 'I may lose it'. Verbs of deprivation and absence regularly take the genitive of the thing lost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can bear"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"терпение","lemma":"терпение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу (w11)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу (w4)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of лишиться (referring to терпение; лишиться governs the genitive, not the accusative)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лишиться","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу (w11)","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with могу (w11)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лишиться","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"ужасы","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"horrors"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b11-c2-s227","source":"Ах, боже мой, наконец-то Петр Ильич! — вскрикнула, вся вдруг просияв, госпожа Хохлакова, завидя входящего Петра Ильича Перхотина.","translation":"Ah, my God, Pyotr Ilyich at last!\" cried Madame Hohlakov, suddenly all aglow, catching sight of Pyotr Ilyich Perhotin coming in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся вдруг просияв","title":"Perfective gerund «просияв»","body":"«просияв» is the perfective past gerund of «просиять» ('to beam, light up all over'), an attendant completed action: '[having] suddenly beamed all over, she cried out'. «вся» ('all of her') agrees with the implied feminine subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завидя входящего Петра Ильича","title":"Gerund «завидя» + present active participle","body":"«завидя» is a gerund ('catching sight of'), and «входящего» is the present active participle of «входить» ('coming/entering in'), declined to accusative animate to agree with «Петра Ильича». Two non-finite verb forms stack to compress the action — a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with Ах","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase наконец-то","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase наконец-то","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просияв","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просияв","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"просияв","lemma":"просиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"beaming"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"завидя","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"входящего","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies Петра","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидя","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Perhotin"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b11-c2-s228","source":"— Опоздали, опоздали!","translation":"\"You're late, you're late!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опоздали, опоздали!","title":"Subjectless perfective past as greeting","body":"«опоздали» (perfective past, 2nd-pl./polite) drops the pronoun «вы»: 'you're late!'. The verb ending alone carries person, and the doubling conveys Madame Hohlakov's breathless reproach. «опоздать» is perfective — a single completed 'being late'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"You're late"},{"surface":"опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Опоздали","gloss":"you're late"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b11-c2-s229","source":"Ну что, садитесь, говорите, решайте судьбу, ну что ж этот адвокат?","translation":"Well then, sit down, speak, decide the matter — well, what about this lawyer?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"садитесь, говорите, решайте","title":"String of imperatives","body":"A volley of polite-plural imperatives: «садитесь» ('sit down', from reflexive «садиться»), «говорите» ('speak'), «решайте» ('decide'). The imperfective imperatives invite the action generally; their pile-up conveys her impatient command of the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, paired with Ну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорите","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to решайте","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"решайте","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of решайте","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to решайте","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of адвокат","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"lawyer"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b11-c2-s230","source":"Куда же вы, Алексей Федорович?","translation":"Where are you off to, Alexei Fyodorovich?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда же вы","title":"«куда» (whither) + particle «же»","body":"«куда» asks direction toward a goal ('where to, whither'), as opposed to «где» ('where at'). The «же» adds surprised insistence: 'where on earth are you off to?' The verb of motion is left implied in lively speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Куда","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b11-c2-s231","source":"— Я к Lise.","translation":"\"To Lise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я к Lise","title":"Verb of motion elided; «к» + dative","body":"The motion verb is dropped — «Я к Lise» = 'I [am going] to Lise'. «к» governs the dative to mark motion toward a person. Russian readily omits an obvious verb of motion in brisk dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b11-c2-s232","source":"— Ах, да!","translation":"\"Ah, yes!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b11-c2-s233","source":"Так вы не забудете, не забудете, о чем я вас просила?","translation":"Then you won't forget, you won't forget what I asked of you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем я вас просила","title":"«просить о» + prepositional","body":"«просить о чём-то» ('to ask about/for something') takes «о» + prepositional: «о чем» ('about what'). «просила» is imperfective past feminine, viewing the request as the ongoing thing she had been asking of him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забудете, не забудете","title":"Perfective future as anxious appeal","body":"«забудете» is the simple future of perfective «забыть» ('you will [not] forget'). The repetition turns a future statement into an imploring near-command — Madame Hohlakov's characteristic doubling for emotional pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забудете","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забудете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудете","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't forget"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудете (w6)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудете","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забудете (w4)","gloss":"won't forget"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просила","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of забудете","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b11-c2-s234","source":"Тут судьба, судьба!","translation":"It is a matter of fate, of fate!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судьба","title":"«судьба» — fate, destiny","body":"«судьба» means 'fate, destiny, fortune', a heavily weighted word in Dostoevsky. Its breathless repetition («Тут судьба, судьба!») gives Madame Hohlakov's trivial domestic worry a melodramatic cosmic frame — comic in her mouth, but echoing the novel's grave preoccupation with fate and free will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Тут","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with судьба (w2)","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b11-c2-s235","source":"— Конечно, не забуду, если только можно… но я так опоздал, — пробормотал, поскорее ретируясь Алеша.","translation":"\"Of course, I won't forget — if only it's possible… but I am so late,\" Alyosha muttered, beating a hasty retreat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только можно","title":"«если только» — 'if only / provided that'","body":"«если только» qualifies a promise: 'if only it's possible, provided it can be done'. The «только» narrows the condition, hedging Alyosha's commitment — a hesitation Madame Hohlakov will pounce on in the next line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поскорее ретируясь","title":"Gerund «ретируясь» + «по-» comparative","body":"«ретируясь» is the imperfective present gerund of the Gallicism «ретироваться» ('to retreat'), simultaneous with «пробормотал»: 'muttered while beating a retreat'. «поскорее» is the comparative «скорее» with «по-» softening it to 'as fast as he could'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to забуду","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't forget"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on забуду","gloss":"it's possible"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of опоздал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опоздал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"опоздал","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to опоздал","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ретируясь","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"ретируясь","lemma":"ретироваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"retreating"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b11-c2-s236","source":"— Нет, наверно, наверно заходите, а не «если можно», иначе я умру! — прокричала вслед ему госпожа Хохлакова, но Алеша уже вышел из комнаты.","translation":"\"No — for certain, for certain you must come, not 'if it's possible,' or else I shall die!\" Madame Hohlakov cried after him, but Alyosha had already left the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наверно заходите, а не «если можно»","title":"Imperfective imperative «заходите»","body":"«заходите» is the imperfective imperative of «заходить» ('come / drop by'), used for an open invitation. The «а не» pointedly rejects his hedge — 'for certain come, not \"if it's possible\"' — a near-comic insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричала вслед ему","title":"«вслед» + dative","body":"«вслед ему» ('after him') uses «вслед» governing the dative to mean calling out in the direction of a departing person. «прокричала» (perfective, fem.) marks one completed shout flung after Alyosha as he leaves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша уже вышел из комнаты","title":"Prefixed motion «выйти» + «из» + genitive","body":"«вышел» is perfective «выйти» ('went out'), the prefix «вы-» giving 'exit'; it pairs with «из» + genitive «из комнаты» ('out of the room'). «уже» ('already') marks the completed departure that closes the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to заходите","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to заходите","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходите","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"заходите","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with заходите","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заходите","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заходите","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the room"}]}]}