{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c3","title":{"source":"III. Бесенок","translated":"A Little Demon"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c3","lines":226},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c3-s1","source":"Войдя к Лизе, он застал ее полулежащею в ее прежнем кресле, в котором ее возили, когда она еще не могла ходить.","translation":"When he came in to Lise, he found her half-reclining in the old chair in which she used to be wheeled about, back when she still could not walk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдя","title":"Perfective gerund: «having come in»","body":"«Войдя» is a perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») from «войти» (to enter), formed with -я. It names an action completed just before the main verb «застал», and it must share that verb's subject — he enters, then he finds her. This compression of two events into one sentence is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полулежащею","title":"Predicative participle in the instrumental","body":"«полулежащею» is a present active participle of «полулежать» (to half-recline) in the instrumental, agreeing with the object «её» as a secondary predicate after «застал» — he found her [being] half-reclining. The ending -ею is the older bookish variant of modern -ей."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором ее возили","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«в котором» opens a relative clause modifying «кресле»; «который» agrees with that neuter noun in gender and number but takes the prepositional case its own role (after «в») demands. «Возили» is the multidirectional, habitual motion verb «возить» — she used to be wheeled about, repeatedly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on застал","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизе","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Войдя","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"полулежащею","lemma":"полулежащий","morphology":"adjectival participle, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement describing ее","gloss":"half-reclining"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кресле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кресле","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"возили","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кресле","gloss":"used to wheel"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"walk"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c3-s2","source":"Она не тронулась к нему навстречу, но зоркий, острый ее взгляд так и впился в него.","translation":"She made no move to meet him, but her keen, piercing gaze fastened straight upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тронулась к нему навстречу","title":"Reflexive verb of motion","body":"«тронулась» is the reflexive «тронуться» (to set off, stir into motion), the -ся here marking a change of state rather than a true reflexive. With «не» it states she made no move; «навстречу» (toward, to meet) governs the dative «к нему»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зоркий, острый ее взгляд так и впился","title":"«так и» + word order for intensity","body":"The particle phrase «так и» before a perfective verb conveys a sudden, vivid completion — her gaze fairly fastened upon him. Note too the bookish split «зоркий, острый ее взгляд», stacking two adjectives before the possessive «её» for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впился","title":"«впиться» — to fasten onto, dig in","body":"«впиться» literally means to sink into or dig in (as a tick or a thorn does); applied to a gaze («взгляд впился в него») it is intensely physical — her eyes bored into him. The image of a piercing, clinging look is characteristic of Lise's predatory restlessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тронулась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тронулась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тронулась","lemma":"тронуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тронулась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронулась","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зоркий","lemma":"зоркий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"keen"},{"surface":"острый","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зоркий","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впился","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впился","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тронулась","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c3-s3","source":"Взгляд был несколько воспаленный, лицо бледно-желтое.","translation":"Her eyes looked somewhat inflamed, her face a pale yellow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взгляд был несколько воспаленный, лицо бледно-желтое","title":"Zero copula and a balanced pair","body":"The second half «лицо бледно-желтое» has no verb at all: Russian drops the present-tense «есть», so the bare nominative «лицо» plus the predicate adjective simply means 'her face [was] pale-yellow', echoing the «был» of the first clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспаленный","title":"«воспалённый» — inflamed","body":"«воспалённый» means inflamed, feverish (from «воспалить», to inflame). Of eyes it suggests sickness and overwrought nerves — part of the portrait of Lise's physical and emotional disorder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to воспаленный","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on воспаленный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"воспаленный","lemma":"воспалённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"inflamed"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Взгляд","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желтое","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"желтое","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"yellow"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c3-s4","source":"Алеша изумился тому, как она изменилась в три дня, даже похудела.","translation":"Alyosha was amazed at how she had changed in three days; she had even grown thinner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изумился тому, как она изменилась","title":"Reflexive verb governing a dative correlative","body":"«изумиться» (to be amazed), a -ся verb of feeling, governs the dative; here its object is the correlative «тому», which points forward to the «как»-clause — amazed at [that:] how she had changed. The reflexive «изменилась» (changed, intransitive) again shows -ся marking a change of state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похудела","title":"«похудеть» — to grow thin","body":"«похудеть» means to lose weight, grow thin. The «по-» prefix marks the perfective, completed result; «даже похудела» adds it as a final, telling detail of three days' change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изумился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"изумился","lemma":"изумиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was amazed"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of изумился","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменилась","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изменилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"изменилась","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменилась","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похудела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"похудела","lemma":"похудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изумился","gloss":"grown thinner"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c3-s5","source":"Она не протянула ему руки.","translation":"She did not hold out her hand to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не протянула ему руки","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the direct object «руку» shifts to the genitive «руки»: «не протянула… руки». With «не» the negated object regularly leaves the accusative for the genitive — she did not hold out [any of] her hand. «Ему» is the dative indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянула","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of протянула (genitive of negation, singular \"hand\" — не протянула руки)","gloss":"her hand"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c3-s6","source":"Он сам притронулся к ее тонким, длинным пальчикам, неподвижно лежавшим на ее платье, затем молча сел против нее.","translation":"He himself touched her thin, long little fingers, which lay motionless on her dress, then sat down silently across from her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"притронулся к ее тонким, длинным пальчикам","title":"«к» + dative after «притронуться»","body":"«притронуться» (to touch lightly), a -ся verb, governs «к» plus the dative: «к… пальчикам». The adjectives «тонким, длинным» agree with that dative plural noun, making the case visible across the whole phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчикам","title":"Diminutive «пальчики» — little fingers","body":"«пальчики» is the affectionate diminutive of «пальцы» (fingers), with the suffix -чик-. It tenderizes Alyosha's gesture toward the sick girl — not just her fingers but her thin, fragile little fingers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижно лежавшим на ее платье","title":"Past active participle as a modifier","body":"«лежавшим» is the past active participle of «лежать» (to lie), in the dative plural to agree with «пальчикам» — fingers that lay motionless on her dress. The participle condenses a «который»-clause ('which lay…') into a single adjective, a markedly literary move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притронулся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"притронулся","lemma":"притронуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчикам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пальчикам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тонким","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies пальчикам","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with тонким","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"пальчикам","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of притронулся","gloss":"little fingers"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежавшим","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"лежавшим","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пальчикам","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшим","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with притронулся","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"across from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c3-s7","source":"— Я знаю, что вы спешите в острог,— резко проговорила Лиза,— а вас два часа задержала мама, сейчас вам про меня и про Юлию рассказала.","translation":"\"I know you are in a hurry to get to the prison,\" Lise said sharply, \"but Mama held you up for two hours just now, telling you all about me and about Yulia.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас два часа задержала мама","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «вас» stands first and the subject «мама» last, framing the topic (you) and saving the new information (it was Mama who held you up, and for two whole hours) for the end. Russian's case endings let this reordering carry emphasis rather than confusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"острог","title":"«острог» — the gaol","body":"«острог» is an old word for a prison or fortified stockade (originally a palisaded frontier fort). It carries a grimmer, more archaic ring than the neutral «тюрьма» — the place where Dmitri now awaits trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас вам про меня и про Юлию рассказала","title":"«про» + accusative for 'about'","body":"The colloquial «про» (about, concerning) governs the accusative — «про меня», «про Юлию» — a more conversational counterpart to «о» + prepositional. «Вам» is the dative addressee of «рассказала» (told [to] you)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спешите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спешите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спешите","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"are hurrying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острог","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"острог","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешите","gloss":"the prison"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of задержала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задержала","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"задержала","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of задержала","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Юлию","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Юлию","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержала","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c3-s8","source":"— Почему вы узнали?— спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"How did you find out?\" asked Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему вы узнали?","title":"Perfective «узнать» — to find out","body":"«узнали» is perfective «узнать», which here means not 'recognize' but 'come to know, find out' — the perfective views it as a single completed discovery. Its imperfective pair «узнавать» would describe the ongoing process of learning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to узнали","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c3-s9","source":"— Я подслушивала.","translation":"\"I was eavesdropping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я подслушивала","title":"Imperfective past for an ongoing act","body":"«подслушивала» is the imperfective past of «подслушивать» (to eavesdrop), feminine -ла agreeing with the female speaker. The imperfective frames it as a process she was engaged in — 'I was eavesdropping' — rather than a single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушивала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подслушивала","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was eavesdropping"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c3-s10","source":"Чего вы на меня уставились?","translation":"Why are you staring at me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вы на меня уставились?","title":"Genitive «чего» + reflexive «уставиться»","body":"«уставиться» (to stare fixedly), a -ся verb, governs «на» + accusative («на меня»). The opening «чего» is a colloquial genitive of «что» used adverbially for 'why / what for' — a brusque, idiomatic 'what are you staring at me for?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уставились","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уставились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставились","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уставились","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"staring"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c3-s11","source":"Хочу подслушивать и подслушиваю, ничего тут нет дурного.","translation":"I want to eavesdrop and I do eavesdrop, and there's nothing wrong in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочу подслушивать и подслушиваю","title":"Imperfective for will and habit","body":"Both «подслушивать» (infinitive after «хочу») and «подслушиваю» (present) are imperfective, naming the activity as such — wanting to eavesdrop, and doing it. Only imperfective verbs have a present tense, so the defiant 'I do eavesdrop' must be imperfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего тут нет дурного","title":"«нет» + genitive of absence","body":"The existential «нет» takes the genitive of what is absent: «ничего… дурного» (nothing wrong). Note the negative concord — «ничего» pairs obligatorily with «нет», two negatives for one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Хочу","gloss":"to eavesdrop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подслушиваю","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подслушивать","gloss":"I do eavesdrop"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочу","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"wrong"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c3-s12","source":"Прощенья не прошу.","translation":"I'm not asking your pardon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощенья не прошу","title":"Genitive of negation, object-first","body":"«прощенья» (pardon) stands in the genitive under the negated verb «не прошу» — and is fronted for emphasis before the verb. Fronting the negated genitive object lends the line its curt, defiant force: 'Pardon I do not ask.' «Прощенья» is the colloquial genitive of «прощение»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощенья","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asking"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c3-s13","source":"— Вы чем-то расстроены?","translation":"\"Is something upsetting you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы чем-то расстроены?","title":"Short-form participle + instrumental of cause","body":"«расстроены» is the short-form past passive participle of «расстроить» (to upset), used predicatively — 'are [you] upset?'. The cause stands in the instrumental: «чем-то» (by something), the indefinite «что» + «-то» marking a specific but unnamed thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive расстроены","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of расстроены","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"расстроены","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled/upset"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c3-s14","source":"— Напротив, очень рада.","translation":"\"On the contrary, I'm very glad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень рада","title":"Short adjective «рада»","body":"«рада» is the short-form feminine of «рад» (glad), which exists only as a predicate — Russian has no long form for it. Short adjectives like «рад/рада/радо/рады» state a present condition and agree only in gender and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to рада","gloss":"On the contrary"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c3-s15","source":"Только что сейчас рассуждала опять, в тридцатый раз: как хорошо, что я вам отказала и не буду вашей женой.","translation":"Just now I was thinking it over again, for the thirtieth time: how good it is that I refused you and will not be your wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как хорошо, что я вам отказала","title":"«отказать» + dative","body":"«отказать» (to refuse, turn down) governs the dative of the person refused: «я вам отказала» — I refused you. The «что»-clause reports the fact after the impersonal exclamation «как хорошо» (how good [it is])."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не буду вашей женой","title":"Compound future + instrumental predicate","body":"«не буду… женой» pairs the imperfective compound future («буду» + an understood «быть») with a predicate noun in the instrumental — «женой», not nominative «жена». After «быть» in the future, predicate nouns regularly take the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что (just now)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что (just now)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"рассуждала","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking it over"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тридцатый","lemma":"тридцатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"thirtieth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies рассуждала","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of exclamatory clause, complement of рассуждала","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отказала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отказала","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женой","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"женой","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c3-s16","source":"Вы в мужья не годитесь: я за вас выйду, и вдруг дам вам записку, чтобы снести тому, которого полюблю после вас, вы возьмете и непременно отнесете, да еще ответ принесете.","translation":"You are no good as a husband: I would marry you, and then suddenly hand you a note to carry to the man I come to love after you, and you would take it and be sure to deliver it, and bring back the answer too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я за вас выйду","title":"«выйти за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"«выйти замуж за кого-то» (literally 'go out [in marriage] for someone') is the idiom for a woman marrying. Here «за вас выйду» = 'I'll marry you'; «выйду» is the perfective simple future. A man, by contrast, «женится на»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы снести тому, которого полюблю после вас","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + «который»","body":"«чтобы снести» states purpose (a note 'to carry'); «тому, которого полюблю» nests a correlative «тот» with a relative «который» in the accusative (animate, so genitive-shaped) — 'to the man whom I shall come to love'. «Полюблю» is perfective: the inceptive 'fall in love'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы возьмете и непременно отнесете, да еще ответ принесете","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«возьмёте… отнесёте… принесёте» are all perfective simple futures, stacking discrete completed acts: you'll take it, deliver it, and bring back the answer. The prefixed motion verbs «отнести/принести» (carry away / carry back) sharpen the direction of each step."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of годитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужья","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мужья","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of preposition в, oblique complement of годитесь","gloss":"a husband"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies годитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"годитесь","lemma":"годиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are fit"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause (after colon)","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"will hand"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of снести","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дам","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of снести","gloss":"to the one"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюблю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"полюблю","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тому","gloss":"I will come to love"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of полюблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возьмете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьмете","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнесете","gloss":"be sure to"},{"surface":"отнесете","lemma":"отнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"will deliver"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесете","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесете","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"принесете","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"will bring back"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c3-s17","source":"И сорок лет вам придет, и вы всё так же будете мои такие записки носить.","translation":"And you would turn forty, and still you would go on carrying notes like that for me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорок лет вам придет","title":"Dative subject of age","body":"Age is framed impersonally with the dative experiencer: «вам придёт сорок лет» — literally 'forty years will come to you', i.e. you'll turn forty. There is no nominative subject doing anything; the person stands in the dative «вам»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё так же будете мои такие записки носить","title":"Compound future + multidirectional «носить»","body":"«будете… носить» is the imperfective compound future: «будете» (future of «быть») plus the imperfective infinitive «носить». «Носить» is the multidirectional carrying verb — to carry repeatedly, habitually — exactly suiting 'still go on carrying notes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет, part of subject phrase сорок лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of subject phrase сорок лет, subject of придет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of придет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of носить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё так же (just the same), modifies будете","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будете, part of idiom так же","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of носить","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of записки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of записки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"записки","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of носить","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause (with будете)","gloss":"carrying"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c3-s18","source":"Она вдруг засмеялась.","translation":"She suddenly burst out laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг засмеялась","title":"Inceptive «за-» perfective","body":"«засмеялась» is perfective «засмеяться» (to burst out laughing). The prefix «за-» here is inceptive, marking the beginning of the action — she broke into laughter — and «вдруг» (suddenly) reinforces the abrupt onset. The verb is also reflexive («-ся»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c3-s19","source":"— В вас что-то злобное и в то же время что-то простодушное,— улыбнулся ей Алеша.","translation":"\"There's something spiteful in you, and at the same time something simple-hearted,\" Alyosha smiled at her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В вас что-то злобное","title":"«в» + prepositional for an inner quality","body":"«в вас» (in you) uses «в» + the prepositional to locate a trait inside a person — 'there is something spiteful in you'. The neuter «что-то» is the indefinite 'something', a specific-but-unnamed quality, with neuter agreement on «злобное»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушное","title":"«простодушный» — simple-hearted","body":"«простодушный» (literally 'simple-souled', from «простой» + «душа») means guileless, ingenuous, open-hearted. Alyosha pairs it against «злобное» (spiteful) to catch the double nature of this 'little demon' — malice and childlike candour at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of злобное (elided есть)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun что-то, subject of злобное","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun что-то, coordinated with что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, describes что-то (subject)","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, part of idiom в то же время","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простодушное (elided есть)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun что-то, subject of простодушное","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun что-то, coordinated with что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with злобное","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулся","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c3-s20","source":"— Простодушное это то, что я вас не стыжусь.","translation":"\"The simple-hearted part is that I am not ashamed before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что я вас не стыжусь","title":"Correlative «то, что…»","body":"«то, что» = 'the [thing] that…', a correlative «то» introducing a noun-clause — 'the simple-hearted part is [the fact] that…'. «Стыдиться» (to be ashamed), a -ся verb, governs the genitive of the person: «вас» here is genitive, not accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"the simple-hearted part"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula linking Простодушное to то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence, referent of что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыжусь, complement of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стыжусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of стыжусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"am ashamed"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c3-s21","source":"Мало того, что не стыжусь, да и не хочу стыдиться, именно пред вами, именно вас.","translation":"More than that — not only am I not ashamed, I don't even want to be ashamed, precisely before you, precisely with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочу стыдиться, именно пред вами, именно вас","title":"«стыдиться» governing the genitive","body":"«стыдиться» takes its object in the genitive — hence «вас» (of you), parallel to «пред вами» (before you). The repeated «именно» (precisely, exactly) hammers the focus: it is precisely Alyosha she refuses to feel shame before."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» (+ instrumental) is the elevated, contracted form of «перед» (in front of, before), common in 19th-century and Church-Slavonic-flavoured prose. «Пред вами» reads a shade more solemn than the everyday «перед вами»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, part of idiom мало того что (not only)","gloss":"not only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыжусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыжусь","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"стыдиться","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to be ashamed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of стыдиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with вами","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c3-s22","source":"Алеша, почему я вас не уважаю?","translation":"Alyosha, why is it that I don't respect you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я вас не уважаю?","title":"Accusative object after «уважать»","body":"«уважать» (to respect), unlike «стыдиться», is a plain transitive verb taking the accusative — «вас» (you). The contrast with the preceding genitive-governing «стыдиться» shows how much the case of «вас» depends on the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c3-s23","source":"Я вас очень люблю, но я вас не уважаю.","translation":"I love you very much, but I don't respect you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас очень люблю, но я вас не уважаю","title":"«но» — adversative coordination","body":"«но» joins two clauses of equal rank in flat opposition: I love you, but I don't respect you. Unlike the softer contrastive «а», «но» marks a genuine clash — exactly the paradox Lise is pressing on Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c3-s24","source":"Если б уважала, ведь не говорила бы не стыдясь, ведь так?","translation":"If I respected you, I wouldn't be talking like this without shame — isn't that so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б уважала, ведь не говорила бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A contrary-to-fact conditional: «если б [= если бы] уважала… не говорила бы» — 'if I respected you, I wouldn't speak'. Both halves use past-tense verbs plus «бы»; «б» is the reduced form of the particle, and the verbs are subjectless because «я» is clear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь… ведь так?","title":"The appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know' — and the tag «ведь так?» seeks agreement ('isn't that so?'). These modal particles give Lise's speech its coaxing, self-justifying texture, untranslatable except through tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не говорила бы не стыдясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «не стыдясь»","body":"«не стыдясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «стыдиться» (to be ashamed) — 'without being ashamed', describing the manner of the main verb. Negated with «не», a simultaneous adverbial sharing the subject 'I'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уважала","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker, modifies уважала","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"уважала","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорила","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be talking"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of говорила","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"стыдясь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"complement of говорила","gloss":"being ashamed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"isn't that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of tag question ведь так (isn't that so)","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c3-s25","source":"— Так.","translation":"\"It is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c3-s26","source":"— А верите вы, что я вас не стыжусь?","translation":"\"And do you believe that I am not ashamed before you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А верите вы, что я вас не стыжусь?","title":"Contrastive «а» opening + «стыдиться» + genitive","body":"The sentence opens with the mild contrastive «а», hinging to a new question rather than opposing. Again «стыжусь» (1st sg. of «стыдиться») takes the genitive «вас» — 'I am not ashamed of you' — inside a «что»-clause of reported content."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыжусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стыжусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of стыжусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верите","gloss":"am ashamed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c3-s27","source":"— Нет, не верю.","translation":"\"No, I don't believe it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to верю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c3-s28","source":"Лиза опять нервно засмеялась; говорила она скоро, быстро.","translation":"Lise laughed nervously again; she spoke fast, in a rush.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорила она скоро, быстро","title":"Verb-first inversion in narration","body":"The verb «говорила» precedes its subject «она», a common narrative inversion that throws weight onto the manner adverbs «скоро, быстро» (fast, quickly) at the end. The imperfective past paints her speech as an ongoing rush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to засмеялась","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро","gloss":"in a rush"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c3-s29","source":"— Я вашему брату Дмитрию Федоровичу конфет в острог послала.","translation":"\"I sent your brother Dmitri Fyodorovich some sweets at the prison.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вашему брату Дмитрию Федоровичу конфет в острог послала","title":"Dative recipient + partitive genitive object","body":"«вашему брату Дмитрию Фёдоровичу» is a dative recipient ('to your brother'), with the patronymic declining alongside the name. The object «конфет» is a partitive genitive plural — 'some sweets', an unspecified quantity — after «послала» (perfective 'sent')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послала","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"конфет","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of послала","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острог","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"острог","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послала (destination)","gloss":"the prison"},{"surface":"послала","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c3-s30","source":"Алеша, знаете, какой вы хорошенький!","translation":"Alyosha, do you know how very pretty you are!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хорошенький","title":"Diminutive «хорошенький» — pretty","body":"«хорошенький» is the affectionate diminutive of «хороший» (good), but its settled meaning is 'pretty, cute, lovely-looking'. The expressive -еньк- suffix adds a coaxing, teasing warmth to Lise's 'how very pretty you are!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хорошенький","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хорошенький","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"pretty"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c3-s31","source":"Я вас ужасно буду любить за то, что вы так скоро позволили мне вас не любить.","translation":"I shall love you terribly for having so quickly allowed me not to love you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно буду любить","title":"Compound future of «любить»","body":"«буду любить» is the imperfective compound future — «буду» plus the imperfective infinitive «любить» — naming an ongoing future love. The adverb «ужасно» ('terribly') is colloquially intensifying: 'I shall love you terribly much'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что вы так скоро позволили мне вас не любить","title":"«за то, что» of cause + dative of «позволить»","body":"«за то, что» = 'for [the fact] that', giving the reason. «Позволить» (to allow) governs the dative of the person permitted: «позволили мне» — you allowed me. Note the embedded infinitive negation «вас не любить» (not to love you)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, referent of что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволили","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"позволили","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить (embedded infinitive)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволили","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c3-s32","source":"— Вы для чего меня сегодня звали, Lise?","translation":"\"What did you summon me here for today, Lise?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы для чего меня сегодня звали","title":"«для чего» — genitive of purpose","body":"«для» governs the genitive, so «для чего» means 'for what, to what end' — 'what did you call me here for'. «Звали» is the imperfective past of «звать» (to call, summon), still felt as a single act here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of звали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of звали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of звали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звали","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"звали","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you summon"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c3-s33","source":"— Мне хотелось вам сообщить одно мое желание.","translation":"\"I wanted to tell you about a certain wish of mine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне хотелось вам сообщить одно мое желание","title":"Dative-subject «хотелось»","body":"«мне хотелось» is the impersonal, dative-experiencer pattern: literally 'to-me it-was-wished', i.e. I felt like / wanted to. The reflexive «хотеться» with neuter «-лось» and no nominative subject is one of Dostoevsky's favourite ways of voicing inner impulse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies желание","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of желание","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"wish"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c3-s34","source":"Я хочу, чтобы меня кто-нибудь истерзал, женился на мне, а потом истерзал, обманул, ушел и уехал.","translation":"I want someone to torment me, to marry me and then torment me, deceive me, leave me, and go away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хочу, чтобы меня кто-нибудь истерзал","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis after a verb of wishing","body":"After «хочу, чтобы», the subordinate verb takes the past-tense form «истерзал» as an irrealis — Russian cannot say 'I want that someone torments…' with a present; the willed, not-yet-real outcome demands «чтобы» + past. «Кто-нибудь» is the non-specific 'anyone, someone or other'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерзал","title":"«истерзать» — to torment to pieces","body":"«истерзать» means to tear apart, torture, lacerate (intensifying «терзать», to torment). The «ис-» prefix gives an exhaustive, thoroughgoing sense — to torment utterly. Lise's craving to be «истерзан» captures the self-lacerating extremity of the 'little demon'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обманул, ушел и уехал","title":"Chain of perfectives, prefixed motion at the end","body":"The verbs run as a string of perfective pasts — «истерзал, женился, обманул, ушёл, уехал» — each a completed step in her fantasy of abandonment. «Ушёл» (went away on foot) and «уехал» (went away by conveyance) are the «у-» prefixed motion verbs of departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истерзал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of истерзал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of pronoun кто-нибудь, subject of истерзал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of pronoun кто-нибудь, subject of истерзал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"истерзал","lemma":"истерзать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"would torment"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with истерзал","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"(marry)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерзал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"истерзал","lemma":"истерзать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with истерзал","gloss":"torment again"},{"surface":"обманул","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with истерзал","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with истерзал","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with истерзал","gloss":"go away"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c3-s35","source":"Я не хочу быть счастливою!","translation":"I don't want to be happy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастливою","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"After the infinitive «быть» ('to be'), a predicate adjective normally goes in the instrumental, not the nominative: «быть счастливою» ('to be happy'). The ending -ою is an older, bookish variant of modern -ой; today you would usually see «счастливой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливою","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"счастливою","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c3-s36","source":"— Полюбили беспорядок?","translation":"\"You've come to love disorder?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полюбили беспорядок?","title":"Inceptive perfective «полюбить»","body":"«полюбить» (perfective of «любить») means not 'love' continuously but 'come to love, take to' — the «по-» marks the entry into the state. Alyosha asks, in effect, 'have you grown fond of disorder?' «Беспорядок» is its accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you come to love"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Полюбили","gloss":"disorder"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c3-s37","source":"— Ах, я хочу беспорядка.","translation":"\"Oh, I want disorder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хочу беспорядка","title":"Genitive object after «хотеть»","body":"«хотеть» typically governs the genitive of an abstract or indefinite object: «хочу беспорядка» — 'I want [some] disorder', not accusative. The genitive frames the wanted thing as unbounded and non-specific, which suits the chaos Lise is reaching for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to хочу","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"беспорядка","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"disorder"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c3-s38","source":"Я всё хочу зажечь дом.","translation":"I keep wanting to set the house on fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё хочу зажечь дом","title":"«всё» as 'keep on' + perfective infinitive","body":"Adverbial «всё» here means 'continually, keep on' — 'I keep wanting to…'. The infinitive «зажечь» (to set alight) is perfective, naming the single completed act she imagines; «хочу» supplies the recurring desire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"зажечь","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to set fire to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зажечь","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c3-s39","source":"Я воображаю, как это я подойду и зажгу потихоньку, непременно чтобы потихоньку.","translation":"I picture myself stealing up and setting it alight on the sly — it absolutely must be on the sly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это я подойду и зажгу потихоньку","title":"Perfective futures + prefixed motion","body":"«подойду» (I'll come up to, «подойти») and «зажгу» (I'll set alight, «зажечь») are perfective simple futures inside her imagined scene. «Подойти» is a «под-» prefixed motion verb — to approach, draw near. The «это» is an emphatic filler: 'how I'd just creep up…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — quietly, on the sly","body":"«потихоньку» (from «тихо», quietly, via the diminutive-adverbial pattern) means softly, stealthily, on the sly. Its repetition — «непременно чтобы потихоньку» (it absolutely must be on the sly) — fixes the furtive thrill of Lise's daydream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воображаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воображаю","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подойду","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in clause (how it is that...)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подойду","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of воображаю","gloss":"steal up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажгу","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подойду","gloss":"set it alight"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зажгу","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чтобы потихоньку (clause)","gloss":"absolutely must"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause чтобы потихоньку","gloss":"that it be"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of elliptical чтобы-clause, modifies непременно","gloss":"on the sly"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c3-s40","source":"Они-то тушат, а он-то горит.","translation":"They try to put it out, and it goes on burning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они-то тушат, а он-то горит","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то» + contrastive «а»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the topicalizing clitic, underscoring a known subject and setting up a contrast: «они-то… а он-то» — 'they, for their part… while it, for its part…'. The contrastive «а» hinges the two clauses against each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of тушат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Они","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тушат","lemma":"тушить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try to put out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тушат","gloss":"keeps burning"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c3-s41","source":"А я знаю, да молчу.","translation":"And I know, but I keep quiet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я знаю, да молчу","title":"Folksy coordinating «да»","body":"«да» here is the colloquial, folksy coordinator meaning 'and / but' (= «и» or «но»): 'And I know, but I keep quiet.' This «да» gives the line a homespun, almost peasant cadence, distinct from the affirmative «да» ('yes')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"keep silent"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c3-s42","source":"Ах, глупости!","translation":"Oh, what nonsense!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глупости","title":"«глупости» — nonsense, silliness","body":"«глупости» (plural of «глупость», from «глупый», stupid) is an exclamatory 'nonsense! foolishness!' — the speaker brushing her own words aside. Lise's abrupt 'Ах, глупости!' deflates the dark fantasy she has just spun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to глупости","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c3-s43","source":"И как скучно!","translation":"And how boring it all is!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И как скучно!","title":"Impersonal «скучно»","body":"«скучно» is an impersonal predicative ('[it is] boring/dreary'), with no nominative subject — the dative experiencer «мне» is left understood. This subjectless framing of mood — 'how boring it all is' — recurs constantly in Lise's restless complaints."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скучно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boring"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c3-s44","source":"Она с отвращением махнула ручкой.","translation":"She gave a disgusted little wave of her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с отвращением","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с отвращением» (with disgust) uses «с» + the instrumental to express the manner of the action — how she waved. This adverbial 'with [an emotion]' phrasing is a standard way Russian renders English manner-adverbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручкой","title":"Diminutive «ручка» — little hand","body":"«ручкой» is the instrumental of «ручка», the diminutive of «рука» (hand). The endearing suffix keeps Lise's gestures childlike and fragile — a 'little hand' waved in disgust — even as her words turn cruel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of махнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнула","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"махнула","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"ручкой","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнула","gloss":"her hand"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c3-s45","source":"— Богато живете,— тихо проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"You live richly,\" Alyosha said softly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Богато живете","title":"«богато» — richly, but ironic","body":"Literally 'you live richly', «богато живёте» is Alyosha's quiet, double-edged remark: Lise does live in material comfort, yet he means it as gentle reproach for her luxuriating in spiritual idleness. The adverb «богато» (from «богатый», rich) carries that irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Богато","lemma":"богато","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живете","gloss":"richly"},{"surface":"живете","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you live"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to живете","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c3-s46","source":"— Лучше, что ль, бедной-то быть?","translation":"\"Would it be better, then, to be poor?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бедной-то быть?","title":"Predicate instrumental after «быть» + topic «-то»","body":"«бедной» is the instrumental predicate after «быть» — 'to be poor' (бедной = older/feminine instr. of «бедная»). The clitic «-то» on «бедной-то» topicalizes 'poor' as the point at issue: 'so is it better, then, to be poor?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше, что ль","title":"«что ль» — colloquial 'or what?'","body":"«что ль» is the reduced, colloquial «что ли», a questioning tag softening or challenging the statement — 'is it better, or what?'. It descends from the interrogative particle «ли» and lends a casual, slightly testy tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of the sentence","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ль","morphology":"particle","role":"part of filler particle что ль (or what)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, part of что ль","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to бедной","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Лучше","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c3-s47","source":"— Лучше.","translation":"\"It would.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c3-s48","source":"— Это вам ваш монах покойный наговорил.","translation":"\"That's what your dead monk talked you into.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваш монах покойный наговорил","title":"Postposed adjective «покойный»","body":"The adjective «покойный» (deceased, late) follows its noun «монах» — a marked, slightly weighty order: 'your monk, the late one'. «Наговорил» (perfective «наговорить») means 'talked [a lot] into [you]', the «на-» prefix giving an accumulating sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наговорил (fronted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of наговорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наговорил","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"наговорил","lemma":"наговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c3-s49","source":"Это неправда.","translation":"It isn't true.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"isn't true"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c3-s50","source":"Пусть я богата, а все бедные, я буду конфеты есть и сливки пить, а тем никому не дам.","translation":"Let me be rich and everyone else poor — I'll eat sweets and drink cream, and give none of it to anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть я богата, а все бедные","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'let / suppose'","body":"«пусть» here is concessive: 'let me be rich and everyone else poor' (granting it for argument's sake), not a command. The zero-copula clauses use predicative adjectives with no verb: «богата» is a short form, but «все бедные» uses the long-form adjective «бедные» predicatively (the short form would be «бедны»). «а» draws the contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а тем никому не дам","title":"Dative + negative concord","body":"«тем» (to those) and «никому» (to no one) are both datives of the recipient of «дам» (I'll give). «Никому… не дам» is negative concord — 'I'll give to none of them' — the ни-pronoun obligatorily doubled by «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of богата","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of богата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"богата","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бедные","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of все","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of есть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"конфеты","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of есть","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сливки","lemma":"сливка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пить","gloss":"cream"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"I'll give"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c3-s51","source":"Ах, не говорите, не говорите ничего,— замахала она ручкой, хотя Алеша и рта не открывал,— вы мне уж прежде всё это говорили, я всё наизусть знаю.","translation":"Oh, don't say anything, don't say a word,\" she waved her hand, though Alyosha had not so much as opened his mouth, \"you've already told me all this before, I know it all by heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не говорите, не говорите ничего","title":"Imperfective imperative of prohibition","body":"A prohibition uses the imperfective imperative: «не говорите» (don't speak), repeated for urgency. With negation Russian strongly prefers the imperfective imperative; «ничего» adds negative concord — 'don't say anything'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя Алеша и рта не открывал","title":"Concessive «хотя» + genitive of negation","body":"«хотя» (although) opens a concessive clause; the emphatic «и» means 'even'. The object «рта» (genitive of «рот», mouth) is in the genitive of negation under «не открывал» — 'hadn't even opened his mouth'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наизусть","title":"«наизусть» — by heart","body":"«наизусть» is the fixed adverb 'by heart, from memory' (historically 'by the lips/mouth'). «Я всё наизусть знаю» — 'I know it all by heart' — captures Lise's weary boredom with Alyosha's moralizing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорите","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"замахала","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорите","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замахала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ручкой","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of замахала","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рта","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рта","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открывал","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"открывал","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on замахала","gloss":"had opened"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to замахала","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"наизусть","lemma":"наизусть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорили","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c3-s52","source":"Скучно.","translation":"It's boring.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скучно.","title":"One-word impersonal predicate","body":"A complete sentence in a single impersonal word: «Скучно» — '[it is] boring'. No subject, no copula; the dative experiencer is understood. Such terse subjectless predicatives convey mood with great economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скучно","lemma":"скучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boring"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c3-s53","source":"Если я буду бедная, я кого-нибудь убью,— да и богата если буду, может быть, убью,— что сидеть-то!","translation":"If I'm poor, I'll kill somebody — and if I'm rich, maybe I'll kill somebody too — why just sit around!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я буду бедная, я кого-нибудь убью","title":"Real conditional: future + future","body":"An open (real) condition: «если» + future «буду бедная» in the protasis, perfective future «убью» (I'll kill) in the apodosis — no «бы» here, unlike the counterfactual earlier. «Кого-нибудь» is the non-specific 'somebody, anybody'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что сидеть-то!","title":"«что» + infinitive + «-то»","body":"«что сидеть-то!» is an exasperated rhetorical exclamation — 'what's the point of just sitting around!'. The bare infinitive «сидеть» follows «что» in the sense 'why / what use is it to…', and the clitic «-то» adds peevish emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убью","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бедная","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"богата","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to бедная","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убью","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to богата","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies убью","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убью","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sit around"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c3-s54","source":"А знаете, я хочу жать, рожь жать.","translation":"And you know, I want to reap, to reap rye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хочу жать, рожь жать","title":"Object-first repetition for emphasis","body":"She first says «жать» (to reap) bare, then repeats with the object fronted: «рожь жать» — 'rye, to reap'. Putting «рожь» (accusative of «рожь», rye) before the infinitive throws the new, concrete image into focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"жать","lemma":"жать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"reap"},{"surface":"рожь","lemma":"рожь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жать","gloss":"rye"},{"surface":"жать","lemma":"жать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жать","gloss":"reap"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c3-s55","source":"Я за вас выйду, а вы станьте мужиком, настоящим мужиком, у нас жеребеночек, хотите?","translation":"I'll marry you, and you become a peasant, a real peasant, and we'll keep a colt — would you like that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы станьте мужиком, настоящим мужиком","title":"Imperative «станьте» + instrumental predicate","body":"«станьте» is the polite imperative of «стать» (to become), which takes its predicate noun in the instrumental: «мужиком», «настоящим мужиком» — 'become a peasant, a real peasant'. The instrumental frames the new, assumed role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жеребеночек","title":"Double diminutive «жеребёночек» — little colt","body":"«жеребёночек» is a double diminutive: «жеребёнок» (colt, already the young of «жеребец», stallion) plus a further -очек, making it 'a dear little colt'. The piled-up tenderness is pure Lise — childlike sentiment inside her provocations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for","note":"'выйти за кого-то' is the idiom for 'to marry someone'."},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"станьте","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"мужиком","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станьте","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"настоящим","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужиком","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"мужиком","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мужиком","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the construction with жеребеночек","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"жеребеночек","lemma":"жеребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided есть","gloss":"a colt"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"would you like that"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c3-s56","source":"Вы Калганова знаете?","translation":"Do you know Kalganov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы Калганова знаете?","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«Калганова» is the accusative of the animate masculine surname «Калганов», which for animate nouns is identical to the genitive (with the -а ending), not the nominative. The object «Калганова» is fronted before the verb «знаете» in this casual question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c3-s57","source":"— Знаю.","translation":"\"I do.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I do"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c3-s58","source":"— Он всё ходит и мечтает.","translation":"\"He just goes about and daydreams.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он всё ходит и мечтает","title":"Imperfective present, multidirectional «ходит»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present, describing habitual behaviour. «Ходит» is the multidirectional «ходить» — to go about, walk around generally (not in one direction), perfectly fitting 'he just goes about'. Adverbial «всё» again means 'continually'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мечтает","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"daydreaming"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c3-s59","source":"Он говорит: зачем взаправду жить, лучше мечтать.","translation":"He says: why live for real, it's better to dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем взаправду жить, лучше мечтать","title":"Bare infinitives weighing two options","body":"Two bare infinitives are set against each other: «зачем… жить» (why live) versus «лучше мечтать» (better to dream). Subjectless infinitive clauses like these state a generalized 'one' — anyone's choice — and are typical of aphoristic speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взаправду","title":"«взаправду» — for real","body":"«взаправду» is a colloquial, slightly childlike adverb meaning 'for real, in earnest, genuinely' (from «в» + «правда», truth). It gives Kalganov's reported question — 'why live for real' — a naive, dreamy register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"for real"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on зачем","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to dream"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c3-s60","source":"Намечтать можно самое веселое, а жить скука.","translation":"You can dream up the merriest things, but living is a bore.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намечтать можно самое веселое, а жить скука","title":"Impersonal «можно» + superlative «самое весёлое»","body":"«можно» is the impersonal modal 'one can / it is possible', taking a bare infinitive «намечтать» (to dream up, «на-» giving an accumulative sense). «Самое весёлое» is the superlative ('the merriest things'), «самый» declining with the neuter adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а жить скука","title":"Contrastive «а» + nominal predicate","body":"«а жить скука» balances against the first clause: 'but to live is a bore'. The infinitive «жить» serves as subject and «скука» (boredom, nom.) as a zero-copula predicate noun — 'living [is] a bore'. The contrastive «а» is the hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намечтать","lemma":"намечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"dreaming up"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Намечтать","gloss":"merriest things"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of скука","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"скука","lemma":"скука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of жить","gloss":"a bore"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c3-s61","source":"А ведь сам скоро женится, он уж и мне объяснялся в любви.","translation":"And yet he himself is getting married soon — he's already declared his love to me too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"«А ведь» — and yet, after all","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots to a new, jarring thought, and «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge: 'and yet — you know it.' Lise pairs them to throw the engagement up as an objection that Alyosha already half-grasps."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скоро женится","title":"«женится» — perfective present as future","body":"«Женится» is the perfective present of «жениться», so it reads as future: 'he is soon to get married.' Russian has no separate future ending here — the perfective conjugation alone carries 'will (and complete the act).'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объяснялся в любви","title":"«объясняться в любви» — to declare one's love","body":"A fixed 19th-century idiom: «объясниться/объясняться в любви» is to make a formal declaration of love, a courtship ritual of the period. The imperfective «объяснялся» plus «уж и мне» ('me too, already') makes it sound like one item in a careless list."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject of женится","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is getting married"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснялся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснялся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснялся","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"объяснялся","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женится","gloss":"declared himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснялся","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c3-s62","source":"Вы умеете кубари спускать?","translation":"Do you know how to spin tops?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кубари спускать","title":"«спускать кубарь» — to set a top spinning","body":"«Кубарь» is the old whip-top, a wooden spinning top driven by lashing it with a small whip; «кубари» is the accusative plural object here. «Спускать» is the technical verb for launching it. The childhood image sets up Lise's cruel comparison in the next lines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умеете … спускать","title":"«уметь» + infinitive","body":"«Уметь» ('to know how to') governs a bare imperfective infinitive — «умеете спускать», 'do you know how to set [tops] spinning.' Modal verbs of this kind take the infinitive directly, with no «что» or «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умеете","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"кубари","lemma":"кубарь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спускать","gloss":"tops"},{"surface":"спускать","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеете","gloss":"to spin"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c3-s63","source":"— Умею.","translation":"\"I do.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умею","title":"Dropped subject in «Умею»","body":"Alyosha answers with the bare verb — the first-person ending «-ю» already says 'I,' so the pronoun «я» is dropped. Russian routinely omits subject pronouns because the verb form carries person and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I do"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c3-s64","source":"— Вот это он, как кубарь: завертеть его и спустить и стегать, стегать, стегать кнутиком: выйду за него замуж, всю жизнь буду спускать.","translation":"\"Well, he's just like a top: wind him up, set him spinning, and lash, lash, lash him with the little whip — I'll marry him and spin him my whole life long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завертеть его и спустить и стегать","title":"Infinitive chain as command","body":"Three bare infinitives — «завертеть», «спустить», «стегать» — strung together read as an excited stream of imperatives: 'wind him up, set him going, and lash.' The first two are perfective (one quick act each), the third imperfective «стегать» (durative, hence the threefold repetition)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стегать, стегать, стегать","title":"Triple imperfective for ongoing lashing","body":"The threefold repetition of the imperfective «стегать» enacts the relentless, repeated whipping — exactly the durative, process meaning of the imperfective. A perfective here would name a single stroke; Lise wants the endless one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кнутиком","title":"«кнутик» — diminutive of «кнут» (whip)","body":"«Кнутик» is «кнут» (whip, knout) plus the diminutive «-ик», in the instrumental «кнутиком» ('with the little whip'). The little-sounding suffix makes the cruelty sound playful and childlike, the chilling note of the whole speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйду за него замуж","title":"«выйти замуж за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"A woman 'goes out behind a husband': «выйти замуж за» + accusative «за него». «Выйду» is the perfective future ('I'll marry him'). Note Russian has separate idioms for a man marrying («жениться на» + prepositional) and a woman («выйти замуж за» + accusative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю жизнь буду спускать","title":"«буду спускать» — imperfective future","body":"The compound future «буду» + imperfective infinitive «спускать» names an ongoing, lifelong action — fitting «всю жизнь» ('my whole life'). Against the perfective «выйду» (one decisive act), this is the endless process that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of он","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with кубарь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"кубарь","lemma":"кубарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a top"},{"surface":"завертеть","lemma":"завертеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"imperative infinitive, first in the list","gloss":"wind up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завертеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спустить","lemma":"спустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with завертеть","gloss":"set spinning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стегать","lemma":"стегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спустить","gloss":"lash"},{"surface":"стегать","lemma":"стегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стегать","gloss":"lash"},{"surface":"стегать","lemma":"стегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стегать","gloss":"lash"},{"surface":"кнутиком","lemma":"кнутик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of стегать","gloss":"with the little whip"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"new main clause, parallel to завертеть list","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"[marry]"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal accusative modifying спускать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of спускать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"спускать","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"spin him"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c3-s65","source":"Вам не стыдно со мной сидеть?","translation":"Aren't you ashamed to be sitting here with me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам не стыдно","title":"Dative-subject «Вам не стыдно»","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject; the experiencer stands in the dative «вам», and the state is the invariable «стыдно» ('[it is] shameful'). Literally 'to you [it is] not shameful' — Russian's habitual way of locating a feeling in a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"sitting"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c3-s66","source":"— Нет.","translation":"\"No.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c3-s67","source":"— Вы ужасно сердитесь, что я не про святое говорю.","translation":"\"You're terribly cross that I'm not talking about holy things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердитесь, что","title":"«что» introducing a causal/factual clause","body":"Here «что» opens the clause that gives the cause of the anger — 'you're cross that I'm not talking about holy things.' This is the plain reporting/fact «что» (contrast «чтобы» for purpose), set off by the comma."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не про святое","title":"«про святое» — substantivized neuter adjective","body":"«Святое» is the neuter adjective «святой» used as a noun, 'the holy / holy things,' after «про» (about) + accusative. «Не про то» works the same way in the next exchange ('not about that'). Russian freely turns adjectives into abstract nouns this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сердитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are cross"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies святое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святое","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"святое","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"holy things"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сердитесь","gloss":"am talking"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c3-s68","source":"Я не хочу быть святою.","translation":"I don't want to be a saint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быть святою","title":"Instrumental predicate «святою»","body":"After «быть» the predicate goes in the instrumental: «святою» (an older long-form instrumental of «святая», = modern «святой»). The instrumental frames sainthood as a role assumed rather than an inherent identity — and the archaic «-ою» ending lends a faintly bookish, solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to святою","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"святою","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"a saint"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c3-s69","source":"Что сделают на том свете за самый большой грех?","translation":"What will they do to you in the next world for the greatest sin of all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что сделают","title":"Impersonal 3rd-person-plural «сделают»","body":"«Сделают» (perfective future, 3rd plural) with no stated subject is the agentless 'they will do' — Russian's standard way of saying 'what will be done,' leaving the doer vague. Compare English's impersonal 'they.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделают","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сделают","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will they do"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделают","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies большой","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделают","gloss":"sin"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c3-s70","source":"Вам это должно быть в точности известно.","translation":"You ought to know that exactly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам это должно быть … известно","title":"Dative + short-form «известно»","body":"Another dative-experiencer frame: «вам … известно» = 'to you [it is] known,' with the short-form passive-ish adjective «известно». «Должно быть» here is modal — 'ought to be known to you.' The dative «вам» marks the one to whom the knowledge belongs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of должно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c3-s71","source":"— Бог осудит,— пристально вглядывался в нее Алеша.","translation":"\"God will condemn it,\" Alyosha said, gazing at her intently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально вглядывался в нее Алеша","title":"Inverted word order in the speech tag","body":"The adverb and verb precede the subject — «пристально вглядывался … Алеша» — a literary inversion typical of Dostoevsky's dialogue tags. The imperfective «вглядывался» paints the gazing as ongoing, a held look rather than a single glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осудит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"осудит","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядывался","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"вглядывался","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to осудит","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядывался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вглядывался","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c3-s72","source":"— Вот так я и хочу.","translation":"\"That's just what I want.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот так","title":"«вот так» — emphatic 'just so'","body":"«Вот» points and intensifies; «вот так … и хочу» = 'that's exactly what I want.' The «и» before «хочу» reinforces the focus, a common colloquial pile-up of little emphatic words in spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c3-s73","source":"Я бы пришла, а меня бы и осудили, а я бы вдруг всем им и засмеялась в глаза.","translation":"I'd come, and they'd condemn me, and then suddenly I'd laugh in all their faces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы пришла, а меня бы и осудили, а я бы вдруг … засмеялась","title":"Chained conditional with «бы»","body":"Three irrealis clauses, each built from a past-tense verb plus «бы» (пришла, осудили, засмеялась): 'I'd come… they'd condemn me… I'd suddenly laugh.' «Бы» is mobile (here right after «я» and after «меня»), and the strung «а … а» drives the imagined scene forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня бы и осудили","title":"Impersonal 'they' + concord with «и»","body":"«Осудили» (3rd plural, no subject) is the agentless 'they would condemn me'; the «и» here is emphatic ('they'd actually condemn me'), not the conjunction 'and.' Spotting emphatic «и» versus connective «и» is a frequent reading task."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засмеялась в глаза","title":"«засмеяться в глаза» — to laugh in someone's face","body":"The prefix «за-» on «смеяться» marks the sudden onset of laughing; «в глаза» (lit. 'into the eyes') is the idiom for doing something openly to a person's face. The reflexive «-сь» is part of «смеяться», which exists only in the «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пришла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осудили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of осудили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"осудили","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"condemn"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of засмеялась","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of им","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c3-s74","source":"Я ужасно хочу зажечь дом, Алеша, наш дом, вы мне всё не верите?","translation":"I terribly want to set the house on fire, Alyosha, our own house — you still don't believe me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зажечь дом","title":"«зажечь» — to set alight","body":"«Зажечь» (perfective; pair «зажигать») is to light or set on fire. Throughout this passage Lise reaches for it again and again — to 'set the house on fire,' to 'set something alight' — the perfective stressing the single, decisive act of arson she fantasizes about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы мне всё не верите","title":"«всё» as 'still / all the while'","body":"Here «всё» is not 'everything' but the adverb 'still, all the while' — 'you still don't believe me.' «Верить» governs the dative «мне» (one believes to a person). This adverbial «всё» of persistence is common in colloquial speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"зажечь","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"set on fire"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зажечь","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дом","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of верите (colloquial 'всё не верите' = 'still don't believe')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c3-s75","source":"— Почему же?","translation":"\"Why shouldn't I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же?","title":"«же» after «почему»","body":"«Же» pressed onto the question word sharpens it into a mild challenge — 'why ever (shouldn't I)?' Alyosha is countering her assumption that he disbelieves her. These tiny particles carry tone that English must render with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c3-s76","source":"Есть даже дети, лет по двенадцати, которым очень хочется зажечь что-нибудь, и они зажигают.","translation":"There are even children, around twelve years old, who very much want to set something on fire, and they do set it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет по двенадцати","title":"«лет по двенадцати» — distributive 'around twelve'","body":"«Лет» is the genitive plural of «год» used for age, and «по» + the numeral gives an approximate, distributive 'about twelve [years] each.' The whole phrase reads 'children of around twelve years.' «По» governing the numeral here is an idiomatic age expression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым очень хочется зажечь","title":"Relative «которым» in the dative","body":"«Который» agrees with its antecedent «дети» in number (plural) but takes the case its own clause demands — dative «которым», because «хочется» is a dative-experiencer verb ('to whom it is wished'). The impersonal «хочется» + dative is Russia's standard 'feel like / want.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зажечь что-нибудь","title":"«что-нибудь» — non-specific 'anything'","body":"The particle «-нибудь» makes «что» a non-specific 'something/anything at all' — the children don't have a particular target in mind. Contrast «что-то» (a specific but unnamed thing), the distinction Russian draws between the two indefinite series."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to дети","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двенадцати","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хочется","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дети","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"зажечь","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"set fire to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of зажечь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of зажечь","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зажигают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"зажигают","lemma":"зажигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Есть","gloss":"do set it"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c3-s77","source":"Это вроде болезни.","translation":"It's a kind of illness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вроде болезни","title":"«вроде» + genitive","body":"«Вроде» ('a kind of, like') governs the genitive — «вроде болезни», 'like an illness.' It is one of the many quasi-prepositions that demand the genitive, joining «без», «из», «у» and the rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вроде","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вроде","gloss":"illness"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c3-s78","source":"— Неправда, неправда, пусть есть дети, но я не про то.","translation":"\"That's not true, not true; let there be such children, but that's not what I mean.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть есть дети","title":"«пусть» — concessive 'let there be'","body":"«Пусть» + present indicative grants the point hypothetically: 'let there be such children (granted, suppose there are).' Beyond its imperative-like 'let him do' use, «пусть» often concedes an opponent's point before the «но» that overturns it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не про то","title":"«я не про то» — 'that's not what I mean'","body":"An elliptical idiom: «про то» = 'about that,' negated to 'I'm not [talking] about that.' The verb of speaking is left out, as is normal in fast Russian dialogue. «То» is the demonstrative pointing back to the wrong interpretation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not true"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Неправда","gloss":"not true"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c3-s79","source":"— Вы злое принимаете за доброе: это минутный кризис, в этом ваша прежняя болезнь, может быть, виновата.","translation":"\"You take evil for good: it's a passing crisis, and perhaps your former illness is to blame for it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы злое принимаете за доброе","title":"«принимать за» — to take X for Y","body":"The idiom «принимать что-то за что-то» ('to take/mistake one thing for another') governs the accusative on both sides: «злое … за доброе». Both are substantivized neuter adjectives, 'evil' and 'good' as abstractions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минутный кризис","title":"«минутный» — momentary","body":"«Минутный» is the adjective from «минута», 'lasting a minute, momentary, passing.' Alyosha diagnoses her cruelty as a 'passing crisis,' softening it into something temporary — which she will indignantly reject in the next line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваша прежняя болезнь … виновата","title":"Short adjective «виновата»","body":"«Виновата» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «виноватый» ('to blame'), agreeing with feminine «болезнь». Short adjectives serve only as predicates and carry a sense of state — here, 'your former illness is to blame.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимаете","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"принимаете","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаете","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кризис","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"минутный","lemma":"минутный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кризис","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"кризис","lemma":"кризис","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"crisis"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"прежняя","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies виновата","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of болезнь","gloss":"to blame"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c3-s80","source":"— А вы таки меня презираете!","translation":"\"So you do despise me after all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы таки меня презираете","title":"«таки» — 'after all, in the end'","body":"The particle «таки» (often hyphenated «вы-таки» / «таки») signals that something has turned out to be true despite expectation — 'so you do despise me after all.' Combined with opening «а», it stages a triumphant catching-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c3-s81","source":"Я просто не хочу делать доброе, я хочу делать злое, а никакой тут болезни нет.","translation":"I simply don't want to do good, I want to do evil, and there's no illness in it at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакой тут болезни нет","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Нет» ('there is not') forces its noun into the genitive — «болезни», not nominative «болезнь» — the genitive of negation. With it the negative pronoun «никакой» ('no … at all'), also genitive, doubles the negation in Russian's obligatory negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочу делать злое","title":"«хотеть» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Хочу делать доброе / злое» pairs «хотеть» with the imperfective «делать» ('to do, as an ongoing practice') rather than the perfective «сделать.' She wants the continual doing of evil, not one finished deed — a deliberate aspect choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of second хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"there is not"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c3-s82","source":"— Зачем делать злое?","translation":"\"Why do evil?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем делать злое?","title":"Infinitive question «Зачем делать?»","body":"A bare infinitive question — «зачем делать?» 'why do [it]?' — with no subject, asking after purpose in general. The infinitive standing alone for a deliberative or rhetorical question is idiomatic Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c3-s83","source":"— А чтобы нигде ничего не осталось.","translation":"\"So that nothing would be left anywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы нигде ничего не осталось","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"Purpose «чтобы» requires the past-tense/irrealis verb — «осталось», not a present or future. Inside it sits a triple negative («нигде ничего … не»), Russian negative concord: 'so that nothing would remain anywhere.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не осталось","title":"Genitive subject with «осталось»","body":"«Не осталось» ('there did not remain') takes its logical subject in the genitive — «ничего» (gen. of «ничто») — exactly the genitive-of-negation pattern that governs the subject of a negated existential. The verb stands neuter singular by default."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осталось","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be left"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c3-s84","source":"Ах, как бы хорошо, кабы ничего не осталось!","translation":"Oh, how good it would be if nothing were left!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кабы","title":"«кабы» — folksy 'if only'","body":"«Кабы» is a colloquial, folk-flavoured variant of «если бы» ('if, if only'), common in peasant speech and proverbs. Lise's exclamation «как бы хорошо, кабы…» ('how good it would be if only…') drops into this homely register for emotional force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы хорошо","title":"Conditional exclamation with «бы»","body":"«Как бы хорошо» = 'how good it would be,' an irrealis wish built on «бы». No verb 'to be' appears — the present copula is zero — so the bare «бы» plus adverb «хорошо» carries the whole hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хорошо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on осталось","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осталось","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were left"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c3-s85","source":"Знаете, Алеша, я иногда думаю наделать ужасно много зла и всего скверного, и долго буду тихонько делать, и вдруг все узнают.","translation":"You know, Alyosha, sometimes I think of doing a terrible lot of evil, all sorts of vile things, and I'd do them quietly for a long while, and then suddenly everyone would find out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думаю наделать ужасно много зла","title":"«наделать» + genitive of quantity","body":"The perfective «наделать» (with «на-» = 'do a whole lot of') takes its object in the genitive of quantity — «много зла», «всего скверного» ('a lot of evil, all sorts of vile things'). «Много» and the partitive sense both pull toward the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго буду тихонько делать","title":"Imperfective future for the long, quiet doing","body":"«Буду … делать» (compound imperfective future) suits «долго» ('for a long while') — a drawn-out, repeated action — set against the perfective «вдруг … узнают» ('suddenly everyone would find out'), a single sharp event. The aspect contrast stages the slow build and the sudden exposure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тихонько","title":"«тихонько» — diminutive adverb 'quietly'","body":"«Тихонько» is «тихо» ('quietly') with the affectionate diminutive «-онько», softening it to 'ever so quietly, on the sly.' The cozy suffix on a confession of secret evil-doing is pure Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"наделать","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думаю","gloss":"to commit"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on зла","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наделать","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies скверного","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"скверного","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with зла","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of делать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наделать","gloss":"do it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думаю","gloss":"will find out"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c3-s86","source":"Все меня обступят и будут показывать на меня пальцами, а я буду на всех смотреть.","translation":"They'd all crowd around me and point their fingers at me, and I would look back at them all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обступят","title":"«обступить» — to surround on all sides","body":"«Обступить» (perfective; «об-» = around) is to crowd around, hem in from every side. «Все меня обступят» — 'everyone will surround me' — perfective future, a single decisive moment of being encircled."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будут показывать … а я буду … смотреть","title":"Imperfective futures held in tableau","body":"Both clauses use the compound imperfective future («будут показывать», «буду смотреть») to freeze the scene into an ongoing tableau — the crowd pointing, she gazing back — rather than report finished acts. The contrastive «а» sets her stillness against their pointing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обступят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обступят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обступят","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will surround"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of показывать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обступят","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of показывать","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотреть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смотреть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"всех","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показывать","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c3-s87","source":"Это очень приятно.","translation":"That's very pleasant.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleasant"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c3-s88","source":"Почему это так приятно, Алеша?","translation":"Why is it so pleasant, Alyosha?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему это так приятно","title":"Impersonal «приятно» + zero copula","body":"«Приятно» is an invariable predicative ('[it is] pleasant'), with no nominative subject and no verb 'to be' in the present — «это … приятно» = 'this is pleasant.' The whole question hangs on these short impersonal predicatives so frequent in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c3-s89","source":"— Так.","translation":"\"It just is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так.","title":"«Так» as a one-word answer","body":"Standing alone, «так» here means 'just because / it just is' — a shrugging, reasonless answer to 'why?' This evasive «так» (no real cause given) is a common colloquial dodge, and Alyosha's is deliberately unsettling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c3-s90","source":"Потребность раздавить что-нибудь хорошее али вот, как вы говорили, зажечь.","translation":"A craving to crush something good, or, as you said, to set it on fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потребность раздавить что-нибудь хорошее","title":"Abstract noun + infinitive complement","body":"«Потребность» ('a craving, need') takes an infinitive complement: «потребность раздавить» — 'a craving to crush.' The perfective «раздавить» names the single act of crushing; «что-нибудь хорошее» ('something/anything good') is its non-specific accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — archaic/folk 'or'","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, folk-poetic variant of «или» ('or'), heard in peasant speech, byliny, and folk song. Its appearance in Alyosha's speech tints the line with an old, popular flavour against the surrounding standard Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a craving"},{"surface":"раздавить","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies Потребность","gloss":"to crush"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of раздавить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of раздавить","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"«-нибудь» attaches to что to make an indefinite pronoun, like English '-ever' in 'whatever.'"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/colloquial variant of или, 'or.'"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зажечь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying зажечь","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"зажечь","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздавить","gloss":"to set on fire"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c3-s91","source":"Это тоже бывает.","translation":"That happens too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это тоже бывает","title":"«бывает» — habitual 'it happens'","body":"«Бывает» is the iterative/frequentative of «быть», meaning 'happens (from time to time), is the case sometimes.' Distinct from «есть» (simple 'is'), it states a recurring possibility — 'that happens too.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c3-s92","source":"— Я ведь не то что говорила, я ведь и сделаю.","translation":"\"But it's not just that I said it — I'll actually do it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь не то что говорила, я ведь и сделаю","title":"«ведь» twice + aspect contrast","body":"«Ведь» both times appeals to shared understanding ('you see, after all'). The aspect carries the argument: imperfective past «говорила» (I was merely talking) versus perfective future «сделаю» (I will actually do-and-finish it) — saying versus the deed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что говорила","title":"«не то что» — 'it's not [just] that'","body":"«Не то что» is a fixed concessive idiom, 'it's not that / it's not merely that.' She concedes she said it, only to insist the deed will follow — the «не то что … я и сделаю» structure sets talk against action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сделаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do it"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c3-s93","source":"— Верю.","translation":"\"I believe you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верю.","title":"Bare «Верю» — dropped subject","body":"Alyosha's one-word 'I believe [you]': the ending «-ю» marks first person, so «я» is omitted, and the dative object «тебе/вам» is understood from context. «Верить» governs the dative of the person believed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe you"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c3-s94","source":"— Ах, как я вас люблю за то, что вы говорите: верю.","translation":"\"Oh, how I love you for saying: I believe you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люблю вас за то, что","title":"«за то, что» — 'for the fact that'","body":"«За» + the demonstrative «то» + «что» means 'for the fact that, because of' — 'I love you for saying.' The correlative «то» (accusative after «за») points forward to the «что»-clause that fills it out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause modifying говорите","gloss":"I believe"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c3-s95","source":"И ведь вы вовсе, вовсе не лжете.","translation":"And you're not lying in the least, not in the least.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе, вовсе не лжете","title":"«вовсе не» — 'not in the least'","body":"«Вовсе не» strengthens the negation to 'not at all, not in the least,' and the doubling «вовсе, вовсе» intensifies it further. «Лжёте» is the present of «лгать» ('to lie'), a slightly bookish verb beside the plainer «врать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лжете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжете","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are lying"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c3-s96","source":"А может быть, вы думаете, что я вам всё это нарочно, чтобы вас дразнить?","translation":"But perhaps you think I'm telling you all this on purpose, just to tease you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам всё это нарочно","title":"Verb elided in fast speech","body":"The verb of speaking is dropped — «я вам всё это нарочно [говорю]» — leaving the dative «вам», the object «всё это», and the adverb «нарочно' ('on purpose') to carry the sense. Such verbless ellipsis is everywhere in Dostoevsky's breathless dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вас дразнить","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"When the purpose clause shares its subject with the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive — «чтобы … дразнить», 'in order to tease you.' (With a different subject it would need the past-irrealis verb instead.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to думаете","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нарочно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нарочно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нарочно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарочно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дразнить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нарочно","gloss":"to tease"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c3-s97","source":"— Нет, не думаю… хотя, может быть, и есть немного этой потребности.","translation":"\"No, I don't think so… though perhaps there is a little of that craving too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть немного этой потребности","title":"«немного» + genitive (partitive)","body":"«Немного» ('a little') governs the genitive — «этой потребности» ('of this craving') — a partitive quantity. «Есть» here is the existential 'there is,' so the whole reads 'there is a little of that craving.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think so"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of потребности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of немного","gloss":"craving"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c3-s98","source":"— Немного есть.","translation":"\"There's a little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Немного есть.","title":"Topic–comment reordering","body":"Lise echoes Alyosha but fronts «немного» ('a little') for emphasis, putting the existential «есть» last as the confirming comment — 'a little there is.' Free word order lets her place the stressed, conceded word first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c3-s99","source":"Никогда пред вами не солгу,— проговорила она со сверкнувшими каким-то огоньком глазами.","translation":"I will never lie to you,\" she said, her eyes flashing with some kind of fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда пред вами не солгу","title":"Negative concord + perfective future","body":"«Никогда … не солгу» pairs the negative adverb «никогда» with the obligatory «не» (negative concord) and the perfective future «солгу» ('I shall [never] lie'). «Солгу» is the perfective of «лгать», a single, definitive non-lie."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» — elevated 'before'","body":"«Пред» is the bookish/elevated form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «вами». The shorter «пред» lends a solemn, vow-like ring to her promise — fitting 'I will never lie before you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со сверкнувшими … глазами","title":"Past active participle «сверкнувшими»","body":"«Сверкнувшими» is the past active participle of «сверкнуть» ('to flash'), declined to agree with instrumental plural «глазами» — 'with eyes that had flashed.' The participle compresses a whole который-clause into one bookish modifier, the hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огоньком","title":"«огонёк» — diminutive 'little fire / spark'","body":"«Огонёк» is «огонь» (fire) with the diminutive «-ёк», here instrumental «огоньком» — 'with a little flame/spark.' The diminutive turns the blaze in her eyes into a glint, a 'kind of fire,' suiting «каким-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солгу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of солгу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"солгу","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will lie"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to солгу","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сверкнувшими","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of огоньком","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of огоньком","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"«какой-то» = 'some kind of'; -то marks an unspecified quantity or identity."},{"surface":"огоньком","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкнувшими","gloss":"with a spark"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c3-s100","source":"Алешу всего более поражала ее серьезность: ни тени смешливости и шутливости не было теперь в ее лице, хотя прежде веселость и шутливость не покидали ее в самые «серьезные» ее минуты.","translation":"What struck Alyosha most of all was her seriousness: there was now not a trace of mockery or playfulness in her face, though formerly merriment and playfulness had never deserted her even in her most \"serious\" moments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу всего более поражала ее серьезность","title":"Accusative object fronted, subject last","body":"The object «Алешу» (the ordinary first-declension accusative in -у, distinct from the genitive «Алёши» — the acc=gen animacy rule does not apply to -а/-я nouns in the singular) opens the sentence, while the grammatical subject «серьёзность» comes last as the new, weighty information: 'what struck Alyosha most was her seriousness.' Cases keep the roles clear despite the inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего более","title":"«всего более» — superlative 'most of all'","body":"«Более» is the comparative 'more'; with the genitive «всего» ('than everything') it becomes a superlative, 'most of all.' The bookish «более» (vs. ordinary «больше») marks the elevated narratorial register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни тени смешливости … не было","title":"«ни … не было» — genitive of negation","body":"«Не было» ('there was not') drives its subject into the genitive — «ни тени … смешливости и шутливости» — with «ни» intensifying ('not a trace at all'). The negated existential plus «ни» is one of Russian's most characteristic negation structures."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешливости и шутливости","title":"«смешливость», «шутливость» — abstract -ость nouns","body":"Both are abstract nouns in «-ость» (the suffix that builds nouns of quality): «смешливость» a tendency to giggle/laugh easily, «шутливость» playfulness, jokiness. The near-synonyms paired together stress how wholly the mirth has drained from Lise's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поражала","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражала","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"поражала","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of серьезность","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"серьезность","lemma":"серьёзность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поражала","gloss":"seriousness"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"тени","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a trace"},{"surface":"смешливости","lemma":"смешливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"of mirth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шутливости","lemma":"шутливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешливости","gloss":"playfulness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покидали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покидали","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"веселость","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покидали","gloss":"merriment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шутливость","lemma":"шутливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселость","gloss":"playfulness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покидали","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покидали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"серьезные","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of покидали","gloss":"moments"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c3-s101","source":"— Есть минуты, когда люди любят преступление,— задумчиво проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"There are moments when people love crime,\" Alyosha said thoughtfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда люди любят преступление","title":"«когда»-clause + accusative object","body":"«Когда» ('when') opens the subordinate clause; «преступление» ('crime') is the inanimate neuter accusative object of «любят», identical to the nominative. The general present «любят» states a recurring truth, not one occasion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задумчиво","title":"«задумчиво» — pensively","body":"«Задумчиво» ('thoughtfully, pensively') is the adverb from «задумчивый», itself from «задуматься» ('to fall into thought'). The speech tag «задумчиво проговорил Алеша» frames his line as a slow, troubled reflection, not a retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минуты","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Есть","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c3-s102","source":"— Да, да!","translation":"\"Yes, yes!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c3-s103","source":"Вы мою мысль сказали, любят, все любят и всегда любят, а не то что «минуты».","translation":"You've put my own thought into words — they love it, everyone loves it and always loves it, not just in 'moments.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы мою мысль сказали","title":"Possessive «мою» fronted before object","body":"«Мою мысль» ('my thought,' feminine accusative) is moved before the verb for emphasis — 'it's my very thought you've spoken.' The possessive «мой» agrees with «мысль» in gender, number, and case (fem. acc. «мою»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любят, все любят и всегда любят","title":"Triple imperfective for universal habit","body":"The threefold present «любят» insists on a timeless, universal habit — 'they love it, all love it, always love it.' The imperfective present is the tense of general truths, and the repetition turns Lise's claim into an incantation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а не то что «минуты»","title":"«а не то что» — 'and not merely'","body":"Contrastive «а» plus «не то что» rejects Alyosha's qualifier: 'and not just in «moments».' The quotation marks lift his own word «минуты» to throw it back at him, a small dialogic jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказали","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказали","gloss":"they love it"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказали","gloss":"love it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказали","gloss":"love it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сказали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to то","gloss":"moments"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c3-s104","source":"Знаете, в этом все как будто когда-то условились лгать и все с тех пор лгут.","translation":"You know, in this it's as if everyone had once agreed to lie, and they have all been lying about it ever since.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто … условились лгать","title":"«как будто» + «условиться» + infinitive","body":"«Как будто» ('as if') frames the unreal comparison; «условились лгать» = 'agreed to lie,' where the reflexive «условиться» (perfective, exists only in «-ся») takes an infinitive complement. 'As if everyone had once agreed to lie.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тех пор лгут","title":"«с тех пор» + present 'have been lying'","body":"«С тех пор» ('since then') + the imperfective present «лгут» expresses an action begun in the past and still ongoing — Russian uses the present where English needs 'have been lying.' The imperfective carries the continuing duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to условились","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of условились","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of условились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"«когда-то» = 'at some point'; -то marks an unspecified time."},{"surface":"условились","lemma":"условиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of условились","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лгут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лгут","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with условились","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c3-s105","source":"Все говорят, что ненавидят дурное, а про себя все его любят.","translation":"Everyone says they hate what is bad, but secretly they all love it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ненавидят дурное, а про себя … любят","title":"Reflexive «себя» in «про себя»","body":"«Про себя» ('to oneself, secretly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the clause subject «все' regardless of person. The contrastive «а» sets public «ненавидят» against private «любят» — what they say versus what they feel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурное","title":"«дурное» — substantivized 'what is bad'","body":"«Дурное» is the neuter adjective «дурной» ('bad, wicked') used as an abstract noun, 'that which is bad.' The bookish «дурной» (vs. plain «плохой») heightens the moral register of Lise's pronouncement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненавидят","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"дурное","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидят","gloss":"what is bad"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of любят","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидят","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c3-s106","source":"— А вы всё по-прежнему дурные книги читаете?","translation":"\"And are you still reading bad books, as before?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё по-прежнему … читаете","title":"«всё по-прежнему» — 'still, as before'","body":"«Всё» (adverbial 'still') reinforced by «по-прежнему» ('as before') asks whether the habit persists — 'are you still reading…' «Читаете» is the imperfective present of habitual reading. «По-» + «прежний» builds the manner adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of читаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читаете","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читаете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"дурные","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies книги","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of читаете","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"читаете","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c3-s107","source":"— Читаю.","translation":"\"I am.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Читаю","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I read them"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c3-s108","source":"Мама читает и под подушку прячет, а я краду.","translation":"Mama reads them and hides them under her pillow, and I steal them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мама читает и под подушку прячет","title":"«под подушку» — accusative of motion","body":"«Под подушку» takes the accusative because the books are moved to under the pillow (motion-toward); the locative 'under the pillow' would be «под подушкой» (instrumental). «Под» governing two cases by motion vs. rest is a core preposition rule."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"краду","title":"«красть» — to steal","body":"«Краду» is the present of «красть» ('to steal'), an irregular consonant-stem verb (краду, крадёшь…). Lise's blunt 'and I steal them' caps the little confession of stolen forbidden reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of читает","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"читает","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reads"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячет","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"прячет","lemma":"прятать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читает","gloss":"hides them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of краду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"краду","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читает","gloss":"steal them"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c3-s109","source":"— Как вам не совестно разрушать себя?","translation":"\"Aren't you ashamed to be destroying yourself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вам не совестно","title":"«вам не совестно» — dative + «совестно»","body":"Another dative-experiencer impersonal: «вам … совестно» = 'to you [it is] shameful, [your] conscience [is troubled].' «Совестно» (from «совесть», conscience) is the invariable predicative; «как … не совестно» rebukes — 'aren't you ashamed?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрушать себя","title":"«себя» as full object pronoun","body":"«Разрушать себя» ('to destroy oneself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as a true accusative object — distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся». The imperfective «разрушать» frames it as an ongoing process of self-destruction, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совестно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of совестно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совестно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совестно","lemma":"совестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"разрушать","lemma":"разрушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on совестно","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of разрушать","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c3-s110","source":"— Я хочу себя разрушать.","translation":"\"I want to destroy myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хочу себя разрушать","title":"«хотеть» + reflexive object","body":"She throws his own words back: «хочу себя разрушать» — 'I want to destroy myself.' «Себя» refers to the subject «я»; the imperfective infinitive «разрушать» keeps it a continuing, willed process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of разрушать","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"разрушать","lemma":"разрушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to destroy"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c3-s111","source":"Тут есть один мальчик, он под рельсами пролежал, когда над ним вагоны ехали.","translation":"There's a boy here who lay down under the rails while the carriages rolled over him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он под рельсами пролежал, когда над ним вагоны ехали","title":"Locative «под рельсами» / «над ним» + instrumental","body":"Both «под» (under the rails) and «над» (over him) here express rest/position, so they govern the instrumental — «рельсами», «ним». «Пролежал» (perfective, «про-» = 'through a span of time') means 'lay [there the whole while]'; imperfective «ехали» paints the carriages rolling over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мальчик","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рельсами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"рельсами","lemma":"рельс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пролежал","gloss":"rails"},{"surface":"пролежал","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ехали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ехали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вагоны","lemma":"вагон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ехали","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"ехали","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролежал","gloss":"rolled"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c3-s112","source":"Счастливец!","translation":"Lucky fellow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Счастливец","title":"«счастливец» — 'lucky fellow'","body":"«Счастливец» is a masculine agent noun from «счастье/счастливый», 'a fortunate man, lucky devil' (the «-ец» suffix names a person by a trait). Exclaimed over a boy who nearly died, the word is grimly perverse — exactly Lise's point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Счастливец","lemma":"счастливец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lucky fellow"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c3-s113","source":"Послушайте, теперь вашего брата судят за то, что он отца убил, и все любят, что он отца убил.","translation":"Listen, now they're trying your brother for killing his father, and everyone loves that he killed his father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашего брата судят за то, что","title":"Impersonal «судят» + «за то, что»","body":"«Судят» (3rd plural, no subject) is the agentless 'they are trying [him]'; «вашего брата» is the animate-masculine accusative (= genitive form). «За то, что он отца убил» = 'for the fact that he killed his father,' the «за то, что» = 'because/for' construction again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судят","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Послушайте","gloss":"they're trying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судят","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father","note":"Animate masculine singular accusative is identical in form to the genitive."},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with судят","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of любят","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c3-s114","source":"— Любят, что отца убил?","translation":"\"They love that he killed his father?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любят, что отца убил?","title":"«что» = 'the fact that' as object","body":"Alyosha echoes her: «любят, что … убил» — 'they love [the fact] that he killed.' The «что»-clause functions as the object of «любят». «Отца» is the animate accusative (= genitive «отца») of «отец», 'father.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they love"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Любят","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c3-s115","source":"— Любят, все любят!","translation":"\"They love it, everyone loves it!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they love"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любят","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c3-s116","source":"Все говорят, что это ужасно, но про себя ужасно любят.","translation":"Everyone says it's terrible, but secretly they love it terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все говорят … но про себя ужасно любят","title":"«но» + reflexive «про себя» echoed","body":"The structure mirrors s105: public «говорят, что … ужасно» against private «про себя … любят», hinged on «но». «Про себя» ('secretly, inwardly') again uses the reflexive «себя» pointing to «все»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ужасно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, complement of говорят","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of любят","gloss":"themselves","note":"\"про себя\" is idiomatic for \"secretly, inwardly.\""},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорят","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c3-s117","source":"Я первая люблю.","translation":"I'm the first to love it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я первая люблю","title":"«первая» — feminine predicate adjective","body":"«Первая» ('the first') is feminine, agreeing with Lise's «я» — 'I [a girl] am the first to love it.' Russian marks the speaker's gender on such predicate words, where English cannot; the long-form adjective stands in apposition to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c3-s118","source":"— В ваших словах про всех есть несколько правды,— проговорил тихо Алеша.","translation":"\"There is some truth in what you say about everyone,\" Alyosha said softly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть несколько правды","title":"«несколько» + genitive (partitive)","body":"«Несколько» here means 'some, a certain amount of' and governs the genitive «правды» ('of truth') — a partitive quantity. So «есть несколько правды» = 'there is some truth.' Quantity words pull the counted noun into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил тихо Алеша","title":"Inverted speech tag «проговорил … Алеша»","body":"Verb-before-subject inversion in the tag, with «тихо» ('softly') wedged between — typical of Dostoevsky's reporting clauses. «Проговорил» (perfective, «про-») marks the utterance as a completed, deliberate saying."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on правды","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c3-s119","source":"— Ах, какие у вас мысли!— взвизгнула в восторге Лиза,— это у монаха-то!","translation":"\"Oh, what ideas you have!\" Lise shrieked in delight, \"and from a monk, no less!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнула","title":"«взвизгнуть» — to give a shriek","body":"«Взвизгнула» is the perfective of «взвизгнуть» ('to shriek, squeal out'), the prefix «вз-» marking a sudden upward burst of sound. It captures Lise's delighted, almost hysterical outburst — «в восторге», 'in rapture.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это у монаха-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «монаха» highlights the astonishing topic — 'and from a monk, of all people!' This is the emphatic «-то» (distinct from indefinite «что-то»), throwing the irony onto the very word it attaches to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to мысли","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive complement, oblique object of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the exclamation","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"взвизгнула","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мысли","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взвизгнула","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монаха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монаха","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у, describing это","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to монаха","gloss":"no less","note":"Colloquial emphatic \"-то\" suffix, not the pronoun \"то\"."}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c3-s120","source":"Вы не поверите, как я вас уважаю, Алеша, за то, что вы никогда не лжете.","translation":"You wouldn't believe how I respect you, Alyosha, for never lying.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы не поверите, как я вас уважаю","title":"«не поверите, как» — 'you wouldn't believe how'","body":"«Не поверите» (perfective future, polite plural) plus the exclamatory «как» ('how [much]') yields 'you wouldn't believe how I respect you.' The «как»-clause is exclamatory, not a true question, intensifying the degree of her respect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что вы никогда не лжете","title":"«за то, что» + negative concord","body":"The reason-clause «за то, что …» ('for the fact that') closes the chapter on «вы никогда не лжёте» — 'you never lie,' with «никогда … не» the obligatory negative concord. The imperfective present «лжёте» states it as an enduring trait of his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверите","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of уважаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверите","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уважаю","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лжете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лжете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжете","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c3-s121","source":"Ах, я вам один мой смешной сон расскажу: мне иногда во сне снятся черти, будто ночь, я в моей комнате со свечкой, и вдруг везде черти, во всех углах, и под столом, и двери отворяют, а их там за дверями толпа, и им хочется войти и меня схватить.","translation":"Oh, let me tell you one funny dream of mine: sometimes I dream of devils — it's as if it's night, I'm in my room with a candle, and suddenly there are devils everywhere, in every corner, and under the table, and they're opening the doors, and behind those doors there's a whole crowd of them, and they want to come in and seize me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне иногда во сне снятся черти","title":"Dream as an impersonal experience","body":"«снятся» (from «сниться», to be dreamt) makes the dream the grammatical subject and the dreamer a dative experiencer: literally «to me devils are dreamt». Russian frames inner states this way, with the person in the dative («мне») rather than as an active subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им хочется войти и меня схватить","title":"«хочется» + dative: the urge that comes over you","body":"«им хочется» (to them it is wanted) is the impersonal-reflexive twin of «хотеть»: the devils stand in the dative and the wanting happens to them rather than being willed. It softens desire into something involuntary — a recurring colour in Lise's feverish narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со свечкой","title":"«свечка» — the little candle","body":"«свечка» is the affectionate diminutive of «свеча» (candle). The suffix here is not really about size but about the homely, intimate register of a girl describing her own bedroom by candlelight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто ночь, я в моей комнате","title":"«будто» — the dream's 'as if'","body":"«будто» (as if, as though) opens the imagined scene without any copula: «будто ночь» is simply 'as if [it were] night'. Russian needs no verb 'to be' in the present, so the bare noun «ночь» carries the whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двери отворяют","title":"Subjectless 'they' open the doors","body":"«отворяют» (3rd pl., 'they open') has no stated subject — the devils are understood. This indefinite-personal use of the bare plural verb is the normal Russian way to say 'someone/they do X' without naming an agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to расскажу","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сон","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of снятся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снятся","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снятся","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"снятся","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to расскажу","gloss":"I dream of"},{"surface":"черти","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of снятся","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ночь","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on снятся","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (я ... со свечкой)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elliptical verb, locates я","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свечкой","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"candle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies везде черти (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черти","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"черти","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with снятся","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of углах","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"углах","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with черти","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with углах","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of отворяют","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"отворяют","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снятся","gloss":"are opening"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies толпа (crowd of them)","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толпа","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверями","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"дверями","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies толпа, marking location","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (там ... толпа)","gloss":"a crowd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хочется","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снятся","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to come in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of схватить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"схватить","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"seize"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c3-s122","source":"И уж подходят, уж хватают.","translation":"And they're already coming closer, already reaching for me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж подходят, уж хватают","title":"Imperfective present for the dream's onrush","body":"Both «подходят» (approach) and «хватают» (grab) are imperfective presents, viewing the action as a process unfolding before her eyes. The repeated «уж» (= «уже», already) presses the sense that it is happening right now, closer and closer."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подходят","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подходят","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"coming closer"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"хватают","lemma":"хватать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходят","gloss":"reaching for me"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c3-s123","source":"А я вдруг перекрещусь, и они все назад, боятся, только не уходят совсем, а у дверей стоят и по углам, ждут.","translation":"But suddenly I cross myself, and they all draw back, frightened — only they don't go away entirely; they stand at the doors and in the corners, waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вдруг перекрещусь","title":"Perfective 'future' for a vivid habitual moment","body":"«перекрещусь» is a perfective present-form, which normally reads as future, but inside this repeated dream it gives a sudden, completed flash — 'I [just] cross myself'. Pairing «вдруг» (suddenly) with the perfective captures the single decisive instant against the imperfective swirl around it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они все назад","title":"Verbless 'they all [shrink] back'","body":"«они все назад» has no verb at all — the adverb «назад» (back) alone carries the motion. This clipped, verbless construction mimics the breathless speed of the dream, leaving the listener to supply 'draw back'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боятся","title":"«бояться»: a verb that only lives in «-ся»","body":"«боятся» (they are afraid) comes from «бояться», one of the verbs that exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form, with no plain counterpart. The fear it names also governs the genitive of what is feared."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перекрещусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрещусь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перекрещусь","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cross myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боятся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они (all of them)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb of motion (drew back)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перекрещусь","gloss":"are frightened"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уходят","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перекрещусь","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходят","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоят","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перекрещусь","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углам","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоят","gloss":"the corners"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перекрещусь","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c3-s124","source":"И вдруг мне ужасно захочется вслух начать бога бранить, вот и начну бранить, а они-то вдруг опять толпой ко мне, так и обрадуются, вот уж и хватают меня опять, а я вдруг опять перекрещусь— а они все назад.","translation":"And then suddenly I get a terrible urge to start cursing God out loud, and so I begin to curse him, and all at once they come at me in a crowd again, so delighted, and there they are seizing me once more — and suddenly I cross myself again, and they all draw back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне ужасно захочется вслух начать бога бранить","title":"Dative + perfective «захочется»: the urge that seizes her","body":"«мне захочется» (a desire will come over me) is again impersonal-dative: the wanting is something that befalls Lise, not something she chooses. The perfective «захочется» marks the abrupt onset of the urge, reinforced by «вдруг»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бранить","title":"«бранить» — to revile, to scold","body":"«бранить» is a bookish, somewhat archaic verb meaning to abuse or revile with words. 'To curse/revile God' («бога бранить») is deliberately strong and blasphemous — heavier than ordinary «ругать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они-то вдруг опять толпой ко мне","title":"Emphatic «-то» and instrumental «толпой»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «они-то» spotlights the devils as the focus ('they, now—'). «толпой» is the instrumental of «толпа» (crowd) used adverbially, 'in a crowd / in a throng', a common way to express manner of motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и обрадуются","title":"«так и» — 'they just [go and]…'","body":"«так и» before a perfective verb («обрадуются», will rejoice) is an emphatic idiom conveying that the action bursts out fully and unmistakably — 'they're simply delighted'. It recurs throughout her excited speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of захочется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочется","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"захочется","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll get the urge"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочется","gloss":"to start"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бранить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"бранить","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начать","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начну","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочется","gloss":"I'll start"},{"surface":"бранить","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elliptical verb (come at me)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to они","gloss":"for their part","note":"Colloquial emphatic \"-то\" suffix, not the pronoun \"то\"."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толпой","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толпой","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"толпой","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner, part of elliptical clause with они","gloss":"in a crowd"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ко (goal)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the так и construction, modifies обрадуются","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the так и construction, intensifies обрадуются","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"обрадуются","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочется","gloss":"get so delighted"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хватают","lemma":"хватать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захочется","gloss":"grabbing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of хватают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хватают","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перекрещусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрещусь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрещусь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"перекрещусь","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочется","gloss":"cross myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elliptical clause (все назад)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они (all of them)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb of motion (drew back)","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c3-s125","source":"Ужасно весело, дух замирает.","translation":"It's terribly thrilling, it takes your breath away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дух замирает","title":"«дух замирает» — the breath/spirit stops","body":"A fixed expression: «дух» (breath, spirit) + «замирает» (freezes, dies down) = 'it takes one's breath away', the thrill of a held breath. The impersonal phrasing leaves no subject — the sensation simply happens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ужасно весело","title":"Impersonal predicate «весело»","body":"«весело» is a neuter short-form/adverb used as an impersonal predicate, 'it is merry / thrilling'. Russian builds such evaluations with no subject, the state existing in the air — here intensified by «ужасно» (terribly), itself used positively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to замирает","gloss":"thrilling"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замирает","gloss":"breath","note":"\"дух замирает\" is idiomatic for \"it takes your breath away.\""},{"surface":"замирает","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"catches"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c3-s126","source":"— И у меня бывал этот самый сон,— вдруг сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"I've had that very same dream too,\" Alyosha said suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня бывал этот самый сон","title":"«бывал»: iterative imperfective for 'used to happen'","body":"«бывал» is the frequentative past of «быть» — not 'was' once but 'used to be, would recur'. The «у меня» possessive frame ('I had…') plus this iterative imperfective says the very dream came to Alyosha repeatedly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот самый сон","title":"«этот самый» — 'that very same'","body":"«самый» after a demonstrative intensifies it to 'the very, the selfsame'. «этот самый сон» = 'that very dream', stressing the uncanny identity of the two dreams that so astonishes Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have had"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывал","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to бывал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c3-s127","source":"— Неужто?— вскрикнула Лиза в удивлении.— Послушайте, Алеша, не смейтесь, это ужасно важно: разве можно, чтоб у двух разных был один и тот же сон?","translation":"\"Really?\" Lise cried out in astonishment. \"Listen, Alyosha, don't laugh, this is terribly important: can it really be that two different people have one and the same dream?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неужто","title":"«Неужто» — 'really?!'","body":"«Неужто» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned variant of «неужели», an exclamation of incredulous surprise ('Surely not?! Really?'). It carries more astonished disbelief than a plain «правда?»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве можно, чтоб у двух разных был один и тот же сон?","title":"«чтоб» + irrealis: 'can it be that…?'","body":"«чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») here introduces a clause of doubted possibility, governing the past-form «был» as an irrealis. «разве» frames the whole as an incredulous rhetorical question — 'is it really possible that two different people should have one and the same dream?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у двух разных","title":"Genitive after «два»","body":"«двух разных» is the genitive form demanded by the numeral «два» once a preposition («у») governs the phrase. The numeral pulls the whole expression into the case its slot requires — here genitive after «у»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смейтесь","title":"Negated imperative of «смеяться»","body":"«не смейтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the «-ся» verb «смеяться» (to laugh), with «-те» for the formal 'you'. Negated imperatives in Russian normally take the imperfective, presenting the prohibition as a general 'don't [be] laughing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"really?"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Неужто","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлении","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскрикнула","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Послушайте","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to важно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разных","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies разных","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у (possessor)","gloss":"different people"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the possession construction (у ... был)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c3-s128","source":"— Верно, можно.","translation":"\"It seems it can.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верно, можно","title":"«верно» as 'probably', «можно» as impersonal 'one can'","body":"Here «верно» is a parenthetical 'probably / I suppose', not 'correctly'. «можно» is the impersonal modal 'it is possible / one may', completing an utterly subjectless reply — 'I suppose it's possible'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to можно","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it can"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c3-s129","source":"— Алеша, говорю вам, это ужасно важно,— в каком-то чрезмерном уже удивлении продолжала Лиза.— Не сон важен, а то, что вы могли видеть этот же самый сон, как и я.","translation":"\"Alyosha, I'm telling you, this is terribly important,\" Lise went on, in some now-excessive astonishment. \"It's not the dream that matters, but that you could have had this very same dream, just as I did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком-то чрезмерном уже удивлении","title":"«какой-то» — 'some kind of'","body":"«каком-то» (instr./prep. of «какой-то») softens the noun to 'some sort of, a kind of', the «-то» marking a real but unspecified quality. The narrator hedges Lise's astonishment as 'some now-excessive astonishment', vague and unsettling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сон важен, а то, что вы могли видеть","title":"«не… а…»: corrective negation","body":"The frame «не X, а Y» ('not X, but [rather] Y') corrects rather than merely negates: 'it's not the dream that matters, but that…'. The contrastive «а» pivots from the rejected term to the asserted one, with «то, что» nominalizing the whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сон важен","title":"Short adjective «важен»","body":"«важен» is the predicative short form of «важный» (important). Short adjectives serve only as predicates and carry a crisp, assertive ring — 'is important' — favoured in such emphatic 19th-century speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to важно","gloss":"I'm telling"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чрезмерном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чрезмерном","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to каком","gloss":"sort of","note":"\"какой-то\" = \"some kind of\"; the \"-то\" here is an indefiniteness particle, not the pronoun."},{"surface":"чрезмерном","lemma":"чрезмерный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжала","gloss":"excessive"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлении","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"удивлении","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжала","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to важно","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of важен","gloss":"the dream"},{"surface":"важен","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with важен","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (как и я)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c3-s130","source":"Вы никогда мне не лжете, не лгите и теперь: это правда?","translation":"You never lie to me — don't lie now either: is it true?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы никогда мне не лжете, не лгите и теперь","title":"Negative concord and a negated imperative","body":"«никогда… не лжете» shows obligatory negative concord — 'never' still needs the verbal «не». Then «не лгите» is the polite negated imperative of «лгать» (to lie), 'don't lie [now] either'. The shift from statement to command is sharpened by «и теперь» ('now too')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лжете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of лжете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжете","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"лгите","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лжете","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лгите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to лгите","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c3-s131","source":"Вы не смеетесь?","translation":"You're not laughing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеетесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c3-s132","source":"— Правда.","translation":"\"It's true.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c3-s133","source":"Лиза была чем-то ужасно поражена и на полминутку примолкла.","translation":"Lise was terribly struck by something and fell silent for half a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем-то ужасно поражена","title":"Instrumental of cause/agent + short passive participle","body":"«поражена» is the short-form past passive participle of «поразить» (to strike), 'was struck', and «чем-то» (instrumental of «что-то») names what struck her — 'struck by something'. The instrumental is the regular case for the agent or means with a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на полминутку примолкла","title":"«примолкнуть» and «полминутку»","body":"«примолкла» (perfective of «примолкнуть») means to fall briefly silent, the prefix «при-» giving a momentary, slight quieting. «полминутку» is a cosy diminutive of «полминуты» (half a minute) — 'for a wee half-minute'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive поражена","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of поражена","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to чем","gloss":"some","note":"\"чем-то\" = \"by something\"; \"-то\" here is an indefiniteness particle."},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражена","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"поражена","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полминутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полминутку","lemma":"полминутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примолкла","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"примолкла","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражена","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c3-s134","source":"— Алеша, ходите ко мне, ходите ко мне чаще,— проговорила она вдруг молящим голосом.","translation":"\"Alyosha, come to me, come to me more often,\" she said suddenly, in a pleading voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходите ко мне, ходите ко мне чаще","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habitual visiting","body":"Lise uses «ходите» (imperative of multidirectional «ходить»), not unidirectional «идти», because she means repeated, habitual visits — 'keep coming to me, come often'. The choice of motion verb encodes 'again and again', underscored by «чаще» (more often)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молящим голосом","title":"Present active participle «молящий»","body":"«молящим» is the instrumental of «молящий», the present active participle of «молить» (to plead, beseech) — literally 'with a pleading/imploring voice'. The participle compresses 'a voice that pleads' into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, addressee of ходите","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ходите","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходите","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходите (w2)","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ходите","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"молящим","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила (manner)","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c3-s135","source":"— Я всегда, всю жизнь буду к вам приходить,— твердо ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"I'll always come to you, all my life,\" Alyosha answered firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю жизнь буду к вам приходить","title":"Compound future + prefixed motion verb","body":"«буду приходить» is the imperfective compound future: «буду» plus the imperfective infinitive «приходить» (to come, arrive). «приходить» is the imperfective of the prefixed motion pair «приходить/прийти»; the imperfective with «всю жизнь» ('all my life') marks the coming as recurring, not a single arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying приходить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of приходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c3-s136","source":"— Я ведь одному вам говорю,— начала опять Лиза.","translation":"\"You see, it's only to you that I say this,\" Lise began again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь одному вам говорю","title":"Appealing particle «ведь» and dative «одному вам»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'you see / after all'. «одному вам» is dative ('to you alone'), with «одному» agreeing with «вам»; the indirect object of «говорю» takes the dative, and the word order fronts the exclusivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective/pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"Лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c3-s137","source":"Я себе одной говорю, да еще вам.","translation":"I say it to myself, and then also to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я себе одной говорю","title":"Reflexive «себе» as dative addressee","body":"«себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the speaking subject — 'I say it to myself'. «одной» agrees with the implied feminine «себе», 'to myself alone'. «себя» has no nominative and serves any person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective/pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c3-s138","source":"Вам одному в целом мире.","translation":"To you alone, in the whole world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам одному в целом мире","title":"Prepositional «в целом мире»","body":"«в целом мире» (in the whole world) is the prepositional case after locative «в», with «целом» agreeing with «мире». The fragment has no verb — it simply extends the previous sentence's «вам говорю», a hallmark of Lise's breathless, accreting speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective/pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Вам","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement of the elided verb говорю","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c3-s139","source":"И вам охотнее, чем самой себе говорю.","translation":"And I tell it to you more willingly than to myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охотнее, чем самой себе","title":"Comparative «охотнее» + «чем»","body":"«охотнее» is the comparative of the adverb «охотно» (willingly) — 'more willingly'. The compared term follows «чем» in its own case: «самой себе» is the dative reflexive 'than to my very self', «самой» intensifying «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"охотнее","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"more willingly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c3-s140","source":"И вас совсем не стыжусь.","translation":"And I'm not in the least ashamed before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас совсем не стыжусь","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive of the person","body":"«стыжусь» (from reflexive «стыдиться», to be ashamed) governs the genitive of whom one is ashamed before: «вас» here is genitive, 'I am not ashamed of/before you'. The «-ся» verb plus genitive object is the regular pattern for this emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of стыжусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am ashamed"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c3-s141","source":"Алеша, почему я вас совсем не стыжусь, совсем?","translation":"Alyosha, why am I not in the least ashamed before you, not at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я вас совсем не стыжусь, совсем?","title":"Emphatic repetition of «совсем»","body":"The repeated «совсем» ('at all'), trailing after the clause, intensifies the negation by negative-concord logic — 'not ashamed at all, at all'. The dangling echo conveys her insistent, almost compulsive self-questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стыжусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of стыжусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition, modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not at all"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c3-s142","source":"Алеша, правда ли, что жиды на пасху детей крадут и режут?","translation":"Alyosha, is it true that the Jews steal children at Passover and cut their throats?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда ли, что","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«правда ли, что…» uses the enclitic «ли» to form a neutral yes/no question by fronting the focused word «правда» — 'is it true that…?'. This «ли» construction is more formal and literary than a mere questioning intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крадут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жиды","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of крадут","gloss":"Jews","note":"Жид is a period-era, pejorative term for 'Jew'; the translation renders it neutrally as 'Jews' but the original word is a slur."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасху","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пасху","lemma":"пасха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крадут (temporal)","gloss":"Passover"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of крадут","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"крадут","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"режут","lemma":"резать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крадут","gloss":"cut their throats"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c3-s143","source":"— Не знаю.","translation":"\"I don't know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c3-s144","source":"— Вот у меня одна книга, я читала про какой-то где-то суд, и что жид четырехлетнему мальчику сначала все пальчики обрезал на обеих ручках, а потом распял на стене, прибил гвоздями и распял, а потом на суде сказал, что мальчик умер скоро, чрез четыре часа.","translation":"\"I have a book here — I was reading about some trial somewhere, and how a Jew first cut off all the little fingers on both hands of a four-year-old boy, and then crucified him against the wall, nailed him up with nails and crucified him, and afterward, at the trial, said that the boy had died quickly, within four hours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчики ... ручках","title":"Diminutives that sharpen the horror","body":"«пальчики» (little fingers, from «палец») and «ручках» (little hands, from «рука») are tender diminutives. Applied to the tortured child they make the cruelty unbearable — the affectionate suffixes collide with the violence, a deliberately sickening effect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез четыре часа","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/archaic, non-pleophonic form of «через» (through, after [of time]) — 'within four hours'. The contracted form lends the sentence a literary, slightly old-fashioned cadence typical of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то где-то суд","title":"Stacked indefinites «какой-то где-то»","body":"«какой-то» (some [trial] or other) and «где-то» (somewhere) heap up the «-то» indefinites to mark referents that are real but vague and unverified — exactly the hazy provenance of the lurid story Lise has half-read."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрезал ... распял ... прибил ... распял","title":"Perfective chain narrating sequential acts","body":"The string of perfective pasts — «обрезал» (cut off), «распял» (crucified), «прибил» (nailed) — advances the atrocity step by step, each verb a single completed event. The cold, sequential perfectives give the account its relentless, list-like horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the possessive phrase","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies книга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"книга","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive construction","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читала","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"was reading"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суд","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite adverb где-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрезал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жид","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрезал","gloss":"a Jew"},{"surface":"четырехлетнему","lemma":"четырёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"four-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрезал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрезал","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пальчики","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обрезал","gloss":"little fingers"},{"surface":"обрезал","lemma":"обрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine","role":"quantifies ручках","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ручках","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обрезал","gloss":"little hands"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"распял","lemma":"распять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрезал","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распял","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"прибил","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрезал","gloss":"nailed"},{"surface":"гвоздями","lemma":"гвоздь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прибил","gloss":"with nails"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"распял","lemma":"распять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибил","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрезал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"hours"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c3-s145","source":"Эка скоро!","translation":"Quickly, indeed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эка скоро!","title":"Exclamatory «эка»","body":"«Эка» is a colloquial, expressive exclamation of mock-wonder or scorn — 'My, how…! / What a…!'. «Эка скоро!» drips with Lise's chilling sarcasm: 'Quickly, indeed!' Its folksy register marks the cruelty of her relish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эка","lemma":"эка","morphology":"particle/interjection","role":"intensifying particle modifying скоро","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c3-s146","source":"Говорит: стонал, всё стонал, а тот стоял и на него любовался.","translation":"He says: the boy moaned, kept moaning, while the other one stood there and gazed at him in admiration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стонал, всё стонал","title":"Imperfective «стонал» + «всё» for drawn-out duration","body":"«стонал» (was moaning) is imperfective past for ongoing process, and «всё» here means 'kept on, all the while' — 'moaned, kept moaning'. The imperfective with «всё» stretches the agony out in time, against the perfective acts that caused it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на него любовался","title":"«любоваться» — to gaze with admiration","body":"«любоваться» (+ instrumental, or на + acc.) means to feast one's eyes on, to admire with pleasure. Used of the torturer gazing at the moaning child, the verb's normally aesthetic delight becomes monstrous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause introduced by Говорит","gloss":"moaned"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонал (w4)","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стонал (w2)","gloss":"moaned"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стонал","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любовался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любовался","lemma":"любоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"gazed in admiration"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c3-s147","source":"Это хорошо!","translation":"That's good!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c3-s148","source":"— Хорошо?","translation":"\"Good?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c3-s149","source":"— Хорошо.","translation":"\"Good.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c3-s150","source":"Я иногда думаю, что это я сама распяла.","translation":"Sometimes I think it was I myself who crucified him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я сама распяла","title":"Cleft «это… я сама» and emphatic «сама»","body":"«это… я сама распяла» fronts «это» as a cleft ('it was I who…') and adds the intensive «сама» (I myself, feminine) to stake Lise personally to the crime. «распяла» is the feminine past of «распять», its «-ла» ending agreeing with her gender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распяла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"focus pronoun of the cleft construction 'это я сама распяла' (\"it was I...\"), not a grammatical object of распяла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of распяла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я, emphatic","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"распяла","lemma":"распять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"crucified"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c3-s151","source":"Он висит и стонет, а я сяду против него и буду ананасный компот есть.","translation":"He hangs there moaning, and I sit down across from him and eat pineapple compote.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сяду против него и буду ананасный компот есть","title":"Perfective future «сяду» beside compound future «буду есть»","body":"«сяду» is the simple perfective future of «сесть» — one completed act of sitting down — while «буду есть» is the imperfective compound future of «есть», an ongoing eating. Lise pictures sitting down once, then leisurely going on eating: the two aspects split the scene into event and duration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против него","title":"«против» + genitive","body":"«против» (opposite, against) governs the genitive: «против него» = 'across from him'. The third-person pronoun takes its «н-» prefix after the preposition, as always with «он/она/они»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of висит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"висит","lemma":"висеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hangs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with висит","gloss":"moans"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сяду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сяду","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with есть","gloss":"will sit down"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"across from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сяду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of есть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ананасный","lemma":"ананасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компот","gloss":"pineapple"},{"surface":"компот","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of есть","gloss":"compote"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of буду","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c3-s152","source":"Я очень люблю ананасный компот.","translation":"I love pineapple compote.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ананасный компот","title":"«компот» — stewed-fruit compote","body":"«компот» is a drink of fruit stewed in syrup; «ананасный» (pineapple-, the adjective from «ананас») marks it as an exotic, expensive luxury in 1870s Russia. The dainty treat eaten before the crucified child is the grotesque heart of Lise's fantasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ананасный","lemma":"ананасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компот","gloss":"pineapple"},{"surface":"компот","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"compote"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c3-s153","source":"Вы любите?","translation":"Do you like it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c3-s154","source":"Алеша молчал и смотрел на нее.","translation":"Alyosha was silent and looked at her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчал и смотрел на нее","title":"Twin imperfectives for held stillness","body":"«молчал» (was silent) and «смотрел» (was looking) are both imperfective pasts, painting a sustained state rather than events — Alyosha simply goes on saying nothing and watching. The imperfective is the natural aspect for such background description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c3-s155","source":"Бледно-желтое лицо ее вдруг исказилось, глаза загорелись.","translation":"Her sallow, yellowish face suddenly twisted, her eyes blazed up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо ее вдруг исказилось, глаза загорелись","title":"Perfective «-ся» verbs of sudden change","body":"«исказилось» (became distorted) and «загорелись» (blazed up) are perfective «-ся» verbs marking abrupt change of state — the middle/inchoative use of «-ся». With «вдруг» they snap the transformation into a single visible instant."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бледно-желтое лицо","title":"«бледно-жёлтое» — sickly sallow","body":"The compound colour «бледно-жёлтое» (pale-yellow, sallow) signals illness and decay on Lise's face. Such hyphenated colour compounds are a standard Russian device, here loaded with the sense of a body wasting in fever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, combining form","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"желтое","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, nominative, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"yellowish"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исказилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исказилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"исказилось","lemma":"исказиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of загорелись","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"загорелись","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with исказилось","gloss":"blazed up"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c3-s156","source":"— Знаете, я про жида этого как прочла, то всю ночь так и тряслась в слезах.","translation":"\"You know, when I read about that Jew, I shook with tears the whole night through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как прочла, то всю ночь так и тряслась","title":"Temporal «как… то…» with aspect contrast","body":"«как прочла» uses perfective «прочла» (the feminine past of «прочесть», 'once I had read'), the «то» resuming the main clause. Then imperfective «тряслась» (kept shaking) stretches across «всю ночь» (the whole night) — a completed cause, a durative effect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тряслась в слезах","title":"«трястись в слезах» — to shake with weeping","body":"«трястись» (to shake, tremble, a «-ся» verb) plus «в слезах» (in tears) gives a vivid physical image of convulsive weeping. The phrase conveys whole-body trembling, not mere crying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жида","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"жида","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"that Jew"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жида","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"прочла","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying тряслась","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the main clause (тряслась)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тряслась","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тряслась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тряслась","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тряслась","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c3-s157","source":"Воображаю, как ребеночек кричит и стонет (ведь четырехлетние мальчики понимают), а у меня всё эта мысль про компот не отстает.","translation":"I picture the little child screaming and moaning (after all, four-year-old boys do understand), and meanwhile that thought about the compote just won't leave me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь четырехлетние мальчики понимают","title":"Appealing «ведь» in a parenthesis","body":"«ведь» ('after all, you know') invokes shared knowledge to justify her horror — 'four-year-olds do understand, you know'. The particle gives the aside the texture of urgent, confiding speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребеночек","title":"«ребёночек» — the dear little child","body":"«ребёночек» is a doubly-tender diminutive of «ребёнок» (child). The pitying, caressing suffix heightens the pathos of the imagined victim — and the perversity of pairing it with her compote."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысль про компот не отстает","title":"«не отставать» — the thought 'won't leave'","body":"«не отстаёт» (from «отставать», to fall behind / let go) with «не» means the thought 'won't leave me alone'. The imperfective present renders it as a persisting, ongoing nuisance that dogs her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воображаю","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I picture"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"the little child"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Воображаю","gloss":"screams"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"moans"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the parenthetical clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"четырехлетние","lemma":"четырёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"four-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of понимают","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"понимают","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"do understand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отстает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстает","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отстает","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компот","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"компот","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"compote"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отстает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отстает","lemma":"отставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause introduced by а","gloss":"leaves"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c3-s158","source":"Утром я послала письмо к одному человеку, чтобы ''непременно'' пришел ко мне.","translation":"In the morning I sent a letter to a certain man, asking him to come to me ''without fail''.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послала письмо ... чтобы непременно пришел","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a willed outcome","body":"«чтобы… пришёл» (so that he should come) uses «чтобы» with the past-tense form as an irrealis of purpose/command — the wished-for, not the factual. This is the standard way to report a request: 'I sent a letter [asking] that he come'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"«непременно» means 'certainly, without fail, by all means'. Set in quotation marks in the text, it reproduces the very word Lise underlined in her letter, conveying her insistent, imperious demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послала","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"послала","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of послала","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человеку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послала","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on послала","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c3-s159","source":"Он пришел, а я ему вдруг рассказала про мальчика и про компот, ''всё'' рассказала, ''всё'', и сказала, что «это хорошо».","translation":"He came, and I suddenly told him all about the boy and about the compote, told him ''everything'', ''everything'', and said that \"it's good\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он пришел, а я ему вдруг рассказала","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the scene","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive 'and/but', shifting from his arrival to her own action — 'he came, and [for my part] I suddenly told him…'. This topic-pivoting «а» is a constant, near-untranslatable hinge in Russian narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказала","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компот","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"компот","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мальчика","gloss":"the compote"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repetition, in apposition to всё (w13)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c3-s160","source":"Он вдруг засмеялся и сказал, что это в самом деле хорошо.","translation":"He suddenly burst out laughing and said that it really was good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — really, indeed","body":"«в самом деле» is a fixed adverbial phrase, 'really, in fact, indeed'. It marks the man's chilling endorsement as genuine assent, not irony — 'it really was good'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom with в самом, modifies хорошо","gloss":"indeed","note":"«в самом деле» is a set phrase meaning 'really, indeed'."},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c3-s161","source":"Затем встал и ушел.","translation":"Then he got up and left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал и ушел","title":"Perfective sequence; prefixed «ушёл»","body":"«встал» (got up) and «ушёл» (left) are two perfective pasts narrating consecutive completed acts. «ушёл» is the perfective of the prefixed motion pair «уходить/уйти», where the prefix «у-» (away) supplies direction and makes the unidirectional member perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c3-s162","source":"Всего пять минут сидел.","translation":"He sat there only five minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всего пять минут сидел","title":"«всего» + genitive plural after «пять»","body":"«всего» here means 'only, in all'. «пять минут» shows the numeral «пять» governing the genitive plural «минут» (from «минута») — five and above always take the genitive plural of what is counted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c3-s163","source":"Презирал он меня, презирал?","translation":"Did he despise me, despise me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Презирал он меня, презирал?","title":"Inversion and repetition for an anxious question","body":"Fronting the verb «презирал» (did he despise) and repeating it brackets the anxious question — Russian's free word order lets the verb carry the emotional weight to the front. «меня» is the accusative direct object of «презирать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did despise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Презирал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Презирал","gloss":"despise"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c3-s164","source":"Говорите, говорите, Алеша, презирал он меня или нет?— выпрямилась она на кушетке, засверкав глазами.","translation":"Tell me, tell me, Alyosha, did he despise me or not?\" — she straightened up on the couch, her eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпрямилась она ... засверкав глазами","title":"Perfective gerund «засверкав»","body":"«засверкав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «засверкать» (to start flashing), 'having begun to flash / flashing'. It attaches an attendant action to «выпрямилась» (straightened up), sharing her as subject — 'she straightened up, her eyes flashing'. «глазами» is instrumental, the eyes as the means of the flashing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорите","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did despise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with презирал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпрямилась","lemma":"выпрямиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"straightened up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выпрямилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушетке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кушетке","lemma":"кушетка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпрямилась","gloss":"the couch"},{"surface":"засверкав","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выпрямилась","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of засверкав","gloss":"her eyes"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c3-s165","source":"— Скажите,— проговорил в волнении Алеша,— вы сами его позвали, этого человека?","translation":"\"Tell me,\" Alyosha said in agitation, \"did you yourself summon him, this man?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами его позвали, этого человека?","title":"Right-dislocation with «этого человека»","body":"The pronoun «его» (acc.) is first, then clarified by the dislocated «этого человека» ('this man') at the end — a colloquial right-dislocation that adds urgent specification. Both are accusative of the animate object, so «этого человека» takes the genitive-shaped animate accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в волнении","title":"«волнение» — agitation, emotion","body":"«волнение» (from «волна», wave) means agitation, a stirring or churning of feeling. «в волнении» = 'in agitation', a favourite Dostoevskian state — the inner sea in turmoil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позвали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"позвали","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c3-s166","source":"— Сама.","translation":"\"I did.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сама","title":"Intensive «сама» as a whole answer","body":"A single word «Сама» (I myself, feminine) answers the question — 'I did, myself'. The intensive pronoun «сам/сама/само» can stand alone to affirm that the subject acted in person, here owning her summons of the man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c3-s167","source":"— Письмо ему послали?","translation":"\"You sent him a letter?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Письмо ему послали?","title":"Topic-fronted object «письмо»","body":"«Письмо» (the letter) leads as topic, with «ему» (dative, 'to him') the recipient and «послали» the verb — 'the letter — you sent [it] to him?'. Free word order lets the known object sit first while the question's focus falls on the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of послали","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"послали","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c3-s168","source":"— Письмо.","translation":"\"A letter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a letter"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c3-s169","source":"— Собственно про это спросить, про ребенка?","translation":"\"Precisely to ask him about this, about the child?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Собственно про это спросить, про ребенка?","title":"«про» + accusative for 'about'","body":"«про» (colloquial 'about, concerning') governs the accusative: «про это» (about this), «про ребёнка» (about the child, animate accusative shaped like the genitive «ребёнка»). «Собственно» means 'precisely, properly speaking', narrowing the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенка","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"the child"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c3-s170","source":"— Нет, совсем не про это, совсем.","translation":"\"No, not at all about that, not at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не про это, совсем","title":"Reinforced negation with «совсем»","body":"«совсем не» ('not at all') flatly negates, and the trailing echo «совсем» redoubles it — 'not at all about that, not at all'. The repetition mirrors Lise's emphatic, agitated speech, where negation is piled up for force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies про это","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c3-s171","source":"А как он вошел, я сейчас про это и спросила.","translation":"But the moment he came in, I asked him about it straightaway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А как он вошел, я сейчас про это и спросила","title":"«как» = 'as soon as'; emphatic «и»","body":"Here «как» with the perfective «вошёл» (came in) means 'the moment / as soon as he entered'. «сейчас» means 'at once, straightaway', and the «и» before «спросила» is emphatic ('I went right ahead and asked'), not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросила","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросила","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before спросила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c3-s172","source":"Он ответил, засмеялся, встал и ушел.","translation":"He answered, laughed, got up and left.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил, засмеялся, встал и ушел","title":"Four perfectives, four quick acts","body":"The unbroken chain of perfective pasts — «ответил, засмеялся, встал, ушёл» — clicks off four completed actions in rapid succession, conveying how curt and dismissive his visit was. Perfective sequence is the engine of Russian event-narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c3-s173","source":"— Этот человек честно с вами поступил,— тихо проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"That man treated you honorably,\" Alyosha said quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"честно с вами поступил","title":"«поступить с» + instrumental","body":"«поступить с кем-то» means 'to act toward / treat someone', with the person in the instrumental after «с» — «с вами» ('with/toward you'). «честно» (honourably) is the adverb. The perfective «поступил» frames his conduct as a single completed judgement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"honorably"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поступил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c3-s174","source":"— А меня презирал?","translation":"\"But did he despise me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А меня презирал?","title":"Pivoting «А» plus fronted object","body":"«А» opens with a contrastive turn ('but…'), and «меня» (accusative) is fronted before the verb «презирал» to put the anxious focus on herself — 'but [me] — did he despise me?'. The case ending, not position, keeps «меня» clearly the object."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c3-s175","source":"Смеялся?","translation":"Was he laughing at me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c3-s176","source":"— Нет, потому что он сам, может, верит ананасному компоту.","translation":"\"No, because he himself may perhaps believe in the pineapple compote.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верит ананасному компоту","title":"«верить» + dative","body":"«верить» (to believe [in], trust) governs the dative: «ананасному компоту» is dative, 'believes the pineapple compote'. The dative here is the thing trusted; «верить в» + accusative would instead mean 'believe in' as faith. Alyosha's choice gives an eerie, literal trust in the fantasy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сам, может, верит","title":"Intensive «сам» and parenthetical «может»","body":"«сам» (he himself) emphasizes that the man personally holds this belief. «может» is a clipped «может быть», 'perhaps', dropped in as a hedging parenthetical — a very speech-like touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of верит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying верит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"ананасному","lemma":"ананасный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компоту","gloss":"pineapple"},{"surface":"компоту","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"compote"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c3-s177","source":"Он тоже очень теперь болен, Lise.","translation":"He too is very ill now, Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже очень теперь болен","title":"Short adjective «болен»","body":"«болен» is the predicative short form of «больной» (ill), masculine — 'he is ill'. Short adjectives mark a state and can only predicate; «болен» specifically conveys 'is sick (right now)', the temporary-state flavour the short form often carries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c3-s178","source":"— Да, верит!— засверкала глазами Лиза.","translation":"\"Yes, he believes in it!\" Lise's eyes flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкала глазами Лиза","title":"Inchoative «за-» and instrumental «глазами»","body":"«засверкала» (began to flash/sparkle) carries the inchoative prefix «за-», marking the onset of the flashing. «глазами» (instrumental of «глаза») gives the eyes as the means — 'Lise's eyes flashed'. Verb-then-subject order is the normal pattern in such narrative dialogue tags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to верит","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"засверкала","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верит","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкала","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засверкала","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c3-s179","source":"— Он никого не презирает,— продолжал Алеша.","translation":"\"He despises no one,\" Alyosha went on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он никого не презирает","title":"Negative concord with «никого»","body":"«никого не презирает» pairs the negative pronoun «никого» (genitive/accusative of «никто», no one) with the verbal «не» — Russian's obligatory double negation. «никого» is the animate object of «презирать», 'he despises no one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to презирает","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c3-s180","source":"Он только никому не верит.","translation":"He simply believes no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он только никому не верит","title":"«никому не верит» — dative in negative concord","body":"«верить» governs the dative, so its negative object is «никому» (dative of «никто», no one), still requiring the verbal «не» — 'he believes no one'. The balanced echo of the previous line («никого… никому») turns the contrast — despise vs. believe — on a single case difference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никому","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of верит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c3-s181","source":"Коль не верит, то, конечно, и презирает.","translation":"And if he believes no one, then of course he despises them too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коль","title":"«Коль» for «если»","body":"«Коль» (also «коли») is an old, folksy-bookish conditional conjunction equivalent to «если» ('if'). It opens a hypothetical and belongs to the elevated/colloquial-archaic layer Dostoevsky uses to colour speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верит","title":"Negation «не»","body":"«Не» negates the verb it stands before («не верит» — 'does not believe'). Note the imperfective «верит» (present tense), which states a general, habitual attitude rather than one act of belief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, конечно, и презирает","title":"Correlative «коль… то…» and additive «и»","body":"The «то» answers the conditional «коль», the standard 'if… then…' correlative frame. The «и» here is not 'and' but the additive particle 'also/too' («и презирает» — 'despises [them] as well')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of презирает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"despises"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c3-s182","source":"— Стало быть, и меня?","translation":"\"So me as well?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть","title":"«Стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"A fixed conversational connective meaning 'so then / it follows that', literally 'it became to be'. It draws an inference from what was just said and is a hallmark of 19th-century spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и меня","title":"Accusative «меня» with additive «и»","body":"«Меня» is the accusative/genitive of «я», the object of the elided «презирает» ('despises'). The particle «и» again means 'too' — 'me as well?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c3-s183","source":"Меня?","translation":"Me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c3-s184","source":"— И вас.","translation":"\"You as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вас","title":"Polite «вас» and additive «И»","body":"«Вас» is the accusative of polite «вы»; Alyosha and Lise still address each other with formal «вы». The fronted «И» carries 'you too', echoing her «и меня» — a clipped answer with the verb left understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c3-s185","source":"— Это хорошо,— как-то проскрежетала Лиза.","translation":"\"That's good,\" Lise said, grinding it out somehow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетала","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out","body":"From «скрежет» ('a grating, gnashing'), «проскрежетать» means to utter while grinding the teeth — a harsh, almost animal sound. The perfective prefix «про-» marks a single completed burst of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of как-то","role":"modifies проскрежетала","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part 2 of как-то","role":"modifies проскрежетала","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"проскрежетала","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хорошо","gloss":"grated out"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетала","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c3-s186","source":"Когда он вышел и засмеялся, я почувствовала, что в презрении быть хорошо.","translation":"When he went out and laughed, I felt that it's good to be despised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда он вышел и засмеялся","title":"Perfective chain after «когда»","body":"«Вышел» and «засмеялся» are both perfective past, narrating two completed events in sequence ('came out and laughed'). The «за-» on «засмеялся» is inceptive — 'broke into laughter'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в презрении быть хорошо","title":"Impersonal «хорошо» + infinitive","body":"An impersonal predicate: the invariable «хорошо» ('it is good') governs the infinitive «быть», with no nominative subject — 'to be in contempt is good'. «В презрении» is prepositional, naming the state one is in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовала","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почувствовала","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"презрении","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of почувствовала","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c3-s187","source":"И мальчик с отрезанными пальчиками хорошо, и в презрении быть хорошо…","translation":"Both the boy with the cut-off fingers is good, and to be despised is good…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчиками","title":"Diminutive «пальчик»","body":"«Пальчики» is the diminutive of «пальцы» ('fingers'). Recalling an earlier story of a boy whose fingers were cut off, the tender suffix sharpens the pathos and the morbidity of Lise's fixation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчик с отрезанными пальчиками","title":"Past passive participle «отрезанными»","body":"«Отрезанными» is the instrumental plural of the past passive participle of «отрезать» ('to cut off') — 'with cut-off fingers'. It agrees with «пальчиками» (governed by «с», 'with') and condenses a whole relative clause into one adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отрезанными","lemma":"отрезанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пальчиками","gloss":"cut-off"},{"surface":"пальчиками","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"little fingers"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"презрении","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c3-s188","source":"И она как-то злобно и воспаленно засмеялась Алеше в глаза.","translation":"And she laughed in Alyosha's face, somehow spitefully and feverishly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"засмеялась Алеше в глаза","title":"Dative «Алеше» — laughing in his face","body":"«Алеше» is dative; «засмеяться кому в глаза» literally 'to laugh into someone's eyes', i.e. straight in his face. The dative marks the person to whom the laughter is directed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспаленно","title":"«воспалённо» — feverishly","body":"An adverb from «воспалённый» ('inflamed, feverish', from «воспаление», inflammation). It paints Lise's laughter as something inflamed and sick — physical illness blurred into spiritual fever, a favourite Dostoevskian register."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of как-то","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part 2 of как-то","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воспаленно","lemma":"воспалённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялась","gloss":"feverishly"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c3-s189","source":"— Знаете, Алеша, знаете, я бы хотела… Алеша, спасите меня!— вскочила она вдруг с кушетки, бросилась к нему и крепко обхватила его руками.","translation":"\"You know, Alyosha, you know, I'd like… Alyosha, save me!\" she sprang up suddenly from the couch, threw herself at him, and clutched him tightly in her arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы хотела","title":"Conditional «бы» softening a wish","body":"«Бы» plus the past-form «хотела» yields the conditional 'I would like' — politer and more tentative than a bare «хочу». The unfinished clause leaves the longing hanging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасите меня","title":"Imperative «спасите»","body":"Perfective imperative of «спасти» ('to save'), with the polite/plural «-те» matching the «вы» she uses to Alyosha. Perfective here asks for a single decisive act of rescue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила… бросилась… обхватила","title":"Perfective verb chain of sudden action","body":"Three perfective past verbs in a rush — 'sprang up, threw herself, clutched' — each a single completed jolt, driving the narrative forward against the background. «Бросилась» and «вскочила» carry the reflexive «-ся/-сь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаете","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks хотела as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знаете","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"спасите","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушетки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кушетки","lemma":"кушетка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"the couch"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обхватила","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"обхватила","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обхватила","gloss":"with her arms"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c3-s190","source":"Спасите меня,— почти простонала она.","translation":"\"Save me,\" she almost moaned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простонала","title":"«простонать» — to moan out","body":"From «стон» ('a moan'); the «про-» prefix gives a single completed utterance 'moaned out'. Paired with «почти» ('almost'), it stages the cry as half-spoken, half-groaned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасите","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Спасите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонала","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"простонала","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Спасите","gloss":"moaned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простонала","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c3-s191","source":"Разве я кому-нибудь в мире скажу, что вам говорила?","translation":"As if I'd ever tell anyone in the world what I've told you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве","title":"Particle «разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» opens a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no, of course not' ('As if I'd ever…'). It conveys disbelief or indignation that the thing could even be supposed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» — anyone at all","body":"«Кому-нибудь» is the dative of «кто-нибудь», the non-specific 'anyone at all'. The «-нибудь» series (versus «-то») marks a referent that is open, unspecified — fitting the rhetorical 'as if I'd tell just anybody'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что вам говорила","title":"Object clause «что» and dropped «я»","body":"«Что» here is the relative/object 'what' (= 'that which'), and the subject «я» is dropped because «говорила» (feminine past) already shows the speaker. «Вам» is the dative indirect object, 'to you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, part 1 of кому-нибудь","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"any-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, part 2 of кому-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase кому","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорила","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c3-s192","source":"А ведь я правду, правду, правду говорила!","translation":"And yet it was the truth, the truth, the truth that I was telling!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"«А ведь» — 'and yet, after all'","body":"The contrastive «а» plus the appeal-particle «ведь» ('after all, you know') together mean 'and yet'. «Ведь» invokes shared knowledge — she insists Alyosha knows it really was the truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правду, правду, правду говорила","title":"Accusative object + insistent repetition","body":"«Правду» is the accusative of «правда» ('truth'), the object of «говорила» ('was telling'). The threefold repetition and the imperfective verb stress the act of telling as it unfolded, with feverish emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорила (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правду","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c3-s193","source":"Я убью себя, потому что мне всё гадко!","translation":"I'll kill myself, because everything is loathsome to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я убью себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» — 'kill myself'","body":"«Убью» is the perfective future of «убить» ('to kill'); «себя» is the reflexive pronoun (no nominative form) pointing back to the subject — 'I will kill myself'. The perfective frames it as one final, decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всё гадко","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне… гадко»","body":"A classic impersonal construction: dative «мне» as experiencer, the invariable «гадко» ('it is loathsome') as predicate, no nominative subject — 'everything is loathsome to me'. «Всё» ('everything') is the neuter that the state is about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of гадко","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of гадко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гадко","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the потому что clause","gloss":"is loathsome"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c3-s194","source":"Я не хочу жить, потому что мне всё гадко!","translation":"I don't want to live, because everything is loathsome to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не хочу жить","title":"Negated «не хочу» + infinitive","body":"«Не» negates «хочу» ('I want'), which governs the imperfective infinitive «жить» ('to live'). The imperfective is the natural choice for living as an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of гадко","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of гадко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гадко","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the потому что clause","gloss":"is loathsome"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c3-s195","source":"Мне всё гадко, всё гадко!","translation":"Everything is loathsome to me, everything!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне всё гадко, всё гадко","title":"Repeated impersonal cry","body":"The same dative-experiencer frame («мне… гадко») hammered through three sentences (s193–195). The relentless repetition with no finite verb is Dostoevsky rendering hysteria through pure impersonal grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of гадко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гадко","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is loathsome"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гадко (repeated)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гадко","gloss":"is loathsome"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c3-s196","source":"Алеша, зачем вы меня совсем, совсем не любите!— закончила она в исступлении.","translation":"\"Alyosha, why don't you love me at all, at all!\" she finished in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем вы меня совсем, совсем не любите","title":"«совсем не» — 'not at all'","body":"«Совсем не любите» = 'do not love at all', with «совсем» ('entirely') intensifying the negation «не». «Меня» is accusative object; «вы любите» keeps the polite form even at the peak of her plea."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy","body":"A bookish noun for a state of frenzied transport, ecstasy bordering on madness — from ис- + ступить ('to step out [of oneself]'), i.e. being beside oneself (the homograph «иступить» 'to blunt' is unrelated). «В исступлении» ('in a frenzy') is a recurring Dostoevskian gauge of a soul at its breaking point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"закончила","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to любите","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закончила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончила","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c3-s197","source":"— Нет, люблю!— горячо ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"No, I do love you!\" Alyosha answered ardently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, люблю","title":"Dropped «я» before «люблю»","body":"«Люблю» ('I love') stands alone: the ending already marks first person, so the pronoun «я» is dropped. The bare verb after the emphatic «Нет» makes Alyosha's affirmation quick and unhedged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love you"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c3-s198","source":"— А будете обо мне плакать, будете?","translation":"\"And will you weep over me, will you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А будете обо мне плакать","title":"Compound future «будете плакать»","body":"The imperfective compound future: «будете» (future of «быть») + the imperfective infinitive «плакать» ('to weep') — 'will you weep'. Imperfective frames the weeping as a lasting, repeated grief, not one act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обо мне","title":"«обо мне» — prepositional after «о»","body":"«О» ('about, over') governs the prepositional case, here «мне». The form «обо» (with a vowel) appears before certain pronouns for ease of sound — 'weep over me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать (repeated)","gloss":"will you"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c3-s199","source":"— Буду.","translation":"\"I will.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Буду","title":"«Буду» answering the future","body":"A one-word reply: «буду» ('I will [do]'), the bare future of «быть» standing in for the whole 'I will weep'. Russian answers a compound-future question by echoing just the auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c3-s200","source":"— Не за то, что я вашею женой не захотела быть, а просто обо мне плакать, просто?","translation":"\"Not because I refused to be your wife, but simply weep over me, just simply?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашею женой не захотела быть","title":"Predicate instrumental «женой»","body":"After «быть» the predicate noun «жена» ('wife') goes into the instrumental, «женой» — 'to be your wife'. «Вашею» is the older bookish instrumental ending of «ваша» (modern «вашей»), a 19th-century literary touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не за то, что… а просто","title":"Contrastive «не… а» with «за то, что»","body":"«Не за то, что… а просто…» sets up 'not for the reason that…, but simply…'. «За то, что» is a causal frame ('for the fact that'), and «а» pivots to the true reason — weep simply, not as a reward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вашею","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"женой","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотела","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"just simply"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c3-s201","source":"— Буду.","translation":"\"I will.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c3-s202","source":"— Спасибо!","translation":"\"Thank you!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c3-s203","source":"Мне только ваших слез надо.","translation":"It's only your tears that I need.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне только ваших слез надо","title":"«надо» + genitive object, dative subject","body":"Impersonal «надо» ('is needed') takes the dative experiencer «мне» and here a genitive object «ваших слёз» ('your tears') — 'I need only your tears'. The genitive marks the needed thing as a partial, sought-after quantity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваших","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слез","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of надо","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c3-s204","source":"А все остальные пусть казнят меня и раздавят ногой, все, все, не исключая ''никого''!","translation":"As for all the rest, let them punish me and trample me underfoot, all of them, all of them, not excluding ''anyone''!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть казнят меня и раздавят ногой","title":"«пусть» + verb — third-person 'let them'","body":"«Пусть» plus a present/future verb forms the third-person imperative 'let them…': «пусть казнят… раздавят» — 'let them punish and crush'. «Казнят» is imperfective (ongoing punishing), «раздавят» perfective (one crushing act)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не исключая никого","title":"Gerund «исключая» + negative «никого»","body":"«Исключая» is the imperfective gerund («деепричастие») of «исключать» ('to exclude') — 'excluding'. With «не… никого» it shows negative concord: 'not excluding anyone', literally 'not excluding no one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of остальные","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of казнят","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies казнят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"казнят","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of казнят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздавят","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with казнят","gloss":"trample"},{"surface":"ногой","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавят","gloss":"underfoot"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to остальные","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with все (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исключая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исключая","lemma":"исключать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on казнят","gloss":"excluding"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of исключая","gloss":"anyone"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c3-s205","source":"Потому что я не люблю никого.","translation":"Because I love no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не люблю никого","title":"Double negation «не… никого»","body":"Russian negative concord: the verb keeps «не» even with the negative pronoun «никого» (gen./acc. of «никто») — 'I love no one', literally 'I do not love nobody'. Both negatives are obligatory. («Никого» is the inherent gen./acc. object form of «никто», not a genitive triggered by negation.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c3-s206","source":"Слышите, ни-ко-го!","translation":"Do you hear — no-one-at-all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни-ко-го","title":"Syllabified «никого» for emphasis","body":"The hyphens break «никого» ('no one') into stressed syllables — Dostoevsky's way of writing Lise spelling the word out, slow and venomous. «Слышите» ('do you hear') drives the deliberate cruelty home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, part 1 of hyphenated ни-ко-го","role":"part of никого, direct object of Слышите","gloss":"no—"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, part 2 of hyphenated ни-ко-го","role":"part of никого, direct object of Слышите","gloss":"—one—"},{"surface":"го","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, part 3 of hyphenated ни-ко-го","role":"part of никого, direct object of Слышите","gloss":"—at all"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c3-s207","source":"Напротив, ненавижу!","translation":"On the contrary, I hate them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Напротив, ненавижу","title":"Dropped subject «ненавижу»","body":"«Ненавижу» ('I hate') stands without «я» — the present-tense ending carries the first person. «Напротив» ('on the contrary') swings from not-loving to active hatred in a single bare verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ненавижу","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hate them"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c3-s208","source":"Ступайте, Алеша, вам пора к брату!— оторвалась она от него вдруг.","translation":"Go now, Alyosha, it's time for you to go to your brother!\" she suddenly tore herself away from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступайте","title":"Imperative «ступайте» — 'be off'","body":"«Ступайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «ступать» ('to step, go') — a slightly old-fashioned, brisk 'go now / be off'. Its repetition across s208–211 conveys Lise hustling Alyosha out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам пора к брату","title":"Impersonal «пора» + dative","body":"«Пора» ('it is time') is an impersonal predicate taking the dative experiencer «вам» — 'it's time for you'. «К брату» is dative governed by «к» ('to'), marking the goal of motion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оторвалась","title":"«оторваться» — to tear oneself away","body":"Reflexive «оторваться» ('to tear oneself off/away'), perfective, with «-сь». The violent verb (literally 'rip away') turns even her release of him into something abrupt and wrenching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пора","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"it's time"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пора","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"оторвалась","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"tore herself away"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оторвалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оторвалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оторвалась","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c3-s209","source":"— Как же вы останетесь?— почти в испуге проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"But how will you be left like this?\" Alyosha said, almost in alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же вы останетесь","title":"Particle «же» intensifying the question","body":"«Же» after «как» sharpens the question into anxious wonder — 'but how will you…?'. «Останетесь» is the perfective future of reflexive «остаться» ('to remain/be left'), asking about her single resulting state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останетесь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of останетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"останетесь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you be left"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c3-s210","source":"— Ступайте к брату, острог запрут, ступайте, вот ваша шляпа!","translation":"\"Go to your brother, the prison will be locked up, go, here's your hat!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"острог запрут","title":"Impersonal-plural «запрут»","body":"«Запрут» is the perfective future, third-person plural of «запереть» ('to lock'), used with no stated subject — 'they'll lock it up', i.e. the prison will be locked. This agentless plural is Russian's everyday passive-like dodge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступайте","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"острог","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запрут","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"запрут","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Ступайте","gloss":"will lock up"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repetition of Ступайте","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шляпа","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"шляпа","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun introduced by вот","gloss":"hat"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c3-s211","source":"Поцелуйте Митю, ступайте, ступайте!","translation":"Kiss Mitya for me, go, go!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поцелуйте Митю","title":"Imperative «поцелуйте» + animate accusative","body":"Perfective imperative of «поцеловать» ('to kiss'). «Митю» is the regular first-declension accusative singular of «Митя» (nom. Митя, gen. Мити, acc. Митю); all -я nouns take -ю in the accusative singular, unrelated to animacy syncretism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поцелуйте","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Kiss"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Поцелуйте","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Поцелуйте","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Поцелуйте","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c3-s212","source":"И она с силой почти выпихнула Алешу в двери.","translation":"And she all but shoved Alyosha out the door by force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпихнула","title":"«выпихнуть» — to shove out","body":"A blunt, physical verb: «вы-» ('out') + «пихнуть» ('to shove'), perfective — 'shoved out' in one motion. «С силой почти» ('almost by force') underlines the near-violence of the expulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выпихнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпихнула","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпихнула","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"выпихнула","lemma":"выпихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпихнула","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпихнула","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c3-s213","source":"Тот смотрел с горестным недоумением, как вдруг почувствовал в своей правой руке письмо, маленькое письмецо, твердо сложенное и запечатанное.","translation":"He looked on in grievous bewilderment, when suddenly he felt in his right hand a letter, a tiny little note, tightly folded and sealed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот смотрел","title":"Demonstrative «Тот» as 'he'","body":"«Тот» ('that one') is used here to track the referent and switch focus back to Alyosha — a bookish narrative device, 'the latter / he'. It declines like a demonstrative but functions as a pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вдруг почувствовал","title":"«как вдруг» — 'when suddenly'","body":"«Как вдруг» abruptly breaks a background state («смотрел», imperfective 'was looking') with a sudden perfective event («почувствовал», 'felt'). The aspect contrast stages the shock of finding the note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо сложенное и запечатанное","title":"Past passive participles «сложенное… запечатанное»","body":"Two short-of-attribute past passive participles agreeing with «письмецо» (neuter): «сложенное» ('folded', from «сложить») and «запечатанное» ('sealed', from «запечатать'). They pack the note's whole making into adjectives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"Diminutive «письмецо»","body":"«Письмецо» is the diminutive of «письмо» ('letter'), reinforced by «маленькое» ('little'). The doubled smallness — 'a tiny little note' — makes the sealed object feel furtive and precious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестным","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумением","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"недоумением","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почувствовал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмецо","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with письмо","gloss":"little note"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сложенное","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"сложенное","lemma":"сложённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмецо","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запечатанное","lemma":"запечатать","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сложенное","gloss":"sealed"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c3-s214","source":"Он взглянул и мгновенно прочел адрес: Ивану Федоровичу Карамазову.","translation":"He glanced at it and instantly read the address: To Ivan Fyodorovich Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мгновенно прочел","title":"Perfective «прочёл» — read through","body":"«Прочёл» is the perfective past of «прочесть/прочитать» ('to read [through]'), here a single instantaneous act — 'instantly read'. The «про-» marks the reading carried to completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взглянул","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"адрес","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to адрес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c3-s215","source":"Он быстро поглядел на Лизу.","translation":"He quickly looked at Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядел на Лизу","title":"Perfective «поглядел» + accusative «на Лизу»","body":"«Поглядел» (perfective, 'glanced/looked') with «на» governing the accusative «Лизу» — direction of the gaze 'at Lise'. The «по-» gives a brief, single look."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Лизу","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c3-s216","source":"Лицо ее сделалось почти грозно.","translation":"Her face had become almost menacing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо ее сделалось почти грозно","title":"«сделалось» + short adjective «грозно»","body":"Reflexive «сделалось» ('became') with the short-form predicate adjective «грозно» ('menacing'), agreeing with neuter «лицо». The bookish short form states a quality entered into as a result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо ее","title":"Possessive «её» — frozen form","body":"«Её» ('her') is the invariable third-person possessive (a frozen genitive), so it never agrees with «лицо». Word order «лицо её» (noun first) lends a slightly literary, weighty cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделалось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сделалось","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грозно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сделалось","gloss":"menacing"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c3-s217","source":"— Передайте, непременно передайте!— исступленно, вся сотрясаясь, приказывала она,— сегодня, сейчас!","translation":"\"Deliver it, be sure to deliver it!\" she commanded, frenzied, trembling all over — \"today, this very moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Передайте, непременно передайте","title":"Imperative «передайте» — deliver it","body":"Perfective imperative of «передать» ('to hand over, deliver'), doubled with «непременно» ('without fail') for insistence. The polite «-те» keeps the formal register even as she commands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся сотрясаясь","title":"Gerund «сотрясаясь» — trembling all over","body":"«Сотрясаясь» is the imperfective gerund («деепричастие») of reflexive «сотрясаться» ('to be shaken') — a simultaneous attendant action, 'trembling all over' as she commands. «Вся» ('all of her') intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Передайте","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Deliver it"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передайте","gloss":"be sure to"},{"surface":"передайте","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Передайте","gloss":"deliver it"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приказывала","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясаясь","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приказывала","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"приказывала","lemma":"приказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приказывала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Передайте","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"this very moment"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c3-s218","source":"Иначе я отравлюсь!","translation":"Otherwise I'll poison myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я отравлюсь","title":"Reflexive future «отравлюсь»","body":"«Отравлюсь» is the perfective future of «отравиться» ('to poison oneself'), the «-сь» making it reflexive — 'I'll poison myself'. «Иначе» ('otherwise') frames it as the threatened consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отравлюсь","gloss":"Otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отравлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отравлюсь","lemma":"отравиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will poison myself"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-c3-s219","source":"Я вас затем и звала!","translation":"That's the very reason I called you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас затем и звала","title":"Correlative «затем… (чтобы)» and emphatic «и»","body":"«Затем» ('for that purpose') points forward to the reason — 'that's the very reason I called you'. The «и» here emphasises ('the very'), and «звала» is imperfective past, the act of summoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of звала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of звала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звала","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звала","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"звала","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-c3-s220","source":"И быстро захлопнула дверь.","translation":"And she quickly slammed the door shut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захлопнула дверь","title":"Perfective «захлопнула» + accusative «дверь»","body":"«Захлопнула» (perfective, 'slammed shut') with the inanimate accusative «дверь» ('door', identical to its nominative). «Быстро» ('quickly') matches the single, sharp completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захлопнула","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"захлопнула","lemma":"захлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slammed shut"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захлопнула","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-c3-s221","source":"Щелкнула щеколда.","translation":"The latch clicked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Щёлкнула щеколда","title":"«щеколда» and «щёлкнуть»","body":"«Щеколда» is a door latch; «щёлкнуть» ('to click', a single semelfactive in «-ну-») captures one sharp snap of the latch. The terse subject-verb sentence makes the click ring out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щелкнула","lemma":"щелкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clicked"},{"surface":"щеколда","lemma":"щеколда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Щелкнула","gloss":"latch"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-c3-s222","source":"Алеша положил письмо в карман и пошел прямо на лестницу, не заходя к госпоже Хохлаковой, даже забыв о ней.","translation":"Alyosha put the letter in his pocket and went straight for the stairs, without stopping in to see Madame Khokhlakova — having even forgotten about her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел прямо на лестницу","title":"Prefixed motion «пошёл»","body":"«Пошёл» is the perfective of «пойти», the prefixed («по-») perfective partner of «идти» — 'set off, headed'. It marks the single inception of going, against the imperfective «идти» of motion in progress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заходя… забыв о ней","title":"Two gerunds: «заходя» and «забыв»","body":"«Не заходя» is the imperfective gerund ('without stopping in'), a simultaneous negated action; «забыв» is the perfective past gerund of «забыть» ('having forgotten'). The pair compresses his manner of leaving into adverbial clauses sharing his subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лестницу","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходя","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"stopping in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходя","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыв","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заходя","gloss":"having forgotten"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыв","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-c3-s223","source":"А Лиза, только что удалился Алеша, тотчас же отвернула щеколду, приотворила капельку дверь, вложила в щель свой палец и, захлопнув дверь, изо всей силы придавила его.","translation":"And Lise, the moment Alyosha had withdrawn, at once turned back the latch, opened the door a crack, slipped her finger into the gap, and, slamming the door shut, crushed it with all her might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что удалился Алеша","title":"«только что» + perfective «удалился»","body":"«Только что» ('the moment that, just as') with perfective «удалился» ('had withdrawn', reflexive) sets a completed prior event before the main action. The verb-then-subject order («удалился Алеша») is a natural literary inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвернула… приотворила… вложила… захлопнув… придавила","title":"Perfective chain with a gerund","body":"A string of perfective verbs narrates each completed step — 'turned back, opened a crack, slipped in', then «придавила» ('crushed'). «Захлопнув» is the perfective past gerund ('having slammed'), folding one step into the next."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вложила в щель свой палец","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Свой палец» ('her [own] finger') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which always refers to the clause's subject — here Lise. It removes any doubt that the finger is her own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку","title":"«капельку» — a tiny bit","body":"Literally 'a little drop' (diminutive of «капля», 'drop'), «капельку» is used adverbially for 'a tiny bit', 'just a crack'. The dainty word against the brutal act sharpens the horror of Lise's self-mutilation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвернула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of удалился","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удалился","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвернула","gloss":"had withdrawn"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернула","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"отвернула","lemma":"отвернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"щеколду","lemma":"щеколда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвернула","gloss":"the latch"},{"surface":"приотворила","lemma":"приотворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернула","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приотворила","gloss":"a crack"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приотворила","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"вложила","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернула","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"щель","lemma":"щель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вложила","gloss":"the gap"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вложила","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захлопнув","lemma":"захлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on придавила","gloss":"slamming"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захлопнув","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придавила","gloss":"her might"},{"surface":"придавила","lemma":"придавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернула","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придавила","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-c3-s224","source":"Секунд через десять, высвободив руку, она тихо, медленно прошла на свое кресло, села, вся выпрямившись, и стала пристально смотреть на свой почерневший пальчик и на выдавившуюся из-под ногтя кровь.","translation":"Some ten seconds later, having freed her hand, she walked quietly and slowly to her chair, sat down, holding herself bolt upright, and began to stare fixedly at her blackened little finger and at the blood that had welled up from under the nail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высвободив руку","title":"Perfective gerund «высвободив»","body":"«Высвободив» is the perfective past gerund of «высвободить» ('to free, extract') — 'having freed her hand', a completed prior action before she walks. It shares the subject (Lise) with the main verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся выпрямившись","title":"Gerund «выпрямившись» — bolt upright","body":"Another perfective gerund of reflexive «выпрямиться» ('to straighten up'), 'having drawn herself up'; «вся» ('all of her') intensifies the rigid posture. Dostoevsky layers gerund upon gerund to choreograph her eerie composure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почерневший","title":"Past active participle «почерневший»","body":"«Почерневший» ('that had blackened') is the past active participle of «почернеть», agreeing with «пальчик». Built from a который-clause ('the little finger that had gone black'), it is the bookish way to attach a whole event as a modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдавившуюся из-под ногтя кровь","title":"Past active participle «выдавившуюся»","body":"«Выдавившуюся» (reflexive past active participle of «выдавиться», 'to be squeezed out') modifies «кровь» in the accusative — 'the blood that had welled up'. «Из-под» ('from under') governs the genitive «ногтя» ('the nail')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"temporal modifier of прошла","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies Секунд","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"высвободив","lemma":"высвободить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошла","gloss":"having freed"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высвободив","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of кресло","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошла","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выпрямившись","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"выпрямившись","lemma":"выпрямиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on села","gloss":"straightening up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошла","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to stare"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчик","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пальчик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"почерневший","lemma":"почерневший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальчик","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"пальчик","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"little finger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"выдавившуюся","lemma":"выдавиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying кровь","gloss":"welled up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногтя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногтя","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ногтя","lemma":"ноготь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдавившуюся","gloss":"the nail"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пальчик","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-c3-s225","source":"Губы ее дрожали, и она быстро, быстро шептала про себя:","translation":"Her lips were trembling, and she whispered to herself very, very quickly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Губы ее дрожали","title":"Imperfective «дрожали» — ongoing trembling","body":"«Дрожали» (imperfective past, plural agreeing with «губы», 'lips') describes a continuous background state — the lips 'were trembling'. Imperfective sustains the image while the next clause adds the whispering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про себя","title":"«про себя» — to oneself","body":"The fixed phrase «про себя» means 'to oneself, inwardly' (with «про» + the reflexive «себя»). She whispers «шептала» the words under her breath, not aloud — a private self-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of дрожали","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Губы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дрожали","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептала","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептала","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"шептала","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дрожали","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of шептала","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-c3-s226","source":"— Подлая, подлая, подлая, подлая!","translation":"\"Vile, vile, vile, vile!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подлая","title":"«подлый» — vile, base","body":"«Подлая» is the feminine short/long form of «подлый» ('base, vile, contemptible'), Lise turning the word on herself ('[I am] vile'). The fourfold repetition makes it a self-lacerating refrain that closes the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Vile"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Подлая","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Подлая","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Подлая","gloss":"vile"}]}]}