{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Гимн и секрет","translated":"A Hymn and a Secret"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c4","lines":402},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c4-s1","source":"Было уже совсем поздно (да и велик ли ноябрьский день), когда Алеша позвонил у ворот острога.","translation":"It was already quite late — and how long, after all, is a November day — when Alyosha rang at the gates of the prison.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велик ли ноябрьский день","title":"Short adjective with «ли»","body":"«Велик» is the short (predicative) form of «великий/большой» — 'how big/long is it', here rhetorical. The enclitic «ли» turns it into a wondering yes/no question fused into the narration: 'and how long, after all, is a November day?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было уже совсем поздно","title":"Impersonal 'it was late'","body":"A subjectless construction: the neuter «было» plus the adverb «поздно», with no nominative. Russian states such conditions of time and weather impersonally, where English supplies a dummy 'it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздно","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"велик","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to поздно","gloss":"is long"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велик","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ноябрьский","lemma":"ноябрьский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"November"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велик","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позвонил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позвонил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"позвонил","lemma":"позвонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поздно","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of позвонил","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"острога","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворот","gloss":"of the prison"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c4-s2","source":"Начинало даже смеркаться.","translation":"Dusk was even beginning to fall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начинало даже смеркаться","title":"Impersonal 'it was getting dark'","body":"«Смеркаться» (to grow dusk) is a subjectless reflexive verb of nature; the auxiliary «начинало» stands in the neuter with no subject at all. The reflexive «-ся» here marks an event happening of itself, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начинало","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеркаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смеркаться","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начинало","gloss":"to get dark"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c4-s3","source":"Но Алеша знал, что его пропустят к Мите беспрепятственно.","translation":"But Alyosha knew he would be let through to Mitya without any obstacle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его пропустят","title":"Perfective future as confident prediction","body":"«Пропустят» is the perfective future (they-form) conjugated with present endings — a single completed future act, 'they will let [him] through'. The impersonal 'they' (no stated subject) is Russian's everyday passive substitute."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспрепятственно","title":"«беспрепятственно» — without hindrance","body":"A bookish adverb built from без- ('without') + препятствие ('obstacle'): 'unobstructedly, freely'. The long, prefix-stacked word lends a faintly bureaucratic, formal weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропустят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пропустят","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пропустят","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would be let through"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустят","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"беспрепятственно","lemma":"беспрепятственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропустят","gloss":"without hindrance"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c4-s4","source":"Всё это у нас, в нашем городке, как и везде.","translation":"With us, in our little town, all this goes much as it does everywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городке","title":"«городок» — our little town","body":"The diminutive of «город» with the suffix -ок: here not literally 'small' but warmly familiar — 'our little town', the narrator folding the reader into the place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё это у нас, в нашем городке","title":"Verbless equational sentence","body":"No verb at all: «всё это… как и везде» ('all this [is] as everywhere'). Russian omits the present-tense copula 'to be', so the locatives «у нас», «в нашем городке» (prepositional after «в») simply frame a bare assertion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of везде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies везде","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c4-s5","source":"Сначала, конечно, по заключении всего предварительного следствия, доступ к Мите для свидания с родственниками и с некоторыми другими лицами всё же был обставлен некоторыми необходимыми формальностями, но впоследствии формальности не то что ослабели, но для иных лиц, по крайней мере приходивших к Мите, как-то сами собой установились некоторые исключения.","translation":"At first, of course, once the whole preliminary inquiry had been concluded, access to Mitya for visits from relatives and certain other persons was still hedged about with a number of necessary formalities; but later the formalities did not so much relax as, of their own accord, give way to certain exceptions for some of the visitors — at least for those who came to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по заключении всего предварительного следствия","title":"Bookish «по» + prepositional = 'upon'","body":"Here «по» governs the prepositional «заключении» in its rarer, formal temporal sense 'upon / after the conclusion of'. This is legal-administrative register, distinct from everyday «по» + dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был обставлен","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participle","body":"«Обставлен» is the short past passive participle of «обставить» joined to «был» — 'was hedged about / surrounded'. The short form + «быть» is Russian's standard way to state a completed passive result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами собой установились","title":"«сами собой» + reflexive 'of their own accord'","body":"The set phrase «сам собой» ('by itself, spontaneously') reinforces the middle reflexive «установились» ('established themselves'): the exceptions arose with no one arranging them. «Собой» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходивших к Мите","title":"Past active participle compressing a clause","body":"«Приходивших» (-вш- past active participle of «приходить»), agreeing with «лиц» in the genitive plural, packs 'who came to Mitya' into one word — the bookish alternative to a «который»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обставлен","gloss":"At first"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of обставлен","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заключении","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"заключении","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обставлен","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of следствия","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"предварительного","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствия","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заключении","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"доступ","lemma":"доступ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обставлен","gloss":"access"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доступ","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доступ","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"родственниками","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторыми","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of лицами","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies лицами","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"лицами","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with родственниками","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обставлен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обставлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обставлен","lemma":"обставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hedged about"},{"surface":"некоторыми","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of формальностями","gloss":"a number of"},{"surface":"необходимыми","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies формальностями","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"формальностями","lemma":"формальность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обставлен","gloss":"formalities"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ослабели","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"формальности","lemma":"формальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ослабели","gloss":"the formalities"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"so much","note":"Part of the idiom «не то что…но» = \"not so much…as\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ослабели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ослабели","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying формальности","gloss":"relaxed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of установились","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"measure","note":"«по крайней мере» = \"at least\"."},{"surface":"приходивших","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying лиц","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходивших","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установились","gloss":"some","note":"«как-то» = \"somehow\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies установились","gloss":"of their own"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of установились","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"установились","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of final clause, parallel to ослабели","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of исключения","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"исключения","lemma":"исключение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of установились","gloss":"exceptions"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c4-s6","source":"До того что иной раз даже и свидания с заключенным в назначенной для того комнате происходили почти между четырех глаз.","translation":"So much so that now and then a visit with the prisoner, in the room set aside for the purpose, took place almost privately, face to face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"между четырех глаз","title":"«между четырёх глаз» — face to face","body":"Literally 'between four eyes' (cf. «с глазу на глаз»): an idiom for a private, one-on-one meeting with no third party present. Note the genitive plural «глаз» (zero ending) governed by «между»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"назначенной для того комнате","title":"Past passive participle as attribute","body":"«Назначенной» is the long past passive participle of «назначить» ('appointed, set aside'), declined to agree with «комнате» (dative/prepositional fem.). Such participles work like adjectives before the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of До, correlate of что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (до того что = so much that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of происходили (иной раз = at times)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of происходили","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заключенным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"заключенным","lemma":"заключённый","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидания","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"назначенной","lemma":"назначенный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для (для того = for that purpose)","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидания","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"происходили","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies между","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies глаз","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходили","gloss":"eyes","note":"Idiom «между четырех глаз» = privately, face to face (lit. 'between four eyes')."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c4-s7","source":"Впрочем, таких лиц было очень немного: всего только Грушенька, Алеша и Ракитин.","translation":"There were, however, very few such people: only Grushenka, Alyosha, and Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таких лиц было очень немного","title":"Genitive with a quantity word","body":"«Немного» ('few, not many') governs the genitive plural «таких лиц», and the verb stands neuter «было». A quantified group takes neuter agreement and throws its noun into the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лиц","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of немного","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential) of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немного","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to лиц","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушенька","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушенька","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c4-s8","source":"Но к Грушеньке очень благоволил сам исправник Михаил Макарович.","translation":"But toward Grushenka the police captain Mikhail Makarovich himself was very well disposed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоволил","title":"«благоволить» — to be well disposed","body":"A bookish, slightly elevated verb ('to favour, look kindly upon'), built on the Slavonic root благо- ('good'). It governs the dative «к Грушеньке» and sets a formal tone fitting an official's regard."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам исправник","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'himself'","body":"«Сам» here intensifies the subject: 'the police captain himself', stressing that even so senior a figure favoured her. It agrees in gender/number with what it emphasises."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благоволил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благоволил","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"благоволил","lemma":"благоволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was well disposed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исправник","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благоволил","gloss":"police captain"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to исправник","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c4-s9","source":"У старика лежал на сердце его окрик на нее в Мокром.","translation":"The old man had it weighing on his heart, the way he had shouted at her in Mokroye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лежал на сердце","title":"«лежать на сердце» — to weigh on one's heart","body":"An idiom: something 'lies on the heart' when it troubles the conscience and won't let go. Here the captain's earlier «окрик» (sharp shout) at Grushenka still gnaws at him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У старика лежал на сердце","title":"«У» + genitive of the possessor","body":"Russian frames having/experiencing with «у» + genitive («у старика», 'on the old man's part'). The grammatical subject is «окрик»; the experiencer is pushed to the «у»-phrase — a hallmark of Russian's experiencer-centred syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of окрик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"окрик","lemma":"окрик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окрик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of окрик","gloss":"Mokroye","note":"Mokroye, the village where Mitya's arrest and the earlier scene with Grushenka took place."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c4-s10","source":"Потом, узнав всю суть, он изменил совсем о ней свои мысли.","translation":"Afterward, having learned the whole truth of it, he changed his opinion of her entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнав всю суть","title":"Perfective gerund 'having learned'","body":"«Узнав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «узнать»: a prior completed act sharing the main subject — 'having learned the whole truth, he changed…'. The -в ending is the signature of the completed adverbial participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суть","title":"«суть» — the essence","body":"A feminine soft-sign noun meaning 'the essence, the gist, the heart of the matter'. «Узнать всю суть» = 'to learn the whole truth/crux of it', weightier than mere facts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изменил","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суть","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнав","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of изменил","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c4-s11","source":"И странное дело: хотя был твердо убежден в преступлении Мити, но со времени заключения его всё как-то более и более смотрел на него мягче: «С хорошею, может быть, душой был человек, а вот пропал, как швед, от пьянства и беспорядка!»","translation":"And a strange thing: though he was firmly convinced of Mitya's guilt, ever since the man's imprisonment he had somehow come to look on him more and more gently. \"A man with a good soul, perhaps, and look how he came to ruin, gone like a Swede, through drink and disorder!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя был твердо убежден","title":"Short participle + concessive «хотя»","body":"«Убеждён» is the short past passive participle ('convinced'), here a predicate of state, introduced by the concessive «хотя» ('although'). The pre-reform/literary stress «убеждён в преступлении» governs «в» + prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел на него мягче","title":"Comparative «мягче»","body":"«Мягче» is the predicative comparative of «мягкий» ('softer, more gently'); paired with «более и более» it builds 'more and more gently'. The consonant-mutating -е comparative is irregular and worth memorising."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on смотрел","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in the хотя-clause","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступлении","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"заключения","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"imprisonment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of заключения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрел (all the while, increasingly)","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мягче","lemma":"мягче","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"more gently"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хорошею","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек (с хорошею душой)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came to ruin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison швед","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"швед","lemma":"швед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparative complement of пропал","gloss":"a Swede","note":"Idiom «пропал как швед» (short for «...под Полтавой») = came to utter ruin, referencing the defeated Swedish army at Poltava."},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пьянства","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропал","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспорядка","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьянства","gloss":"disorder"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c4-s12","source":"Прежний ужас сменился в сердце его какою-то жалостью.","translation":"The earlier horror had given way, in his heart, to a kind of pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сменился… какою-то жалостью","title":"Reflexive + instrumental of replacement","body":"«Сменился» (middle reflexive of «сменить», 'gave way') takes the instrumental «жалостью» to name what replaced the horror. The archaic/literary instrumental ending «-ою» (for «какою-то») is the bookish 19th-century variant of «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужас","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сменился","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"сменился","lemma":"смениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сменился","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жалостью","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"жалостью","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сменился (changed into pity)","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c4-s13","source":"Что же до Алеши, то исправник очень любил его и давно уже был с ним знаком, а Ракитин, повадившийся впоследствии приходить очень часто к заключенному, был одним из самых близких знакомых «исправничьих барышень», как он называл их, и ежедневно терся в их доме.","translation":"As for Alyosha, the police captain was very fond of him and had long been acquainted with him; and Rakitin, who had taken to coming very often to the prisoner of late, was one of the closest acquaintances of the \"police captain's young ladies,\" as he called them, and was forever hanging about their house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до Алеши, то…","title":"Correlative «что до… то» — 'as for'","body":"A fixed bookish frame: «что (же) до X, то…» = 'as for X, …', here reinforced by the emphatic particle «же». «До Алеши» is genitive after «до»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повадившийся… приходить","title":"Past active participle 'who had taken to'","body":"«Повадившийся» is the reflexive past active participle of «повадиться» ('to get into the habit of'), agreeing with «Ракитин» and governing the infinitive «приходить» — 'who had taken to coming', condensing a relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"терся в их доме","title":"«тереться» — to hang about","body":"Literally 'to rub oneself' (reflexive «тереть»), colloquially 'to hang around, be forever underfoot'. The slightly contemptuous image fits the narrator's dim view of the sponging Rakitin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исправничьих барышень","title":"«барышня» / «исправничьи барышни»","body":"«Барышня» is the genteel pre-revolutionary term for an unmarried young lady of the gentry. «Исправничьи» is a possessive adjective ('the police-captain's'); the captain's daughters are the 'police captain's young ladies'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что до (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Что до","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing любил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знаком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаком","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective linked by был, coordinated with любил","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одним","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"повадившийся","lemma":"повадиться","morphology":"verb (past active participle), masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"who had taken to"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"of late"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повадившийся","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заключенному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"заключенному","lemma":"заключённый","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одним","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies близких","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"близких","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies знакомых","gloss":"closest"},{"surface":"знакомых","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"исправничьих","lemma":"исправничий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies барышень","gloss":"police captain's"},{"surface":"барышень","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies знакомых","gloss":"young ladies"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называл","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying барышень","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies терся","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"терся","lemma":"тереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был (одним из... и терся)","gloss":"hung about"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of терся","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c4-s14","source":"У смотрителя же острога, благодушного старика, хотя и крепкого служаки, он давал в доме уроки.","translation":"And at the house of the prison warden — a good-natured old fellow, though a stickler in his duties — he gave lessons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крепкого служаки","title":"«служака» — a stickler in service","body":"«Служака» is a colloquial, slightly ironic word for a zealous old hand in the service, a by-the-book careerist of duty. «Крепкий» here = 'staunch, firm'. The masculine «-а» noun still declines like a feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смотрителя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"смотрителя","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"the warden"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрителя","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"острога","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смотрителя","gloss":"of the prison"},{"surface":"благодушного","lemma":"благодушный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to смотрителя","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on старика","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces хотя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"крепкого","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies служаки","gloss":"staunch"},{"surface":"служаки","lemma":"служака","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"lessons"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c4-s15","source":"Алеша же опять-таки был особенный и стародавний знакомый и смотрителя, любившего говорить с ним вообще о «премудрости».","translation":"Alyosha, again, was an old and particular acquaintance of the warden too, who loved to talk with him about \"higher wisdom\" in general.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стародавний","title":"«стародавний» — of long standing","body":"A bookish compound (старо- 'old' + давний 'long-ago') meaning 'long-standing, of old', faintly archaic. Pairing it with «особенный» elevates Alyosha's acquaintance with the warden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любившего говорить","title":"Past active participle + infinitive","body":"«Любившего» (past active participle of «любить») agrees in the genitive with «смотрителя» and governs «говорить»: 'who loved to talk'. Another participle standing in for a «который»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о «премудрости»","title":"«премудрость» — higher wisdom","body":"A Church-Slavonic-flavoured word (пре- intensive + мудрость) for divine or lofty wisdom, as in 'the Wisdom of God'. The quotation marks gently mock the warden's homespun theologizing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стародавний","lemma":"стародавний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрителя","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смотрителя","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"of the warden"},{"surface":"любившего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb (present active participle), masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying смотрителя","gloss":"who loved"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любившего","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking премудрости","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"премудрости","lemma":"премудрость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"wisdom"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c4-s16","source":"Ивана Федоровича, например, смотритель не то что уважал, а даже боялся, главное, его суждений, хотя сам был большим философом, разумеется «своим умом дойдя».","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, for instance, the warden did not so much respect as positively fear — chiefly his judgments — though the warden was himself a great philosopher, having \"reached it by his own wits,\" of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что уважал, а даже боялся","title":"«не то что… а» — 'not so much… as'","body":"A common correlative construction qualifying a statement: 'did not so much respect as positively fear'. «А» here is the contrastive 'but/rather' that pivots to the truer term. This frame recurs throughout the chapter (cf. «не то что ослабели», «не то что ждал»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боялся… его суждений","title":"Genitive object of «бояться»","body":"«Бояться» ('to fear') is an inherently reflexive verb that governs the genitive, hence «его суждений» ('his judgments', gen. pl.). Fear, like absence, pulls its object into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим умом дойдя","title":"Perfective gerund «дойдя» + instrumental of means","body":"«Дойдя» is the perfective gerund of «дойти» ('having reached/arrived [at it]'); «своим умом» is the instrumental of means, 'by his own wits'. The phrase, in quotes, mimics the warden's self-satisfied claim to self-taught philosophy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважал (fronted topic)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"смотритель","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уважал","gloss":"the warden"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а (not so much...as)","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уважал","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уважал","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifier of боялся","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of суждений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"суждений","lemma":"суждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of боялся","gloss":"judgments"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on был","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies философом","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"философом","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"philosopher"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of дойдя","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on был (having reached it himself)","gloss":"having reached it"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c4-s17","source":"Но к Алеше в нем была какая-то непобедимая симпатия.","translation":"But for Alyosha he felt a kind of unconquerable affection.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к Алеше в нем была какая-то симпатия","title":"Existential «была» with «у/в нём»","body":"An experiencer construction: the feeling «симпатия» is the subject, while the one feeling it sits in «в нём» ('in him') — Russian locates emotions inside a person rather than making him their subject. «К Алеше» (dative) names its object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая-то непобедимая симпатия","title":"Indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«Какой-то» ('some kind of, a certain') with the clitic -то marks the affection as real but hard to pin down. Dostoevsky's narration leans constantly on this softening 'some sort of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of симпатия","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"непобедимая","lemma":"непобедимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies симпатия","gloss":"unconquerable"},{"surface":"симпатия","lemma":"симпатия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"affection"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c4-s18","source":"В последний год старик как раз засел за апокрифические евангелия и поминутно сообщал о своих впечатлениях своему молодому другу.","translation":"In the past year the old man had taken to poring over the apocryphal gospels, and was constantly reporting his impressions to his young friend.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засел за","title":"«засесть за» — to settle down to","body":"«Засесть за» + accusative = 'to buckle down to, immerse oneself in' a task. The за- prefix gives the sense of getting absorbed; here the old man has 'buried himself in' the apocryphal gospels."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поминутно","title":"«поминутно» — every minute","body":"An adverb (по- + минута) meaning 'constantly, every other minute, incessantly'. It paints the old man's eager, button-holing habit of reporting each new impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засел","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"засел","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken to"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking евангелия","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"апокрифические","lemma":"апокрифический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies евангелия","gloss":"apocryphal"},{"surface":"евангелия","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of засел","gloss":"gospels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщал","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"сообщал","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засел","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлениях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of впечатлениях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"впечатлениях","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщал","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of другу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другу","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщал","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c4-s19","source":"Прежде даже заходил к нему в монастырь и толковал с ним и с иеромонахами по целым часам.","translation":"Before, he had even gone to see Alyosha at the monastery and talked for hours on end with him and with the hieromonks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заходил… по целым часам","title":"Imperfective of habit + iterative «по»","body":"«Заходил» and «толковал» are imperfective pasts of repeated, habitual action ('used to drop in… would talk'). «По целым часам» ('for hours on end') uses distributive «по» + dative to stress the drawn-out repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to visit"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходил","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"толковал","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заходил","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толковал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иеромонахами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иеромонахами","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целым","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies часам","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"modifies толковал","gloss":"hours"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c4-s20","source":"Словом, Алеше, если бы даже он и запоздал в острог, стоило пройти к смотрителю, и дело всегда улаживалось.","translation":"In a word, even if Alyosha arrived at the prison late, he had only to go up to the warden, and the matter always got smoothed over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы даже он и запоздал","title":"Conditional «если бы» with «бы»","body":"The irrealis: «если бы» + past-form verb «запоздал» plus mobile «бы» builds the hypothetical 'even if he were to arrive late'. The added «даже… и» ('even') heightens the concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоило пройти… и дело улаживалось","title":"Impersonal «стоило… и» — 'one had only to'","body":"«Стоило» + infinitive (impersonal, no subject) means 'one need only / he had only to': 'he had only to go up to the warden, and the matter got settled'. «Улаживалось» is the reflexive-middle 'sorted itself out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of стоило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запоздал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional marker)","role":"marks the conditional если бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запоздал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запоздал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"запоздал","lemma":"запоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоило","gloss":"was late"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острог","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"острог","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запоздал","gloss":"the prison"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it took only"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоило","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смотрителю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смотрителю","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"the warden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of улаживалось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улаживалось","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"улаживалось","lemma":"улаживаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоило","gloss":"got smoothed over"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c4-s21","source":"К тому же к Алеше все до последнего сторожа в остроге привыкли.","translation":"Besides, everyone at the prison, down to the lowest watchman, had grown used to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к Алеше… привыкли","title":"«привыкнуть к» + dative","body":"«Привыкнуть» ('to grow used to') governs «к» + dative «к Алеше». The perfective past «привыкли» states the settled result: everyone had become accustomed to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все до последнего сторожа","title":"«до» — 'down to the last'","body":"«До последнего сторожа» (genitive after «до») = 'down to the lowest watchman', i.e. everyone without exception. A common intensifying idiom of inclusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же (besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же, modifying привыкли","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привыкли","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of привыкли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожа","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторожа","gloss":"the lowest"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, modifying все","gloss":"watchman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остроге","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"остроге","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привыкли","gloss":"the prison"},{"surface":"привыкли","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown used to"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c4-s22","source":"Караул же, конечно, не стеснял, было бы лишь дозволение начальства.","translation":"The guard, of course, raised no difficulty, so long as there was permission from the authorities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы лишь дозволение начальства","title":"«бы» — 'so long as there were'","body":"A clause of sufficient condition built on «бы» + past «было»: 'provided only there were permission'. «Лишь» ('only, just') marks the single condition required; «дозволение начальства» is genitive of source."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дозволение начальства","title":"«дозволение», «начальство»","body":"«Дозволение» is the formal, slightly archaic word for 'permission, leave' (vs. plain «разрешение»). «Начальство» is the collective 'the authorities / the bosses' — the abstract neuter noun standing for whoever is in charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Караул","lemma":"караул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стеснял","gloss":"the guard"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Караул","gloss":"for its part"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of стеснял","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стеснял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стеснял","lemma":"стеснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hindered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase было бы","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional marker)","role":"marks the conditional было бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дозволение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дозволение","lemma":"дозволение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было бы","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"начальства","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дозволение","gloss":"of the authorities"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c4-s23","source":"Митя из своей каморки, когда вызывали его, сходил всегда вниз в место, назначенное для свиданий.","translation":"Mitya, when he was summoned from his cell, always came down to the place appointed for visits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каморки","title":"«каморка» — little cell","body":"A diminutive of «камора» (chamber): a cramped little room or cell. The suffix shrinks and colours it — Mitya's mean, narrow confinement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда вызывали его, сходил всегда","title":"Paired imperfectives of repetition","body":"Both «вызывали» ('they would summon') and «сходил» ('he would come down') are imperfective pasts of habitual action with «всегда» — recounting a recurring routine, not a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of каморки","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"каморки","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вызывали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вызывали","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сходил","gloss":"was summoned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызывали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"назначенное","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying место","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданий","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свиданий","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of назначенное","gloss":"visits"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c4-s24","source":"Войдя в комнату, Алеша как раз столкнулся с Ракитиным, уже уходившим от Мити.","translation":"On entering the room, Alyosha ran straight into Rakitin, who was already leaving Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдя в комнату","title":"Perfective gerund 'on entering'","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective gerund of «войти»: a completed prior act sharing Alyosha's subject — 'having entered / on entering the room'. The form is the irregular gerund of a prefixed motion verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже уходившим от Мити","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«Уходившим» (imperfective past active participle of «уходить») agrees with «Ракитиным» in the instrumental governed by «столкнулся с» — 'ran into Rakitin, who was already leaving'. The imperfective marks the leaving as in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on столкнулся","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Войдя","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of столкнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столкнулся","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"then","note":"«как раз» is a fixed idiom meaning \"just then, at that very moment.\""},{"surface":"столкнулся","lemma":"столкнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran into"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитиным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of столкнулся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходившим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"уходившим","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитиным","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходившим","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c4-s25","source":"Оба они громко говорили.","translation":"Both of them were talking loudly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оба они громко говорили","title":"Imperfective of ongoing background","body":"«Говорили» is imperfective past — an ongoing state Alyosha walks in on, not a completed act. «Оба» ('both', masc.) agrees with «они» and is the special paucal numeral for two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were talking"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c4-s26","source":"Митя, провожая его, чему-то очень смеялся, а Ракитин как будто ворчал.","translation":"Mitya, seeing him off, was laughing hard at something, while Rakitin seemed to be grumbling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"провожая его, чему-то очень смеялся","title":"Imperfective gerund + dative of «смеяться»","body":"«Провожая» (imperfective present gerund, 'while seeing off') sets a simultaneous backdrop. «Смеяться» governs «чему-то» in the dative ('laughing at something'), the indefinite -то marking a vague trigger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Ракитин как будто ворчал","title":"Contrastive «а» + 'as if'","body":"«А» pivots between the two men's moods — Mitya laughing, Rakitin grumbling — the mild adversative 'while/whereas'. «Как будто» ('as if, seemingly') hedges the observation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"провожая","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеялся","gloss":"seeing off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провожая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of смеялся","gloss":"at something","note":"«чему-то» = \"at something\"; чему and то together form the indefinite pronoun."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the phrase чему","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"very hard"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ворчал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ворчал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ворчал","lemma":"ворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"was grumbling"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c4-s27","source":"Ракитин, особенно в последнее время, не любил встречаться с Алешей, почти не говорил с ним, даже и раскланивался с натугой.","translation":"Rakitin, especially of late, did not like meeting Alyosha; he scarcely spoke to him, and even bowed to him grudgingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не любил встречаться… почти не говорил… даже… раскланивался","title":"Chain of imperfectives of habit","body":"All three verbs are imperfective pasts describing Rakitin's settled recent manner — disliking, scarcely speaking, bowing grudgingly. The negation «почти не» ('hardly') and «даже» build the picture of cooling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскланивался с натугой","title":"«раскланиваться», «с натугой»","body":"«Раскланиваться» is to exchange formal bows in greeting/parting; «с натугой» = 'with effort, with a strain', grudgingly. Together they sketch Rakitin's stiff, forced courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"встречаться","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречаться","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскланивался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскланивался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раскланивался","lemma":"раскланиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натугой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"натугой","lemma":"натуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскланивался","gloss":"an effort"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c4-s28","source":"Завидя теперь входящего Алешу, он особенно нахмурил брови и отвел глаза в сторону, как бы весь занятый застегиванием своего большого теплого с меховым воротником пальто.","translation":"Catching sight now of Alyosha coming in, he knit his brows pointedly and turned his eyes aside, as though wholly taken up with buttoning his big warm overcoat with the fur collar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завидя… входящего Алешу","title":"Gerund «завидя» + present active participle","body":"«Завидя» is a perfective gerund ('catching sight of'); «входящего» is the present active participle of «входить» ('coming in'), in the accusative agreeing with «Алешу». Two non-finite forms stacked — dense literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы весь занятый застегиванием","title":"«как бы» + short participle + instrumental","body":"«Занятый» (short past passive participle, 'occupied') takes the instrumental «застегиванием» ('with buttoning'). «Как бы» ('as though') frames it as a pretence. «Весь» = 'wholly, entirely absorbed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"большого теплого с меховым воротником пальто","title":"Stacked genitive modifiers; indeclinable «пальто»","body":"A pile-up of agreeing genitive adjectives around the loanword «пальто», which never declines (its case is shown only by the modifiers «большого тёплого»). The buried «с меховым воротником» ('with a fur collar') is instrumental after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завидя","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нахмурил","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входящего","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"входящего","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алешу","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Завидя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурил","gloss":"pointedly"},{"surface":"нахмурил","lemma":"нахмурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knit"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нахмурил","gloss":"his brows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвел","gloss":"one side"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занятый","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of занятый","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"занятый","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"застегиванием","lemma":"застёгивание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of занятый","gloss":"buttoning"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"теплого","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меховым","lemma":"меховой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воротником","gloss":"fur"},{"surface":"воротником","lemma":"воротник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of застегиванием","gloss":"overcoat"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c4-s29","source":"Потом тотчас же принялся искать свой зонтик.","translation":"Then at once he set about hunting for his umbrella.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся искать","title":"«приняться» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Приняться» ('to set about, begin') is a phasal verb that requires an imperfective infinitive — «искать», not the perfective. «Тотчас же» ('at once') with the emphatic «же» speeds the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"hunting for"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of зонтик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"зонтик","lemma":"зонтик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of искать","gloss":"umbrella"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c4-s30","source":"— Своего бы не забыть чего, — пробормотал он, единственно чтобы что-нибудь сказать.","translation":"\"Mustn't forget anything of my own,\" he muttered, merely for the sake of saying something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Своего бы не забыть чего","title":"«бы» + infinitive as anxious wish","body":"An infinitive softened by «бы» expresses a hovering self-directed worry: 'I mustn't forget anything of my own'. «Своего… чего» is the genitive of negation under «не забыть»; «своего» is the reflexive possessive 'one's own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно чтобы что-нибудь сказать","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + «-нибудь»","body":"«Чтобы» + infinitive «сказать» gives purpose ('merely in order to say something'). «Что-нибудь» with -нибудь marks a non-specific 'anything at all' — he speaks just to fill the silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чего","gloss":"of my own"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"(softener)","note":"«бы не забыть» softens the phrase into a musing wish, roughly \"mustn't forget.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забыть","gloss":"he muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on единственно","gloss":"saying"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c4-s31","source":"— Ты чужого-то чего не забудь! — сострил Митя и тотчас же сам расхохотался своей остроте.","translation":"\"Mind you don't forget anything of someone else's!\" Mitya quipped, and burst out laughing at his own joke.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты чужого-то чего не забудь!","title":"Imperative + emphatic «-то» + genitive of negation","body":"Mitya volleys back the joke: «не забудь» is a negated perfective imperative ('don't forget'), with «чужого… чего» in the genitive of negation — 'anything of someone else's'. The clitic «-то» pins the topic «чужое» pointedly against Rakitin's «своё»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сострил… расхохотался","title":"«сострить», «расхохотаться»","body":"«Сострить» = 'to crack a witticism' (from «острый», sharp). «Расхохотаться» is the perfective 'to burst out laughing' — the prefix рас- giving a sudden, explosive onset to «хохотать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забудь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чужого","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"someone else's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic marker","role":"part of the phrase чужого","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забудь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"сострил","lemma":"сострить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забудь","gloss":"quipped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сострил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхохотался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расхохотался","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"расхохотался","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сострил","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of остроте","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"остроте","lemma":"острота","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of расхохотался","gloss":"joke"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c4-s32","source":"Ракитин мигом вспылил.","translation":"Rakitin flared up in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом вспылил","title":"«мигом», «вспылить»","body":"«Мигом» ('in a flash', instrumental of «миг», a moment) used adverbially. «Вспылить» is the perfective 'to flare up, lose one's temper suddenly' — the вс- prefix marking the flash of anger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспылил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспылил","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"вспылил","lemma":"вспылить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c4-s33","source":"— Ты это своим Карамазовым рекомендуй, крепостничье ваше отродье, а не Ракитину! — крикнул он вдруг, так и затрясшись от злости.","translation":"\"You go recommend that to your Karamazovs, you serf-bred brood, not to a Rakitin!\" he shouted all at once, fairly shaking with rage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты это своим Карамазовым рекомендуй","title":"Imperative with dative object","body":"«Рекомендуй» is the imperative of «рекомендовать»; «своим Карамазовым» is its dative recipient ('recommend it to your Karamazovs'). The reflexive possessive «своим» = 'your own kind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и затрясшись от злости","title":"Perfective gerund «затрясшись» + «от»","body":"«Затрясшись» is the reflexive perfective gerund of «затрястись» ('having begun to shake'). «От злости» (genitive after «от») gives the cause, 'from rage'; «так и» dramatizes 'fairly, just'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рекомендуй","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рекомендуй","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of Карамазовым","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рекомендуй","gloss":"Karamazovs"},{"surface":"рекомендуй","lemma":"рекомендовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go recommend"},{"surface":"крепостничье","lemma":"крепостничий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отродье","gloss":"serf-bred"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отродье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"отродье","lemma":"отродье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Ты","gloss":"brood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитину","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Карамазовым","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to рекомендуй","gloss":"he shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясшись","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"затрясшись","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злости","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрясшись","gloss":"rage"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c4-s34","source":"— Чего ты? Я пошутил! — вскрикнул Митя, — фу, черт!","translation":"\"What's the matter with you? I was joking!\" Mitya cried. \"Ugh, devil take it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты?","title":"Elliptical «чего ты?» — 'what's with you?'","body":"A clipped colloquial question: «чего» (the genitive of «что», common in speech for nominative) with the verb dropped — 'what's the matter with you?'. The spoken genitive «чего» for «что» is a marker of casual register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's the matter"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Чего","gloss":"with you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошутил","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was joking"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пошутил","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to пошутил","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фу","gloss":"devil take it"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c4-s35","source":"Вот они все таковы, — обратился он к Алеше, кивая на быстро уходившего Ракитина, — то всё сидел, смеялся и весел был, а тут вдруг и вскипел!","translation":"There, they're all like that,\" he said, turning to Alyosha and nodding after the swiftly departing Rakitin. \"He was sitting here laughing, in good spirits, and then all at once he boils over!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот они все таковы","title":"Archaic «таков» — 'such'","body":"«Таковы» is the short/predicative form of «таков» ('such, like that'), a bookish predicate of quality — 'they're all like that'. It survives mainly in fixed and literary turns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кивая на быстро уходившего Ракитина","title":"Gerund + past active participle","body":"«Кивая» (imperfective gerund, 'nodding') frames the action; «уходившего» (imperfective past active participle) agrees with «Ракитина» in the accusative — 'at the swiftly departing Rakitin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то всё сидел… а тут вдруг и вскипел","title":"Imperfective background vs perfective burst","body":"The aspectual contrast in miniature: «сидел… был» (imperfective, the standing state of good humour) against «вскипел» (perfective, the sudden 'boiled over'). «А тут вдруг» marks the abrupt switch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таковы","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of таковы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таковы","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to таковы","gloss":"he said, turning"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"кивая","lemma":"кивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходившего","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"уходившего","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитина","gloss":"departing"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивая","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"at one moment"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to таковы","gloss":"sitting here"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"in good spirits"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of весел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"вскипел","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"boils over"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c4-s36","source":"Тебе даже и головой не кивнул, совсем, что ли, вы рассорились?","translation":"He didn't even give you a nod — have the two of you fallen out altogether, or what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе даже и головой не кивнул","title":"Dative recipient + instrumental of means","body":"«Кивнуть» takes the dative of the person greeted («тебе», 'to you') and the instrumental of the body part «головой» ('with his head') — 'he didn't even give you a nod'. «Даже и» heightens the slight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем, что ли, вы рассорились?","title":"Tag particle «что ли» + reciprocal «-ся»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial dubitative tag ('or what?, eh?'). «Рассорились» is the reciprocal reflexive of «рассорить» — 'have you (two) quarrelled with each other / fallen out?', the «-ся» marking mutual action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кивнул","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивнул","gloss":"a nod"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кивнул","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"кивнул","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассорились","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассорились","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"рассорились","lemma":"рассориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen out"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c4-s37","source":"Что ты так поздно?","translation":"Why are you so late?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты так поздно?","title":"Verbless 'why so late?'","body":"A bare colloquial question with the verb («пришёл/явился») dropped: «что» here = 'why, how come', plus the adverb «поздно». Spoken Russian routinely omits an understood verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поздно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c4-s38","source":"Я тебя не то что ждал, а жаждал всё утро.","translation":"I didn't just wait for you — I've thirsted for you all morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что ждал, а жаждал","title":"«не то что… а» heightening the verb","body":"The same corrective frame as earlier, now intensifying: 'I didn't just wait — I thirsted'. «А» pivots from the weaker «ждал» to the stronger «жаждал», a near-rhyme Dostoevsky exploits."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждал","title":"«жаждать» — to thirst, to crave","body":"A high, almost biblical verb ('to thirst, hunger after'), from «жажда» (thirst); set against the plain «ждать» it lifts Mitya's longing to a spiritual pitch. Note the wordplay «ждал / жаждал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"thirsted for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c4-s39","source":"Ну да ничего! Наверстаем.","translation":"Well, never mind! We'll make up for it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наверстаем","title":"Perfective future 'we'll make up'","body":"«Наверстаем» is the perfective future (we-form) of «наверстать» ('to make up for, recoup [lost time]') — a single completed future act, no auxiliary. «Да ничего» = 'but never mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"Наверстаем","lemma":"наверстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll make up for it"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c4-s40","source":"— Что он к тебе так часто повадился? Подружился ты с ним, что ли? — спросил Алеша, кивая тоже на дверь, в которую убрался Ракитин.","translation":"\"Why has he taken to coming to you so often? Have you made friends with him, or what?\" Alyosha asked, nodding too at the door through which Rakitin had cleared off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повадился","title":"«повадиться» — to take to (a habit)","body":"A colloquial reflexive verb 'to get into the (often unwelcome) habit of coming/doing'. Mitya echoes the narrator's earlier «повадившийся» about Rakitin's too-frequent visits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которую убрался Ракитин","title":"Relative «который» taking its own case","body":"«В которую» — «который» agrees with «дверь» (fem. sing.) but takes the accusative demanded by «в» (motion through), 'through which'. «Убрался» is colloquial perfective 'cleared off, made himself scarce'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"modifies повадился","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повадился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of повадился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повадился","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"повадился","lemma":"повадиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken to coming"},{"surface":"Подружился","lemma":"подружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made friends"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Подружился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подружился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Подружился","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"кивая","lemma":"кивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кивая","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивая","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убрался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"убрался","lemma":"убраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on дверь","gloss":"had cleared off"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убрался","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c4-s41","source":"— С Михаилом-то подружился? Нет, не то чтоб.","translation":"\"Friends with Mikhail? No, not exactly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С Михаилом-то подружился?","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here singles out and lightly stresses the topic 'Mikhail' ('Friends with Mikhail, you mean?'), distinct from the indefinite «-то». «Подружиться с» governs «с» + instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтоб","title":"Clipped «не то чтоб» — 'not exactly'","body":"A truncated colloquial form of «не то чтобы» ('not that, not exactly'), trailing off. The dropped final vowel of «чтоб(ы)» is typical of casual speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михаилом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Михаилом","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подружился","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic marker","role":"part of the phrase Михаилом","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"подружился","lemma":"подружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to чтоб","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c4-s42","source":"Да и чего, свинья!","translation":"And why should I — the swine!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и чего, свинья!","title":"Elliptical «чего» = 'why'","body":"«Да и чего» = 'and why [should I]', the spoken genitive «чего» standing in for a fuller 'why would I'. «Свинья» ('pig, swine') is flung at Rakitin as a contemptuous aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why should I"},{"surface":"свинья","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation referring to Ракитин","gloss":"the swine"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c4-s43","source":"Считает, что я… подлец.","translation":"He reckons I'm... a scoundrel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"A strong term of moral condemnation ('villain, base wretch'), a key word in Dostoevsky's ethical vocabulary. Mitya's halting «что я… подлец» (he reckons I'm... a scoundrel) anticipates the chapter's turn to conscience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he reckons"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of я","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c4-s44","source":"Шутки тоже не понимают — вот что в них главное.","translation":"They don't understand a joke, either — that's the main thing about them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шутки тоже не понимают","title":"Genitive of negation; generic plural 'they'","body":"Under negation the object «шутку» shifts to genitive «шутки» ('don't understand a joke'). The unspecified plural «не понимают» ('they don't get it') generalises from Rakitin to his whole type."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of понимают","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимают","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимают","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимают","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of главное","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of главное","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"the main thing"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c4-s45","source":"Никогда не поймут шутки.","translation":"They never will catch a joke.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда не поймут шутки","title":"Negative concord «никогда… не»","body":"«Никогда» ('never') still requires the verbal negation «не» — Russian's obligatory double negation. «Поймут» is perfective future and «шутки» again the genitive of negation: 'they'll never catch a joke'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поймут","gloss":"a joke"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c4-s46","source":"Да и сухо у них в душе, плоско и сухо, точно как я тогда к острогу подъезжал и на острожные стены смотрел.","translation":"And their souls are dry — flat and dry, just as it was when I drove up to the prison that time and looked at the prison walls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сухо у них в душе","title":"Impersonal predicate + «у них»","body":"An impersonal state with the adverb «сухо» ('it is dry') and the experiencer in «у них в душе» ('in their soul'). Russian renders inner emptiness as a condition befalling a person, not an attribute they possess."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно как я тогда к острогу подъезжал","title":"Imperfective + prefixed motion «подъезжать»","body":"«Точно как» ('just as') opens a simile. «Подъезжал» is the imperfective prefixed motion verb (под- + ездить) for an approach in progress, 'was driving up to'; «к острогу» is the dative of goal after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сухо","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сухо","gloss":"their souls"},{"surface":"плоско","lemma":"плоско","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сухо","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сухо","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of подъезжал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase точно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подъезжал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подъезжал","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острогу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"острогу","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подъезжал","gloss":"the prison"},{"surface":"подъезжал","lemma":"подъезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сухо","gloss":"drove up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"острожные","lemma":"острожный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подъезжал","gloss":"looked"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c4-s47","source":"Но умный человек, умный.","translation":"But he's a clever man, clever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но умный человек, умный.","title":"Zero copula + emphatic repetition","body":"A verbless present equational sentence ('[he's] a clever man'), with «умный» repeated for insistence. The doubling, common in Mitya's speech, does the work English gives to stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c4-s48","source":"Ну, Алексей, пропала теперь моя голова!","translation":"Well, Alexei, it's all up with me now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пропала теперь моя голова","title":"«пропала моя голова» — I'm done for","body":"An idiom of doom: literally 'my head has perished', i.e. 'I'm finished, it's all up with me'. Mitya will pun on it in s54, splitting «голова» (head) from what was 'in' it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is gone"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропала","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c4-s49","source":"Он сел на скамейку и посадил с собою рядом Алешу","translation":"He sat down on the bench and made Alyosha sit beside him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посадил с собою рядом Алешу","title":"Causative «посадить» + reflexive «собою»","body":"«Посадить» ('to make/seat someone') is the perfective causative beside intransitive «сесть» ('sit down', s49's «сел»). «С собою рядом» ('beside himself') uses the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» in its literary «-ою» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамейку","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посадил","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"made sit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадил","gloss":"himself","note":"собою is an older instrumental form of себя; \"с собою рядом\" = \"beside him\"."},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посадил","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посадил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c4-s50","source":"— Да, завтра суд. Что ж, неужели же ты так совсем не надеешься, брат? — с робким чувством проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, the trial's tomorrow. Surely you haven't given up all hope, brother?\" Alyosha said with a timid feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели же ты так совсем не надеешься","title":"«неужели же» — incredulous question","body":"«Неужели» ('surely not?, can it be?') voices disbelief, reinforced by the emphatic «же». «Надеешься» is the present of reflexive-only «надеяться» ('to hope'); «совсем не» = 'not at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с робким чувством проговорил","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… чувством»","body":"«С робким чувством» ('with a timid feeling') is «с» + instrumental describing the manner of «проговорил» — the perfective 'said, brought out'. The prefix про- suggests speaking the words through."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ж (\"well then\")","gloss":"well","note":"\"Что ж\" is a discourse idiom meaning \"well then\", not literally \"what\"."},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеешься","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеешься","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надеешься","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робким","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c4-s51","source":"— Ты это про что? — как-то неопределенно глянул на него Митя, — ах, ты про суд!","translation":"\"What are you talking about?\" Mitya glanced at him somewhat vaguely. \"Ah, you mean the trial!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты это про что?","title":"Colloquial «про что» — 'about what?'","body":"«Про» + accusative «что» ('about what') is the everyday, slightly informal alternative to «о чём». The «это» is a filler reinforcing the question: 'what are you on about?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неопределенно глянул на него","title":"Semelfactive «глянуть»","body":"«Глянуть» is the perfective of a single glance (vs. iterative «глядеть»). Its position after the adverb «неопределённо» ('vaguely') inverts the usual order for rhythmic weight in the dialogue tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies глянул","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то, modifies глянул","gloss":"-ish"},{"surface":"неопределенно","lemma":"неопределённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянул","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глянул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing next remark","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"topic of суд","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the trial"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c4-s52","source":"Ну, черт!","translation":"Well, the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c4-s53","source":"Мы до сих пор всё с тобой о пустяках говорили, вот всё про этот суд, а я об самом главном с тобою молчал.","translation":"Up to now you and I have kept talking of trifles, all about this trial of mine, and I've been silent with you about the chief thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы до сих пор всё… говорили","title":"Imperfective of drawn-out process","body":"«Говорили» (imperfective) with «до сих пор» and «всё» ('all this while, kept on') stresses a prolonged, unfinished activity — talking and talking of trifles. «Всё» as an adverb here = 'continually'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об самом главном… молчал","title":"Substantivized superlative «самое главное»","body":"«О самом главном» ('about the chief thing') is the neuter adjective «главное» used as a noun, with «самый» forming the superlative; «об» governs the prepositional. «Молчал» ('kept silent') sets the silence against the chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пустяках","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главном","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главном","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главном","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"chief thing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c4-s54","source":"Да, завтра суд, только я не про суд сказал, что пропала моя голова. Голова не пропала, а то, что в голове сидело, то пропало.","translation":"Yes, the trial's tomorrow, only it wasn't the trial I meant when I said it's all up with me. My head isn't done for — what was in my head, that's what's done for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что в голове сидело, то пропало","title":"Correlative «то, что… то»","body":"A bookish correlative: the neuter «то» sets up a headless relative «что в голове сидело» ('what sat in my head'), resumed by «то пропало». Mitya's pun turns on splitting his literal head from its contents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только я не про суд сказал","title":"Restrictive «только» + «про» + accusative","body":"«Только» ('only, it was just that') narrows the claim; «не про суд» ('not about the trial', «про» + accusative) corrects the misunderstanding. Repetition of «суд / голова / пропала» knots the passage rhetorically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"was gone"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропала","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропала","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is gone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пропало","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидело","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"сидело","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was lodged"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject of пропало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пропало","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is gone"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c4-s55","source":"Что ты на меня с такою критикой в лице смотришь?","translation":"Why do you look at me with such criticism in your face?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такою критикой в лице","title":"Instrumental «с… критикой» + literary «-ою»","body":"«С такою критикой» ('with such criticism') is «с» + instrumental of manner; «такою» shows the elevated 19th-century ending «-ою» for «-ой». «В лице» = 'in your face/expression'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотришь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking критикой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of критикой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"критикой","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотришь","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies критикой","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c4-s56","source":"— Про что ты это, Митя?","translation":"\"What do you mean, Mitya?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про что ты это, Митя?","title":"Echoed colloquial «про что»","body":"Alyosha mirrors Mitya's own «про что» ('what do you mean?'), «про» + accusative «что», the verb again dropped. The reciprocal echo binds the brothers' exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c4-s57","source":"— Идеи, идеи, вот что! Эфика. Это что такое эфика?","translation":"\"Ideas, ideas, that's what! Ethics. What is this thing, ethics?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эфика","title":"«Эфика» — Mitya's mangled 'ethics'","body":"Mitya garbles «этика» ('ethics') as «эфика», a comic malapropism betraying his half-grasp of the lofty 'ideas' Rakitin has been feeding him. Dostoevsky lets the misspelling stand to characterise his earnest, unschooled mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что такое эфика?","title":"«что такое» — 'what is…?'","body":"«Что такое X?» is the set frame for asking a definition ('what is X?'), with no copula. The doubled «это… такое» is colloquial emphasis, like 'what on earth is this ethics?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Идеи","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom вот что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Эфика","lemma":"эфика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ethics","note":"Mitya's mangled pronunciation of этика (\"ethics\")."},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"эфика","lemma":"эфика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"ethics"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c4-s58","source":"— Эфика? — удивился Алеша.","translation":"\"Ethics?\" Alyosha said, surprised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивился Алеша","title":"Reflexive «удивиться» as inversion tag","body":"«Удивиться» ('to be surprised') is a reflexive-only verb; here the perfective past stands before its subject «Алеша» in the dialogue tag — a stylistic inversion regular in narration of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эфика","lemma":"эфика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ethics"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Эфика","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c4-s59","source":"— Да, наука, что ли, какая?","translation":"\"Yes — some sort of science, is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наука, что ли, какая?","title":"Hedging «что ли» + «какая»","body":"«Что ли» tags the guess with uncertainty ('some sort of science, is it?'); the postposed «какая» ('some kind of') further hedges. The whole is verbless, leaning on the question intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a science"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наука","gloss":"what kind of"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c4-s60","source":"— Да, есть такая наука… только… я, признаюсь, не могу тебе объяснить, какая наука.","translation":"\"Yes, there is such a science... only... I confess, I can't explain to you just what sort of science it is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть такая наука","title":"Existential «есть»","body":"«Есть» ('there is/exists') is the one surviving present form of «быть», used precisely to assert existence: 'there is such a science'. Elsewhere the present copula stays unspoken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признаюсь, не могу… объяснить, какая наука","title":"Reflexive «признаюсь» + embedded question","body":"«Признаюсь» ('I confess') is a reflexive-only verb used parenthetically. «Не могу объяснить, какая наука» embeds an indirect question ('what sort of science it is'), the interrogative «какая» introducing the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наука","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of могу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наука","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснить","gloss":"science"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c4-s61","source":"— Ракитин знает. Много знает Ракитин, черт его дери!","translation":"\"Rakitin knows. Rakitin knows a great deal, devil take him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много знает Ракитин","title":"Verb fronted for emphasis","body":"Default order would be «Ракитин много знает»; pulling «много знает» to the front throws the weight onto how much Rakitin knows. Russian's case-marked freedom lets the comment lead the topic for this kind of agitated, emphatic repetition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт его дери","title":"«devil take him»","body":"A coarse, idiomatic curse — literally «may the devil flay/tear him». «дери» is an imperative of «драть» (to tear, flog); the phrase recurs as Mitya's verbal tic throughout this scene, a marker of his rough, excitable speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom черт его дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of дери","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the idiom черт его дери","gloss":"take","note":"\"Черт его дери\" is a fixed curse, literally \"may the devil tear him\", idiomatically \"devil take him\"."}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c4-s62","source":"В монахи не пойдет.","translation":"He won't go in for the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В монахи не пойдет","title":"Accusative-plural «в монахи» of role","body":"«пойти в монахи» means to become a monk; the bare plural «в монахи» (formally accusative, identical to nominative here) is the special construction for entering a profession or estate, as in «пойти в солдаты». Without the prefixed «в + monks» idiom it would simply read 'walk into monks'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахи","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the monastery","note":"\"Пойти в монахи\" = \"to become a monk\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c4-s63","source":"В Петербург собирается.","translation":"He's getting ready for Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собирается","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as 'getting ready'","body":"«собираться» (here «собирается», he is preparing/intending) is a reflexive verb whose «-ся» turns 'gather' into 'gather oneself, set about, intend to'. The imperfective present conveys an ongoing plan, not a completed one."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирается","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"собирается","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is getting ready"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c4-s64","source":"Там, говорит, в отделение критики, но с благородством направления.","translation":"There, he says, in the section for criticism — but with a high-minded tendency.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"Parenthetical «говорит» — 'he says'","body":"«говорит» dropped into the middle of the clause is the standard Russian way of flagging reported speech, like English 'he says'. Mitya scatters it through his retelling of Rakitin's words, blurring quotation and paraphrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отделение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отделение","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Там","gloss":"the section"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отделение","gloss":"of criticism"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благородством","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отделение","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"направления","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородством","gloss":"of tendency"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c4-s65","source":"Что ж, может пользу принесть и карьеру устроить.","translation":"Well, he may do some good and make himself a career.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может пользу принесть и карьеру устроить","title":"Modal «может» + two perfective infinitives","body":"«может» (can/may) governs the perfectives «принесть» and «устроить», each naming a single achieved outcome — do some good, set up a career. The perfective infinitives view the acts as accomplished wholes rather than processes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"принесть","title":"Colloquial «принесть» for «принести»","body":"«принесть» is a folksy, old-fashioned variant of the infinitive «принести» (to bring). The clipped form belongs to Mitya's earthy, spoken register, alongside «али» and «дери» elsewhere in the passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что ж","title":"«Что ж» — 'well, then'","body":"A discourse opener softened by the particle «же» (here clipped to «ж»): roughly 'well', 'so what', a resigned or conceding 'all right then'. It launches many of Mitya's sentences in this tumbling monologue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесть","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"принесть","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"a career"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c4-s66","source":"Ух, карьеру они мастера!","translation":"Ugh, they're masters at making careers!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"карьеру они мастера","title":"Emphatic fronting and zero copula","body":"«карьеру» (career, accusative) is hurled to the front for emphasis, and there is no verb 'to be' — «они мастера» ('they [are] masters') uses the bare nominative predicate typical of the present tense. Read it as 'careers — they're past masters at!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мастера","gloss":"careers"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мастера","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мастера","lemma":"мастер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"masters"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c4-s67","source":"Черт с эфикой! Я-то пропал, Алексей, я-то, божий ты человек!","translation":"To the devil with ethics! As for me, I'm done for, Alexei, I am, you man of God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то пропал","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «я»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-emphasizing clitic: «я-то» means 'as for me, I for one'. Mitya twice stresses «я-то», setting his own ruin against the careerists he has just mocked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пропал","title":"«пропал» — 'I'm done for, lost'","body":"Perfective of «пропадать»; literally 'I have perished/vanished', idiomatically 'I'm done for, ruined'. It becomes the keyword of the whole exchange — Alyosha will press him on why exactly he is «пропал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"божий ты человек","title":"«божий человек» — 'man of God'","body":"An affectionate, slightly folk-religious epithet for the saintly Alyosha — a «божий человек» is a holy innocent, one of God's own. The inserted «ты» ('you') makes it a warm direct address: 'you man of God, you'. «эфика» just before is Mitya's mangled spelling of 'ethics' (эфика for этика)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"to the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эфикой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"эфикой","lemma":"эфика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Черт","gloss":"ethics"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"as for me"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am done for"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with пропал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"as for me"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of vocative phrase божий ты человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c4-s68","source":"Я тебя больше всех люблю.","translation":"I love you more than anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше всех","title":"Comparative «больше» + genitive «всех»","body":"«больше всех» ('more than anyone') is the standard way Russian builds a superlative out of a comparative: the invariable comparative «больше» plus the genitive «всех» ('of all'). Literally 'I love you more than all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"than anyone"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c4-s69","source":"Сотрясается у меня сердце на тебя, вот что.","translation":"My heart trembles for you, that's what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сотрясается у меня сердце","title":"Reflexive verb fronted, possessor in «у меня»","body":"«сотрясается» (shakes, trembles) is a reflexive intransitive; fronting the verb before its subject «сердце» gives the surge of feeling. Possession is expressed not by a possessive adjective but by «у меня» ('at me') — 'the heart trembles in me', a very Russian way to say 'my heart trembles'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на тебя","title":"«сердце сотрясается на тебя»","body":"The preposition «на» + accusative here marks the object of emotional anxiety — 'my heart shakes over you, for your sake'. The construction is colloquial and intense, conveying Mitya's protective dread for his brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сотрясается","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сотрясается","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Сотрясается","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies Сотрясается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag phrase вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the tag phrase вот что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c4-s70","source":"Какой там был Карл Бернар?","translation":"Who was that Karl Bernard?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой там был","title":"«какой» + dismissive «там»","body":"«какой» asks 'which / what sort of', and the filler «там» ('there') here is dismissive-vague — 'who on earth was that Karl Bernard?'. The past-tense «был» agrees masculine with the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Какой","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Какой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Карл","lemma":"карл","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Какой","gloss":"Karl"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Карл","gloss":"Bernard"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c4-s71","source":"— Карл Бернар? — удивился опять Алеша.","translation":"\"Karl Bernard?\" Alyosha said, surprised again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивился опять","title":"Reflexive «удивился» — got surprised","body":"«удивиться» (perfective, with «-ся») is a change-of-state reflexive: not 'surprised someone' but 'became surprised'. The perfective past marks a single momentary reaction, here repeated, as «опять» ('again') notes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карл","lemma":"карл","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Karl"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Карл","gloss":"Bernard"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Карл","gloss":"said, surprised"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c4-s72","source":"— Нет, не Карл, постой, соврал: Клод Бернар.","translation":"\"No, not Karl — wait, I got it wrong: Claude Bernard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соврал","title":"«соврал» — 'I lied / got it wrong'","body":"Perfective of «врать» (to lie, to talk nonsense). In casual speech it softens from 'lied' to 'misspoke, got it wrong' — Mitya is correcting his own slip, not confessing a falsehood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Карл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Карл","lemma":"карл","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Karl"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to соврал","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got it wrong"},{"surface":"Клод","lemma":"клод","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Claude"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Клод","gloss":"Bernard"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c4-s73","source":"Это что такое? Химия, что ли?","translation":"What is that? Chemistry, is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Химия, что ли?","title":"Tag question with «что ли»","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial tag — 'or what?', 'is it?' — that turns a guess into a tentative question. It carries the interrogative particle «ли» and lends Mitya's groping after the name a baffled, offhand tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"kind of thing"},{"surface":"Химия","lemma":"химия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"chemistry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c4-s74","source":"— Это, должно быть, ученый один, — ответил Алеша, — только, признаюсь тебе, и о нем много не сумею сказать.","translation":"\"He must be some scholar,\" Alyosha answered, \"only, I confess to you, I can't say much about him either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть","title":"Impersonal «должно быть» — 'must be'","body":"«должно быть» is a fixed impersonal phrase of supposition, 'probably, must be' — built on the neuter short form «должно» with no nominative subject. It frames Alyosha's careful guess that Bernard 'must be some scholar'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сумею сказать","title":"Perfective future «сумею» under negation","body":"«сумею» is the simple (perfective) future of «суметь» (to manage, be able): 'I won't manage to say'. The perfective future without an auxiliary expresses a single anticipated act — here, negated, an admission of inability."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"признаюсь тебе","title":"«признаюсь» — 'I confess'","body":"Reflexive «признаться» (to confess, admit), here softening Alyosha's admission of ignorance. Used parenthetically with «тебе» ('to you'), it has the courteous, confiding warmth typical of his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, neuter","role":"parallel clause to один","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"a scholar"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to один","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признаюсь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сумею","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of признаюсь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сумею","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумею","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумею","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with признаюсь","gloss":"manage to"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумею","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c4-s75","source":"Слышал только, ученый, а какой, не знаю.","translation":"I've only heard he's a scholar, but what sort, I don't know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышал только","title":"Dropped subject «я»","body":"The subject pronoun «я» is omitted — the masculine past «слышал» already tells us who heard. Russian freely drops the pronoun when the verb form makes the person clear, and Alyosha's clipped 'only heard...' has the texture of relaxed speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а какой, не знаю","title":"Contrastive «а» and elliptical «какой»","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive 'and/but' that pivots to a new sub-topic, and «какой» ('what sort') stands alone for an understood 'what sort of scholar'. The compressed 'but what sort, I don't know' mirrors spoken rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Слышал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Слышал","gloss":"a scholar"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышал","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c4-s76","source":"— Ну и черт его дери, и я не знаю, — обругался Митя.","translation":"\"Well, the devil take him, I don't know either,\" Mitya swore.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обругался","title":"«обругался» — 'swore, let out a curse'","body":"From «ругаться» (to curse, swear), the prefixed perfective «обругаться» means he came out with abuse. Dostoevsky uses it as the speech tag for «черт его дери», marking Mitya's habitual cursing as itself the act of speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom черт его дери","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of дери","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the idiom черт его дери","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with черт","gloss":"know either"},{"surface":"обругался","lemma":"обругаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to черт","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обругался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c4-s77","source":"— Подлец какой-нибудь, всего вероятнее, да и все подлецы.","translation":"\"Some scoundrel, most likely — and anyway they're all scoundrels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подлец какой-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» — 'some... or other'","body":"«-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'any/some at all': «подлец какой-нибудь» is 'some scoundrel or other', a dismissive guess rather than a particular man. Contrast «какой-то», which would name a specific but unidentified one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего вероятнее","title":"Comparative «вероятнее» + genitive «всего»","body":"Like «больше всех» earlier, «всего вероятнее» builds a superlative from the comparative «вероятнее» ('more probable') plus genitive «всего» ('than anything') — i.e. 'most likely of all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — 'scoundrel, base wretch'","body":"A strong word for a morally low, contemptible person — 'scoundrel, blackguard'. It is a favourite Dostoevskian term of self- and other-accusation, weightier than 'rascal'; the plural «подлецы» follows immediately."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Подлец","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всего вероятнее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with Подлец","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of подлецы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подлецы","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Подлец","gloss":"scoundrels"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c4-s78","source":"А Ракитин пролезет, Ракитин в щелку пролезет, тоже Бернар.","translation":"And Rakitin will wriggle through; Rakitin will squeeze through any crack — he's a Bernard too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитин пролезет, Ракитин в щелку пролезет","title":"Insistent repetition with perfective future","body":"«пролезет» is the perfective future of «пролезть» (to squeeze/wriggle through), naming the act as a sure single accomplishment. Repeating subject and verb — «Ракитин… Ракитин…» — gives the prophecy a hammering, contemptuous certainty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в щелку","title":"«щелку» — diminutive 'little crack'","body":"«щелка» is the diminutive of «щель» (crack, chink, slit). The image is of Rakitin slithering through the narrowest gap — opportunism made physical. The little-suffix sharpens the contempt rather than softening it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролезет","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"пролезет","lemma":"пролезть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wriggle through"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролезет","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щелку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"щелку","lemma":"щёлка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролезет","gloss":"a crack"},{"surface":"пролезет","lemma":"пролезть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролезет","gloss":"will squeeze"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бернар","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"a Bernard"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c4-s79","source":"Ух, Бернары! Много их расплодилось!","translation":"Ugh, these Bernards! They've bred no end of them!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много их расплодилось","title":"Genitive «их» with «много» and reflexive verb","body":"After «много» ('many') the counted noun stands in the genitive — here the genitive pronoun «их» ('of them'). The reflexive «расплодилось» (bred, multiplied) is neuter-singular, the impersonal default with a quantifier subject: 'a great many of them have bred'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расплодилось","title":"«расплодиться» — 'breed, multiply (like vermin)'","body":"Reflexive perfective of «плодить» (to breed). Applied to people it is dismissive, even disgusted — they have 'spawned, proliferated' like pests. Mitya brands the 'Bernards' (materialist careerists) as an infestation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"Бернары","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Ух (exclamation)","gloss":"Bernards"},{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier predicate, governs их","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of Много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"расплодилось","lemma":"расплодиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have bred"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c4-s80","source":"— Да что с тобою? — настойчиво спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"But what is the matter with you?\" Alyosha asked insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что с тобою?","title":"Idiom «что с тобою» + opening «да»","body":"«что с тобою?» (lit. 'what [is] with you?') is the set phrase 'what's the matter with you?', using «с» + instrumental «тобою» with no verb. The opener «да» is an insistent particle, 'but really —', matching the adverb «настойчиво» ('insistently')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle introducing the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the question (subject of elided copula)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of что, governed by с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c4-s81","source":"— Хочет он обо мне, об моем деле статью написать, и тем в литературе свою роль начать, с тем и ходит, сам объяснял.","translation":"\"He wants to write an article about me, about my case, and so launch his own role in literature — that's why he comes, he explained it himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем в литературе свою роль начать","title":"Instrumental «тем» of means + reflexive «свою»","body":"«тем» is the instrumental of «то» ('by that, thereby') marking the means: 'and thereby begin his role'. «свою» is the reflexive possessive — 'his own' role, referring back to Rakitin as the clause's implied subject, not someone else's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"статью написать","title":"Perfective infinitive «написать» of intent","body":"«хочет… написать» pairs the modal 'wants' with the perfective «написать» (to write [and finish]), viewing the article as a single completed product. The imperfective «писать» would stress the act of writing rather than the finished piece."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of написать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написать","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"статью","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написать","gloss":"an article"},{"surface":"написать","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of Хочет","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking литературе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"литературе","lemma":"литература","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"literature"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роль","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of Хочет, coordinated with написать","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходит (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочет","gloss":"he comes"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject of объяснял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"объяснял","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочет","gloss":"explained"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c4-s82","source":"С направлением что-то хочет: «дескать, нельзя было ему не убить, заеден средой», и проч., объяснял мне.","translation":"He wants to give it some sort of slant: 'You see, he couldn't help killing, he was eaten up by his environment,' and so on — he explained it to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — quotative 'you see / supposedly'","body":"«дескать» is a quotative particle flagging reported, often skeptical, speech — 'as he puts it', 'supposedly'. It opens Rakitin's would-be excuse, letting Mitya mimic the argument while distancing himself from it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя было ему не убить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» with dative «ему» and double negation","body":"«нельзя было ему не убить» is doubly impersonal: «нельзя» ('it was impossible') governs the dative experiencer «ему» ('for him'), and «не убить» negates the infinitive — 'it was impossible for him not to kill', i.e. he couldn't help killing. The dative-subject + «нельзя» pattern strips away agency, which is exactly the deterministic point."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking направлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"направлением","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"a slant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the quoted clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of нельзя было","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"заеден","lemma":"заесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"eaten up"},{"surface":"средой","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental agent of заеден","gloss":"by environment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with заеден","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"объяснял","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хочет","gloss":"he explained"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснял","gloss":"to me"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c4-s83","source":"С оттенком социализма, говорит, будет.","translation":"It will have a tinge of socialism, he says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оттенком","title":"«оттенок» — 'shade, tinge, nuance'","body":"«оттенок» (instrumental «оттенком», after «с») is a shade or tint of colour, used figuratively for an ideological 'tinge'. «с оттенком социализма» — 'with a tinge of socialism' — captures how a flavour of radicalism was added like a colour wash to give a piece marketable currency."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"оттенком","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"a tinge"},{"surface":"социализма","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"of socialism"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c4-s84","source":"Ну и черт его дери, с оттенком так с оттенком, мне всё равно.","translation":"Well, the devil take him — a tinge, then a tinge, it's all the same to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с оттенком так с оттенком","title":"Concessive «X так X» — 'a tinge then, fine'","body":"Repeating a phrase around «так» — «с оттенком так с оттенком» — is an idiomatic shrug of concession: 'a tinge? a tinge then, fine'. It conveys weary acceptance, reinforced by «мне всё равно» ('it's all the same to me')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всё равно","title":"Dative «мне» + «всё равно» — 'I don't care'","body":"«мне всё равно» is a textbook dative-experiencer idiom: the person stands in the dative «мне», and the impersonal predicate «всё равно» ('all the same') has no nominative subject — 'to me it's all one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"idiomatic imperative, 'devil take him'","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"оттенком","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiomatic repetition","gloss":"a tinge"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the repeated phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"оттенком","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with оттенком (first)","gloss":"a tinge"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of равно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the clause всё равно","gloss":"the same"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c4-s85","source":"Брата Ивана не любит, ненавидит, тебя тоже не жалует.","translation":"He doesn't like brother Ivan, he hates him, and he doesn't think much of you either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брата Ивана не любит","title":"Animate accusative = genitive «Брата Ивана»","body":"«брата Ивана» is accusative direct object, but because both nouns are animate masculine they take genitive-shaped endings (-а), identical to «нет брата». Russian marks animate objects this way so subject and object stay distinct under free word order — and here the subject «он» (Rakitin) is dropped entirely."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не жалует","title":"«не жаловать» — 'to think little of'","body":"«жаловать» is an old-fashioned, slightly grand verb meaning to favour or hold in esteem (originally 'to grant, bestow'); negated, «не жалует» means 'doesn't favour, has no use for'. The archaic verb gives Mitya's report a faintly ironic, courtly tinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"ненавидит","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"hates"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of жалует","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалует","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалует","lemma":"жаловать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"thinks much of"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c4-s86","source":"Ну, а я его не гоню, потому что человек умный.","translation":"Well, but I don't drive him off, because the man is clever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что человек умный","title":"Causal «потому что» + zero-copula clause","body":"«потому что» ('because') opens a subordinate clause of cause, and inside it the predicate runs with no verb 'to be': «человек умный» — '[he is] a clever man', the bare nominative pattern of the present tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гоню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of гоню","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гоню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гоню","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drive off"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of умный","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умный","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of человек","gloss":"is clever"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c4-s87","source":"Возносится очень, однако.","translation":"Gives himself airs, though, the way he does.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возносится очень, однако","title":"Reflexive «возносится» and adversative «однако»","body":"«возноситься» (reflexive, 'to exalt oneself, give oneself airs') describes Rakitin's vanity. «однако» ('however, though') sits at the clause end as a sentence adverb, a literary placement that lands the qualification with extra weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Возносится","title":"«возноситься» — 'to be puffed up'","body":"Literally 'to be raised up / lifted', the verb carries a near-biblical flavour of pride before a fall (cf. 'whoever exalts himself will be humbled'). Applied to Rakitin it brands his self-importance as a spiritual fault, not just a social one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возносится","lemma":"возноситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"puts on airs"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Возносится","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Возносится","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c4-s88","source":"Я ему сейчас вот говорил: «Карамазовы не подлецы, а философы, потому что все настоящие русские люди философы, а ты хоть и учился, а не философ, ты смерд».","translation":"I said to him just now: 'The Karamazovs aren't scoundrels, they're philosophers, because all genuine Russians are philosophers, but you, though you've studied, are no philosopher — you're a boor.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и учился, а не философ","title":"Concessive «хоть и… а…»","body":"The paired «хоть и… а…» ('though... yet...') frames a concession against a contrast: 'though you did study, yet [you are] no philosopher'. The «а» is the contrastive coordinator, and the predicate «не философ» again runs without a copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смерд","title":"«смерд» — a medieval serf, hence 'boor, churl'","body":"«смерд» was the lowest free peasant of Kievan Rus', a term that became a class insult meaning 'low-born lout, churl'. By calling the seminarian Rakitin a «смерд», Mitya answers Rakitin's intellectual snobbery with an aristocratic contempt of his own — a charged, archaic put-down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подлецы","gloss":"the Karamazovs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлецы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подлецы","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of Карамазовы (quoted clause)","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"философы","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with подлецы","gloss":"philosophers"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of философы (w17)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"настоящие","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of философы (w17)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"философы","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of люди","gloss":"are philosophers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of учился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учился","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies учился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"учился","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying философ (w25)","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies философ","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"философ","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты, coordinated with смерд","gloss":"no philosopher"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смерд","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смерд","lemma":"смерд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты, coordinated with философ","gloss":"a boor"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c4-s89","source":"Смеется, злобно так.","translation":"He laughs, spitefully too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смеется, злобно так","title":"Dropped subject, postposed «злобно так»","body":"Subjectless «смеется» ('[he] laughs') with the adverb «злобно» ('spitefully') trailing after, tagged by the colloquial «так» ('— like that, too'). The afterthought placement mimics speech, dropping the manner in as a sour aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he laughs"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смеется","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c4-s90","source":"А я ему: де мыслибус non est disputandum, хороша острота?","translation":"And I to him: de myslibus non est disputandum — a fine bit of wit, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"острота","title":"«острота» — 'witticism, sharp jest'","body":"«острота» (from «острый», sharp) is a witticism or bon mot. «хороша острота?» — 'a fine bit of wit, eh?' — uses the short-form adjective «хороша» predicatively. Mitya is fishing for praise for his mangled Latin."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (said)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb (said)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"de","morphology":"foreign word (Latin preposition)","role":"heads the Latin phrase","gloss":"de"},{"surface":"мыслибус","lemma":"myslibus","morphology":"foreign word (mock-Latin noun)","role":"object of де","gloss":"myslibus"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"foreign word (Latin adverb)","role":"modifies est","gloss":"non"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"est","morphology":"foreign word (Latin verb, 'is')","role":"copula of the Latin phrase","gloss":"est"},{"surface":"disputandum","lemma":"disputandum","morphology":"foreign word (Latin gerundive)","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"disputandum"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of острота","gloss":"a fine"},{"surface":"острота","lemma":"острота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"witticism"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c4-s91","source":"По крайней мере и я в классицизм вступил, — захохотал вдруг Митя.","translation":"At least I've stepped into classicism too,\" Mitya suddenly roared with laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в классицизм вступил","title":"Perfective «вступил» + «в» + accusative","body":"«вступить в» + accusative ('to step into, enter') with the perfective past «вступил» views the entry as a single accomplished act — 'I've now stepped into classicism'. The prefix «в-» pairs with the preposition «в» for motion-into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захохотал","title":"«захохотал» — 'burst out laughing'","body":"The prefix «за-» on «хохотать» (to guffaw) marks the sudden onset of the action — 'he broke into a roar of laughter'. This inceptive «за-» is common with verbs of sound and emotion in narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase По крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase По крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классицизм","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"классицизм","lemma":"классицизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"classicism"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have stepped"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вступил","gloss":"roared with laughter"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захохотал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c4-s92","source":"— Отчего ты пропал-то? Вот ты сейчас сказал? — перебил Алеша.","translation":"\"Why are you done for? You just said it,\" Alyosha broke in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего ты пропал-то?","title":"Emphatic «-то» on the verb","body":"The clitic «-то» here latches onto the verb «пропал» to spotlight the very word Mitya used — 'why are you done for, this 'done for' of yours?'. It picks up and presses the topic Mitya raised in s67."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перебил","title":"«перебил» — 'broke in, interrupted'","body":"Perfective of «перебивать» (to interrupt), the prefix «пере-» giving the sense of cutting across someone's speech. It marks Alyosha's single decisive move to steer Mitya back to what matters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are done for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to пропал","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said it"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c4-s93","source":"— Отчего пропал? Гм! В сущности… если всё целое взять — бога жалко, вот отчего!","translation":"\"Why am I done for? Hm! In essence... if you take the whole of it — it's God I'm sorry for, that's why!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если всё целое взять","title":"Conditional «если» with infinitive «взять»","body":"«если… взять» uses the bare perfective infinitive «взять» ('to take') in a generalizing conditional — 'if one takes the whole thing'. This impersonal, subjectless 'if you take it all' frames Mitya's sweeping summation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бога жалко","title":"Impersonal «жалко» + genitive object «бога»","body":"«жалко» is an impersonal predicative ('[it is] a pity'); the one pitied stands in the genitive — «бога жалко», 'God I'm sorry for'. There is no nominative subject at all, the heart of this subjectless construction that runs through Mitya's whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I done for"},{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies жалко","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взять","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of целое","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on жалко","gloss":"you take"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жалко","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it's a pity"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчего","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жалко","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c4-s94","source":"— Как бога жалко?","translation":"\"How do you mean, sorry for God?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как бога жалко?","title":"Genitive «бога» again under «жалко»","body":"Alyosha echoes the impersonal «бога жалко» construction, with «бога» genitive as the object of pity and «как» asking 'how do you mean?'. The whole exchange turns on this one untranslatable Russian idiom of feeling sorry-for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жалко","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sorry for"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c4-s95","source":"— Вообрази себе: это там в нервах, в голове, то есть там в мозгу эти нервы (ну черт их возьми!)… есть такие этакие хвостики, у нервов этих хвостики, ну, и как только они там задрожат… то есть видишь, я посмотрю на что-нибудь глазами, вот так, и они задрожат, хвостики-то… а как задрожат, то и является образ, и не сейчас является, а там какое-то мгновение, секунда такая пройдет, и является такой будто бы момент, то есть не момент, — черт его дери момент, — а образ, то есть предмет али происшествие, ну там черт дери — вот почему я и созерцаю, а потом мыслю… потому что хвостики, а вовсе не потому, что у меня душа и что я там какой-то образ и подобие, всё это глупости.","translation":"\"Just imagine: it's all there in the nerves, in the head — that is, there are these nerves in the brain (oh, the devil take them!)... there are little sorts of tails, these nerves have little tails, and the moment they go quivering there... that is, you see, I look at something with my eyes, like this, and they quiver, the little tails... and once they quiver, an image appears — not at once, but after a moment, a second goes by, and there appears a kind of, as it were, moment — that is, not a moment, devil take the moment — but an image, that is, an object or an occurrence, well, devil take it — and that's why I contemplate, and then I think... because of the little tails, and not at all because I have a soul or because I'm some image and likeness — all that's nonsense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вообрази себе","title":"Imperative «вообрази» + reflexive «себе»","body":"«вообрази» is the singular imperative of «вообразить» (to imagine), with the dative reflexive «себе» — 'imagine [to yourself]', i.e. 'just picture this'. The «-и» imperative ending follows a consonant-final stressed stem."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хвостики","title":"«хвостики» — 'little tails' (nerve-endings)","body":"Diminutive of «хвост» (tail). Mitya's homely word for nerve filaments/endings — 'little tails' that quiver. The diminutive conveys his groping, childlike wonder at the physiology Rakitin has fed him, and recurs as the comic refrain «хвостики-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только они задрожат","title":"Perfective future in a temporal clause","body":"«как только… задрожат» ('as soon as they begin to quiver') uses the perfective future «задрожат» — with the inceptive «за-» — to mark the instant the action sets in. Russian regularly uses the perfective future, not a present, after «как только» for a repeated triggering event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk variant of «или» ('or')","body":"«али» is a colloquial, rustic «или» ('or'), here in «предмет али происшествие» ('an object or an occurrence'). It belongs to Mitya's earthy, folk-flavoured speech and to old narrative diction generally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Вообрази","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нервах","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нервах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нервах","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"locative complement of это","gloss":"the nerves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нервах","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то (то есть)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мозгу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нервах","gloss":"the brain"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of нервы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"нервы","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topicalized, resumed by у нервов (w25)","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"idiomatic imperative, parenthetical","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, existential, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of хвостики","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"этакие","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies хвостики","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"хвостики","lemma":"хвостик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"little tails"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нервов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нервов","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"possessor complement (у + genitive) of elided есть, resumes нервы (w15)","gloss":"the nerves"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of нервов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"хвостики","lemma":"хвостик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elided есть, restates хвостики (w23)","gloss":"little tails"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задрожат","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как только","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of задрожат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задрожат","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"задрожат","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause introduced by как только","gloss":"quiver"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то (то есть)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse marker ('you see')","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-нибудь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of на","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрю","gloss":"with my eyes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of задрожат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"задрожат","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрю","gloss":"quiver"},{"surface":"хвостики","lemma":"хвостик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to они (w47)","gloss":"the little tails"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to хвостики","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задрожат","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"задрожат","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause, modifies является","gloss":"they quiver"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative particle linking as-clause to является ('then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies является","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"an image"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies является","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with является (w56)","gloss":"it appears"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies является","gloss":"after a while"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with секунда, subject of пройдет","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"секунда","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунда","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with является","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with является (w56)","gloss":"there appears"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то (то есть)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"restates and negates момент (w75)","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери (w82)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom predicate, черт (w80) subject, момент (w83) object","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with момент (w75/79) as the corrected term, subject of является","gloss":"an image"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то (то есть)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to образ","gloss":"an object"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links предмет and происшествие","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"происшествие","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with предмет","gloss":"an occurrence"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase ну там черт дери","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери (w94)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom predicate with черт as subject","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause, modifies созерцаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of созерцаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies созерцаю (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"созерцаю","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with мыслю","gloss":"contemplate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцаю","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хвостики","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хвостики","lemma":"хвостик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical reason clause","gloss":"of the tails"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the second reason clause, contrasted with хвостики","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause у меня душа","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the construction у меня душа, governed by у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided есть (possessive construction with у меня)","gloss":"have a soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of образ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of образ (elided copula)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elided copula)","gloss":"an image"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобие","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with образ","gloss":"a likeness"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c4-s96","source":"Это, брат, мне Михаил еще вчера объяснял, и меня точно обожгло.","translation":"This, brother, Mikhail explained to me just yesterday, and it fairly scorched me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня точно обожгло","title":"Impersonal «обожгло» with accusative «меня»","body":"A vivid impersonal construction: neuter «обожгло» ('it scorched') with no nominative subject and the experiencer in the accusative «меня» — 'it fairly burned me'. «точно» ('as if, just') intensifies the figurative scorching of the new idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснял","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснял","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснял","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"объяснял","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обожгло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обожгло","gloss":"as if","note":"точно here means 'as if/as though', not 'exactly'; the translation loosely renders it as 'fairly'."},{"surface":"обожгло","lemma":"обжечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with объяснял","gloss":"scorched"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c4-s97","source":"Великолепна, Алеша, эта наука!","translation":"It's magnificent, Alyosha, this science!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Великолепна… эта наука","title":"Short-form adjective «великолепна» fronted","body":"«великолепна» is the feminine short-form adjective ('[is] magnificent'), used predicatively and hurled to the front for exclamatory force — 'Magnificent, Alyosha, this science!'. Short forms like this carry a bookish, heightened ring well suited to Mitya's rapture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великолепна","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наука","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Великолепна","gloss":"science"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c4-s98","source":"Новый человек пойдет, это-то я понимаю… А все-таки бога жалко!","translation":"A new man will come — that much I do understand... And yet I'm sorry for God!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то я понимаю","title":"Emphatic «-то» and adversative «а все-таки»","body":"«это-то» spotlights the object — 'that much I do understand'; then «а все-таки» ('and yet, all the same') pivots back to his real feeling, «бога жалко». The two clitics «-то» and «-таки» do the emotional turning that English needs whole phrases for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies жалко","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies жалко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of жалко","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"[I'm] sorry for"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c4-s99","source":"— Ну и то хорошо, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"Well, that's a good thing too,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и то хорошо","title":"«то» as 'that' + short-form «хорошо»","body":"«и то хорошо» ('that too is good / well, that's something') uses the demonstrative «то» ('that') as subject of a zero-copula clause with the neuter short-form «хорошо». A gently encouraging idiom — Alyosha takes Mitya's pity for God as itself a hopeful sign."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хорошо","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c4-s100","source":"— Что бога-то жалко? Химия, брат, химия!","translation":"\"That I'm sorry for God? It's chemistry, brother, chemistry!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что бога-то жалко?","title":"Clitic «-то» on «бога», impersonal «жалко»","body":"Mitya repeats the «бога жалко» idiom (impersonal «жалко» + genitive «бога»), now with the emphasizing «-то» glued to «бога» to echo Alyosha's phrase mockingly — 'That it's *God* I'm sorry for?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Химия, брат, химия!","title":"«химия» as a one-word creed of materialism","body":"Repeating «химия» ('chemistry') turns the word into a slogan for the reductive, materialist worldview — feeling, God, the soul, all reducible to chemistry. «брат» ('brother') is Mitya's warm filler address to Alyosha, not literal kinship-marking here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"questions the previous statement","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of жалко","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бога","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"[I'm] sorry for"},{"surface":"Химия","lemma":"химия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Chemistry"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"химия","lemma":"химия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Химия","gloss":"chemistry"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c4-s101","source":"Нечего делать, ваше преподобие, подвиньтесь немножко, химия идет!","translation":"Nothing to be done, your reverence, move aside a little — chemistry's coming through!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подвиньтесь немножко","title":"Polite/plural imperative «подвиньтесь»","body":"«подвиньтесь» is the reflexive imperative of «подвинуться» (to move aside) with the polite/plural «-те» — 'move aside a little'. Mitya mock-courteously orders the cleric to step out of chemistry's way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, negative","role":"head of the phrase, governs делать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Нечего","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"подвиньтесь","lemma":"подвинуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move aside"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвиньтесь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"химия","lemma":"химия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"chemistry"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is coming through"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c4-s102","source":"А не любит бога Ракитин, ух не любит!","translation":"And Rakitin doesn't love God, ugh, how he doesn't!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не любит бога Ракитин","title":"Fronted negated verb, trailing subject","body":"Word order is rearranged for emphasis: «не любит» (negated verb) and object «бога» come first, subject «Ракитин» last — 'And love God Rakitin does not'. The contrastive opener «а» and the rhetorical inversion stress the indictment."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"he doesn't [love]"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c4-s103","source":"Это у них самое больное место у всех!","translation":"That's the sorest spot in the whole lot of them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у них самое больное место у всех","title":"Possessive «у» + redundant «у всех»","body":"Possession runs through «у» + genitive: «у них… у всех» ('with them... with all of them'), doubling the possessor for colloquial emphasis. «самое больное место» ('the very sorest spot') uses the superlative «самое» agreeing with neuter «место»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"identified with место (predicate)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies место","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies больное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"больное","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"sorest"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies место","gloss":"all of them"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c4-s104","source":"Но скрывают. Лгут. Представляются.","translation":"But they hide it. They lie. They put on a show.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но скрывают. Лгут. Представляются.","title":"Three subjectless imperfective verbs","body":"Three bare third-plural imperfectives with «они» dropped — «скрывают» (hide), «лгут» (lie), «представляются» (put on a show) — staccato present-tense habituals. The reflexive «представляются» means 'pretend, feign'. Clipped to single words, they hammer the accusation home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скрывают","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they hide it"},{"surface":"Лгут","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they lie"},{"surface":"Представляются","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they put on airs"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c4-s105","source":"«Что же, будешь это проводить в отделении критики?» — спрашиваю.","translation":"'So then, will you be putting this across in the criticism section?' I ask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь это проводить","title":"Compound imperfective future «будешь проводить»","body":"«будешь проводить» is the imperfective future: conjugated «быть» («будешь») + imperfective infinitive «проводить» ('to put across, promote'). It frames the act as ongoing or repeated — 'will you keep putting this across?' — not a one-off, which a perfective future would imply."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же","title":"Particle «же» in «Что же»","body":"«же» here intensifies the question, lending it a challenging 'well then, so —' tone: «что же» = 'so what, then?'. It is the same emphatic particle that colours so much of Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker introducing the question (Что же = \"well, so\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of проводить","gloss":"will you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проводить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проводить","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put across"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отделении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отделении","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проводить","gloss":"section"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отделении","gloss":"of criticism"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проводить","gloss":"I ask"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c4-s106","source":"«Ну, явно-то не дадут», — говорит, смеется.","translation":"'Well, openly they won't let me,' he says, and laughs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явно-то не дадут","title":"Emphatic «-то» + impersonal third-plural «не дадут»","body":"«явно-то» ('openly, that is') carries the contrastive clitic «-то». «не дадут» is the impersonal 'they-won't-let' (third-plural without a stated subject, a common way to say 'one won't be allowed') — the perfective future of «дать» here meaning 'permit'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes явно","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll let [me]"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеется","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to дадут","gloss":"and laughs"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c4-s107","source":"«Только как же, спрашиваю, после того человек-то? Без бога-то и без будущей жизни? Ведь это, стало быть, теперь всё позволено, всё можно делать?»","translation":"'Only how is it,' I ask, 'with a man after that? Without God and without a future life? Why, that means everything is permitted now, one may do anything?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без бога-то и без будущей жизни","title":"«без» + genitive, with emphatic «-то»","body":"The preposition «без» ('without') governs the genitive throughout: «без бога… без будущей жизни» ('without God, without a future life'), with «будущей» the genitive feminine of the adjective agreeing with «жизни». The clitic «-то» on «бога» foregrounds the dreadful condition being weighed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь это, стало быть, теперь всё позволено","title":"Particle «ведь» + impersonal «всё позволено»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'why, after all'. «всё позволено» ('everything is permitted') uses the short passive participle «позволено» predicatively, subjectless and impersonal — the famous formula that haunts the whole novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to как","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (topic of the question)","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to человек (topic marker)","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"governed by preposition Без","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to бога (topic marker)","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links без бога and без будущей жизни","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"будущей","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"governed by preposition без","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the clause, resumed by всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть (= so it follows)","gloss":"so it follows"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"(idiom: means)"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c4-s108","source":"«А ты и не знал?» — говорит. Смеется.","translation":"'You didn't know that?' he says. And laughs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты и не знал?","title":"Particle «и» as 'even / actually'","body":"In «ты и не знал?» the «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle — 'so you actually/even didn't know?'. With the imperfective past «не знал» it conveys Rakitin's mocking surprise that Mitya hadn't grasped so obvious a 'truth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знал","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"Смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he laughs"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c4-s109","source":"«Умному, говорит, человеку всё можно, умный человек умеет раков ловить, ну а вот ты, говорит, убил и влопался и в тюрьме гниешь!»","translation":"'For a clever man,' he says, 'everything is permitted; a clever man knows how to catch his crayfish, but you, look, you've killed a man and landed yourself in it and you're rotting in prison!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умному человеку всё можно","title":"Dative «умному человеку» + «можно»","body":"A pure dative-experiencer impersonal: «умному человеку» ('to a clever man', dative) + «всё можно» ('everything [is] permissible'). No nominative subject — the clever man is the one *for whom* all is allowed. This is the grammatical twin of «всё позволено»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раков ловить","title":"«раков ловить» — 'to catch crayfish'","body":"«рак» is a crayfish (genitive plural «раков»). 'A clever man knows how to catch his crayfish' is a colloquial image of slyly looking after one's own interests, getting the good things while the fool lands in trouble — the cynic's practical wisdom Rakitin preaches."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"влопался","title":"«влопаться» — 'to land oneself in it'","body":"A slangy reflexive perfective, «влопаться» — 'to get caught, get into a fix, drop oneself in it'. Crude and vivid, it belongs to Rakitin's contemptuous needling of the imprisoned Mitya, paired with «гниешь в тюрьме» ('you're rotting in prison')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умному","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to можно","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"knows how"},{"surface":"раков","lemma":"рак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ловить","gloss":"crayfish"},{"surface":"ловить","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"влопался","lemma":"влопаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"got yourself into it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гниешь","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"гниешь","lemma":"гнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"you're rotting"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c4-s110","source":"Это он мне-то говорит.","translation":"That's what he says — to me, of all people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он мне-то говорит","title":"Indignant clitic «-то» on «мне»","body":"«мне-то» glues the emphatic «-то» to the dative «мне» ('to me') for outraged stress — 'and that's what he says to *me*, of all people'. Mitya is the very man rotting in prison; the clitic carries the whole bitter irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мне","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c4-s111","source":"Свинья естественная!","translation":"A born swine!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свинья естественная","title":"«свинья естественная» — 'a born swine'","body":"«свинья» ('pig, swine') is a stock Russian insult for a coarse or treacherous person; «естественная» ('natural, born') intensifies it to 'a swine to the core, a born pig'. The postposed adjective gives an exclamatory, spat-out emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свинья","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of естественная","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"естественная","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"born"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c4-s112","source":"Я этаких прежде вон вышвыривал, ну а теперь слушаю.","translation":"Once I'd have flung the likes of him out the door, but now I listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я этаких прежде вон вышвыривал","title":"Imperfective «вышвыривал» of past habit","body":"«вышвыривал» (imperfective past of «вышвыривать», to fling out) names a former habit — 'I used to throw such people out'. The contrast «прежде… а теперь» ('formerly... but now') sets the old Mitya against the changed man who now listens."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этаких","title":"«этакий» — colloquial 'such a one, the likes of'","body":"«этакий» is an expressive, folksy variant of «такой» ('such'), here genitive-accusative plural «этаких» — 'the likes of him, such fellows'. It belongs to the spoken, slightly dismissive register Mitya favours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вышвыривал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вышвыривал","gloss":"the likes of these"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышвыривал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышвыривал","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"вышвыривал","lemma":"вышвыривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to fling"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вышвыривал","gloss":"I listen"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c4-s113","source":"Много ведь и дельного говорит.","translation":"He does say a good deal that's sensible, you know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много ведь и дельного говорит","title":"Particle «ведь» + genitive «дельного» after «много»","body":"«ведь» appeals to Alyosha's understanding ('he does, you know'). After «много» ('much') the noun-adjective stands in the genitive: «дельного» ('of sensible [stuff]'), the neuter genitive of «дельный». So: 'he says much that is sensible, after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Много and дельного","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"дельного","lemma":"дельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Много (genitive complement)","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he says"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c4-s114","source":"Умно тоже пишет.","translation":"He writes cleverly too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умно тоже пишет","title":"Adverb «умно» + dropped subject","body":"«умно» is the adverb 'cleverly' (from «умный»), modifying «пишет» ('[he] writes'), subject «он» dropped. Fronting the adverb — 'Cleverly, too, he writes' — lands the grudging compliment first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умно","lemma":"умно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишет","gloss":"cleverly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишет","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he writes"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c4-s115","source":"Он мне с неделю назад статью одну начал читать, я там три строки тогда нарочно выписал, вот постой, вот здесь.","translation":"About a week ago he started reading me an article of his — I copied out three lines from it on purpose then; here, wait, here it is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"статью одну начал читать","title":"Phasal «начал» + imperfective «читать»","body":"Verbs of beginning/continuing/finishing («начать, продолжать, кончить») require an imperfective infinitive; hence «начал читать» ('began to read'), never the perfective. «статью одну» fronts the object with «одну» ('a certain') marking it as a specific article."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно выписал","title":"«нарочно» + «выписать» — 'copied out on purpose'","body":"«нарочно» means 'on purpose, deliberately'; «выписать» (perfective) here is 'to copy out, extract' (lines from a text). Mitya deliberately transcribed three lines of Rakitin's prose to savour its absurdity — and now hunts for the scrap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of начал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"статью","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"an article"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статью","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выписал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on строки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"строки","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выписал","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"выписал","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"copied out"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постой","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"it is"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c4-s116","source":"Митя, спеша, вынул из жилетного кармана бумажку и прочел:","translation":"Mitya, in haste, drew a scrap of paper from his waistcoat pocket and read:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша","title":"Gerund «спеша» — 'hurrying'","body":"«спеша» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «спешить» (to hurry), expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb: 'Mitya, hurrying, drew out...'. It shares the subject of «вынул» and lends the narration its literary compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул из жилетного кармана","title":"«из» + genitive of source","body":"«вынул» (perfective, drew out) governs «из» + genitive «жилетного кармана» ('from the waistcoat pocket') marking the source of motion. The single completed action moves the narration forward against the descriptive background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, gerund, imperfective, active","role":"adverbial modifier of вынул","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"жилетного","lemma":"жилетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармана","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"a scrap of paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c4-s117","source":"— «Чтоб разрешить этот вопрос, необходимо прежде всего поставить свою личность в разрез со своею действительностью». Понимаешь иль нет?","translation":"\"'In order to resolve this question, it is necessary first of all to set one's personality in opposition to one's reality.' Do you understand that or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтоб разрешить этот вопрос","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + perfective infinitive","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») + infinitive «разрешить» ('to resolve') expresses purpose: 'in order to resolve this question'. With a shared subject Russian uses the infinitive after «чтобы», not a finite clause — the bookish opening of Rakitin's pompous sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со своею действительностью","title":"Reflexive «своею» + instrumental after «в разрез со»","body":"«в разрез с» ('in opposition/contradiction to') governs the instrumental «своею действительностью» ('with one's own reality'); «своею» is the reflexive possessive, archaically spelled «-ею». The whole clotted abstraction parodies radical-critical jargon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимаешь иль нет?","title":"Folk «иль» for «или»","body":"«иль» is a poetic/colloquial contraction of «или» ('or'), here in the tag «понимаешь иль нет?» — 'd'you understand, or not?'. It keeps Mitya's spoken register against the bookish quotation he has just read out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разрешить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставить","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to set"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of личность","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"личность","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"personality"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разрез","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разрез","lemma":"разрез","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"opposition"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действительностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of действительностью","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"действительностью","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"governed by preposition со","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Понимаешь","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c4-s118","source":"— Нет, не понимаю, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"No, I don't understand,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, не понимаю","title":"Dropped «я» with «не понимаю»","body":"«не понимаю» ('[I] don't understand') drops the subject pronoun «я», since the first-person ending «-ю» already marks it. Alyosha's bare negation answers the just-posed «понимаешь иль нет?»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c4-s119","source":"Он с любопытством приглядывался к Мите и слушал его.","translation":"He was watching Mitya with curiosity and listening to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглядывался… и слушал","title":"Two imperfective pasts of attendant observation","body":"«приглядывался» (reflexive, 'was peering, watching closely') and «слушал» ('was listening') are both imperfective pasts setting an ongoing background — Alyosha steadily watching and listening while Mitya talks. Imperfective is the natural aspect for such durative description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с любопытством","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с любопытством» ('with curiosity') uses «с» + instrumental to express manner — how he watched. This adverbial-instrumental phrasing is a common, economical Russian alternative to an adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приглядывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядывался","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"приглядывался","lemma":"приглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was watching"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядывался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приглядывался","gloss":"was listening to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c4-s120","source":"— И я не понимаю. Темно и неясно, зато умно.","translation":"\"I don't understand it either. Dark and murky — but clever.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Темно и неясно, зато умно","title":"Short-form adverbials + «зато»","body":"«темно… неясно… умно» are neuter short forms used impersonally ('[it's] dark... unclear... clever'), with no subject. «зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') sets the compensating virtue against the faults — 'murky, but clever'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Темно","lemma":"темно","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Темно","gloss":"murky"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"умно","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Темно","gloss":"clever"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c4-s121","source":"«Все, говорит, так теперь пишут, потому что такая уж среда»… Среды боятся.","translation":"'Everyone writes like this nowadays,' he says, 'because such is the milieu'… They are afraid of the milieu.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"среда","title":"«среда» — the milieu","body":"«среда» literally means 'environment, surroundings'; here it is the radical-progressive catchword 'milieu' — the idea, then fashionable, that environment (not the will) shapes a person and so excuses crime. Mitya mocks the buzzword: «Среды боятся» — 'they're afraid of the milieu', i.e. they hide behind it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Среды боятся","title":"«бояться» governs the genitive","body":"The reflexive verb «бояться» ('to fear') takes its object in the genitive, so «среда» surfaces as «среды». The subjectless «боятся» ('they fear') leaves the agent unnamed — a generic 'they', the progressives Mitya is sneering at."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая уж среда","title":"The particle «уж»","body":"«уж» (a worn-down «уже») is here an intensifying modal particle, not 'already': it lends a resigned, insistent 'that's just how it is' to «такая уж среда» — 'such, you see, is the milieu'. These tiny particles carry the speaker's attitude that English marks only by intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пишут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пишут","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишут","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пишут","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they write"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of среда","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"среда","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (head of the phrase)","gloss":"the milieu [is]"},{"surface":"Среды","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of боятся","gloss":"the milieu"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they fear"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c4-s122","source":"Стихи тоже пишет, подлец, Хохлаковой ножку воспел, ха-ха-ха!","translation":"He writes verses too, the scoundrel, he sang an ode to Madame Khokhlakova's little foot — ha-ha-ha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"A strong term of abuse, 'base wretch, scoundrel', from «подлый» ('vile, ignoble'). Tossed in apposition mid-sentence, it is pure expressive venting — a hallmark of Mitya's heated, broken speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспел","title":"«воспеть» — to sing the praises of","body":"«воспеть» (perfective; «воспевать» imperfective) is an elevated, poetic verb, 'to celebrate in song, hymn'. Applied to «ножку» ('a little foot') it is mock-grand — exactly the bathos Mitya is laughing at."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ножку","title":"Diminutive «ножка»","body":"«ножка» is the diminutive of «нога» ('foot, leg'), here both literal (a small foot) and tinged with the cloying tenderness of bad love-poetry. The whole chapter plays on these caressing -к- diminutives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пишет","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишет","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he writes"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to subject of пишет","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножку","gloss":"Khokhlakova's"},{"surface":"ножку","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воспел","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"воспел","lemma":"воспеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пишет","gloss":"he sang an ode to"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c4-s123","source":"— Я слышал, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"— I heard about it, — said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал","title":"Perfective past «сказал»","body":"«сказал» is the perfective past of the speech pair «говорить/сказать»: a single, completed utterance that moves the dialogue forward, against the imperfective «говорить» used for ongoing or habitual talking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c4-s124","source":"— Слышал? А стишонки слышал?","translation":"— You heard? And have you heard the verses themselves?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стишонки","title":"Pejorative «стишонки»","body":"«стишонки» carries the contemptuous suffix -онк-: not just 'little verses' but 'wretched, trashy little verses'. The suffix belittles rather than endears — the opposite emotional charge to a fond diminutive — and recurs through the chapter (s137, s143)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А стишонки слышал?","title":"Topic-fronting word order","body":"The object «стишонки» is pulled to the front, before the verb «слышал», to set it as the topic of the new question: 'And the verses — did you hear them?' Free case-marked word order lets Russian foreground what is at issue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стишонки","lemma":"стишонки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"the little verses"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c4-s125","source":"— Нет.","translation":"— No.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c4-s126","source":"— У меня они есть, вот, я прочту.","translation":"— I have them here, look, I'll read them to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я прочту","title":"Perfective future «прочту»","body":"«прочту» is the simple future of perfective «прочесть» ('to read through [to the end]'), conjugated with present-tense endings but meaning 'I'll read it [all out]'. The perfective frames the reading as a single complete act, not the ongoing «читать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они есть","title":"«есть» for existence/possession","body":"«У меня они есть» — literally 'at me they are', the standard Russian way to say 'I have them'. Possession is built on «у» + genitive plus the existential «есть», not a verb 'to have'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me [have]"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to прочту","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочту","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прочту","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"I'll read"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c4-s127","source":"Ты не знаешь, я тебе не рассказывал, тут целая история.","translation":"You don't know it, I never told you — there's a whole story behind it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебе не рассказывал","title":"Imperfective past under negation","body":"«не рассказывал» is imperfective: 'I never (used to / got round to) tell you' — denying that the action ever took place at all, where a perfective «не рассказал» would deny one specific completed telling. Negated imperfectives like this typically mean 'never did it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies история","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elliptical clause (implied есть), not a second subject of рассказывал","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c4-s128","source":"Шельма!","translation":"The rogue!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шельма","title":"«шельма» — rogue","body":"A colourful loan (ultimately from German Schelm), 'rogue, rascal, sly trickster'. Half-abusive, half-admiring — Mitya is appalled and amused at once. Standing alone as a one-word exclamation, it is pure outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rogue"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c4-s129","source":"Три недели назад меня дразнить вздумал: «Ты вот, говорит, влопался как дурак из-за трех тысяч, а я полтораста их тяпну, на вдовице одной женюсь и каменный дом в Петербурге куплю».","translation":"Three weeks ago he took it into his head to taunt me: 'You,' he says, 'went and landed yourself in it like a fool over three thousand, but I'll snatch a hundred and fifty thousand, marry a certain widow, and buy myself a stone house in Petersburg.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дразнить вздумал","title":"«вздумать» + infinitive","body":"«вздумал дразнить» — 'took it into his head to taunt'. The perfective «вздумать» ('to take a sudden notion') governs an imperfective infinitive «дразнить» and conveys a whimsical, ill-advised impulse; the infinitive is fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"влопался","title":"«влопаться» — to land oneself in it","body":"Low, colloquial: 'to get caught, land in a mess, blunder into trouble'. The reflexive -ся and slangy root give it a self-inflicted, hapless ring — 'you went and got yourself into it like a fool'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяпну","title":"«тяпнуть» — to snatch / knock off","body":"Coarse slang, here 'to grab, snatch, knock off (a sum)'. The semelfactive -ну- suffix marks a single quick grab. «полтораста» is the old single word for '150', so «полтораста их тяпну» = 'I'll snatch a hundred and fifty thousand of them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вдовице одной женюсь","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional","body":"For a man, 'to marry' is «жениться на» + prepositional case: «женюсь на вдовице» — 'I'll marry a (certain) widow'. «одной» here is the colloquial 'a certain', not the numeral 'one'. «вдовице» is a slightly archaic/folk form of «вдова»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by Три; temporal adjunct on вздумал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to taunt"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of влопался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влопался","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, quotative aside","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"влопался","lemma":"влопаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"went and landed himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies влопался","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, describes subject of влопался","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, governs тысяч","gloss":"on account"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, governs тысяч","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of из-за","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тяпну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"полтораста","lemma":"полтораста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies их","gloss":"a hundred and fifty"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive (partitive) complement of полтораста","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"тяпну","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"I'll snatch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдовице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вдовице","lemma":"вдовица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женюсь (via на)","gloss":"a widow"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовице","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"женюсь","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тяпну","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каменный","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of куплю","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"куплю","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тяпну","gloss":"I'll buy"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c4-s130","source":"И рассказал мне, что строит куры Хохлаковой, а та и смолоду умна не была, а в сорок-то лет и совсем ума решилась.","translation":"And he told me he was courting Madame Khokhlakova, who even in her youth was no great wit, and at forty has lost her reason altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"строит куры","title":"Idiom «строить куры»","body":"An archaic idiom (from French faire la cour) meaning 'to pay court, flirt, woo' — nothing to do with «куры» 'hens'. By Dostoevsky's day already old-fashioned and faintly comic, fitting the seedy seduction described."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умна не была","title":"Short adjective «умна»","body":"«умна» is the predicative short form of «умный» ('clever'), feminine: 'she was not clever'. Short adjectives serve only as predicates and carry a slightly bookish, categorical flavour typical of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сорок-то лет","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «сорок» highlights the known topic with a nudge: 'and at forty, mind you…'. This is the topic-emphasising «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» that makes «кто-то» 'someone'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ума решилась","title":"Idiom «решиться ума»","body":"«решиться» here is the older sense 'to lose, be deprived of', governing the genitive «ума» ('mind'): 'lost her reason'. The folk-archaic construction colours Mitya's tirade with peasant idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of строит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"строит","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"is courting"},{"surface":"куры","lemma":"куры","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (fixed idiom)","role":"direct object of строит (idiom строить куры = to court)","gloss":"court","note":"строить куры кому = to court/flirt with someone, a folk-etymologized calque of French faire la cour."},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of строит","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смолоду","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смолоду","lemma":"смолоду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умна","gloss":"from her youth"},{"surface":"умна","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to умна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies сорок","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"temporal complement of решилась","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решилась","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of решилась","gloss":"her mind","note":"решиться ума is an idiom meaning 'to lose one's mind' (решиться + genitive = 'be deprived of')."},{"surface":"решилась","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"lost"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c4-s131","source":"«Да чувствительна, говорит, уж очень, вот я ее на том и добью. Женюсь, в Петербург ее отвезу, а там газету издавать начну».","translation":"'But she's very sentimental,' he says, 'and that's just how I'll finish her off. I'll marry her, take her to Petersburg, and there I'll start up a newspaper.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да чувствительна","title":"Short adjective «чувствительна»","body":"«чувствительна» is the feminine short form of «чувствительный» ('sensitive, sentimental'), predicating a state: 'she's [very] sentimental'. Opening «Да» here is the colloquial concessive 'but, well — only'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добью","title":"«добить» — to finish off","body":"«добить» literally 'to finish off, deal the death-blow'; here cynically 'that's how I'll clinch / get the better of her'. The prefix до- adds the sense of carrying an action through to its final result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"издавать начну","title":"Phasal «начать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начну издавать» — 'I'll begin to publish'. Phasal verbs «начать/начинать», «стать», «продолжать» take only an imperfective infinitive (here «издавать»), since beginning or continuing is about process, not completion. Word order inverts infinitive and verb for rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствительна","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чувствительна","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate, describes она (implied)","gloss":"sentimental"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, quotative aside","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствительна","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative, modifies добью","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of добью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of добью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies добью","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"добью","lemma":"добить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll finish her off"},{"surface":"Женюсь","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвезу","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвезу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отвезу","lemma":"отвезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Женюсь","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начну","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"газету","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of издавать","gloss":"a newspaper"},{"surface":"издавать","lemma":"издавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"to publish"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Женюсь","gloss":"I'll start"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c4-s132","source":"И такая у него скверная сладострастная слюна на губах, — не на Хохлакову слюна, а на полтораста эти тысяч.","translation":"And he had such a foul, lustful slaver on his lips — slaver not for Khokhlakova, but for those hundred and fifty thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастная слюна","title":"«сладострастный» and «слюна»","body":"«сладострастный» ('voluptuous, lustful', literally 'sweet-passion'-bearing) is a key Karamazov word for sensual greed; «слюна» is 'spittle, slaver'. The pairing — lustful drool — fuses lust and money-hunger, the chapter's theme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на Хохлакову слюна, а на полтораста","title":"Contrastive «не… а…»","body":"The frame «не X, а Y» ('not X but Y') corrects and contrasts: the slaver is 'not for Khokhlakova but for the hundred and fifty thousand'. «а» is the mild contrastive conjunction that pivots between the two, sharper here under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слюна","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessive 'he has')","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скверная","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слюна","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"сладострастная","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слюна","gloss":"lustful"},{"surface":"слюна","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (existential 'у него X' = he has X)","gloss":"slaver"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies слюна","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на Хохлакову","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлакову","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Хохлакову","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"слюна","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to слюна, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"slaver"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полтораста","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полтораста","lemma":"полтораста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"object of preposition на, quantifies тысяч","gloss":"hundred and fifty"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by полтораста","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c4-s133","source":"И уверил меня, уверил; всё ко мне ходит, каждый день: поддается, говорит.","translation":"And he assured me, kept assuring me; he was always coming to see me, every day: she's giving in, he'd say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверил меня, уверил","title":"Repetition for emphasis","body":"«уверил» (perfective, 'convinced/assured') is repeated outside the clause for emotional emphasis — a gestural doubling typical of excited speech, like 'he assured me, he did'. Russian freely strands such echoes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ко мне ходит","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habit","body":"«ходит» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» — repeated, round-trip going — paired with «всё» ('all the time') and «каждый день': 'he kept coming, every day'. The unidirectional «идёт» would name one trip in progress instead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поддается","title":"«поддаваться» — to yield","body":"«поддаётся» (imperfective «поддаваться») — 'she's giving in, yielding'. The present tense inside reported speech keeps the lover's own words live: 'she's coming round', he'd report."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уверил, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"kept assuring"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject он implied)","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct on ходит","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"поддается","lemma":"поддаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause (reported speech)","gloss":"she's giving in"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, quotative aside","gloss":"he'd say"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c4-s134","source":"Радостью сиял.","translation":"He fairly beamed with joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Радостью сиял","title":"Instrumental of manner/cause","body":"«сиял радостью» — 'beamed with joy': «радостью» is the instrumental, here naming what he shone with. Fronting it before the verb gives the terse, vivid two-word sentence its punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of сиял","gloss":"with joy"},{"surface":"сиял","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beamed"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c4-s135","source":"А тут вдруг его и выгнали: Перхотин Петр Ильич взял верх, молодец!","translation":"And then all at once they threw him out: Pyotr Ilyich Perkhotin got the upper hand — good for him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его и выгнали","title":"Subjectless 'they' + emphatic «и»","body":"«выгнали» ('they drove [him] out') is a 3rd-plural verb with no subject — the impersonal 'they' for an unnamed agent. The particle «и» before the verb ('and then they actually…') marks the sudden reversal: 'and then all at once out he went'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгнали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгнали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выгнали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгнали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"выгнали","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'they')","gloss":"threw out"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Перхотин","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выгнали","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the upper hand"},{"surface":"молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate (interjection)","gloss":"well done!"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c4-s136","source":"То есть так бы и расцеловал эту дурищу за то, что его прогнала!","translation":"I could have kissed that silly woman for driving him off!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так бы и расцеловал","title":"Conditional «бы» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«расцеловал бы» is the conditional (past form + «бы»): 'I could have / would just kiss…'. The frame «так бы и» ('I would just go and…') intensifies the impulse. «расцеловать» — perfective, 'to kiss all over, smother with kisses'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дурищу","title":"Augmentative-pejorative «дурища»","body":"From «дура» ('fool, f.') with the augmentative-contemptuous suffix -ищ-: 'great big fool, silly cow'. The suffix enlarges and disparages, the mirror image of an affectionate diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"that","note":"то есть is a fixed idiom (literally 'that is'), here used as an intensifier meaning roughly 'really, I could...'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (fixed expression)","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расцеловал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks расцеловал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies расцеловал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"расцеловал","lemma":"расцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (conditional with бы)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have kissed"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дурищу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дурищу","lemma":"дурища","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расцеловал","gloss":"silly woman"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, correlative with что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прогнала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прогнала","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"drove off"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c4-s137","source":"Вот он как ходил-то ко мне, тогда и сочинил эти стишонки.","translation":"It was while he was coming round to me like that, back then, that he composed these little verses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ходил-то ко мне","title":"Imperfective «ходил» + topic «-то»","body":"«ходил» (multidirectional, imperfective past) sets up the ongoing background — 'while he was coming round to me' — against which the perfective «сочинил» ('composed') marks the single event. The clitic «-то» nudges the verb as topic; «как… -то» colours it with wonder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces cleft clause, correlates with тогда","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal clause, correlates with тогда","gloss":"was coming"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to ходил","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сочинил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стишонки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стишонки","lemma":"стишонки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"little verses"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c4-s138","source":"«В первый раз, говорит, руки мараю, стихи пишу, для обольщения значит, для полезного дела. Забрав капитал у дурищи, гражданскую пользу потом принести могу».","translation":"'For the first time,' he says, 'I'm dirtying my hands, writing verse — for the sake of seduction, that is, for a useful cause. Once I've grabbed the silly woman's capital, I can do some civic good afterward.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"руки мараю","title":"Idiom «марать руки»","body":"«марать руки» — 'to dirty / soil one's hands', i.e. stoop to something beneath one. The braggart casts even his crude verse as a distasteful descent — bitter irony, given he is mercenary to the core."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Забрав капитал","title":"Perfective gerund «забрав»","body":"«забрав» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «забрать» ('to take, seize'): 'having grabbed the capital'. It compresses a prior, completed action onto the main clause and must share its subject — a bookish hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гражданскую пользу","title":"«гражданская польза» — civic good","body":"'Civic benefit', part of the era's progressive vocabulary of social usefulness. The seducer dresses naked greed in the language of public-spirited service — the satire Mitya keeps hammering (cf. «гражданскую скорбь», s140; «гражданское оправдание», s139)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct on мараю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, quotative aside","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of мараю","gloss":"my hands"},{"surface":"мараю","lemma":"марать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated main verb (parallel to пишу)","gloss":"I'm dirtying"},{"surface":"стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пишу","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"пишу","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm writing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольщения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обольщения","lemma":"обольщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"seduction"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('that is')","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полезного","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"useful"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of second preposition для","gloss":"a cause"},{"surface":"Забрав","lemma":"забрать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принести","gloss":"having grabbed"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Забрав","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дурищи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дурищи","lemma":"дурища","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the silly woman"},{"surface":"гражданскую","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принести","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c4-s139","source":"У них ведь всякой мерзости гражданское оправдание есть!","translation":"They have a civic justification for every kind of vileness, you know!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У них ведь… оправдание есть","title":"Possessive «у» + appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«У них… есть» — 'they have' (literally 'at them there is'). «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'they have, you see / after all, a civic justification for every vileness' — drawing Alyosha into Mitya's indignation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзости","title":"«мерзость» — vileness","body":"«мерзость» ('abomination, foulness'), genitive «мерзости» after «всякой»: 'every kind of vileness'. A strongly moral-disgust word, of a piece with «мерзавец» ('villain', s140) — the chapter's lexicon of revulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (possessive 'they have')","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause (emphatic 'you know')","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзости","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"мерзости","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of оправдание","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"гражданское","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оправдание","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"оправдание","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"justification"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c4-s140","source":"«А все-таки, говорит, лучше твоего Пушкина написал, потому что и в шутовской стишок сумел гражданскую скорбь всучить».","translation":"'All the same,' he says, 'I wrote it better than your Pushkin, because I managed to slip civic grief even into a buffoon's little rhyme.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше твоего Пушкина написал","title":"Comparative «лучше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better'); the thing compared takes the bare genitive, «твоего Пушкина» — 'better than your Pushkin'. This genitive-of-comparison is an alternative to «чем» + nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всучить","title":"«всучить» — to foist / slip in","body":"«всучить» — 'to palm off, foist, sneak in (something unwanted)'. Applied to «гражданскую скорбь» ('civic grief'), it makes the fashionable progressive pathos sound like contraband smuggled into a piece of doggerel."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom все-таки)","role":"part of idiom все-таки, modifies написал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom все-таки)","role":"part of idiom все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, quotative aside","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Пушкина","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Пушкина","lemma":"Пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of comparison, complement of лучше","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wrote"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom потому что)","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of idiom потому что)","role":"part of idiom потому что, introduces the clause of сумел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies стишок","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стишок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шутовской","lemma":"шутовской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стишок","gloss":"buffoon's"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of всучить","gloss":"little rhyme"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"I managed"},{"surface":"гражданскую","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скорбь","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"скорбь","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of всучить","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"всучить","lemma":"всучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to slip in"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c4-s141","source":"Это что про Пушкина-то — я понимаю.","translation":"What he means about Pushkin — that I understand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про Пушкина-то","title":"Topic «про» + clitic «-то»","body":"«про» + accusative means 'about, concerning' (more colloquial than «о»): 'as for [what he said] about Pushkin'. The clitic «-то» marks Pushkin as the established topic being singled out: 'that bit about Pushkin — I get it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пушкина","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Пушкина","lemma":"Пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (resumptive)","role":"resumptive object of понимаю, recaps the fronted topic","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c4-s142","source":"Что же, если в самом деле способный был человек, а только ножки описывал!","translation":"After all, if he really was a gifted man, and yet only went describing little feet!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же, если в самом деле","title":"Discourse «что же» + «если»","body":"«Что же» here is not a question but a concessive discourse opener — 'well, after all…'; the particle «же» softens it into musing. «если… а только…» sets up a 'if he really was gifted, yet only…' contrast, the «а» pivoting to the disappointing reality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"способный был человек","title":"Inverted predicate word order","body":"«способный был человек» reorders the neutral «был способный человек» ('was a gifted man'), throwing weight onto «способный'. Free word order lets Russian foreground the quality being conceded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom что же)","role":"part of idiom что же","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"что же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom что же)","role":"part of idiom что же","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of способный","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в (idiom в самом деле = 'indeed')","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning 'indeed, really'."},{"surface":"способный","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"gifted"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to способный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies описывал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of описывал","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"описывал","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"described"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c4-s143","source":"Да ведь гордился-то стишонками как!","translation":"But how proud he was of those wretched verses!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь гордился-то… как!","title":"Particle stack «да ведь… -то… как!»","body":"Three particles pile up: «да» ('but, why'), «ведь» (appeal to shared knowledge), and topic «-то», framing an exclamatory «как!» ('how [proud he was]!'). This dense particle-texture is the very sound of Dostoevsky's excited dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордился стишонками","title":"«гордиться» + instrumental","body":"The reflexive «гордиться» ('to be proud of') governs the instrumental: «гордился стишонками» — 'was proud of the wretched little verses'. The pejorative «стишонки» keeps Mitya's contempt audible even as he reports the man's pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"гордился","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was proud"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to гордился","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"стишонками","lemma":"стишонки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of гордился","gloss":"those wretched verses"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (exclamative)","role":"modifies гордился ('how')","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c4-s144","source":"Самолюбие-то у них, самолюбие!","translation":"The vanity in them, the vanity!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Самолюбие","title":"«самолюбие» — vanity / self-love","body":"«самолюбие» (literally 'self-love') is a central Dostoevskian word — touchy pride, amour-propre, wounded vanity. Repeated as an exclamation with topic «-то», it diagnoses the whole type: «Самолюбие-то у них, самолюбие!» — 'the vanity in them, the vanity!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed in у них construction","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Самолюбие","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeated in apposition (exclamatory)","gloss":"vanity"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c4-s145","source":"«На выздоровление больной ножки моего предмета» — это он такое заглавие придумал — резвый человек!","translation":"'On the recovery of the ailing little foot of my beloved object' — that's the title he dreamed up — a frisky fellow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"моего предмета","title":"«предмет» — object of one's affections","body":"«предмет» literally 'object', but in sentimental/period diction «предмет» = 'the object of one's love, one's beloved'. The mock-poetic title — 'On the recovery of the ailing little foot of my object' — flaunts this dated romantic cliché."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придумал","title":"Perfective «придумать»","body":"«придумал» (perfective, 'thought up, invented') names the single completed act of devising the title — against the imperfective «придумывать» ('to be inventing'). «резвый человек!» — 'a frisky fellow!' — is Mitya's amused tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выздоровление","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"выздоровление","lemma":"выздоровление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition На (title phrase)","gloss":"the recovery"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножки","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of выздоровление","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмета","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"предмета","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножки","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (expletive)","role":"expletive with он","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of заглавие","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"заглавие","lemma":"заглавие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of придумал","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"придумал","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed up"},{"surface":"резвый","lemma":"резвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"frisky"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory apposition, describes он","gloss":"a fellow"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c4-s146","source":"Уж какая ж эта ножка, Ножка, вспухшая немножко! Доктора к ней ездят, лечат, И бинтуют, и калечат.","translation":"Ah, what a foot, what a foot, / A foot a little swollen up! / The doctors come and treat the thing, / They bind it tight and bungle it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ножка, вспухшая немножко","title":"Past active participle «вспухшая»","body":"«вспухшая» is the past active participle of «вспухнуть» ('to swell up'), agreeing with feminine «ножка»: 'a little foot [that has] swollen a little'. The participle condenses a relative clause into one adjective — comic here in the jingle of «ножка / немножко»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лечат, бинтуют, калечат","title":"Imperfective present series","body":"«ездят… лечат… бинтуют… калечат» are all imperfective present, painting a repeated, ongoing scene: the doctors keep coming, treating, bandaging — and (the punchline rhyme) «калечат», 'crippling' it. «лечат… калечат» chimes for sardonic effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner (exclamative), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ножка","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ножка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"Ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ножка, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"вспухшая","lemma":"вспухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ножка","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспухшая","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"Доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ездят","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ездят","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"лечат","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ездят","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бинтуют","lemma":"бинтовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ездят","gloss":"bandage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"калечат","lemma":"калечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ездят","gloss":"bungle"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c4-s147","source":"Не по ножкам я тоскую, — Пусть их Пушкин воспевает: По головке я тоскую, Что идей не понимает.","translation":"It's not the feet for which I pine — / Let Pushkin sing of them: / It's for the little head I pine, / The one that grasps no ideas.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не по ножкам я тоскую","title":"«тосковать по» + dative/prepositional","body":"«тосковать по» ('to pine, yearn for') governs «по» + dative (here plural «ножкам»). The negated, fronted «Не по ножкам» throws the contrast forward: 'it's not the feet I pine for' — answered by «По головке я тоскую'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть их Пушкин воспевает","title":"Third-person imperative «пусть»","body":"«пусть» + present verb forms the 3rd-person imperative/hortative: «Пусть Пушкин воспевает» — 'let Pushkin sing of them'. «их» is the object 'them' (the feet). This «пусть» construction recurs across the poem (s148: «Пусть же вылечится…»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"головке… Что идей не понимает","title":"Diminutive «головка» + genitive object under negation","body":"«головка» ('little head', endearing diminutive of «голова») is mock-tender. The relative «что… не понимает» ('that grasps no ideas') puts its object «идей» in the genitive — the genitive of negation, regular with abstract objects under «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по ножкам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножкам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ножкам","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of тоскую (тосковать по + dative)","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тоскую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоскую","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспевает","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of воспевает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Пушкин","lemma":"Пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспевает","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"воспевает","lemma":"воспевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to тоскую","gloss":"sing of"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"головке","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of тоскую (тосковать по + dative)","gloss":"the little head"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тоскую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоскую","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to воспевает","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"идей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of понимает (genitive under negation)","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying головке","gloss":"grasps"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c4-s148","source":"Понимала уж немножко, Да вот ножка помешала! Пусть же вылечится ножка, Чтоб головка понимала.","translation":"It had begun to grasp a little, / But then the foot got in the way! / So let the little foot be cured, / That so the little head may grasp.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть же вылечится ножка","title":"Hortative «пусть» + reflexive «вылечится»","body":"«Пусть же вылечится» — 'so let the little foot be cured', 3rd-person imperative with insistent «же». «вылечится» is the perfective reflexive of «вылечить»: the -ся gives the intransitive 'get cured' from transitive 'cure'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтоб головка понимала","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past/irrealis verb","body":"«Чтоб» (colloquial «чтобы») 'so that' introduces a purpose clause and requires the irrealis — here the imperfective «понимала» reads as subjunctive: 'that the little head may grasp'. «чтобы» fuses the conjunction «что» with the particle «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимала","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject головка implied)","gloss":"was grasping"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies немножко","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Понимала","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ножка","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помешала","gloss":"the foot"},{"surface":"помешала","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Понимала","gloss":"got in the way"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вылечится","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пусть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вылечится","lemma":"вылечиться","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be cured"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вылечится","gloss":"the foot"},{"surface":"Чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"головка","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понимала","gloss":"the little head"},{"surface":"понимала","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on вылечится","gloss":"may grasp"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c4-s149","source":"Свинья, чистая свинья, а игриво у мерзавца вышло!","translation":"A swine, an utter swine, yet the rascal brought it off with a certain playfulness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а игриво у мерзавца вышло","title":"Impersonal «вышло» + «у» of the doer","body":"«вышло» ('it came out, turned out') is used impersonally, with the agent in «у» + genitive «у мерзавца» ('it turned out — for the rascal — playfully'). This «у кого вышло» frame credits the result to a person without making him grammatical subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свинья, чистая свинья","title":"«чистая свинья» — an utter swine","body":"«свинья» 'pig, swine' as abuse; «чистая» here is intensifying, 'a pure / out-and-out swine'. The grudging «а игриво… вышло» ('yet it came off playfully') sets the insult against reluctant admiration — Mitya's whole ambivalence in one line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свинья","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate (describes он, implied)","gloss":"a swine"},{"surface":"чистая","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свинья","gloss":"an utter"},{"surface":"свинья","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Свинья, repeated exclamation","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"игриво","lemma":"игриво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"playfully"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мерзавца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мерзавца","lemma":"мерзавец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"the rascal"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c4-s150","source":"И действительно «гражданскую»-то всучил.","translation":"And he really did slip in his 'civic' note.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«гражданскую»-то всучил","title":"Quotation as noun + topic «-то»","body":"The adjective «гражданскую» ('civic') stands quoted in scare-quotes as a noun (sc. «скорбь», 'grief'), with topic «-то» singling it out: 'the \"civic\" bit — he really did smuggle it in'. «всучил» (perfective) caps the joke begun at s140."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всучил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"всучил","lemma":"всучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (object 'гражданскую [скорбь]' elided)","gloss":"did slip in"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c4-s151","source":"А как рассердился, когда его выгнали. Скрежетал!","translation":"And how furious he was when they threw him out. He gnashed his teeth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как рассердился, когда его выгнали","title":"Perfective pair across «когда»","body":"«рассердился» ('got angry', perfective inceptive) and «выгнали» ('they threw out', perfective) are two completed events linked by «когда»: the second triggers the first. «как рассердился!» is exclamatory — 'how furious he got!'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скрежетал","title":"«скрежетать» — to gnash","body":"«скрежетать (зубами)» — 'to gnash the teeth, grind', with a biblical resonance ('weeping and gnashing of teeth'). Standing alone as a one-word imperfective past, it vividly prolongs the image of impotent rage."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew furious"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выгнали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выгнали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выгнали","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause on рассердился","gloss":"they threw out"},{"surface":"Скрежетал","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnashed his teeth","note":"The object зубами (his teeth) is implied, not stated — скрежетал alone idiomatically means 'he gnashed his teeth.'"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c4-s152","source":"— Он уже отмстил, — сказал Алеша. — Он про Хохлакову корреспонденцию написал.","translation":"— He has already taken his revenge, — said Alyosha. — He's written up a piece about Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмстил","title":"Archaic «отмстить»","body":"«отмстил» is the bookish, non-pleophonic form of «отомстил» ('took revenge'), without the inserted vowel — a Church-Slavonic-flavoured doublet that lends Alyosha's line a slightly elevated tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отмстил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмстил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отмстил","lemma":"отмстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken revenge"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to отмстил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлакову","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Хохлакову","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"корреспонденцию","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"an article"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c4-s153","source":"И Алеша рассказал ему наскоро о корреспонденции в газете «Слухи».","translation":"And Alyosha hurriedly told him about the article in the newspaper Rumors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказал… наскоро","title":"Perfective «рассказал» + «наскоро»","body":"«рассказал» (perfective, 'told [the whole thing]') with the adverb «наскоро» ('hastily, in a rush') frames the telling as one quick completed act. «наскоро» is built on «скоро» ('quick') with the prefix на-."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корреспонденции","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"корреспонденции","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"the article"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies корреспонденции","gloss":"the newspaper"},{"surface":"Слухи","lemma":"слухи","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to газете","gloss":"Rumors","note":"The newspaper's title, kept in the nominative as a quoted name rather than declined."}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c4-s154","source":"— Это он, он! — подтвердил Митя нахмурившись, — это он!","translation":"— It's him, it's him! — Mitya confirmed, scowling, — it's him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмурившись","title":"Perfective gerund «нахмурившись»","body":"«нахмурившись» is the perfective past gerund of the reflexive «нахмуриться» ('to frown, scowl'): 'having frowned / with a scowl'. It attaches the manner of his confirming to the main verb «подтвердил», sharing its subject — the -вши form is the more old-fashioned gerund ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject; predicate is он","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Это","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подтвердил","gloss":"scowling"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject; predicate is он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c4-s155","source":"Эти корреспонденции… я ведь знаю… то есть сколько низостей было уже написано, про Грушу, например!..","translation":"These articles… I know all about them… I mean, how many vile things have already been written, about Grusha, for instance!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько низостей было уже написано","title":"Passive participle «написано» + genitive of quantity","body":"«было написано» is the periphrastic passive: «было» + short past passive participle «написано» ('was written'). «сколько низостей» ('how many vile things') puts the counted noun in the genitive plural; the neuter «написано» agrees impersonally with the quantity, not a subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про Грушу","title":"«Груша» — Grushenka's nickname","body":"«Груша» (also «Грушенька») is the intimate diminutive of Agrafena/Grushenka, the woman over whom Mitya and his father are rivals. «про Грушу» ('about Grusha') — the press's slander touches the woman he loves, hence his agitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь знаю","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» again appeals to common ground: «я ведь знаю» — 'I do know, you see'. Mitya leans on the shared understanding between brothers as he broaches the painful subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of корреспонденции","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"корреспонденции","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"articles"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is","note":"то есть is a fixed idiom meaning 'that is / I mean.'"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on низостей","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"низостей","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"vile things"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Грушу","lemma":"груша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies Грушу","gloss":"for instance"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c4-s156","source":"И про ту тоже, про Катю… Гм!","translation":"And about the other one too, about Katya… Hm!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про ту… про Катю","title":"Demonstrative «та» as 'the other one'","body":"«про ту тоже» — 'about that one too', where «ту» (accusative of «та», far demonstrative) distances and names without naming. It is then specified: «про Катю» — Katya (Katerina Ivanovna), Mitya's wronged fiancée. «Гм!» voices his discomfort."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ту","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ту","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Hm"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c4-s157","source":"Он озабоченно прошелся по комнате.","translation":"He paced the room, lost in worry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошелся по комнате","title":"«пройтись» — to take a turn","body":"«прошёлся» is the perfective reflexive of «пройтись» ('to take a stroll, walk up and down'), with «по» + dative «по комнате» ('about the room'). The -ся here gives the leisurely, self-contained sense 'to take a turn'. «озабоченно» — 'worriedly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошелся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошелся","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"прошелся","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paced"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошелся","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c4-s158","source":"— Брат, мне нельзя долго оставаться, — сказал, помолчав, Алеша. — Завтра ужасный, великий день для тебя: божий суд над тобой совершится… и вот я удивляюсь, ходишь ты и вместо дела говоришь бог знает о чем.","translation":"— Brother, I can't stay long, — said Alyosha after a silence. — Tomorrow is a dreadful, momentous day for you: God's judgment will be passed upon you… and here I am, amazed — you walk about and, instead of speaking to the point, you talk about God knows what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне нельзя долго оставаться","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «мне нельзя»","body":"«мне нельзя оставаться» — 'I can't / mustn't stay', a classic impersonal: the experiencer in the dative «мне», no nominative subject, the modal «нельзя» + imperfective infinitive. This dative-first framing of states pervades the brothers' speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчав","title":"Perfective gerund «помолчав»","body":"«помолчав» is the perfective past gerund of «помолчать» ('to keep silent a while'): 'after a [short] silence'. The prefix по- here delimits a brief stretch of the action; the gerund sets the pause before «сказал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог знает о чем","title":"Idiom «бог знает о чём»","body":"«бог знает о чём» — 'God knows about what', i.e. 'about heaven knows what, nonsense'. The frozen «бог знает + question word» builds a dismissive indefinite; «о чём» is «о» + prepositional, the case of topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нельзя","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"main verb (predicate) of the clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to нельзя","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"after a pause"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасный","gloss":"momentous"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершится","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совершится","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the суд-clause","gloss":"will be carried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the surprise clause","gloss":"am amazed"},{"surface":"ходишь","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляюсь, coordinated with говоришь","gloss":"you walk about"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ходишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходишь, clausal complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"you talk"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"idiomatic clause, object of говоришь","gloss":"knows","note":"бог знает о чем is an idiom = 'God knows what,' i.e., who knows what."},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c4-s159","source":"— Нет, не удивляйся, — горячо перебил Митя.","translation":"— No, don't be amazed, — Mitya broke in hotly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удивляйся","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не удивляйся» is the negative imperative of the reflexive «удивляться» ('to be surprised'). A negated command normally takes the imperfective — 'don't [be] surprised' — banning the action as a state, not its completion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячо перебил","title":"«перебить» — to cut in","body":"«перебил» (perfective «перебить») here means 'interrupted, broke in', the prefix пере- cutting across another's speech. «горячо» ('hotly, ardently', adverb of «горячий») captures Mitya's fervour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, negates what follows","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивляйся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"удивляйся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be amazed"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to удивляйся","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c4-s160","source":"— Что же мне о смердящем этом псе говорить, что ли? Об убийце?","translation":"— What am I to talk about, that stinking cur, eh? About the murderer?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же мне… говорить, что ли?","title":"Dative + infinitive deliberative + «что ли»","body":"«Что же мне говорить?» is a deliberative impersonal — dative «мне» + infinitive, 'what am I to talk about?'. The tag «что ли?» (from the question particle «ли») adds an exasperated 'eh?, or what?'. «же» sharpens the rhetorical edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о смердящем этом псе","title":"Active participle «смердящий» as epithet","body":"«смердящий» is the present active participle of the archaic «смердеть» ('to stink'), here an adjective: 'this stinking cur (пёс)'. It both insults Smerdyakov and puns on his name — see the wordplay made explicit in s162."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking псе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"смердящем","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies псе","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of псе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"псе","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"cur"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase что ли","gloss":"eh","note":"что ли is a tag-question idiom, roughly 'or what?'"},{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийце","gloss":"About"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided говорить","gloss":"the murderer"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c4-s161","source":"Довольно мы с тобой об этом переговорили.","translation":"We've talked enough about that between us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переговорили","title":"Perfective «переговорить» (exhaustive по-)","body":"«переговорили» (perfective) here means 'we've talked [it all] over, talked enough', the prefix пере- conveying that the topic has been thoroughly covered. «Довольно» ('enough') reinforces the sense of a closed matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переговорили","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переговорили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"переговорили","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have talked"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c4-s162","source":"Не хочу больше о смердящем, сыне Смердящей!","translation":"I don't want any more about the stinking one, the son of Stinking Lizaveta!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сыне Смердящей","title":"Prepositional «сыне» in apposition","body":"«сыне» here is the ordinary modern prepositional singular of «сын» (сын/сына/сыну/сыном/о сыне), in apposition to «смердящем» under the shared preposition «о» — 'about the stinking one, [about] the son of the Stinking woman.' It is not a vocative and carries no special archaic register here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смердящем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"смердящем","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of хочу (via о)","gloss":"the stinking one","note":"Nickname wordplay: смердеть ('to stink') points to Smerdyakov, whose name derives from this root."},{"surface":"сыне","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to смердящем","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Смердящей","lemma":"смердящая","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сыне","gloss":"of Stinking Lizaveta","note":"Refers to Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya ('Stinking Lizaveta'), Smerdyakov's mother."}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c4-s163","source":"Его бог убьет, вот увидишь, молчи!","translation":"God will strike him down, you'll see — say no more!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его бог убьет","title":"Object-first word order + perfective future","body":"«Его» ('him', accusative) leads the clause for emphasis, before subject «бог» and verb «убьёт» — 'him God will strike down'. «убьёт» is the perfective future ('will kill/strike'), naming a single decisive future act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчи","title":"Imperative «молчи»","body":"«молчи» is the singular imperative of «молчать» ('to be silent'): 'be quiet! / say no more!'. Built on the consonant-final stem with stressed -и, it is a curt, urgent command sealing Mitya's outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидишь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"you'll see"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, parenthetical","gloss":"hush"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c4-s164","source":"Он в волнении подошел к Алеше и вдруг поцеловал его. Глаза его загорелись.","translation":"In his agitation he stepped over to Alyosha and suddenly kissed him. His eyes blazed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел к Алеше","title":"Prefixed motion «подойти» + «к»","body":"«подошёл» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти' ('to approach, come up to'), the prefix под- giving 'up to'. It governs «к» + dative «к Алёше» — 'stepped up to Alyosha'. Then «поцеловал» (perfective) marks the single act of kissing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его загорелись","title":"Inceptive «загореться»","body":"«загорелись» is the perfective reflexive of «загореться' ('to catch fire, flare up'), the prefix за- marking the onset: 'his eyes blazed up'. The -ся gives the intransitive, spontaneous 'flared' from transitive 'kindle'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of загорелись","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"загорелись","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blazed"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c4-s165","source":"— Ракитин этого не поймет, — начал он весь как бы в каком-то восторге, — а ты, ты всё поймешь.","translation":"— Rakitin would never understand this, — he began, all caught up as if in some kind of rapture, — but you, you'll understand everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитин этого не поймет","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"«не поймёт этого» — 'won't understand this': under negation the object «это» shifts to the genitive «этого», the regular genitive-of-negation with an abstract object. «поймёт» is the perfective future of «понять'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь как бы в каком-то восторге","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«в каком-то восторге» — 'in some kind of rapture': «какой-то» marks a real but unspecified state. «как бы» ('as if, sort of') hedges it further — Dostoevsky's narrator constantly softens psychological description with these approximating particles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to поймет","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies восторге","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторге","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то (indefinite suffix)","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"fronted topic, subject of поймешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймешь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поймет","gloss":"will understand"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c4-s166","source":"Оттого и жаждал тебя.","translation":"That's why I've been longing for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждал тебя","title":"«жаждать» + genitive","body":"«жаждал» (imperfective past of «жаждать», 'to thirst for, crave') is an elevated, almost biblical verb governing the genitive of its object — «тебя» ('for you'). The high register matches Mitya's exalted mood. «Оттого» — 'that's why'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"That's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, emphatic","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, subject я elided from context","gloss":"longed for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c4-s167","source":"Видишь, я давно хотел тебе многое здесь, в этих облезлых стенах выразить, но молчал о главнейшем: время как будто всё еще не приходило.","translation":"You see, I've long wanted to tell you a great deal here, within these peeling walls, but I kept silent about the most important thing: it was as if the time still hadn't come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчал о главнейшем","title":"Superlative «главнейшее» (suffix -ейш-)","body":"«главнейшем» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «главный» ('chief'), -ейш- giving 'the very most important [thing]', here a substantivised neuter in the prepositional after «о». This -ейший superlative is markedly literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"время как будто всё еще не приходило","title":"Imperfective «приходило» + «как будто»","body":"«не приходило» (imperfective past of «приходить') — 'the time still hadn't [been] coming', a process repeatedly failing to arrive, softer than the perfective «не пришло'. «как будто» ('as if') frames it as the speaker's impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to хотел","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of стенах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"облезлых","lemma":"облезлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"peeling"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразить","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to express"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главнейшем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"главнейшем","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"the most important thing"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приходило","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё еще (still), modifies приходило","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходило","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel clause to молчал","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c4-s168","source":"Дождался теперь последнего срока, чтобы тебе душу вылить.","translation":"Now I've waited for the final hour, to pour out my soul to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы тебе душу вылить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes the infinitive, not a past-form clause: «чтобы… вылить» — 'in order to pour out'. «душу вылить» (object before verb) — 'to pour out [my] soul'; «тебе» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"последнего срока","title":"«срок» — the appointed term","body":"«срок» means 'a set term, deadline, appointed time'. «Дождался последнего срока» — 'I waited for the final hour/term', genitive after «дождаться» ('to wait until [something] comes'). The word carries a fated, eleventh-hour weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дождался","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject я elided from context","gloss":"I've waited for"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дождался","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срока","gloss":"the final"},{"surface":"срока","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object (genitive) of Дождался","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вылить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вылить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вылить","gloss":"my soul"},{"surface":"вылить","lemma":"вылить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Дождался","gloss":"to pour out"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c4-s169","source":"Брат, я в себе в эти два последние месяца нового человека ощутил, воскрес во мне новый человек!","translation":"Brother, in these last two months I've sensed a new man within me, a new man has risen up in me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскрес во мне новый человек","title":"«воскреснуть» — to rise from the dead","body":"«воскрес» is the perfective past of «воскреснуть» ('to rise again, be resurrected'), an intransitive verb of profound religious charge. Word order delays the subject «новый человек» to the stressed end: 'a new man has risen in me' — the spiritual rebirth theme of the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощутил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощутил","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ощутил","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"ощутил","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"воскрес","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ощутил","gloss":"has risen"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскрес","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскрес","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c4-s170","source":"Был заключен во мне, но никогда бы не явился, если бы не этот гром.","translation":"He was shut up inside me, but he would never have appeared if it weren't for this thunderbolt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда бы не явился, если бы не этот гром","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A past-counterfactual: «никогда бы не явился, если бы не…» — 'would never have appeared if it weren't for…'. Both clauses use past-form verbs + «бы»; «если бы не» ('if not for') frames the indispensable cause. «никогда… не» is negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был заключен во мне","title":"Short passive participle «заключён»","body":"«был заключён» is the periphrastic passive: «был» + short past passive participle «заключён» ('was shut up, confined'). The participle states a result — the new man 'was [kept] locked inside me'. «гром» ('thunder') stands for the catastrophe that broke him open."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заключен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заключен","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject он (the new man) elided","gloss":"confined"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of явился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключен","gloss":"have appeared"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase если бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates этот гром (if not for)","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гром","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"гром","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided conditional verb","gloss":"thunderbolt"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c4-s171","source":"Страшно!","translation":"Terrifying!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшно!","title":"Impersonal predicative «страшно»","body":"«Страшно!» as a one-word sentence is the impersonal predicative — 'it's terrifying / [I'm] frightened'. These neuter -о forms head subjectless states (мне страшно, страшно жить) and stand alone as exclamations of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Terrifying"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c4-s172","source":"И что мне в том, что в рудниках буду двадцать лет молотком руду выколачивать, не боюсь я этого вовсе, а другое мне страшно теперь: чтобы не отошел от меня воскресший человек!","translation":"And what does it matter to me that I'll spend twenty years in the mines pounding ore out with a hammer — I'm not afraid of that at all; it's something else that terrifies me now: that the resurrected man might desert me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что мне в том, что…","title":"Dative impersonal «что мне в том»","body":"«Что мне в том, что…» — 'what is it to me that…', an idiomatic impersonal: dative «мне» + «в том» (prepositional), 'what does it matter to me'. It dismisses the prospect of hard labour as nothing beside his real fear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не отошел от меня воскресший человек","title":"«чтобы не…» of feared outcome + participle","body":"After «страшно» ('[I'm] afraid'), «чтобы не отошёл» expresses the dreaded outcome: 'that the resurrected man not desert me' (past-form irrealis with «чтобы не»). «воскресший» is the past active participle of «воскреснуть» — 'the [one who has] risen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, elided copula (что мне в том = what does it matter to me)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of что","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of что (idiom что мне в том, что...)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выколачивать, explains том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рудниках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рудниках","lemma":"рудник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выколачивать","gloss":"the mines"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of выколачивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выколачивать, duration","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"молотком","lemma":"молоток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of выколачивать","gloss":"with a hammer"},{"surface":"руду","lemma":"руда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выколачивать","gloss":"ore"},{"surface":"выколачивать","lemma":"выколачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, modifies том","gloss":"pounding out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of страшно","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of страшно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"is terrifying"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of страшно","gloss":"might desert"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"воскресший","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отошел","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c4-s173","source":"Можно найти и там, в рудниках, под землею, рядом с собой, в таком же каторжном и убийце человеческое сердце и сойтись с ним, потому что и там можно жить, и любить, и страдать!","translation":"Even there, in the mines, under the earth, right beside you, in another convict and murderer, you can find a human heart and draw close to it, because there too you can live, and love, and suffer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно найти… и сойтись","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitives","body":"«Можно найти… и сойтись» — 'one can find… and grow close', the impersonal modal «можно' ('it is possible') + perfective infinitives, with no subject. «сойтись» is the perfective reflexive 'to come together, become close'. The whole sentence is a generalised, subjectless meditation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каторжном и убийце","title":"«каторжный» — convict","body":"«каторжный» (here substantivised, 'a convict, hard-labour prisoner') derives from «каторга», penal servitude. Paired with «убийце» ('murderer', dative/prepositional), it names the lowest of fellow-sufferers in whom Mitya insists a «человеческое сердце» can be found."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найти","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рудниках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рудниках","lemma":"рудник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with там","gloss":"the mines"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землею","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with там","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with там","gloss":"right beside"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторжном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of каторжном","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таком","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"каторжном","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рудниках (object of в)","gloss":"convict"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with каторжном","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"человеческое","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with найти","gloss":"draw close"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the subordinate clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"suffer"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c4-s174","source":"Можно возродить и воскресить в этом каторжном человеке замершее сердце, можно ухаживать за ним годы и выбить наконец из вертепа на свет уже душу высокую, страдальческое сознание, возродить ангела, воскресить героя!","translation":"You can revive and resurrect a frozen heart in that convict, you can tend to him for years and at last bring out of the den into the light a lofty soul, a consciousness ennobled by suffering, you can revive an angel, resurrect a hero!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возродить… воскресить… ухаживать… выбить","title":"Chained infinitives under «можно»","body":"A cascade of infinitives governed by «можно»: «возродить» ('revive'), «воскресить» ('resurrect'), «ухаживать» ('tend' — imperfective, for the long process), «выбить» ('strike out, bring out'). The mix of perfective acts and imperfective tending builds the visionary rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замершее сердце","title":"Past active participle «замерший»","body":"«замершее» is the past active participle of «замереть» ('to freeze, go numb, die down'), agreeing with neuter «сердце»: 'a heart that has frozen / gone dead'. The participle packs a whole relative clause into one image of a deadened heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вертепа","title":"«вертеп» — den","body":"«вертеп» means 'a den, lair (of vice)', and resonantly also 'the cave of the Nativity' in church usage. «выбить из вертепа на свет» — 'to bring out of the den into the light' — sets squalor against redemptive light, a charged Dostoevskian antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"возродить","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"revive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воскресить","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with возродить","gloss":"resurrect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"каторжном","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"convict"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возродить/воскресить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"замершее","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возродить","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with Можно","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"ухаживать","lemma":"ухаживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"tend"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухаживать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying ухаживать","gloss":"for years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выбить","lemma":"выбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ухаживать","gloss":"bring out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбить","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вертепа","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"вертепа","lemma":"вертеп","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбить","gloss":"the den"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбить","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбить","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"высокую","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"страдальческое","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with душу (direct object of выбить)","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"возродить","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ухаживать","gloss":"revive"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возродить","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"воскресить","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ухаживать","gloss":"resurrect"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воскресить","gloss":"a hero"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c4-s175","source":"А их ведь много, их сотни, и все мы за них виноваты!","translation":"And there are many of them, you know, hundreds of them, and we are all to blame for them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А их ведь много","title":"«много» + genitive plural «их»","body":"«их много» — 'there are many of them': the quantity word «много» governs the genitive «их», in an existential 'there is/are' frame with no nominative subject. «ведь» again appeals to Alyosha's assent ('there are many, you know')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все мы за них виноваты","title":"«виноват» (short adj.) + «за»","body":"«виноваты» is the short predicative form of «виноватый» ('guilty, to blame'); «за них» ('for them', «за» + accusative) names whom the guilt is for. This 'all are guilty for all' formula («все за всех виноваты», s180) is the novel's moral keynote."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of сотни","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"сотни","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноваты","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"are to blame"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c4-s176","source":"Зачем мне тогда приснилось «дитё» в такую минуту?","translation":"Why did I dream of the 'wee one' at such a moment?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне приснилось «дитё»","title":"Dative-subject «приснилось»","body":"«мне приснилось» — 'I dreamed', literally 'it dreamed itself to me': the dreamer is the dative «мне», the thing dreamed («дитё») the grammatical subject, the verb reflexive perfective. A textbook dative-experiencer construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитё","title":"«дитё» — the 'wee one'","body":"«дитё» is the folk/colloquial form of «дитя» ('child, babe'). It echoes the weeping peasant baby of Mitya's dream — the «дитё» whose suffering crystallises his sense of universal guilt. The non-standard spelling marks the peasant register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приснилось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приснилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приснилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приснилось","lemma":"присниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did dream"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приснилось","gloss":"the wee one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приснилось","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c4-s177","source":"«Отчего бедно дитё?»","translation":"'Why is the wee one poor?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего бедно дитё?","title":"«отчего» + short adjective «бедно»","body":"«Отчего?» ('why, for what cause?') opens the dream's question; «бедно» is the neuter short adjective of «бедный» ('poor'), predicating the state of «дитё': 'why is the wee one poor?'. The bare, copula-less short form gives it the starkness of an oracle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бедно","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бедно","gloss":"the wee one"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c4-s178","source":"Это пророчество мне было в ту минуту!","translation":"That was a prophecy to me in that moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это пророчество мне было","title":"Dative of recipient + zero-copula past","body":"«Это… мне было пророчество» — 'this was a prophecy to me': «мне» (dative) marks the one to whom it was given. «было» is the past of «быть»; in the present this 'X is Y' frame would use no copula at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пророчество","lemma":"пророчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominative complement of было","gloss":"a prophecy"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это and пророчество","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c4-s179","source":"За «дитё» и пойду.","translation":"It's for the 'wee one' that I'll go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За «дитё» и пойду","title":"Fronted «за» + emphatic «и» + perfective future","body":"«За \"дитё\"» ('for the wee one', «за» + accusative of cause) is fronted for emphasis; «и пойду» — the particle «и» ('precisely') plus the perfective future «пойду» ('I'll go [to prison]'). 'It's for the wee one that I'll go' — his suffering accepted as expiation."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"the wee one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying пойду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will go"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c4-s180","source":"Потому что все за всех виноваты.","translation":"Because all are to blame for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все за всех виноваты","title":"«все за всех» — all for all","body":"«все за всех виноваты» — 'all are guilty for all', short adjective «виноваты» + «за» + accusative «всех». The chiastic «все… всех» distils Zosima's (and the novel's) doctrine of universal, shared responsibility. «Потому что» ('because') makes it the ground of Mitya's whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of виноваты","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноваты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are to blame"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c4-s181","source":"За всех «дитё», потому что есть малые дети и большие дети.","translation":"For all the 'wee ones,' because there are little children and big children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитё","title":"«дитё» — the wee one","body":"«дитё» is a colloquial, folk-tinged variant of the bookish «дитя» (child); the colloquial nominative «дитё» feels warm and rustic. It is the keyword of the whole passage — the suffering peasant child of Mitya's dream — which is why it sits in quotation marks each time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что","title":"«потому что» — because","body":"«потому что» (because) opens a subordinate clause of cause, always set off by the comma you see here. Mitya stacks these causal clauses across the speech, building his moral logic step by reasoned step."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дитё","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wee ones"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"малые","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дети","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c4-s182","source":"Все — «дитё».","translation":"All of them are the 'wee one.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все — «дитё».","title":"The dash for a dropped 'are'","body":"Russian uses no present-tense copula, so 'all of them are the wee one' is just «Все — дитё», with a dash standing in for the missing 'are' between two nominatives. The bare juxtaposition gives the line its flat, oracular finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дитё","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominative, head of the phrase","gloss":"the wee one"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c4-s183","source":"За всех и пойду, потому что надобно же кому-нибудь и за всех пойти.","translation":"I'll go for all of them, because someone has to go for all the rest as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойду","title":"«пойду» — I'll go (perfective future)","body":"«пойду» is the perfective verb «пойти» conjugated like a present, which yields a single, completed future action — 'I will go.' Mitya means one decisive act of going to Siberia, not an ongoing process, and the perfective makes that resolve audible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надобно же кому-нибудь","title":"Impersonal «надобно» + dative + «же»","body":"«надобно» (an archaic, folksy 'one must / it is needful') is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject; the obligated person stands in the dative «кому-нибудь» ('someone'). The particle «же» insists — 'someone, after all, simply has to' — coloring the necessity with appeal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кому-нибудь","title":"«-нибудь» — anyone at all","body":"The clitic «-нибудь» on «кому» makes the referent non-specific: 'someone or other, anyone at all.' Mitya isn't naming a person — anybody must take the burden, and he volunteers."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying пойду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of надобно","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the subordinate clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of надобно (with нибудь: 'someone')","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with кому","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c4-s184","source":"Я не убил отца, но мне надо пойти. Принимаю!","translation":"I didn't kill our father, but I must go. I accept it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не убил отца","title":"Genitive of negation: «отца»","body":"Under the negated verb «не убил», 'father' would naturally surface in the genitive — and «отца» is both accusative and genitive for this animate noun. The negation pulls the object out of the simple accusative frame: 'I did not kill (any) father.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне надо пойти","title":"Dative-subject obligation «мне надо»","body":"«надо» (one must) is impersonal: the person who must act stands in the dative «мне», and there is no nominative 'I.' This experiencer-first framing — 'to me it is needful to go' — is the texture of Mitya's whole confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Принимаю!","title":"«Принимаю!» — I accept it","body":"The bare first-person present «Принимаю» drops the pronoun 'I' entirely — the ending alone carries the person. The imperfective present here is performative: in saying it, Mitya enacts his acceptance of the suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"our father"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I accept"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c4-s185","source":"Мне это здесь всё пришло… вот в этих облезлых стенах.","translation":"All of this came to me here… here within these peeling walls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне это здесь всё пришло","title":"Dative of the experiencer with «пришло»","body":"The thought 'came to' Mitya: the verb «пришло» (perfective, neuter past agreeing with «это») is impersonal-feeling, with Mitya in the dative «мне» as the one it happened to. The piling of «это… всё» ('this… all') around the dative is the inner-life syntax Dostoevsky loves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облезлых стенах","title":"«облезлый» — peeling, shabby","body":"«облезлый» means flaked, mangy, peeling — said of fur that has shed or paint that has come off. The prison cell's «облезлые стены» become a refrain (it returns in s196), the squalid walls in which Mitya's revelation is born."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришло","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пришло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это (subject of пришло)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of стенах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"облезлых","lemma":"облезлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"peeling"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to здесь","gloss":"walls"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c4-s186","source":"А их ведь много, их там сотни, подземных-то, с молотками в руках.","translation":"And there are many of them, you know, hundreds of them down there, underground, with hammers in their hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их ведь много","title":"Particle «ведь» — you know, after all","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, nudging Alyosha to grant what Mitya says: 'there are many of them, you know.' English can only render it with intonation or a tag like 'after all.' Note too the genitive «их» governed by the quantifier «много» (many)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подземных-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «подземных» highlights a known topic — 'those underground ones, I mean' — singling them out with a colloquial, insistent finger-point. It is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it just foregrounds."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of сотни","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотни","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сотни","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"подземных","lemma":"подземный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies их (them, underground)","gloss":"underground"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to подземных","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молотками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молотками","lemma":"молоток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сотни","gloss":"hammers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies молотками","gloss":"their hands"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c4-s187","source":"О да, мы будем в цепях, и не будет воли, но тогда, в великом горе нашем, мы вновь воскреснем в радость, без которой человеку жить невозможно, а богу быть, ибо бог дает радость, это его привилегия, великая…","translation":"Oh yes, we'll be in chains, and there will be no freedom, but then, in our great sorrow, we'll rise again into the joy without which a man cannot live, nor God exist, for God gives joy, it is His prerogative, a great one…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будет воли","title":"Genitive subject of negated existence","body":"With negated «не будет» (there will not be), the absent thing goes obligatorily into the genitive: «воли», not nominative «воля». This is the genitive of negation in its existential use — 'of freedom there will be none.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскреснем в радость, без которой","title":"Relative «которой» in the genitive","body":"«без которой» — 'without which' — shows «который» agreeing with its antecedent «радость» (feminine) but taking the genitive its own preposition «без» demands. The relative clause threads the joy back as the very condition of living."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человеку жить невозможно, а богу быть","title":"Dative subject across both halves","body":"Both clauses are impersonal datives: 'for a man (человеку) to live is impossible, and for God (богу) to be.' The parallel datives bind man and God in a single grammatical breath — neither can do without joy — a fusion only the case can carry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic-biblical conjunction for 'for / because,' at home in Scripture and sermon rather than speech. Mitya reaches for it as his rapture rises, lending the line a liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation modifying да","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to будем","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb governing цепях","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цепях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"цепях","lemma":"цепь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of будем","gloss":"chains"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будем","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of будет","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскреснем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскреснем","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскреснем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскреснем","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"воскреснем","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with будем","gloss":"will rise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радость","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскреснем","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to радость, object of без","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of жить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying радость","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of быть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to exist"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дает","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of привилегия","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of привилегия","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"привилегия","lemma":"привилегия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"prerogative"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привилегия","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c4-s188","source":"Господи, истай человек в молитве!","translation":"Lord, let a man melt away in prayer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господи","title":"Vocative «Господи» — O Lord","body":"«Господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (Lord), used only in direct address and prayer. Set off from the clause, it turns the exclamation into something between an oath and a supplication."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истай","title":"«истай» — melt utterly away","body":"«истай» is the imperative of «истаять», to melt or waste entirely away — the prefix «ис-» pushes the melting to completion. The wish 'let a man melt away in prayer' is mystical and self-annihilating, an image of the soul dissolving into God."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"истай человек в молитве","title":"Imperative as a wish","body":"The bare imperative «истай» here is not an order to one listener but a generalizing wish — 'let a man melt away…' — a common Russian use of the imperative to express 'may it be so.' The location «в молитве» (in prayer) sits in the prepositional after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"истай","lemma":"истаять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"melt away"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of истай","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истай","gloss":"prayer"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c4-s189","source":"Как я буду там под землей без бога?","translation":"How will I get on down there underground without God?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как я буду там… без бога","title":"Compound future «буду» (imperfective)","body":"«буду» + the implied 'live / get on' is the imperfective compound future — an ongoing, drawn-out existence rather than a single act. «без бога» (without God) takes the genitive that «без» governs; the whole question fears a long life emptied of God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies землей","gloss":"down there"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c4-s190","source":"Врет Ракитин: если бога с земли изгонят, мы под землей его сретим!","translation":"Rakitin lies: if they drive God off the earth, we'll meet Him underground!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Врет Ракитин","title":"Verb-first word order for emphasis","body":"Putting the verb «врёт» (lies) before the subject «Ракитин» throws the weight onto the accusation itself — 'Lying, that Rakitin is.' Free word order lets Russian foreground the comment; the topic 'Rakitin' arrives second as old news."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бога… изгонят, мы… сретим","title":"Real conditional with «если» + perfective future","body":"This is a real (not hypothetical) condition: «если» plus the perfective future «изгонят» ('if they drive out') in the if-clause, answered by the perfective future «сретим» in the main clause. Both verbs name single completed acts — drive God off, meet Him below."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сретим","title":"«сретим» — we shall meet (Slavonic)","body":"«сретить» is the Church-Slavonic doublet of ordinary «встретить» (to meet) — the same root behind «Сретение», the Orthodox feast of the Meeting of the Lord. Its solemn, sacred coloring is exactly why Mitya chooses it over the everyday word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Врет","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изгонят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изгонят","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изгонят","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"изгонят","lemma":"изгнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сретим","gloss":"they drive"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сретим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сретим","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сретим","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"сретим","lemma":"сретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will meet"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c4-s191","source":"Каторжному без бога быть невозможно, невозможнее даже, чем некаторжному!","translation":"For a convict it's impossible to be without God, more impossible even than for a man who is not a convict!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каторжному без бога быть невозможно","title":"Dative subject «каторжному»","body":"The impersonal frame again: 'for a convict (каторжному, dative) to be without God is impossible.' The substantivized adjective «каторжный» ('convict') declines like an adjective and stands as the dative experiencer of the impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невозможнее даже, чем некаторжному","title":"Comparative «невозможнее»","body":"«невозможнее» is the predicative comparative in «-ее» — 'more impossible' — a deliberately paradoxical intensification of an absolute. The thing compared follows «чем» in the same dative case as the first term («некаторжному», 'a non-convict')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каторжному… некаторжному","title":"«каторжный» and the coined «некаторжный»","body":"A «каторжный» is a hard-labor convict, from «каторга» (penal servitude). Mitya playfully coins its negative «некаторжный», 'a non-convict,' a free man — the prefix «не-» minting an opposite that the language doesn't normally need."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каторжному","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject, indirect object of невозможно","gloss":"a convict"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject infinitive of невозможно","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"невозможнее","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"more impossible"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем-clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"некаторжному","lemma":"некаторжный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможнее","gloss":"a non-convict"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c4-s192","source":"И тогда мы, подземные человеки, запоем из недр земли трагический гимн богу, у которого радость!","translation":"And then we, the men of the underground, will strike up out of the bowels of the earth a tragic hymn to God, in whom there is joy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"запоем","title":"«запоём» — strike up (inceptive perfective)","body":"«запоём» is the perfective future of «запеть», whose prefix «за-» marks the beginning of an action — 'we'll burst into / strike up' a song. The perfective makes it a single decisive onset, the convicts breaking into their hymn all at once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из недр земли","title":"«недра» — the bowels of the earth","body":"«недра» (a plural-only noun) means the womb, depths, or bowels of something — here «недра земли», the earth's interior, the mine's depths. The phrase fuses the literal underground of the penal mines with the figurative depths from which the hymn ascends."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запоем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запоем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"подземные","lemma":"подземный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies человеки","gloss":"underground"},{"surface":"человеки","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"запоем","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will strike up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недр","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"недр","lemma":"недра","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies запоем","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недр","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"трагический","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гимн","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запоем","gloss":"hymn"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of запоем","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"in whom"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у, relative clause modifying богу","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate subject of the relative clause (у которого)","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c4-s193","source":"Да здравствует бог и его радость! Люблю его!","translation":"Long live God and His joy! I love Him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да здравствует","title":"«Да здравствует» — long live","body":"«Да здравствует» is the fixed acclamation 'long live…', literally 'may (he) be in health' — the «да» + third-person verb is an old optative ('let it be that…'). It is the cry of a toast or a proclamation, here turned godward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"optative particle with здравствует","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"здравствует","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здравствует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бог","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Люблю","gloss":"Him"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c4-s194","source":"Митя, произнося свою дикую речь, почти задыхался. Он побледнел, губы его вздрагивали, из глаз катились слезы.","translation":"Mitya, as he delivered his wild speech, was almost choking. He had gone pale, his lips were trembling, and tears rolled from his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнося свою дикую речь","title":"Present gerund «произнося»","body":"«произнося» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «произносить» — 'while delivering.' It pins a simultaneous, ongoing action to the main verb «задыхался», all sharing Mitya as subject: as he was speaking, he was choking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побледнел… вздрагивали… катились","title":"Perfective onset against imperfective process","body":"Aspect choreographs the moment: perfective «побледнел» ('went pale,' a single change of state) against imperfective «вздрагивали» and «катились» ('were trembling,' 'were rolling,' ongoing). One snap, then two sustained tremors — the verbs paint the body's collapse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою дикую речь","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» (his own) is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the clause's subject, Mitya — 'his own wild speech.' Russian prefers «свой» over «его» here precisely to keep the speech his and not someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"произнося","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Митя","gloss":"delivering"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дикую","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of произнося","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was choking"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone pale"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вздрагивали","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вздрагивали","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побледнел","gloss":"were trembling"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of катились","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"катились","lemma":"катиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побледнел","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of катились","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c4-s195","source":"— Нет, жизнь полна, жизнь есть и под землею! — начал он опять.","translation":"— No, life is full, there is life even under the earth! — he began again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жизнь есть и под землею","title":"Rare overt copula «есть»","body":"Russian usually omits the present 'is,' but here the explicit «есть» ('there is') asserts bare existence emphatically — 'life there IS, even under the earth.' The particle «и» before «под землею» means 'even,' pushing the claim to its limit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал он опять","title":"Inverted speech tag «начал он»","body":"The narrative tag puts verb before subject — «начал он» ('began he') — the conventional inversion after direct speech in 19th-century prose. «начал» is perfective: a single resumption of the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation parallel to полна","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полна","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"полна","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is full"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полна","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies землею","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землею","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c4-s196","source":"— Ты не поверишь, Алексей, как я теперь жить хочу, какая жажда существовать и сознавать именно в этих облезлых стенах во мне зародилась!","translation":"— You wouldn't believe it, Alexei, how I long to live now, what a thirst to exist and to be aware has been born in me, precisely within these peeling walls!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не поверишь","title":"Perfective future «поверишь»","body":"«поверишь» is the perfective future of «поверить» (to believe) — 'you won't believe.' The perfective frames belief as a single act that won't manage to happen, a colloquial opener of astonishment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жажда… во мне зародилась","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: a state born of itself","body":"«зародилась» (от «зародиться») carries the reflexive «-ся» that makes it intransitive and middle: the thirst 'was conceived / came to birth' in him, with no external agent. The «-ся» lets the inner change arise on its own, as if from nowhere."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алексей","title":"Full name «Алексей» vs «Алёша»","body":"Mitya here uses the full «Алексей» rather than the affectionate «Алёша» he so often calls his brother. The shift to the formal name lends the address a momentary solemnity, matching the gravity of his confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверишь","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, object of поверишь","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зародилась","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"существовать","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of жажда","gloss":"to exist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сознавать","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with существовать","gloss":"to be aware"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of стенах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"облезлых","lemma":"облезлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"peeling"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зародилась","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of зародилась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"зародилась","lemma":"зародиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочу, object of поверишь","gloss":"has been born"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c4-s197","source":"Ракитин этого не понимает, ему бы только дом выстроить да жильцов пустить, но я ждал тебя.","translation":"Rakitin doesn't understand this — all he wants is to put up a house and take in lodgers — but I was waiting for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему бы только дом выстроить","title":"«бы» of the merely-wished","body":"«ему бы только… выstroить» uses the particle «бы» with a dative + infinitive to express what someone would just like to do — 'all he'd want is to build a house.' The construction frames Rakitin's whole soul as a small, self-interested wish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жильцов пустить","title":"«пустить жильцов» — take in lodgers","body":"«пустить жильцов» is to let in tenants/lodgers — a petty money-making scheme. Mitya throws it at Rakitin as the emblem of his small, mercenary mind: «жильцов» is animate genitive-accusative plural, the lodgers as objects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да жильцов пустить","title":"Folksy «да» for 'and'","body":"Here «да» joins two verbs as a colloquial, slightly disdainful 'and' — 'build a house AND take in lodgers.' This «да» (distinct from «да» 'yes') gives the catalog of Rakitin's ambitions a dismissive, folk ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of выстроить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with выстроить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выстроить","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"выстроить","lemma":"выстроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ему бы","gloss":"build"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жильцов","lemma":"жилец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пустить","gloss":"lodgers"},{"surface":"пустить","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выстроить","gloss":"take in"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимает","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c4-s198","source":"Да и что такое страдание? Не боюсь его, хотя бы оно было бесчисленно.","translation":"And anyway, what is suffering? I'm not afraid of it, even if it were beyond counting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не боюсь его","title":"«бояться» + genitive object «его»","body":"«бояться» (to fear) is one of the verbs that exist only in the reflexive «-ся» form and governs the genitive: «его» here is genitive, not accusative — 'I am not afraid of it.' The dropped subject is recoverable from the ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы оно было бесчисленно","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + irrealis","body":"«хотя бы… было» means 'even if it were' — the particle «бы» joins the past-form «было» to make a concessive hypothetical. The short neuter adjective «бесчисленно» ('beyond counting') predicates the imagined boundless suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom with Да, emphatic","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause, complement of страдание","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (copula)","role":"copula linking to бесчисленно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бесчисленно","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective with было","gloss":"boundless"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c4-s199","source":"Теперь не боюсь, прежде боялся.","translation":"Now I'm not afraid, though once I was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь не боюсь, прежде боялся.","title":"Present vs imperfective past","body":"The line pivots on tense alone: present «не боюсь» ('now I'm not afraid') against imperfective past «боялся» ('before, I was afraid'). The imperfective past names a past habitual state, neatly setting 'then' against 'now' with no extra words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"was afraid"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c4-s200","source":"Знаешь, я, может быть, не буду и отвечать на суде…","translation":"You know, perhaps I won't even answer at the trial…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я… не буду и отвечать","title":"Imperfective future «не буду отвечать»","body":"«не буду отвечать» is the imperfective compound future — a refusal of an ongoing activity, 'I won't be answering / I won't answer at all.' The particle «и» ('even') stresses the surprising extent: perhaps I won't even respond."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"может быть","title":"«может быть» — perhaps","body":"«может быть» (literally 'it may be') is the frozen parenthetical for 'maybe, perhaps,' set off by commas. It softens the bold claim into a half-formed thought, typical of Mitya's reeling, tentative manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть, modifies the clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of отвечать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies отвечать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"the trial"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c4-s201","source":"И, кажется, столько во мне этой силы теперь, что я всё поборю, все страдания, только чтобы сказать и говорить себе поминутно: я есмь!","translation":"And it seems there is so much of this strength in me now that I'll overcome everything, all the sufferings, only to be able to say and to tell myself every minute: I am!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я есмь","title":"Archaic 'I am'","body":"Modern Russian normally drops the present-tense verb 'to be': «я» alone means 'I am.' Here Mitya uses the archaic, Church-Slavonic form «есмь» (the old first-person of «быть»), which sounds solemn and biblical — we render it with the bare, emphatic 'I am' so the line keeps its declaratory, almost liturgical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столько во мне этой силы","title":"Quantifier «столько» + genitive","body":"«столько… силы» — 'so much strength' — puts the measured noun in the genitive after the quantity word «столько». The fronting of «столько во мне этой силы» before the «что»-clause builds the sense of overflow that the sentence is about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я всё поборю… только чтобы сказать","title":"«что» of result, «чтобы» of purpose","body":"Two subordinators carry the load: «что» introduces the consequence ('so much strength that I'll overcome…'), while «чтобы» + infinitive gives the purpose ('only in order to say'). The «что/чтобы» contrast — fact versus willed aim — is exactly visible here."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier correlating with что-clause, modifies силы","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement (location)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by столько","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поборю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поборю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"direct object of поборю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поборю","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will overcome"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of страдания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with всё, direct object of поборю","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying поборю","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказать","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есмь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (archaic)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c4-s202","source":"В тысяче мук — я есмь, в пытке корчусь — но есмь!","translation":"In a thousand torments — I am; writhing under torture — but I am!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в пытке корчусь","title":"Reflexive «корчусь» — I writhe","body":"«корчусь» (от «корчиться») is a «-ся» verb of bodily middle action — to writhe, contort oneself — with no object, the suffering turned inward on the body. «в пытке» (in/under torture) sits in the prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но есмь","title":"«но есмь» — but I am","body":"Mitya drops even the pronoun and leaves only the archaic «есмь» — 'but I am.' Stripped to the bare verb of being, the line becomes a defiant ontological cry against the torment named just before."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мук","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мук","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есмь","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есмь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (archaic)","role":"main verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пытке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пытке","lemma":"пытка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of корчусь","gloss":"torture"},{"surface":"корчусь","lemma":"корчиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есмь","gloss":"I writhe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (archaic)","role":"coordinated with корчусь","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c4-s203","source":"В столпе сижу, но и я существую, солнце вижу, а не вижу солнца, то знаю, что оно есть.","translation":"Sitting on a pillar, still I exist, I see the sun; and if I can't see the sun, I know that it exists.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вижу солнце, а не вижу солнца","title":"Accusative vs genitive of negation","body":"The pair turns on case: affirmed, the sun is accusative «солнце» («вижу солнце»); negated, it slips to genitive «солнца» («не вижу солнца»). The genitive of negation is doing precise work — 'I see the sun; and if I do not see (any) sun…'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столпе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столпе","lemma":"столп","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"the pillar"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies существую","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of существую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"существую","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with существую","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative marking result, modifies знаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with существую","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"exists"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c4-s204","source":"А знать, что есть солнце, — это уже вся жизнь.","translation":"And to know that the sun exists — that is already a whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знать, что есть солнце, — это уже вся жизнь","title":"Infinitive subject resumed by «это»","body":"The infinitive «знать» ('to know') serves as the sentence's subject, then is gathered up by «это» before the predicate — 'to know… that is already a whole life.' The dash + «это» is the standard way Russian nominalizes and re-points an infinitive clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause, subject complement equated with жизнь via это","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun, subject","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, complement of это","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c4-s205","source":"Алеша, херувим ты мой, меня убивают разные философии, черт их дери! Брат Иван…","translation":"Alyosha, my cherub, all these philosophies are killing me, the devil take them! Brother Ivan…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"херувим ты мой","title":"«херувим» — my cherub","body":"«херувим» (cherub, from the Hebrew via Church Slavonic) is a tender epithet for the angelic Alyosha. The folk-affectionate word order «херувим ты мой» (cherub-you-mine) wraps the address in warmth — a caress in three words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт их дери","title":"«чёрт их дери» — the devil take them","body":"«чёрт их дери» (literally 'may the devil tear them') is a stock mild curse, here aimed at the «философии». The jolt from cherub-tenderness to a peasant oath in one breath is pure Mitya — sacred and profane jammed together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня убивают разные философии","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«меня убивают разные философии» fronts the object «меня» ('me') before the verb and subject — 'me they are killing, these various philosophies.' The accusative «меня» can lead precisely because case, not position, marks who suffers the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative with ты (implied copula)","gloss":"cherub"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied copula, херувим predicate","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of херувим","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убивают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убивают","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are killing"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies философии","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"философии","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of убивают","gloss":"philosophies"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address governing imperative дери (idiom)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"idiomatic imperative, main verb of exclamation","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c4-s206","source":"— Что брат Иван? — перебил было Алеша, но Митя не расслышал.","translation":"— What about brother Ivan? — Alyosha tried to break in, but Mitya didn't hear him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перебил было Алеша","title":"The particle «было» — the action nipped","body":"«перебил было» uses the special particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action begun but immediately undone — 'Alyosha started to break in (but didn't get to).' It signals an interrupted or annulled attempt, and is itself an archaic touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не расслышал","title":"Perfective «расслышал» under negation","body":"«расслышал» (perfective: to catch / make out by ear) negated means Mitya failed to catch the words — 'didn't (manage to) hear.' The prefix «рас-» here gives the sense of hearing-out distinctly, which negation then denies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate/interrogative, head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Что (elliptical clause)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of перебил (started to)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расслышал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебил","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c4-s207","source":"— Видишь, я прежде этих всех сомнений никаких не имел, но всё во мне это таилось.","translation":"— You see, before, I never had any of these doubts, yet all of it was lying hidden in me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никаких… не имел","title":"Negative concord: «никаких… не»","body":"«никаких сомнений… не имел» stacks the ни-word «никаких» with the negated verb «не имел» — Russian's obligatory double negative, 'I had no doubts whatsoever.' The negated object «сомнений» sits in the genitive, doubly marking the absence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё во мне это таилось","title":"Reflexive «таилось» — lay hidden","body":"«таилось» (от «таиться», a «-ся» verb) is the middle 'lay concealed, lurked' — the doubts hid themselves in him with no outer agent. The imperfective past stresses the long, latent concealment 'all the while.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сомнений","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сомнений","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сомнений","gloss":"no...at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of таилось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of таилось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, subject of таилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"таилось","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"was hidden"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c4-s208","source":"Именно, может, оттого, что идеи бушевали во мне неизвестные, я и пьянствовал, и дрался, и бесился.","translation":"Perhaps it was precisely because unknown ideas were raging inside me that I went drinking, and brawling, and flying into a rage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оттого, что идеи бушевали","title":"Causal «оттого, что»","body":"«оттого, что» ('because of the fact that') is a causal subordinator, the comma falling before «что». Paired with the resumptive «я и пьянствовал» in the main clause, it frames the whole sentence as 'it was precisely because… that I…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и пьянствовал, и дрался, и бесился","title":"Imperfective triad of habit","body":"Three imperfective past verbs in a row — «пьянствовал, дрался, бесился» — name not single events but Mitya's sustained, repeated way of living: he drank, brawled, raged, over and over. The repeated «и… и… и» drums the habituality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесился","title":"«беситься» — to rage, go berserk","body":"«беситься» (a «-ся» verb) literally 'to be possessed by a demon (бес)' — to rage, fly into a frenzy, run wild. The word's demonic root suits Mitya's sense of being driven by forces he couldn't name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on пьянствовал","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бушевали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of бушевали","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"бушевали","lemma":"бушевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"were raging"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бушевали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"неизвестные","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьянствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying пьянствовал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пьянствовал","lemma":"пьянствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дрался","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьянствовал","gloss":"brawled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесился","lemma":"беситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьянствовал","gloss":"raged"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c4-s209","source":"Чтоб утолить в себе их, дрался, чтоб их усмирить, сдавить.","translation":"I brawled to quell them in myself, to subdue them, to crush them down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтоб утолить в себе их","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб» + infinitive","body":"«чтоб» (a contracted «чтобы») + the infinitives «утолить… усмирить, сдавить» gives the purpose of the brawling — 'in order to quell, to subdue, to crush them.' When subject and purpose share one actor, «чтобы» simply takes the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в себе их","title":"Reflexive «в себе» — within himself","body":"«себе» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject — 'in myself.' It has no nominative and serves any person; here it locates the warring ideas «их» squarely inside Mitya's own breast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмирить, сдавить","title":"«усмирить» / «сдавить» — subdue, crush down","body":"«усмирить» is to pacify or quell (as one quells a riot), «сдавить» to squeeze or compress hard. The escalating verbs — quench, subdue, crush — turn the inner ideas into something almost physical that must be violently mastered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утолить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"утолить","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дрался","gloss":"quell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of утолить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of утолить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дрался","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I brawled"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усмирить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of усмирить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"усмирить","lemma":"усмирить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дрался","gloss":"subdue"},{"surface":"сдавить","lemma":"сдавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмирить","gloss":"crush"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c4-s210","source":"Брат Иван не Ракитин, он таит идею.","translation":"Brother Ivan is not Rakitin — he hides his idea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брат Иван не Ракитин","title":"Zero-copula contrast with «не»","body":"With no verb 'is,' the negation «не» simply stands between two nominatives — «Брат Иван не Ракитин», 'Brother Ivan is not Rakitin.' Russian contrasts identities with a bare «не» and no copula at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он таит идею","title":"Present «таит» — he hides (transitive)","body":"«таит» (от «таить», to conceal) is the active transitive — Ivan hides the idea on purpose — beside its «-ся» twin «таиться» 'to lie hidden' from s207. The imperfective present gives a standing trait: Ivan is forever a concealer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, part of phrase Брат Иван","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative (implied copula)","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"таит","lemma":"таить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of таит","gloss":"an idea"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c4-s211","source":"Брат Иван сфинкс и молчит, всё молчит.","translation":"Brother Ivan is a sphinx and he keeps silent, always silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчит, всё молчит","title":"«всё» as 'keeps on'","body":"The repeated «молчит, всё молчит» uses «всё» adverbially to mean 'keeps on, all the while' — 'he is silent, ever silent.' The imperfective «молчит» plus «всё» stretches the silence into a permanent, oppressive condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сфинкс","lemma":"сфинкс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative (implied copula)","gloss":"a sphinx"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the implied copula (сфинкс)","gloss":"is silent"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит (second)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"in apposition to the first молчит, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"silent"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c4-s212","source":"А меня бог мучит. Одно только это и мучит.","translation":"But it's God who torments me. That alone torments me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А меня бог мучит","title":"Object-first «меня» + contrastive «а»","body":"«А меня бог мучит» fronts the object «меня» under the contrastive «а» ('but as for me'), shifting from Ivan to Mitya — 'but me, it's God who torments.' The «а» marks the gentle pivot of topic so characteristic of Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это, in apposition","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мучит","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying мучит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c4-s213","source":"А что, как его нет?","translation":"And what if He doesn't exist?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, как его нет?","title":"Genitive «его» of non-existence","body":"«его нет» — literally 'of Him there is none' — is the standard negated-existence frame: «нет» governs the genitive «его». The colloquial «что, как…?» ('and what if…?') sets up the dread that God may simply not be."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет (existential negation)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"predicate of the clause, negates existence of его","gloss":"doesn't exist"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c4-s214","source":"Что, если прав Ракитин, что это идея искусственная в человечестве?","translation":"What if Rakitin is right, that it's an idea artificially made up within mankind?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что, если прав Ракитин","title":"Short adjective «прав» — is right","body":"«прав» is the predicative short form of «правый» — 'is right / correct,' a form used only as a predicate and carrying a sense of momentary truth. Word-order inversion «прав Ракитин» throws the stress onto being-right."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идея искусственная в человечестве","title":"Post-posed adjective «искусственная»","body":"Placing «искусственная» after its noun — «идея искусственная» rather than «искусственная идея» — gives it predicative weight and rhetorical stress, 'an idea, and an artificial one at that.' Such inversion is a bookish, period-flavored move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прав","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of Ракитин","gloss":"is right"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идея","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of идея","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, complement of это","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"искусственная","lemma":"искусственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"artificial"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of искусственная","gloss":"mankind"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c4-s215","source":"Тогда, если его нет, то человек шеф земли, мироздания.","translation":"Then, if He doesn't exist, man is the chief of the earth, of all creation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если его нет, то человек шеф земли","title":"Conditional with «то» + zero copula","body":"«если… то…» pairs the condition with its consequence, the «то» resuming it — 'if He doesn't exist, then man is chief.' The main clause has no verb 'is': «человек шеф земли», two nominatives in apposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шеф","title":"«шеф» — the chief (a Gallicism)","body":"«шеф» (from French chef) means head, chief, patron — a slightly foreign, modish word. Its everyday, almost bureaucratic ring against the cosmic «мироздания» (creation) gives Mitya's claim a faintly absurd, overreaching color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb, paired with то","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет (existential negation)","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"predicate, negates existence of его","gloss":"doesn't exist"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative marker, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шеф (implied copula)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"шеф","lemma":"шеф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative (implied copula)","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шеф","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"мироздания","lemma":"мироздание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with земли, modifies шеф","gloss":"of creation"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c4-s216","source":"Великолепно!","translation":"Splendid!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendid"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c4-s217","source":"Только как он будет добродетелен без богато?","translation":"Only how is he to be virtuous without God?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он будет добродетелен","title":"Short adjective «добродетелен» in the future","body":"«добродетелен» is the predicative short form of «добродетельный» (virtuous), joined to the future «будет» — 'how will he be virtuous?' Short adjectives are the natural predicate form, especially in this elevated, sententious key. (The «богато» here is a typo for «бога», genitive after «без».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добродетелен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет...добродетелен (copula construction)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula auxiliary, future tense","gloss":"is to be"},{"surface":"добродетелен","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богато","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"богато","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добродетелен","gloss":"God","note":"Apparent transcription variant of «бога» (genitive of бог, «without God»); surface kept as given in the source text."}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c4-s218","source":"Вопрос!","translation":"That's the question!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"The question!"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-c4-s219","source":"Я всё про это.","translation":"I keep coming back to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я всё про это.","title":"Elliptical «всё про это»","body":"The verb is left out entirely — 'I'm all (about) this,' i.e. 'I keep coming back to it.' The adverbial «всё» ('continually') plus «про это» ('about this') carries the whole meaning, an elliptical, speech-like compression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb (repeatedly)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (topic) of elliptical verb","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-c4-s220","source":"Ибо кого же он будет тогда любить, человек-то?","translation":"For whom, then, is man going to feel love?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого же он будет тогда любить","title":"Animate accusative «кого» + «же»","body":"«кого» is the accusative/genitive of «кто», fronted as the object of «любить» — 'whom will he love?' The particle «же» adds insistent appeal ('whom, then, on earth…'), and «ибо» opens the question in bookish register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек-то","title":"Topic-marking «-то» on «человек»","body":"The clitic «-то» tags «человек» as the known topic now in question — 'man, that is.' Tacked on at the end after the verb, it gives the line its colloquial, button-holing rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любить","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он, clarifies subject","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to человек","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-c4-s221","source":"Кому благодарен-то будет, кому гимн-то воспоет?","translation":"To whom will he be grateful, to whom will he sing his hymn?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому благодарен-то будет","title":"Dative «кому» + short adjective «благодарен»","body":"«благодарен» (short form: grateful) governs the dative of the one thanked — «кому будет благодарен», 'to whom will he be grateful?' The interrogative «кому» is the dative of «кто», and «-то» again marks the running topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гимн-то воспоет","title":"Perfective «воспоёт» — will sing forth","body":"«воспоёт» (от «воспеть») is the perfective future — to sing out, to hymn in praise — its prefix «вос-» (Slavonic «воз-») lending a lofty, ceremonial 'sing up / extol.' To whom will man raise his hymn, if God is gone?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of благодарен","gloss":"To whom"},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of implied он (copula будет)","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to благодарен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula auxiliary for благодарен, elliptically shared with second clause","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of воспоет","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воспоет","gloss":"a hymn"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to гимн","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воспоет","lemma":"воспеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will sing"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-c4-s222","source":"Ракитин смеется.","translation":"Rakitin laughs.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughs"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-c4-s223","source":"Ракитин говорит, что можно любить человечество и без бога.","translation":"Rakitin says you can love mankind even without God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно любить человечество и без бога","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно любить» — 'one can love' — is the impersonal possibility predicate with an infinitive and no subject. The particle «и» before «без бога» means 'even': you can love mankind even without God, the very claim Mitya cannot swallow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies без бога","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-c4-s224","source":"Ну это сморчок сопливый может только так утверждать, а я понять не могу.","translation":"Well, only a sniveling little runt could assert such a thing, but I can't grasp it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сморчок сопливый","title":"«сморчок сопливый» — sniveling little runt","body":"«сморчок» is literally a morel mushroom, used figuratively for a puny, shriveled little man; «сопливый» ('snotty, sniveling') heaps on contempt. The earthy double insult, aimed at Rakitin, is vintage Mitya invective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может только так утверждать","title":"Modal «может» + infinitive","body":"«может… утверждать» is the personal modal 'can assert,' with «только так» ('only thus, only like that') narrowing it to a contemptuous limit — only such a runt could claim such a thing. The infinitive completes the modal verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalizing particle preceding сморчок (not a coordinate subject)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сморчок","lemma":"сморчок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"runt"},{"surface":"сопливый","lemma":"сопливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сморчок","gloss":"sniveling"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждать","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"утверждать","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-c4-s225","source":"Легко жить Ракитину: «Ты, — говорит он мне сегодня, — о расширении гражданских прав человека хлопочи лучше али хоть о том, чтобы цена на говядину не возвысилась; этим проще и ближе человечеству любовь окажешь, чем философиями».","translation":"Life's easy for Rakitin: 'You,' he tells me today, 'had better busy yourself with extending the civil rights of man, or at least with keeping the price of beef from going up; that way you'll show your love for mankind more simply and more directly than with any philosophies.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о расширении гражданских прав человека хлопочи","title":"Imperative «хлопочи» + «о» + prepositional","body":"«хлопочи» is the imperative of «хлопотать» (to bustle, busy oneself, lobby), governing «о» + the prepositional «о расширении… прав» — 'busy yourself about the extension of rights.' The fronting of the long object before the verb gives Rakitin's advice its lecturing rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы цена… не возвысилась","title":"«чтобы… не» + irrealis past","body":"«чтобы… не возвысилась» — 'so that the price not rise' — uses «чтобы» with a past-form verb (the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы») to express the negated purpose. The reflexive «возвыситься» means the price 'goes up' of itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«али» is a rustic, dialectal variant of «или» (or). Dropped into Rakitin's quoted speech, it colors his tone as folksy and offhand, the seminarian talking down to earth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Легко","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of Легко","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of Легко (experiencer)","gloss":"for Rakitin"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хлопочи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause inserted in the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расширении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"расширении","lemma":"расширение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлопочи","gloss":"expanding"},{"surface":"гражданских","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies расширении","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"хлопочи","lemma":"хлопотать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"busy yourself"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies хлопочи","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (dialectal 'or')","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal form of 'или' (or), used in Mitya's folksy speech."},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлопочи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвысилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"цена","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возвысилась","gloss":"the price"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking говядину","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"говядину","lemma":"говядина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"beef"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвысилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возвысилась","lemma":"возвыситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of окажешь","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"проще","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies окажешь","gloss":"more simply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links проще and ближе","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with проще, modifies окажешь","gloss":"more directly"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of окажешь","gloss":"to mankind"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окажешь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"окажешь","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the этим-clause","gloss":"you'll show"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of философиями","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"философиями","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of окажешь via чем","gloss":"with philosophies"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-c4-s226","source":"Я ему на это и отмочил: «А ты, говорю, без богато, сам еще на говядину цену набьешь, коль под руку попадет, и наколотишь рубль на копейку».","translation":"And I let him have it: 'And you,' I say, 'without God, will jack up the price of beef yourself, if you get the chance, and make a ruble out of a kopeck.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмочил","title":"«отмочить» — to let fly (slang)","body":"«отмочил» is rough colloquial slang — to pull off some sharp or outrageous remark or stunt, 'I let him have it / I came back at him.' The earthy verb suits Mitya boasting of his retort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наколотишь рубль на копейку","title":"«рубль на копейку» — a ruble out of a kopeck","body":"«наколотить рубль на копейку» is to profiteer wildly — to beat a whole ruble out of a single kopeck (a hundred to one). «набить цену» just before means to jack up the price; together they paint Rakitin as a closet money-grubber."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль под руку попадет","title":"Folk conditional «коль»","body":"«коль» is an archaic, folksy short form of «если» (if): 'if it comes to hand.' «под руку попадёт» (perfective future) is the idiom 'should the chance turn up' — Mitya needling Rakitin in his own homespun register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отмочил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отмочил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмочил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes отмочил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отмочил","lemma":"отмочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let him have it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of набьешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause inserted in the quote","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богато","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"богато","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"God","note":"Colloquial fusion of 'бога-то' (God, with emphatic particle -то); translation renders it 'without God'."},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набьешь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking говядину","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"говядину","lemma":"говядина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifies цену","gloss":"beef"},{"surface":"цену","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of набьешь","gloss":"the price"},{"surface":"набьешь","lemma":"набить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you'll jack up"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попадет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попадет","gloss":"hand","note":"Idiom 'под руку попадёт' = 'the chance arises/comes to hand'."},{"surface":"попадет","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наколотишь","lemma":"наколотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with набьешь","gloss":"you'll make"},{"surface":"рубль","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наколотишь","gloss":"a ruble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking копейку","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"копейку","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубль","gloss":"a kopeck"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b11-c4-s227","source":"Рассердился.","translation":"He got angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассердился.","title":"Subjectless perfective «рассердился»","body":"A one-word sentence: the perfective reflexive «рассердился» ('he got angry') with the subject dropped, recoverable as Rakitin from context. The prefix «рас-» plus «-ся» marks the sudden onset of the emotion — anger flaring up in a single stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got angry"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b11-c4-s228","source":"Ибо что такое добродетель? — отвечай ты мне, Алексей.","translation":"For what is virtue? — answer me that, Alexei.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо что такое добродетель?","title":"Bookish «ибо» + «что такое»","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is the elevated literary conjunction, and «что такое X?» is the fixed frame for 'what is X (in its essence)?' Together they pitch Mitya's question — 'for what is virtue?' — in a deliberately philosophical, sermonizing key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвечай ты мне, Алексей","title":"Imperative «отвечай» + emphatic «ты»","body":"«отвечай» is the imperfective imperative ('answer!'), and the usually-dropped «ты» is added for pointed emphasis — 'you answer me.' The dative «мне» marks the one addressed; the direct vocative use of «Алексей» drives the challenge home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добродетель","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что такое idiom","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the что такое idiom (= 'is')","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b11-c4-s229","source":"У меня одна добродетель, а у китайца другая — вещь, значит, относительная.","translation":"I have one virtue, and a Chinaman has another — so it's a relative thing, then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня одна добродетель, а у китайца другая","title":"Possession «у» + genitive, contrastive «а»","body":"The Russian 'have' construction uses «у» + genitive: «у меня… у китайца» ('with me… with a Chinaman'). The contrastive «а» sets one person's virtue against another's — the elliptical «другая» ('another') needs no repeated noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вещь, значит, относительная","title":"Parenthetical «значит» + short-flavored predicate","body":"«значит» ('so, then, it means') is a parenthetical inference word, set off by commas — Mitya drawing his conclusion aloud. The predicate «относительная» (relative) is fronted after «вещь» for emphasis: 'a relative thing, then.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (possessive idiom)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies добродетель","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (есть)","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking китайца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"китайца","lemma":"китаец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"a Chinaman"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb, coordinated with добродетель","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the second clause","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"относительная","lemma":"относительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"relative"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b11-c4-s230","source":"Или нет? Или не относительная? Вопрос коварный!","translation":"Or is it not? Or is it not relative? An insidious question!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или нет? Или не относительная?","title":"Elliptical disjunctive questions","body":"Two clipped «или…?» questions ('or not? or not relative?') strip away everything but the disjunction and the negation «не». The terse back-and-forth dramatizes Mitya arguing with himself, the syntax as broken as his thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коварный","title":"«коварный» — insidious, treacherous","body":"«коварный» means cunning, treacherous, insidious — a question that lies in wait to trip you. Applied to an abstract «вопрос», it personifies the riddle of moral relativism as a sly adversary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical predicate (= 'is it not')","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies относительная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"относительная","lemma":"относительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of коварный","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"коварный","lemma":"коварный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Вопрос","gloss":"insidious"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b11-c4-s231","source":"Ты не засмеешься, если скажу, что я две ночи не спал от этого.","translation":"You won't laugh if I tell you I lay awake two nights over this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не засмеешься, если скажу","title":"Paired perfective futures","body":"Both verbs are perfective futures — «не засмеёшься» ('you won't laugh,' a single burst of laughter denied) and «скажу» ('I tell,' a single act). The prefix «за-» on «засмеяться» marks the onset of laughing, exactly the sudden reaction Mitya fears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"две ночи не спал","title":"Genitive singular «ночи» after «две»","body":"«две ночи» — 'two nights' — shows the numeral «два/две» taking the genitive singular «ночи», not the plural. With the negated imperfective «не спал» ('did not sleep'), it conveys two whole sleepless nights of brooding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засмеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засмеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"засмеешься","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will laugh"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on ночи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of спал","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b11-c4-s232","source":"Я удивляюсь теперь только тому, как люди там живут и об этом ничего не думают.","translation":"What amazes me now is only this: how people out there go on living and never give it a thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивляюсь… тому, как люди… живут","title":"«удивляться» + dative «тому»","body":"«удивляться» (to be amazed) is a «-ся» verb governing the dative — «удивляюсь тому» ('I marvel at that'), with «тому» a correlative pointing forward to the «как»-clause. The construction sets up: what amazes me is precisely how people live."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этом ничего не думают","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего не думают» pairs the ни-word «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with negated «не думают» — the obligatory double negative, 'they think nothing about it.' «об этом» ('about this') sits in the prepositional after «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am amazed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying тому","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause complement of тому","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думают","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of думают","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думают","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живут","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b11-c4-s233","source":"Суета!","translation":"Vanity!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Суета!","title":"«Суета!» — vanity, vain bustle","body":"«суета» means fuss, bustle, empty commotion — and unmistakably echoes Ecclesiastes' «суета сует» ('vanity of vanities'). The single word condemns worldly busyness as hollow, in the biblical key that runs all through Mitya's outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Суета","lemma":"суета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vanity"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b11-c4-s234","source":"У Ивана бога нет. У него идея. Не в моих размерах.","translation":"Ivan has no God. He has an idea. Not on my scale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У Ивана бога нет.","title":"Genitive of non-possession «бога нет»","body":"«У Ивана… нет» is the 'have not' frame: «у» + genitive «Ивана» for the possessor, and «нет» governing the genitive «бога» for the thing lacking. Doubly genitive, it states flatly that Ivan has no God."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не в моих размерах.","title":"«не в моих размерах» — not on my scale","body":"«размер» is size, dimension, measure; «не в моих размерах» idiomatically means 'beyond my dimensions, not my size' — Ivan's idea is too vast (or too cold) for Mitya to fit himself into. A homely metaphor for an intellectual gulf."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана (possessive idiom)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (possessive idiom)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (есть)","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies размерах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размерах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of размерах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"размерах","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scale"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b11-c4-s235","source":"Но он молчит. Я думаю, он масон.","translation":"But he keeps silent. I think he's a Freemason.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keeps silent"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of масон","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"масон","lemma":"масон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"a Freemason"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b11-c4-s236","source":"Я его спрашивал — молчит.","translation":"I've asked him — he says nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я его спрашивал — молчит.","title":"Imperfective past «спрашивал»","body":"«спрашивал» is imperfective past — 'I kept asking / was asking,' a repeated, attempted action rather than one finished question. Set against the present «молчит» ('he stays silent'), it sketches a standing pattern: ask as he might, Ivan never answers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to спрашивал","gloss":"says nothing"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b11-c4-s237","source":"В роднике у него хотел водицы испить — молчит.","translation":"I wanted to drink a little water from his spring — he says nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"водицы испить","title":"«водицы испить» — to drink a little water","body":"«водица» is the affectionate diminutive of «вода» (water), and «испить» is the folk-poetic, slightly archaic 'to drink (a little).' Both belong to fairy-tale and folk-song diction; the metaphor 'drink from his spring' casts Ivan's mind as a well Mitya hoped to taste."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"водицы испить","title":"Partitive genitive «водицы»","body":"«водицы» stands in the genitive, not accusative — the partitive genitive used for 'some water, a little water' as opposed to the whole. With «испить», it neatly means to take a sip, a draught of the water."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роднике","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"роднике","lemma":"родник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"location complement of испить","gloss":"the spring"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (possessive idiom)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"водицы","lemma":"водица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"partitive object of испить","gloss":"some water"},{"surface":"испить","lemma":"испить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хотел","gloss":"says nothing"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b11-c4-s238","source":"Один только раз одно словечко сказал.","translation":"Only once did he let slip a single little word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"«словечко» — a little word","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» (word), here carrying not 'smallness' but tenderness and significance — 'one precious little word.' The affectionate suffix makes Ivan's single utterance feel rare and weighted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Один только раз… сказал","title":"Perfective «сказал» for the one event","body":"Against all the imperfective 'kept silent / kept asking,' the perfective «сказал» ('said') marks the single completed exception — the one time Ivan spoke. Aspect itself underlines how exceptional that moment was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of сказал (= 'once')","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словечко","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b11-c4-s239","source":"— Что сказал? — поспешно подхватил Алеша.","translation":"— What did he say? — Alyosha put in eagerly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешно подхватил Алеша","title":"Inverted tag «подхватил Алёша»","body":"Verb-before-subject «подхватил Алёша» is the standard inversion of a speech tag. «подхватил» (perfective of «подхватить», 'to catch up') is idiomatic for quickly taking up another's words / interjecting — Alyosha eagerly cutting in, the adverb «поспешно» (hastily) catching his urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he say"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b11-c4-s240","source":"— Я ему говорю: стало быть, всё позволено, коли так?","translation":"— I say to him: so then everything is permitted, if that's how it is?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё позволено","title":"Short passive participle «позволено»","body":"«позволено» is the short (predicative) neuter passive participle of «позволить» (to permit) — 'it is permitted.' Impersonal and subjectless, it states a result as a standing condition: all is allowed. The agent, if there were one, would stand in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — so then, ergo","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'therefore, so then, it follows that' — a slightly folksy, deductive connector. Mitya uses it to draw the logical noose tight: so then, if so, everything is permitted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть ('so, it follows')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the reported clause","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b11-c4-s241","source":"Он нахмурился: «Федор Павлович, говорит, папенька наш, был поросенок, но мыслил он правильно».","translation":"He frowned: 'Fyodor Pavlovich,' he says, 'our papa, was a swine, but he thought along the right lines.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поросенок","title":"«поросёнок» — piglet, hence 'swine'","body":"Literally a 'piglet' (the diminutive of «порось»), but as an insult it brands a man as a coarse, dirty, dishonourable creature. Calling Fyodor Pavlovich «поросёнок» is contemptuous yet almost affectionate in its earthiness — exactly Smerdyakov's mixed tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папенька","title":"«папенька» — old-fashioned 'papa'","body":"An affectionate, slightly archaic and genteel diminutive of «папа», built with the endearing suffix «-енька». In the mouth of a servant speaking of the master it carries a faintly mocking, old-world deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"«говорит» framing reported speech","body":"Dropped into the middle of a quotation, the present-tense «говорит» ('he says') is a colloquial quotative tag, much like English 'he goes' or 'says he'. The imperfective present here narrates a past act of speaking vividly, as if replaying it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был поросенок","title":"Zero copula in the past needs «был»","body":"In the present Russian omits 'to be' entirely (он поросёнок), but the past requires the verb «быть»: «был поросёнок». Note the predicate noun stays nominative after «был» here — a common alternative to the predicate instrumental in characterising, permanent statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause inserted in the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папенька","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to Федор Павлович","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of папенька","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Федор Павлович to поросенок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поросенок","lemma":"поросёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a swine"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мыслил","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мыслил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслил","gloss":"along the right lines"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b11-c4-s242","source":"Вот ведь что отмочил. Только всего и сказал.","translation":"That was the thing he came out with. That was the whole of what he said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмочил","title":"«отмочить» — to pull off (something outrageous)","body":"A vivid colloquialism (literally 'to soak off') meaning to come out with or 'pull' an unexpected, often absurd or audacious remark or stunt. «Вот ведь что отмочил» ≈ 'Look what a thing he came out with!' — slangy and admiring of the cheek of it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ведь","title":"Particles «вот» + «ведь»","body":"Two stacked particles set the tone: «вот» points ('there now, look'), and «ведь» appeals to the listener's shared sense ('after all, you know'). Together they frame Mitya's amazement and invite Alyosha to marvel along with him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только всего и сказал","title":"«только… и» — 'that's all he did'","body":"The frame «только… и + verb» limits the action to exactly that and no more: 'all he said was just that'. The «и» here is an emphasising particle, not 'and'; «всего» reinforces the 'only / the whole of it' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот... что (= 'that's the thing')","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic discourse marker","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отмочил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"отмочил","lemma":"отмочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out with"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сказал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b11-c4-s243","source":"Это уже почище Ракитина.","translation":"That's even sharper than Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почище","title":"«почище» — colloquial comparative with «по-»","body":"The comparative «чище» ('cleaner / sharper / better') takes the prefix «по-», which softens it to 'a bit / rather' or, ironically, intensifies: 'even sharper still'. Here «почище Ракитина» means 'goes one better than Rakitin', the genitive «Ракитина» being the standard of comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of почище","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почище","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почище","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"sharper"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of comparative почище","gloss":"than Rakitin"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b11-c4-s244","source":"— Да, — горько подтвердил Алеша. — Когда он у тебя был?","translation":"\"Yes,\" Alyosha confirmed bitterly. \"When was he here with you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горько подтвердил","title":"Manner adverb «горько» before the verb","body":"«горько» ('bitterly') is the neuter short/adverbial form of «горький», placed before «подтвердил» in the neutral Russian order adverb-then-verb. The perfective «подтвердил» reports a single completed act of confirming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тебя был","title":"«у тебя был» — 'was at your place'","body":"«у» + genitive «тебя» literally means 'by/at you'; with «был» it locates a visit: 'When was he at your place / with you?'. This «у + genitive» construction is Russian's normal way of saying both 'to have' and 'at someone's'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to подтвердил","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b11-c4-s245","source":"— Об этом после, теперь другое.","translation":"\"About that later; for now, something else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об этом после","title":"Verbless 'about that later'","body":"A clipped, copula-less sentence typical of agitated speech: «об этом» (о + prepositional 'about that') governs no verb at all, with «после» ('later') doing the work. Russian readily drops a predictable verb in such brisk turns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of об","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb (= 'later')","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of elided verb","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b11-c4-s246","source":"Я об Иване не говорил тебе до сих пор почти ничего. Откладывал до конца.","translation":"Until now I've told you almost nothing about Ivan. I was saving it for the end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не говорил тебе… почти ничего","title":"Negative concord: «не… ничего»","body":"Russian piles up negatives that all point one way: the verb keeps «не» and the object is the ни-pronoun «ничего» — literally 'I did not say to you almost nothing'. English collapses this to a single negative ('told you almost nothing')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откладывал","title":"Imperfective «откладывал» — 'kept saving it'","body":"The imperfective past «откладывал» (from «откладывать», to put off / save up) views the act as an ongoing policy over time — 'I was holding it back, saving it' — rather than the single completed «отложил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иване","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор ('until now')","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"now","note":"'до сих пор' is a set idiom meaning 'until now/so far'."},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Откладывал","lemma":"откладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saving"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Откладывал","gloss":"the end"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b11-c4-s247","source":"Когда эта штука моя здесь кончится и скажут приговор, тогда тебе кое-что расскажу, всё расскажу.","translation":"When this business of mine here is over and they pronounce the verdict, then I'll tell you a thing or two, I'll tell you everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эта штука моя","title":"«штука» — 'this business of mine'","body":"«штука» literally means 'thing / item', but colloquially it covers any affair, trick, or predicament. «Эта штука моя» — 'this business of mine' — is Mitya's offhand, almost dismissive way of naming his own trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончится… скажут… расскажу","title":"Perfective futures chaining events","body":"Three perfectives carry the future: «кончится» (will be over), «скажут» (they'll pronounce), «расскажу» (I'll tell) — each a single completed event, conjugated like a present but pointing forward. «Когда… тогда» ('when… then') links the condition to its result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончится","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штука","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штука","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расскажу","gloss":"is over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончится","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скажут","gloss":"the verdict"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, part of compound (indefinite)","role":"part of the phrase кое-что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу (with кое)","gloss":"a thing or two"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the second расскажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first расскажу","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b11-c4-s248","source":"Страшное тут дело одно… А ты будешь мне судья в этом деле.","translation":"There's a terrible matter at stake here… And you'll be my judge in this matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшное тут дело одно","title":"Word order foregrounding «страшное»","body":"The fronted adjective «страшное» ('terrible') and trailing «одно' ('one / a certain') scatter the phrase 'one terrible matter' for emphasis — the dread word comes first. Such loosened, emphatic order is the engine of Russian's spoken intensity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь мне судья","title":"Compound future «будешь… судья»","body":"«будешь» (future of «быть») here links to a predicate noun: 'you will be my judge'. Note the predicate «судья» stands in the nominative rather than the more usual instrumental «судьёй» — a colloquial, emphatic variant. «мне» is the dative, 'judge to/for me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (есть)","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of судья","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to судья","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies судья","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будешь","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b11-c4-s249","source":"А теперь и не начинай об этом, теперь молчок.","translation":"But for now don't even start on it, for now not a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не начинай","title":"Imperfective imperative «не начинай»","body":"A negated command takes the imperfective: «не начинай» ('don't [even] start'). Russian uses the imperfective imperative for prohibitions, where a perfective «начни» would be a positive 'begin!'. The imperfective fits the sense 'don't get into it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молчок","title":"«молчок» — 'mum's the word'","body":"An interjection-like noun from «молчать» (to be silent): 'not a word!', 'keep mum'. Colloquial and emphatic, it stands alone as a one-word command to drop the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинай","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes начинай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинай","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчок","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"молчок","lemma":"молчок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with начинай","gloss":"not a word"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b11-c4-s250","source":"Вот ты говоришь об завтрашнем, о суде, а веришь ли, я ничего не знаю.","translation":"Here you are talking about tomorrow, about the trial, but would you believe it, I know nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об завтрашнем","title":"«об завтрашнем» — adjective used as a noun","body":"«завтрашний» ('tomorrow's') is here substantivised in the neuter — «об завтрашнем (дне)», 'about the morrow'. The variant «об» before a consonant (for euphony / older usage) instead of plain «о» is a period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«веришь ли» fronts the verb and tags «ли» to make a rhetorical question, 'would you believe it?'. The enclitic «ли» lends a literary, heightened note compared with plain question intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ничего не знаю","title":"Negative concord «ничего не знаю»","body":"'I know nothing' becomes a double negative in Russian: «ничего» ('nothing', genitive object under negation) plus the obligatory «не» on the verb. Both negatives are required; one without the other would be ungrammatical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтрашнем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"завтрашнем","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with завтрашнем","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говоришь","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b11-c4-s251","source":"— Ты с этим адвокатом говорил?","translation":"\"Have you talked with that lawyer?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с этим адвокатом","title":"Instrumental after «с» — 'with the lawyer'","body":"«с» ('with', accompaniment) governs the instrumental: «с этим адвокатом». The demonstrative «этим» and noun «адвокатом» both carry instrumental endings, showing how the adjective makes the case visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адвокатом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of адвокатом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"адвокатом","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b11-c4-s252","source":"— Что адвокат! Я ему про всё говорил.","translation":"\"What lawyer! I told him about everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что адвокат!","title":"Dismissive «Что адвокат!»","body":"An exclamatory «что» + bare nominative dismisses the topic: 'What lawyer! / Lawyer indeed!'. Russian uses «что» this way to wave a subject aside as beneath notice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про всё говорил","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about everything'","body":"«про» governs the accusative «всё» and means 'about / concerning', a more colloquial cousin of «о» + prepositional. «Я ему про всё говорил» — 'I told him about everything', with «ему» the dative addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, exclamatory","role":"head of exclamation, modifies адвокат","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b11-c4-s253","source":"Мягкая шельма, столичная. Бернар!","translation":"A smooth rogue, one from the capital. A Bernard!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шельма","title":"«шельма» — rogue, sly rascal","body":"A borrowing (ultimately from German Schelm) for a cunning scoundrel or sly rogue, said half in reproach and half in grudging admiration. «Мягкая шельма» ('a smooth rogue') paints the polished metropolitan advocate as slippery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столичная","title":"«столичный» — from the capital","body":"The adjective from «столица» (capital city) — i.e. from Petersburg or Moscow, as against the provinces. It marks the lawyer as a sophisticated outsider, with the provincial's mix of awe and suspicion toward the big-city man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мягкая","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шельма","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"столичная","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шельма","gloss":"from the capital"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory head of the phrase","gloss":"a Bernard","note":"Reference to Claude Bernard, invoked by Mitya as shorthand for cold materialist science."}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b11-c4-s254","source":"Только не верит мне ни на сломанный грош.","translation":"Only he doesn't believe me to the worth of a bent farthing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни на сломанный грош","title":"«ни на сломанный грош» — not a bent farthing's worth","body":"An idiom of utter worthlessness: a «грош» was a tiny copper coin, and a «сломанный» (broken / bent) one is worth even less than nothing. 'He doesn't believe me to the value of a bent groat' — he gives my word no credit at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верит мне ни на","title":"Intensifying «ни» with negation","body":"«ни» here intensifies the negated «не верит» to 'not in the slightest': «не верит… ни на сломанный грош». The particle «ни» does not negate by itself but reinforces the verb's «не», the hallmark of Russian negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на грош (idiom: not even a farthing's worth)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грош","gloss":"to the worth of"},{"surface":"сломанный","lemma":"сломанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грош","gloss":"bent","note":"Literally 'broken/bent' — a farthing so worthless it's been bent."},{"surface":"грош","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"farthing"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b11-c4-s255","source":"Верит, что я убил, вообрази себе, — уж я вижу.","translation":"He believes that I did the killing, just imagine — I can see it plainly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я убил","title":"«что»-clause reporting a fact","body":"«Верит, что я убил» uses the subordinating «что» ('that') to report what the lawyer holds true. The perfective «убил» ('killed', completed) names the single deed the advocate believes Mitya did."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вообрази себе","title":"Imperative «вообрази себе»","body":"A perfective imperative, 'just imagine!', with the dative-reflexive «себе» adding a colloquial 'for yourself' flavour — an interjected appeal to the listener. The «-и» ending marks the second-person singular command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He believes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Верит","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Верит","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вообрази","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Верит","gloss":"can see it"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b11-c4-s256","source":"«Зачем же, спрашиваю, в таком случае вы меня защищать приехали?»","translation":"'In that case,' I ask him, 'why have you come to defend me?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашиваю","title":"Quotative present «спрашиваю»","body":"As with «говорит» earlier, the imperfective present «спрашиваю» ('I ask') is dropped mid-quotation to dramatise a past exchange in the present, replaying the scene vividly for Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"защищать приехали","title":"Purpose infinitive «защищать приехали»","body":"The imperfective infinitive «защищать» ('to defend') states the purpose of «приехали» ('you came'): 'why did you come to defend me?'. The infinitive of purpose follows verbs of motion without any conjunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (I ask)","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приехали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive depending on приехали","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b11-c4-s257","source":"Наплевать на них.","translation":"To hell with the lot of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наплевать на них","title":"«наплевать» — 'to hell with them'","body":"Literally 'to spit on', «наплевать на + accusative» is a crude, emphatic idiom of contempt: 'I don't give a damn about them'. The infinitive stands alone as an impersonal exclamation, 'spit on them!'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на них","title":"«на» + accusative of the disdained object","body":"«наплевать» governs «на» + accusative «них» (3rd-person plural with the н- prefix obligatory after a preposition): the people spat upon are the grammatical target of the contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наплевать","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"to hell with"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b11-c4-s258","source":"Тоже доктора выписали, сумасшедшим хотят меня показать. Не позволю!","translation":"They've sent for doctors too, they want to make me out a madman. I won't allow it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доктора выписали","title":"«выписать» — to send for / summon","body":"«выписать» here means to summon or order in from elsewhere (as one 'writes off' for a subscription or specialist). «Доктора выписали» — 'they sent for doctors', i.e. brought in expert physicians, here to assess Mitya's sanity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумасшедшим хотят меня показать","title":"Predicate instrumental «сумасшедшим»","body":"«показать меня сумасшедшим» — 'to present me as a madman'. The predicate complement «сумасшедшим» stands in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for the role into which someone is cast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не позволю!","title":"Perfective future as refusal","body":"«Не позволю!» is the perfective future of «позволить» ('to allow'), conjugated like a present but meaning 'I will not allow it!'. The first-person perfective with «не» makes an emphatic vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписали","gloss":"a doctor"},{"surface":"выписали","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they've sent for"},{"surface":"сумасшедшим","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показать","gloss":"as a madman"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to make out"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates позволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't allow"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b11-c4-s259","source":"Катерина Ивановна «свой долг» до конца исполнить хочет. С натуги! —","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna means to do 'her duty' to the very end. By main force!\"—","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С натуги!","title":"«с натуги» — by straining / main force","body":"«натуга» is the strain of forcing oneself; «с натуги» means 'by sheer effort / through gritted teeth'. Mitya jeers that Katerina Ivanovna will do 'her duty' not from the heart but by a painful act of will."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой долг… исполнить хочет","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой долг»","body":"«свой» ('her own') points back to the clause's subject, Katerina Ivanovna: it is her own duty she means to discharge. Using «её» instead would mean someone else's duty — the choice is precise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to fulfill"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means to"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуги","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"натуги","lemma":"натуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of С","gloss":"main force"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b11-c4-s260","source":"Митя горько усмехнулся.","translation":"Mitya gave a bitter smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горько усмехнулся","title":"Reflexive «усмехнуться» — gave a smirk","body":"«усмехнулся» is the perfective of the -ся verb «усмехаться/усмехнуться», 'to give a wry smile, to smirk'. The «-ся» here marks an intransitive, self-contained act; «горько» colours it bitter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a smile"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b11-c4-s261","source":"— Кошка! Жестокое сердце!","translation":"\"A cat! A cruel heart!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кошка! Жестокое сердце!","title":"Bare nominative exclamations","body":"Two verbless nominative exclamations hurled at Katerina Ivanovna: «Кошка!» ('A cat!') and «Жестокое сердце!» ('A cruel heart!'). Russian needs no copula or article — the nominative noun alone carries the whole charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кошка","lemma":"кошка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"a cat"},{"surface":"Жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"a heart"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b11-c4-s262","source":"А ведь она знает, что я про нее сказал тогда в Мокром, что она «великого гнева» женщина! Передали.","translation":"And she knows, after all, what I said about her back then at Mokroye — that she's a woman of 'great wrath'! Somebody passed it on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь она знает","title":"«А ведь» — 'and yet, after all'","body":"The hinge «а» (mild contrastive 'and/but') plus the appealing particle «ведь» ('after all, you know') opens the thought with a knowing, confiding tone: 'And yet she does know, you see…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великого гнева женщина","title":"«женщина великого гнева» — a woman of great wrath","body":"A deliberately biblical-sounding turn: «великого гнева» is a genitive of quality ('of great wrath'), echoing Scripture's 'day of wrath'. Mitya's earlier mot brands Katerina Ivanovna with an almost apocalyptic capacity for vengeance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Передали.","title":"Subjectless «Передали» — 'word got passed on'","body":"A third-person plural verb with no stated subject is Russian's everyday impersonal 'they / someone': «Передали» = 'somebody passed it on / it got reported'. The agent is left vague on purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женщина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of женщина","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнева","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"of wrath"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun with она (clausal complement of сказал)","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"Передали","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"someone passed it on"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b11-c4-s263","source":"Да, показания умножились, как песок морской!","translation":"Yes, the testimonies have multiplied like the sand of the sea!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показания умножились","title":"Reflexive «умножиться» — multiplied","body":"«умножились» is the perfective -ся form of «умножаться», 'to multiply / increase' (intransitive). The «-ся» turns the transitive 'multiply something' into 'grow in number of their own accord'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умножились","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of умножились","gloss":"the testimonies"},{"surface":"умножились","lemma":"умножиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have multiplied"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with песок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"песок","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the comparison introduced by как","gloss":"the sand"},{"surface":"морской","lemma":"морской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies песок","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b11-c4-s264","source":"Григорий стоит на своем.","translation":"Grigory stands his ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стоит на своем","title":"«стоять на своём» — to stand one's ground","body":"An idiom: «стоять на своём» ('to stand on one's own [position]') means to insist, refuse to budge. «своём» is the reflexive possessive in the prepositional — 'his own [view]'. Grigory will not retract his damning testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b11-c4-s265","source":"Григорий честен, но дурак.","translation":"Grigory is honest, but a fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"честен, но дурак","title":"Short adjective «честен»","body":"«честен» is the predicative short form of «честный» ('honest'), used here as the predicate of a permanent quality — bookish and crisp, where a long form would be flatter. It stands beside the noun-predicate «дурак» ('a fool'), the «но» marking the contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of честен","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Григорий","gloss":"is honest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate noun with честен","gloss":"a fool"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b11-c4-s266","source":"Много людей честных благодаря тому, что дураки. Это — мысль Ракитина.","translation":"Many people are honest by virtue of being fools. That's a thought of Rakitin's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодаря тому, что дураки","title":"«благодаря тому, что» — 'by virtue of the fact that'","body":"«благодаря» ('thanks to') governs the dative «тому», which sets up the «что»-clause: 'thanks to the fact that they are fools'. A neat bookish frame for cause, here used with ironic bite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много людей честных","title":"Genitive after «много»","body":"Quantifiers like «много» ('many / much') take the genitive: «много людей» ('many people', genitive plural «людей»). The adjective «честных» agrees in the genitive plural, partitive in feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Много","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"честных","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"благодаря","lemma":"благодаря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"thanks to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодаря","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дураки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дураки","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun; clause modifying тому","gloss":"they're fools"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"Rakitin's"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b11-c4-s267","source":"Григорий мне враг.","translation":"Grigory is my enemy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григорий мне враг","title":"Zero-copula with dative «мне»","body":"A copula-less present: 'Grigory [is] an enemy to me'. «враг» is the bare nominative predicate, «мне» the dative 'to me'. Russian states such permanent relations without any verb at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of враг","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (possessor) of враг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"враг","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Григорий","gloss":"enemy"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b11-c4-s268","source":"Иного выгоднее иметь в числе врагов, чем друзей. Говорю это про Катерину Ивановну.","translation":"There are some it's more profitable to count among your enemies than among your friends. I mean Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иного выгоднее иметь","title":"Impersonal «выгоднее иметь»","body":"An impersonal comparative construction: «выгоднее иметь» ('it is more profitable to have') with the infinitive and no subject. «Иного» ('a certain person / some') is the genitive-accusative animate object: 'some person it's more profitable to keep among one's enemies'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в числе врагов, чем друзей","title":"«в числе» + genitive; «чем» comparison","body":"«в числе врагов» ('among the number of enemies') takes the genitive plural; «чем» ('than') introduces the second term «друзей», likewise genitive after the implied «в числе». The whole sets enemy against friend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"some (a certain one)"},{"surface":"выгоднее","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"more profitable"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on выгоднее","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking числе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"числе","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"the number"},{"surface":"врагов","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies числе","gloss":"of enemies"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with друзей","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of чем (parallel to врагов)","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b11-c4-s269","source":"Боюсь, ох боюсь, что она на суде расскажет про земной поклон после четырех-то тысяч пятисот!","translation":"I'm afraid, oh, I'm afraid she'll tell the court about that bow to the ground after the four thousand five hundred!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боюсь, ох боюсь, что","title":"«бояться» + «что» — fearing a fact","body":"The -ся verb «боюсь» ('I fear', existing only in the reflexive form) takes a «что»-clause for the dreaded outcome. The doubled «боюсь, ох боюсь» renders Mitya's mounting agitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"четырех-то тысяч пятисот","title":"Emphatic «-то» and numeral case","body":"The clitic «-то» pins emphasis on a known sum ('those four-thousand-five-hundred'). The compound numeral declines: «четырёх тысяч пятисот» stands in the genitive after «после» ('after'), each part inflected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb, parallel to Боюсь","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расскажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расскажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"расскажет","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боюсь","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклон","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятисот","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes четырех","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies пятисот","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятисот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"five hundred"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b11-c4-s270","source":"До конца отплатит, последний кодрант.","translation":"She'll pay it back to the last farthing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"последний кодрант","title":"«кодрант» — the last farthing (Gospel quadrans)","body":"«кодрант» is the Church-Slavonic name for the Roman quadrans, the tiniest coin, from Matthew 5:26: 'thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing' (последний кодрант). Mitya casts Katerina's settling of accounts in this stern Gospel image of exacting the last penny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"До конца отплатит","title":"Perfective future «отплатит»","body":"«отплатит» is the perfective future of «отплатить» ('to pay back, requite') — a single completed reckoning: 'she'll pay it back in full'. «До конца» ('to the end / utterly') reinforces the completeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of До","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"отплатит","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she'll pay it back"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кодрант","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"кодрант","lemma":"кодрант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отплатит","gloss":"farthing"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b11-c4-s271","source":"Не хочу ее жертвы! Устыдят они меня на суде! Как-то вытерплю.","translation":"I don't want her sacrifice! They'll shame me at the trial! Somehow I'll bear it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочу ее жертвы","title":"Genitive of negation «её жертвы»","body":"Under the negated «не хочу» the object slips into the genitive: «её жертвы» rather than accusative «её жертву» — 'I don't want her sacrifice'. The genitive of negation is especially natural with abstract objects like «жертва»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Устыдят они меня","title":"Perfective future «устыдят»","body":"«устыдят» (perfective future of «устыдить», 'to put to shame') with fronted «они» for emphasis: 'They will shame me!'. The completed future names the single dreaded act of being shamed at the trial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Как-то вытерплю","title":"«вытерпеть» — to endure to the end","body":"«вытерплю» is the perfective future of «вытерпеть», 'to bear / endure right through'. The prefix «вы-» adds the sense of seeing the suffering through to its end; «как-то» ('somehow') is resigned. Mitya repeats «вытерплю» like a refrain of grim resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I don't want"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жертвы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"Устыдят","lemma":"устыдить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll shame"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Устыдят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Устыдят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound adverb как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of compound adverb как-то","gloss":"(indefinite suffix)"},{"surface":"вытерплю","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bear it"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b11-c4-s272","source":"Сходи к ней, Алеша, попроси ее, чтобы не говорила этого на суде. Аль нельзя?","translation":"Go to her, Alyosha, ask her not to say this in court. Or can't it be done?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сходи к ней… попроси","title":"Perfective imperatives «сходи», «попроси»","body":"Two perfective commands ask for single, complete actions: «сходи» ('go [there and back]', from the motion verb «сходить») and «попроси» ('ask', perfective of «просить»). «к ней» is «к» + dative, 'to her'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не говорила","title":"«чтобы» + past form — willed request","body":"After «попроси» the desired outcome is framed with «чтобы» + the past-form «говорила» (irrealis): 'ask her that she not say this'. «чтобы» plus a past-tense verb expresses a wished-for or commanded action, not a plain fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль нельзя?","title":"«аль» — folk 'or, or maybe?'","body":"«аль» (a colloquial, folksy contraction of «али / или») means 'or? / or is it that?'. «Аль нельзя?» — 'Or can't it be done?'. The peasant flavour of «аль» suits Mitya's lapses into earthy, popular speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"попроси","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Сходи","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попроси","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates говорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on попроси","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question нельзя","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can't it be done"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b11-c4-s273","source":"Да черт, всё равно, вытерплю!","translation":"Oh, the devil, it makes no difference, I'll bear it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да черт, всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — 'it makes no difference'","body":"The fixed phrase «всё равно» means 'all the same, it doesn't matter, never mind'. Prefaced by the exasperated «да чёрт» ('oh, the devil'), it shows Mitya waving his own request away the moment he has made it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно, modifies вытерплю","gloss":"makes no difference"},{"surface":"вытерплю","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bear it"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b11-c4-s274","source":"А ее не жаль. Сама желает. Поделом вору мука.","translation":"But I don't pity her. She wishes it herself. The thief gets the pain he's earned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ее не жаль","title":"Impersonal «жаль» + accusative","body":"«жаль» ('it's a pity / one feels sorry') heads an impersonal, subjectless clause; the object of pity stands in the accusative «её»: 'her I don't pity'. There is no nominative subject — the feeling simply 'is'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сама желает","title":"Intensifier «сама» — 'she herself'","body":"«сама» (feminine of «сам») stresses that Katerina brings the suffering on of her own accord: 'she herself wishes it'. The intensifier underlines that no one forces her sacrifice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поделом вору мука","title":"A proverb: the thief deserves his pain","body":"«Поделом вору (и) мука» is a set proverb meaning roughly 'it serves the thief right' — one gets the punishment one deserves. «Поделом» = deservedly; «мука» = torment. Mitya turns it on himself, self-mockingly, in speaking of Katerina Ivanovna. We render it 'The thief gets the pain he's earned.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"logical object of жаль","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates жаль","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"I pity"},{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes it"},{"surface":"Поделом","lemma":"поделом","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"serves right"},{"surface":"вору","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Поделом","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Поделом","gloss":"pain"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b11-c4-s275","source":"Я, Алексей, свою речь скажу. —","translation":"I, Alexei, will make my own speech.\"—","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою речь скажу","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою речь» — 'my own speech', «свою» pointing back to the subject «я». Mitya means to deliver a speech that is his own, not the lawyer's. The perfective «скажу» casts it as a single decisive act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will make"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b11-c4-s276","source":"Он опять горько усмехнулся.","translation":"Again he gave a bitter smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять горько усмехнулся","title":"Repeated «опять… усмехнулся»","body":"The narrator echoes s260 almost verbatim — «горько усмехнулся» — with «опять» ('again'), framing Mitya's bitterness as a recurring gesture. The perfective «усмехнулся» marks each smirk as a discrete event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a smile"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b11-c4-s277","source":"— Только… только Груша-то, Груша-то, господи! Она-то за что такую муку на себя теперь примет! — воскликнул он вдруг со слезами.","translation":"\"Only… only Grusha, oh Grusha, Lord! Why should she take such torment on herself now!\" he suddenly exclaimed, with tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Груша","title":"«Груша» — Grushenka, the pet form","body":"«Груша» is the intimate short form of «Грушенька», itself a diminutive of «Аграфена». (It also literally means 'pear'.) The doubled, breathless «Груша-то, Груша-то» pours out Mitya's anguished tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она-то за что","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «за что»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «Она-то» throws the weight onto Grushenka ('she, of all people'), and «за что» ('for what / why on earth') protests her undeserved suffering. Together they voice grieved incomprehension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такую муку на себя… примет","title":"Reflexive «на себя» with «принять»","body":"«примет» (perfective future of «принять», 'to take on') with «на себя» ('upon herself') — 'why should she take such torment upon herself?'. «себя» is the reflexive object pointing back to the subject «она»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Груша","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation (vocative use)","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Груша","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated, in apposition to previous Груша","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Груша","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent of the main clause","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of примет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Она","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition maring что (why, what for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of за (idiom: за что = why)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of муку","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"муку","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of примет","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"should she take"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of со","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b11-c4-s278","source":"Убивает меня Груша, мысль о ней убивает меня, убивает! Она давеча была у меня…","translation":"Grusha is killing me, the thought of her is killing me, killing me! She was here with me a little while ago…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убивает меня Груша","title":"Word order: verb-first for emotion","body":"The sentence leads with the verb «убивает» ('is killing'), pushing the subject «Груша» after it — a marked, emotive order that hurls the action forward. The threefold «убивает меня… убивает… убивает» hammers the obsession home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она давеча была у меня","title":"«у меня была» — 'she was at my place'","body":"«у меня» (у + genitive) plus «была» locates her visit: 'she was with me / at mine'. The archaic-colloquial adverb «давеча» ('a little while ago, just now') belongs to the older, folk-tinged register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a while ago' (archaic)","body":"A now-archaic colloquial adverb meaning 'recently, a little while ago, earlier today'. Common in 19th-century speech, it gives Mitya's words a homely, old-Russian colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убивает","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is killing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Убивает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Убивает","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убивает","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of о","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"убивает","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Убивает","gloss":"is killing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убивает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убивает","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated, coordinated with Убивает","gloss":"killing me"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b11-c4-s279","source":"— Она мне рассказывала. Она очень была сегодня тобою огорчена.","translation":"\"She told me. She was very much grieved by you today.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была… тобою огорчена","title":"Short passive participle «огорчена» + instrumental agent","body":"«огорчена» is the short-form past passive participle of «огорчить» ('to grieve, distress'), joined to «была» to state a result: 'she was grieved'. The agent stands in the instrumental — «тобою» ('by you'), the bookish variant of «тобой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказывала","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огорчена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огорчена","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of огорчена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огорчена","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent complement of огорчена","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"огорчена","lemma":"огорчить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grieved"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b11-c4-s280","source":"— Знаю. Черт меня дери за характер. Приревновал!","translation":"\"I know. Devil take me and my temper. I got jealous!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Черт меня дери","title":"«чёрт меня дери» — 'devil take me'","body":"An imprecation, literally 'may the devil flay/tear me' (imperative «дери» from «драть»). A vigorous self-curse of vexation, here aimed at his own «характер» ('temper, disposition')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приревновал!","title":"Perfective «приревновать» — got jealous","body":"«Приревновал» is the perfective past of «приревновать», 'to be seized by a fit of jealousy'. The prefix «при-» gives a sudden, bounded onset — 'I got jealous (just then)' — a single completed flare-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"my temper"},{"surface":"Приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got jealous"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b11-c4-s281","source":"Отпуская раскаялся, целовал ее. Прощенья не попросил.","translation":"As I let her go I repented, I kissed her. I didn't ask her forgiveness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отпуская раскаялся","title":"Gerund «отпуская» — 'while letting go'","body":"«отпуская» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «отпускать» ('to let go, release'), naming the attendant action simultaneous with the main verb «раскаялся» ('repented'): 'as I was letting her go, I repented'. The gerund shares the subject 'I'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскаялся","title":"Reflexive «раскаяться» — to repent","body":"«раскаялся» is the perfective -ся verb «раскаяться», 'to repent, feel remorse' — one of the verbs that exist only with «-ся». The perfective marks a single inward turn of contrition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощенья не попросил","title":"Genitive of negation «прощенья»","body":"Under negation the object takes the genitive: «не попросил прощенья» (rather than accusative «прощенье») — 'I did not ask for forgiveness'. With «просить/попросить» the genitive of the thing requested is in any case usual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отпуская","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verbal adverb (gerund), present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying раскаялся","gloss":"as I let her go"},{"surface":"раскаялся","lemma":"раскаяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repented"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскаялся","gloss":"I kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Прощенья","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates попросил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I didn't ask"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b11-c4-s282","source":"— Почему не попросил? — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Why didn't you ask it?\" exclaimed Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему не попросил?","title":"Past tense without a pronoun","body":"The verb «попросил» alone carries the question; the subject 'you' is dropped because the masculine «-л» ending already implies it in context. Russian routinely omits a pronoun the verb form makes clear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates попросил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"didn't you ask"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b11-c4-s283","source":"Митя вдруг почти весело рассмеялся.","translation":"Mitya suddenly laughed, almost cheerfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти весело рассмеялся","title":"Inceptive reflexive «рассмеяться»","body":"«рассмеялся» (perfective -ся of «рассмеяться») means 'burst out laughing' — the prefix «рас-» gives the sudden onset of laughter. The adverb «почти весело» ('almost cheerfully') sharpens the strange gaiety amid grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b11-c4-s284","source":"— Боже тебя сохрани, милого мальчика, когда-нибудь у любимой женщины за вину свою прощения просить!","translation":"\"God keep you, dear boy, from ever asking a woman you love to forgive you for your fault!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Боже тебя сохрани","title":"«Боже сохрани» — God forbid / God keep you","body":"«Боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» ('O God'), surviving in set exclamations. «Боже тебя сохрани (от того, чтобы)…» means 'God keep / preserve you from…' — a warm, half-pious warning. We render it 'God keep you from ever…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощения просить","title":"Genitive object of «просить»","body":"«просить прощения» — 'to ask forgiveness' — takes the genitive «прощения» for the thing sought, with the person «у любимой женщины» in «у» + genitive. The whole infinitive phrase is what God is asked to spare Alyosha from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сохрани","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сохрани","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"милого","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound adverb когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of compound adverb когда-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite suffix)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"любимой","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"a woman you love"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сохрани (from asking)","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b11-c4-s285","source":"У любимой особенно, особенно, как бы ни был ты пред ней виноват!","translation":"A woman you love above all, above all — however much in the wrong you may be before her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ни был ты… виноват","title":"Concessive «как бы ни» — 'however much'","body":"The frame «как бы ни + past/short adjective» means 'no matter how much…': «как бы ни был ты пред ней виноват» = 'however guilty you may be before her'. The «бы» plus «ни» builds a concessive irrealis; «виноват» is the short adjective 'guilty'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ней","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, Slavonic-flavoured doublet of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ней». It lends the sentence a solemn, scriptural cadence fitting Mitya's mock-oracular tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины (elided, cf. previous line)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"любимой","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of У (elided noun женщины)","gloss":"a woman you love"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies У любимой","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase как ни, modifies виноват","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of concessive phrase как бы ни","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of concessive phrase как бы ни, modifies виноват","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виноват","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of ты","gloss":"in the wrong"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b11-c4-s286","source":"Потому женщина — это, брат, черт знает что такое, уж в них-то я по крайней мере знаю толк!","translation":"Because a woman, brother, is the devil knows what — there at least I do know a thing or two!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знаю толк","title":"«знать толк (в чём)» — to be a connoisseur","body":"The idiom «знать толк в + prepositional» means 'to know one's stuff about, to be a good judge of'. «в них-то я знаю толк» — 'in them [women] I, at least, am an expert'. «толк» here is 'sense, the right understanding'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат… черт знает что такое","title":"«чёрт знает что» — 'the devil knows what'","body":"The fixed phrase «чёрт знает что (такое)» means 'goodness knows what, an impossible thing'. The vocative-like address «брат» ('brother', man-to-man) and the appealing «-то» on «в них-то» give the line its intimate, confiding swagger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole clause (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate: черт знает что такое)","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula linking женщина to черт знает что такое","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (parenthetical)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the idiom черт знает что (predicate of это)","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes них (них-то)","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic -то attached to них for emphasis, not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере (at least), governs мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мере (idiom по крайней мере)","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of по (idiom по крайней мере)","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning \"at least\"."},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"толк","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"sense","note":"Idiom знать толк в чём-то = \"to know a thing or two about something.\""}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b11-c4-s287","source":"Ну попробуй пред ней сознаться в вине, «виноват, дескать, прости, извини»: тут-то и пойдет град попреков!","translation":"Just try owning your fault to her — 'I'm guilty, you see, forgive me, pardon me' — and a hailstorm of reproaches will come down at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попробуй… сознаться","title":"Imperative «попробуй» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«попробуй» (perfective imperative, 'just try') takes the infinitive «сознаться» ('to confess', a -ся verb). «сознаться в вине» — 'to own up to one's guilt', «в» + prepositional «вине». The construction is hypothetical: 'just try confessing…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«дескать» is a particle flagging that the words are a (often skeptical or mocking) quotation of what one would say: 'so to speak, you see, as if to say'. Here it frames the mock-apology «виноват, дескать, прости» as a hollow formula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут-то и пойдет град попреков","title":"«тут-то и» — 'that's exactly when'","body":"The combination «тут-то и + verb» means 'that's the very moment when…': 'and that's just when the hail of reproaches will start'. «-то» emphasises «тут», «и» heightens, and «пойдёт» (perfective future of «пойти») marks the sudden onset."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"попробуй","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознаться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попробуй","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вине","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознаться","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted apology","gloss":"I'm guilty"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the words as reported/quoted speech","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виноват","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виноват","gloss":"pardon me"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes тут (тут-то)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies пойдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"град","lemma":"град","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"hailstorm"},{"surface":"попреков","lemma":"попрёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies град","gloss":"of reproaches"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b11-c4-s288","source":"Ни за что не простит прямо и просто, а унизит тебя до тряпки, вычитает, чего даже не было, всё возьмет, ничего не забудет, своего прибавит, и тогда уж только простит.","translation":"Not for anything will she forgive you straight and simple; she'll humble you to a rag first, she'll dredge up things that never even happened, she'll take it all in, forget nothing, throw in inventions of her own, and only then will she forgive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни за что не простит","title":"«ни за что» + «не» — emphatic refusal","body":"«ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') intensifies the negated «не простит» ('she won't forgive'), a perfective future. The «ни»-phrase and the verbal «не» work together in negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"унизит… вычитает… возьмет… забудет… прибавит","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"A cascade of perfective futures lists the steps of revenge as discrete completed acts: «унизит» (will humble), «вычитает» (will dredge up), «возьмёт» (will take in), «забудет» (will forget — here negated «ничего не забудет»), «прибавит» (will add). The accumulation mimics the relentless tally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"унизит тебя до тряпки","title":"«до тряпки» — 'to a rag'","body":"«тряпка» is a rag or floor-cloth, figuratively a spineless, worthless person ('a doormat'). «унизит до тряпки» — 'will humiliate you down to a rag', reduce you to nothing. A vivid colloquial image of total abasement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего даже не было","title":"Genitive «чего» after negation","body":"«вычитает, чего даже не было» — 'she'll dredge up [things] of which there never even was [any]'. The relative «чего» stands in the genitive, governed by the negated existential «не было», a textbook genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простит","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forgive"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прямо","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"унизит","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простит","gloss":"she'll humble"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of унизит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тряпки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тряпки","lemma":"тряпка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of унизит","gloss":"a rag"},{"surface":"вычитает","lemma":"вычитать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"she'll dredge up"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun, object of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вычитает","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"she'll take"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of забудет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудет","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"she'll forget"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прибавит","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"прибавит","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"she'll add"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"will she forgive"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b11-c4-s289","source":"И это еще лучшая, лучшая из них!","translation":"And that's the best of them, the very best!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучшая из них","title":"Superlative «лучшая» + «из» + genitive","body":"«лучшая» is the suppletive superlative/comparative of «хороший» ('good'), here the long feminine form, 'the best [one]'. The group it tops stands in «из» + genitive plural «них» ('of them'). The repetition «лучшая, лучшая» drives the bitter irony home."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучшая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучшая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лучшая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"лучшая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лучшая (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"the very best"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лучшая","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b11-c4-s290","source":"Последние поскребки выскребет и всё тебе на голову сложит — такая, я тебе скажу, живодерность в них сидит, во всех до единой, в этих ангелах-то, без которых жить-то нам невозможно!","translation":"She'll scrape out the last scrapings and pile the whole lot on your head — such, I tell you, is the butcher's cruelty that sits in them, in every last one, in these very angels, without whom there's no living for us!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Последние поскребки выскребет","title":"«поскрёбки выскрести» — scrape out the last scrapings","body":"A homely figure of speech: «поскрёбки» are the last scrapings clinging to a pot, and «выскрести» is 'to scrape out'. The cognate noun-and-verb pairing ('scrape out the scrapings') intensifies the image of a woman who extracts the very last grievance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"живодерность","title":"«живодёрность» — a coined 'butcher's cruelty'","body":"From «живодёр» (literally a knacker who flays live animals; figuratively a heartless extortioner), Mitya coins the abstract «живодёрность» — 'flaying cruelty, butcher-like ruthlessness'. The freshly minted noun in «-ность» captures his vehemence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всех до единой","title":"«до единой» — 'down to the last one'","body":"«до единой» (genitive feminine of «единый», 'single') after «во всех» means 'in every last one of them, without exception'. The «до + genitive» frame marks the lower limit of an exhaustive set."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без которых жить-то нам невозможно","title":"Relative «которых» + dative «нам» impersonal","body":"«без которых» ('without whom') is «без» + genitive plural relative «которых», and the main clause is impersonal: «нам невозможно жить» — 'for us it is impossible to live', with the dative «нам» as experiencer. The clitic «-то» on «жить-то» adds rueful emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies поскребки","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"поскребки","lemma":"поскребки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of выскребет","gloss":"scrapings"},{"surface":"выскребет","lemma":"выскрести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she'll scrape out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сложит","gloss":"the whole lot"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сложит","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложит","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"сложит","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскребет","gloss":"she'll pile"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies живодерность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I tell you)","gloss":"I'll tell you"},{"surface":"живодерность","lemma":"живодёрность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит (restates них)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"the last one","note":"до единой is idiomatic: \"down to the very last one.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ангелах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ангелах","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes ангелах (ангелах-то)","gloss":"these very"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes жить (жить-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of невозможно","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause introduced by которых","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b11-c4-s291","source":"Видишь, голубчик, я откровенно и просто скажу: всякий порядочный человек должен быть под башмаком хоть у какой-нибудь женщины.","translation":"You see, my dear, I'll say it frankly and plainly: every decent man ought to be under the thumb of some woman or other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear, dear fellow'","body":"A warm term of endearment, literally 'little dove' (the diminutive of «голубь»), used to address someone with affection: 'my dear, dear chap'. It softens Mitya's lecture into an intimate confidence to Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"под башмаком","title":"«под башмаком» — under the thumb / henpecked","body":"The idiom «(быть) под башмаком (у кого-то)» — literally 'under the shoe' — means to be under someone's thumb, henpecked, ruled by a woman. «под башмаком хоть у какой-нибудь женщины» = 'under the thumb of some woman or other'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть у какой-нибудь женщины","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» — 'some… or other'","body":"«какой-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'any / some… or other', as against the specific «какой-то». With «хоть» ('even, at least') it means 'of at least some woman, whoever she may be'. «у» + genitive locates the dominance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse verb (you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"порядочный","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded clause (must)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to башмаком","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking башмаком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"башмаком","lemma":"башмак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"the thumb","note":"под башмаком is idiomatic: \"under the thumb,\" literally \"under the shoe.\""},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой-нибудь (хоть какой-нибудь = some ... or other)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b11-c4-s292","source":"Таково мое убеждение; не убеждение, а чувство.","translation":"Such is my conviction; not a conviction, rather a feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таково мое убеждение","title":"Short/special form «таково»","body":"«таково» is the neuter short predicative form of «таков» ('such'), a bookish way of saying 'such is…': «Таково моё убеждение» — 'Such is my conviction'. It typically opens an emphatic summarising statement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убеждение, а чувство","title":"Corrective «не… а» — 'not X but Y'","body":"The pairing «не убеждение, а чувство» uses the contrastive «а» to correct: 'not a conviction, but rather a feeling'. This «не X, а Y» frame replaces one term with another, distinct from «но» ('but' of opposition)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таково","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Таково","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with чувство (elliptical: not X but Y)","gloss":"a conviction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with убеждение","gloss":"a feeling"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b11-c4-s293","source":"Мужчина должен быть великодушен, и мужчину это не замарает.","translation":"A man ought to be magnanimous, and it won't soil a man to be so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен быть великодушен","title":"«должен» + infinitive + short adjective","body":"«должен» ('ought, must') agrees with the masculine subject «мужчина» and takes the infinitive «быть»; the predicate «великодушен» is the short adjective ('magnanimous'), the bookish form natural after «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не замарает","title":"«замарать» — to soil, besmirch","body":"«замарать» is colloquial for 'to dirty, stain, besmirch' (one's honour or name). «мужчину это не замарает» — 'it won't soil a man'. Note the accusative animate object «мужчину» fronted before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужчина","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to великодушен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"великодушен","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мужчину","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замарает","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замарает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замарает","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"will soil"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b11-c4-s294","source":"Героя даже на замарает, Цезаря не замарает!","translation":"It won't soil even a hero, it won't soil a Caesar!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Героя… Цезаря не замарает","title":"Animate accusative «героя», «Цезаря»","body":"Both objects are animate masculine, so their accusative borrows the genitive form: «героя» (a hero), «Цезаря» (a Caesar). Fronted before «не замарает», they ride the rising rhetorical crescendo. (The text's «на замарает» is a printer's slip for «не замарает».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замарает","gloss":"a hero"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарает","gloss":"not","note":"Reads as \"не\" (not) in context and in the accompanying translation; \"на\" here appears to be a transcription artifact in the source text rather than the negating particle Dostoevsky wrote."},{"surface":"замарает","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will soil"},{"surface":"Цезаря","lemma":"Цезарь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замарает","gloss":"Caesar"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замарает","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with замарает","gloss":"will soil"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b11-c4-s295","source":"Ну, а прощения все-таки не проси, никогда и ни за что.","translation":"Well, but all the same don't ask forgiveness, never and on no account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощения… не проси","title":"Imperfective imperative «не проси»","body":"The prohibition uses the imperfective imperative «не проси» ('don't ask') with the genitive object «прощения». Russian's negative commands take the imperfective; «никогда и ни за что» ('never and on no account') piles on the negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проси (genitive of negation)","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки (all the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки (all the same)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проси","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"проси","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проси","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with никогда (idiom ни за что = on no account)","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b11-c4-s296","source":"Помни правило: преподал тебе его брат твой Митя, от женщин погибший.","translation":"Remember the rule: your brother Mitya, ruined by women, has taught it to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помни правило","title":"Imperfective imperative «помни»","body":"«помни» (imperfective imperative of «помнить', 'to remember') commands an ongoing state — 'keep in mind, remember' — fitting an enduring rule rather than a one-off act. «правило» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат твой Митя, от женщин погибший","title":"Past active participle «погибший»","body":"«погибший» is the past active participle of «погибнуть» ('to perish, be ruined'), agreeing with «Митя» — 'your brother Mitya, ruined/undone by women'. «от женщин» (от + genitive) names the cause. The participle compresses a whole «который»-clause into one self-mocking epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"правило","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Помни","gloss":"the rule"},{"surface":"преподал","lemma":"преподать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second (explanatory) clause","gloss":"has taught"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of преподал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of преподал (refers back to правило)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преподал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of погибший","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"погибший","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying брат (ruined by women)","gloss":"ruined"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b11-c4-s297","source":"Нет, уж я лучше без прощения Груше чем-нибудь заслужу.","translation":"No, I'd rather earn my way back to Grusha by some deed than by forgiveness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше без прощения… заслужу","title":"«лучше» + perfective future","body":"The comparative adverb «лучше» ('rather, better') plus the perfective future «заслужу» ('I'll earn / deserve') frames a preference: 'I'd rather earn [my way back] than [beg forgiveness]'. «без прощения» (без + genitive) marks the means he rejects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (no)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заслужу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies заслужу","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прощения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслужу","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"Груше","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of заслужу","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of чем-нибудь, oblique complement of заслужу","gloss":"by some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of чем-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"заслужу","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll earn"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b11-c4-s298","source":"Благоговею я пред ней, Алексей, благоговею!","translation":"I stand in awe of her, Alexei, in awe!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Благоговею","title":"«благоговеть» — to revere, stand in awe","body":"«благоговею» (from «благоговеть» before someone, «пред кем-то») is an elevated, almost devotional verb: 'I revere, I worship, I stand in holy awe'. Built on the Slavonic «благо-» ('good, blessed'), it lifts Mitya's love for Grushenka to the pitch of religious reverence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ней","title":"«благоговею пред ней» + instrumental","body":"«благоговеть» governs «пред» ('before') + instrumental «ней». The bookish «пред» (for «перед») and the solemn verb together give the line a worshipful, liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благоговею","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am in awe"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Благоговею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Благоговею","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"благоговею","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Благоговею","gloss":"in awe"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b11-c4-s299","source":"Не видит только она этого, нет, всё ей мало любви.","translation":"Only she doesn't see it, no, all the love I give her is still too little for her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ей мало любви","title":"Impersonal «мало» + dative + genitive","body":"«ей мало любви» is an impersonal experiencer construction: the dative «ей» ('to her') feels something, and «мало» ('too little') governs the genitive «любви» ('of love'). 'For her all the love is still too little.' No nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не видит только она этого","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"Under «не видит» the object goes genitive: «не видит… этого» ('she doesn't see this'). The fronted «не видит» and the «-то»-free «только она» ('only she') foreground that she alone fails to perceive his devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видит (genitive of negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (no)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мало","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of мало","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause (is too little)","gloss":"is too little"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of мало","gloss":"of love"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b11-c4-s300","source":"И томит она меня, любовью томит.","translation":"And she torments me, torments me with love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"томит она меня, любовью томит","title":"Instrumental of means «любовью»; emphatic repetition","body":"«томит» ('torments, wears down') is repeated with the instrumental «любовью» ('with love') naming the means by which she torments him. The reordering — verb first, then 'with love, torments' — makes the paradox ('she torments me with love') ring like a refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"томит","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of томит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of томит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of томит","gloss":"with love"},{"surface":"томит","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with томит","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b11-c4-s301","source":"Что прежде!","translation":"What was it before!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что прежде!","title":"Verbless exclamation","body":"An elliptical exclamation with no verb at all — «Что прежде!» literally 'What [was] before!'. Russian freely omits the copula 'to be' in the present, and here even the implied past is left to the reader; the English supplies 'was it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прежде","title":"«прежде» — before, formerly","body":"A bookish adverb meaning 'earlier, in former times', slightly more elevated than the everyday «раньше». Mitya uses it to set off his old self against the man he has now become."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"was before"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b11-c4-s302","source":"Прежде меня только изгибы инфернальные томили, а теперь я всю ее душу в свою душу принял и через нее сам человеком стал!","translation":"Before, only the infernal curves of her tormented me, but now I've taken her whole soul into my own soul, and through her I myself have become a man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изгибы инфернальные","title":"«изгибы инфернальные» — infernal curves","body":"«изгиб» is a 'bend, curve, twist'; here metaphorically the seductive 'curves' of Grushenka's nature. «инфернальный» (from Latin infernus) is a self-consciously literary, foreign word — Dostoevsky lets Mitya reach for an exotic flourish to dramatize his torment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человеком стал","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"«стал человеком» — 'became a man': after «стать» (to become) the predicate noun takes the instrumental, «человеком», not the nominative. The instrumental frames the new role as something arrived at, a transformation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в свою душу принял","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою душу» is contrasted with «всю ее душу» — he took her whole soul into his own (свою) soul. «свой» always points back to the clause's subject, here Mitya, keeping the two souls grammatically distinct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"томили","title":"Imperfective past of habitual torment","body":"«томили» (imperfective past, plural agreeing with «изгибы») renders an ongoing, repeated condition — the curves 'kept tormenting' him — against which the perfective «принял» and «стал» mark the single decisive change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies томили","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of томили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изгибы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"изгибы","lemma":"изгиб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of томили","gloss":"curves"},{"surface":"инфернальные","lemma":"инфернальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies изгибы","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"томили","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with стал","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject (я) of стал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b11-c4-s303","source":"Повенчают ли нас? А без того я умру от ревности.","translation":"Will they let us marry? Without that I'll die of jealousy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повенчают ли нас?","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» turns the statement into a neutral yes/no question, fronting the focused verb «повенчают» — 'Will they marry us [or not]?'. This is more literary and pointed than a bare rising intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повенчают","title":"Impersonal 'they' subject","body":"The bare 3rd-person plural «повенчают» with no stated subject is Russian's indefinite 'they' — 'will they (the authorities) marry us', i.e. 'will we be allowed to marry'. The perfective future names a single decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умру от ревности","title":"Cause expressed with «от» + genitive","body":"«от ревности» — 'from jealousy': the preposition «от» governs the genitive and here marks the cause of dying. «от» + genitive is the standard way to name what one perishes 'of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повенчают","lemma":"повенчать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will they marry"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Повенчают (question particle)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Повенчают","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll die"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умру","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b11-c4-s304","source":"Так и снится что-нибудь каждый день… Что она тебе обо мне говорила?","translation":"Every day I dream of something or other… What did she tell you about me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снится","title":"Dative-experiencer «снится»","body":"«снится» ('appears in a dream') is an impersonal-feeling verb: the dreamer stands in the dative (here implied 'мне') and what is dreamed is the grammatical subject. One does not 'dream' something actively — it 'dreams itself to one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"The particle «-нибудь» makes «что» a vague 'something or other, anything at all', fitting the random nightly dreams — as opposed to «что-то», which would point to one specific (if unnamed) thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обо мне","title":"«о» → «обо» before «мне»","body":"The preposition «о» ('about') takes the prepositional case and swells to «обо» before certain pronouns: «обо мне» — 'about me'. It governs «говорила», 'what did she say about me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снится","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (just so)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"снится","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dream"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-нибудь, subject of снится","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-нибудь, subject of снится","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снится","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did she say"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b11-c4-s305","source":"Алеша повторил все давешние речи Грушеньки. Митя выслушал подробно, многое переспросил и остался доволен.","translation":"Alyosha repeated all that Grushenka had said earlier. Mitya heard him out in detail, asked again about much of it, and was satisfied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешние","title":"«давешний» — earlier, of a little while ago","body":"A colloquial, old-fashioned adjective meaning 'spoken/happening a short while ago today'. «давешние речи» = 'the words said earlier'; it has a homely, narrative flavor with no neat English equivalent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переспросил","title":"Prefix «пере-» = 'again, re-'","body":"«переспросить» layers the prefix «пере-» ('over, re-') onto «спросить» (to ask), giving 'to ask again, ask to have repeated'. The perfective «переспросил» fits the chain of one-off completed acts: heard out, re-asked, was satisfied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался доволен","title":"Short adjective predicate «доволен»","body":"«доволен» is the short (predicative) form of «довольный» (satisfied), used after «остался» — 'remained satisfied'. Short adjectives can only predicate, and carry the bookish, state-describing flavor of 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"давешние","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of повторил","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушал","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переспросил","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"asked again about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"satisfied"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b11-c4-s306","source":"— Так не сердится, что ревную, — воскликнул он.","translation":"\"So she isn't angry that I'm jealous,\" he exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сердится, что ревную","title":"«что» introducing the cause","body":"Here «что» opens a clause naming the reason — 'she isn't angry that I'm jealous'. The reflexive «сердится» (to be angry, from «сердиться») and the bare 1st-person «ревную» (I'm jealous) both carry person through their endings, so no pronouns are needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревную","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ревную","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сердится","gloss":"I'm jealous"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b11-c4-s307","source":"— Прямо женщина! «У меня у самой жестокое сердце».","translation":"\"Just like a woman! 'I have a cruel heart myself.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня у самой жестокое сердце","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"«У меня… сердце» is Russian's normal way to say 'I have a heart' — «у» + genitive of the possessor plus the thing in the nominative. The doubled «у самой» ('myself', feminine) intensifies: 'I myself have a cruel heart'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у самой","title":"Intensifier «сам» in the feminine genitive","body":"«самой» is «сама» ('[she] herself', the feminine intensifier) in the genitive after «у». Grushenka stresses that the cruelty is her own, inborn — 'I, of all people, have a cruel heart'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement of сердце (у меня = I have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самой (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes меня (myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elliptical: у меня жестокое сердце)","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b11-c4-s308","source":"Ух, люблю таких, жестоких-то, хотя и не терплю, когда меня ревнуют, не терплю! Драться будем.","translation":"Ah, I love them like that, the cruel ones, though I can't stand when she's jealous of me, I can't stand it! We'll have our fights.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жестоких-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «жестоких» ('the cruel ones — those') singles them out as the known topic he is dwelling on, a flavor English catches only with stress: 'the cruel ones, I mean'. Distinct from the indefinite «-то» in «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда меня ревнуют","title":"Impersonal 'they' + accusative object","body":"«меня ревнуют» — literally 'they are jealous of me', an unspecified-subject plural with «меня» as accusative object; idiomatically 'when I'm made the object of jealousy'. The English smooths it to 'being made jealous'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Драться будем","title":"Compound future + word order","body":"«будем драться» (here inverted to «Драться будем») is the imperfective future: «будем» + the imperfective reflexive infinitive «драться» (to fight, brawl). Fronting the infinitive throws the emphasis onto the fighting itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"such ones"},{"surface":"жестоких","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with таких","gloss":"the cruel ones"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes жестоких (жестоких-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of терплю","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"терплю","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревнуют","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревнуют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ревнуют","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда","gloss":"she's jealous"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"терплю","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with терплю","gloss":"stand it"},{"surface":"Драться","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fight"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of Драться","gloss":"we will"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b11-c4-s309","source":"Но любить, — любить ее буду бесконечно.","translation":"But to love — love her I shall, without end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любить ее буду бесконечно","title":"Fronted infinitive for emphasis","body":"The compound future «буду любить» is split and inverted — «любить… любить ее буду» — so the verb 'to love' rings out twice before the auxiliary. Russian's free word order lets the emotional core lead and the grammatical scaffolding trail behind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"fronted infinitive (topic), repeated for emphasis","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (with буду as auxiliary)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"endlessly"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b11-c4-s310","source":"Повенчают ли нас? Каторжных разве венчают? Вопрос.","translation":"Will they let us marry? Do they let convicts marry? That's the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каторжных разве венчают?","title":"Genitive-accusative of animate «каторжных»","body":"«каторжных» is the accusative of animate «каторжные» (convicts) — for animate nouns the accusative borrows the genitive form. The fronted object plus impersonal 'they' venчают asks 'do they marry convicts [at all]?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве","title":"Doubting particle «разве»","body":"«разве» injects incredulous doubt into a question — 'do they really marry convicts?', expecting the answer 'no'. It colors the line with Mitya's despair more than any neutral question word could."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повенчают","lemma":"повенчать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, modifies Повенчают","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Повенчают","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Каторжных","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of венчают","gloss":"convicts"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies венчают","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"венчают","lemma":"венчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (that's the question)","gloss":"the question"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b11-c4-s311","source":"А без нее я жить не могу…","translation":"And without her I cannot live…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без нее я жить не могу","title":"«без» + genitive of absence","body":"«без нее» — 'without her': «без» governs the genitive, «нее» being the н-prefixed genitive of «она» used after a preposition. The whole formula 'without X I cannot live' recurs through this chapter as Mitya's refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b11-c4-s312","source":"Митя нахмуренно прошелся по комнате. В комнате становилось почти темно. Он вдруг стал страшно озабочен.","translation":"Mitya, frowning, walked up and down the room. It was growing almost dark in the room. He suddenly became dreadfully preoccupied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмуренно прошелся","title":"Adverb from a past passive participle","body":"«нахмуренно» ('frowningly') is an adverb built on «нахмуренный», the past passive participle of «нахмурить» (to knit one's brows). «прошелся» — perfective of «пройтись», 'took a turn, paced' — adds the «-ся» middle sense of strolling about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становилось почти темно","title":"Impersonal 'it was growing dark'","body":"«становилось темно» is a subjectless impersonal: neuter «становилось» (imperfective, 'was becoming') with the predicate adverb «темно». There is no 'it' — the darkening simply happens, a hallmark Russian way of describing weather and light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал страшно озабочен","title":"Short adjective after «стать»","body":"«озабочен» is the short predicative form of «озабоченный» (preoccupied, anxious), here after «стал» — 'became preoccupied'. «страшно» ('frightfully') is used as a colloquial intensifier, 'dreadfully'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошелся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошелся","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"прошелся","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked up and down"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошелся","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилось","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"complement of становилось","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабочен","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"озабочен","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"preoccupied"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b11-c4-s313","source":"— Так секрет, говорит, секрет? У меня, дескать, втроем против нее заговор, и «Катька», дескать, замешана?","translation":"\"A secret, she says, a secret? The three of us, she says, are in a plot against her, and 'Katka,' she says, is mixed up in it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — quotative 'she says'","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging that the speaker is relaying someone else's words, often with a shade of skepticism — 'she says, supposedly, as she puts it'. Mitya scatters it as he mockingly ventriloquizes Grushenka."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"втроем","title":"Collective numeral adverb «втроем»","body":"«втроем» means 'as a threesome, the three [of us] together'. It is a collective-numeral adverb (from «трое») describing people acting as a group — 'the three of us are in a plot'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Так, quoted exclamation","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb (she says)","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated exclamation, coordinated with the first секрет","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговор (у меня = 'I have')","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical reporting marker","gloss":"so she says"},{"surface":"втроем","lemma":"втроём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"the three of us"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговор","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"заговор","lemma":"заговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (у меня ... заговор)","gloss":"a conspiracy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катька","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замешана","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical reporting marker","gloss":"so she says"},{"surface":"замешана","lemma":"замешанный","morphology":"adjective (short form, passive), feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Катька","gloss":"is mixed up in it"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b11-c4-s314","source":"Нет, брат Грушенька, это не то.","translation":"No, brother Grushenka, that's not it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это не то","title":"«не то» — 'not that, not the thing'","body":"«то» is the neuter demonstrative ('that one, the thing'); negated, «это не то» means 'that's not it, you've got the wrong thing'. Mitya tells the absent Grushenka she has guessed wrongly about the secret."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат Грушенька","title":"«брат» as a familiar interjection","body":"Mitya addresses Grushenka — a woman — as «брат», 'brother'. Here «брат» is a frozen buddy-ish vocative ('old chap, my dear fellow') used regardless of sex, an affectionate verbal tic of his excited speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (to Alyosha)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical mention, in apposition to брат","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (это не то)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b11-c4-s315","source":"Ты тут маху дала, своего глупенького женского маху!","translation":"There you missed the mark, you made a silly little woman's blunder!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маху дала","title":"Idiom «дать маху» — to miss the mark","body":"«дать маху» is a set idiom meaning 'to blunder, to make a slip'. «маху» is an old genitive-of-quantity form locked into the phrase; «дала» is the feminine past, addressed to Grushenka."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупенького женского маху","title":"Diminutive «-еньк-» on «глупый»","body":"«глупенький» softens «глупый» (silly) with the affectionate diminutive «-еньк-»: a 'sweet little silly' blunder, not a stupid one. The tenderness within the scolding is exactly the suffix's work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"маху","lemma":"мах","morphology":"noun (idiomatic genitive object), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дала (idiom: дать маху = to blunder)","gloss":"a blunder","note":"дать маху is a fixed idiom meaning 'to miss the mark, to blunder' — маху keeps a fossilized old genitive form as the object."},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of маху","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глупенького","lemma":"глупенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies маху","gloss":"silly little"},{"surface":"женского","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies маху","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"маху","lemma":"мах","morphology":"noun (idiomatic genitive object), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first маху, restating the blunder","gloss":"blunder"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b11-c4-s316","source":"Алеша, голубчик, эх, куда ни шло! Открою я тебе наш секрет!","translation":"Alyosha, my dear, oh, come what may! I'll let you in on our secret!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'little dove', my dear","body":"Literally 'little pigeon/dove' (diminutive of «голубь»), «голубчик» is a warm term of endearment, 'my dear, darling fellow'. The «-чик» suffix carries the affection; it is one of Russian's most tender forms of address."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куда ни шло","title":"Idiom «куда ни шло» — 'come what may'","body":"A fixed colloquial phrase meaning 'all right then, here goes, never mind the risk'. It marks the moment of reckless decision: Mitya throws caution aside and resolves to share the secret."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Открою я тебе","title":"Inverted perfective future","body":"«Открою я тебе» fronts the perfective future verb «открою» ('I'll open/disclose') before the pronoun for emphasis — 'disclose it I will, to you'. The perfective names the single decisive act of revealing the secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша, term of endearment","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom куда ни шло","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom куда ни шло","gloss":"what may"},{"surface":"шло","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom expression, exclamation on its own","gloss":"goes","note":"куда ни шло is a fixed idiom meaning 'come what may, whatever happens.'"},{"surface":"Открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll open up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Открою","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b11-c4-s317","source":"Он оглянулся во все стороны, быстро вплоть подошел к стоявшему пред ним Алеше и зашептал ему с таинственным видом, хотя по-настоящему их никто не мог слышать: старик сторож дремал в углу на лавке, а до караульных солдат ни слова не долетало.","translation":"He glanced about on every side, stepped quickly right up close to Alyosha, who stood before him, and began whispering to him with a mysterious air, although in truth no one could overhear them: the old watchman dozed in the corner on a bench, and not a word carried to the guard soldiers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглянулся","title":"«-ся» middle voice in «оглянуться»","body":"«оглянулся» (perfective of «оглянуться», to look round) is a -ся verb where the clitic marks an action turned back on the doer — he 'glanced himself about'. Many such verbs of bodily motion and perception exist only in the -ся form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к стоявшему пред ним Алеше","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«стоявшему» is the past active participle of «стоять» (to stand), in the dative to agree with «Алеше» after «к» — 'to Alyosha, who was standing before him'. It compresses a whole который-clause into one declined word, the bookish texture of narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, shortened form of the preposition «перед» ('in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». It lends a literary, slightly archaic ring to the otherwise plain action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни слова не долетало","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«ни слова… не долетало» stacks the intensifier «ни» ('not a single') with the verb's «не» — Russia's obligatory double negative — and puts «слова» in the genitive because the negated subject of an existential goes genitive: 'not a word reached them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглянулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оглянулся","lemma":"оглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced around"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оглянулся","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"right up close"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглянулся","gloss":"stepped up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стоявшему","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алеше","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшему","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашептал","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглянулся","gloss":"began whispering"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зашептал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таинственным","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашептал","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-настоящему)","role":"part of по-настоящему, modifies мог","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-настоящему)","role":"part of по-настоящему, modifies мог","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сторож","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дремал","gloss":"watchman"},{"surface":"дремал","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause after the colon","gloss":"dozed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дремал","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дремал","gloss":"a bench"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солдат","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"караульных","lemma":"караульный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies солдат","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of долетало","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of долетало","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долетало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"долетало","lemma":"долетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дремал","gloss":"carried"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b11-c4-s318","source":"— Я тебе всю нашу тайну открою! — зашептал спеша Митя.","translation":"\"I'll open up our whole secret to you!\" Mitya whispered hurriedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тайну","title":"«тайна» vs «секрет»","body":"Mitya shifts from the borrowed «секрет» to the native «тайна» (mystery, secret) — a weightier, more solemn word with overtones of the hidden and sacred, fitting the 'matter of conscience' he is about to confide."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашептал спеша","title":"Gerund «спеша» — 'hurrying'","body":"«спеша» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «спешить», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb: 'whispered, hurrying'. The inceptive prefix «за-» on «зашептал» means 'began to whisper'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открою","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll open up"},{"surface":"зашептал","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the dialogue tag","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, active, gerund (adverbial participle), imperfective","role":"modifies зашептал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашептал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b11-c4-s319","source":"— Хотел потом открыть, потому что без тебя разве могу на что решиться? Ты у меня всё.","translation":"\"I meant to open it later, for how can I decide on anything without you? You are everything to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве могу на что решиться?","title":"Rhetorical «разве» + «-ся»","body":"«разве могу… решиться?» is a rhetorical question expecting 'no' — 'as if I could decide on anything [without you]?'. «решиться» is the -ся form, 'to bring oneself to decide, resolve', distinct from plain «решить» (to decide a question)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты у меня всё","title":"Zero copula + «у меня»","body":"«Ты у меня всё» — 'You are everything to me', with no verb 'to be' (zero copula in the present) and the affectionate «у меня» ('in my world, to me'). The bare nominative «всё» is the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I meant"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыть","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to open it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause of могу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"can I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решиться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (Ты ... всё)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b11-c4-s320","source":"Я хоть и говорю, что Иван над нами высший, но ты у меня херувим.","translation":"Though I say that Ivan is higher than the rest of us, you are my cherub.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван над нами высший","title":"Comparative-as-adjective «высший»","body":"«высший» is the bookish superlative/comparative of «высокий» ('higher, highest, superior'). Here it predicates with zero copula — 'Ivan is higher than us' — «над нами» ('above us') reinforcing the ranking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"херувим","title":"«херувим» — cherub","body":"A Church-Slavonic / biblical word for an angelic being of the highest order. Calling Alyosha «херувим» casts him as a pure, near-celestial conscience — the spiritual counterweight to the worldly-clever Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb (part of хоть и, 'although')","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of хоть и)","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высший","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высший","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of высший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective (comparative), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Иван","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of херувим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of херувим","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"cherub"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b11-c4-s321","source":"Только твое решение решит.","translation":"Only your decision will decide it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твое решение решит","title":"Figura etymologica + perfective future","body":"«решение решит» pairs the noun «решение» (decision) with the perfective future «решит» (will decide) from the same root — 'your decision will decide it'. The perfective future names the single settling act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of решит","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"решит","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will decide it"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b11-c4-s322","source":"Может, ты-то и есть высший человек, а не Иван.","translation":"Maybe it's you who are the higher man, and not Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты-то и есть высший человек","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «и есть»","body":"«ты-то и есть» throws weight onto 'you' — 'it's you, of all people, who really are the higher man'. The clitic «-то» topicalizes «ты», and the rare retained copula «есть» with «и» ('precisely is') drives the identification home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb (parenthetical), present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (maybe)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective (comparative), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b11-c4-s323","source":"Видишь, тут дело совести, дело высшей совести — тайна столь важная, что я справиться сам не смогу и всё отложил до тебя.","translation":"You see, here's a matter of conscience, a matter of the highest conscience — a secret so weighty that I can't manage it on my own, and I've put everything off until you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело совести, дело высшей совести","title":"Genitive of 'a matter of'","body":"«дело совести» — 'a matter of conscience': the thing the matter concerns goes in the genitive, «совести». The repetition «дело высшей совести» ('of the highest conscience') escalates by piling on the agreeing adjective «высшей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь важная, что","title":"Result clause «столь… что»","body":"«столь… что» ('so… that') sets up a consequence: a secret 'so weighty that I can't manage it'. «столь» is the bookish equivalent of everyday «так», raising the register of Mitya's outpouring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"справиться сам не смогу","title":"«справиться» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«справиться» (-ся, 'to cope, manage') takes its object with «с» + instrumental; here the object «с этим» is understood. «сам» ('[my]self') stresses 'on my own', and the genitive-of-negation is avoided since the object is left implicit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (тут дело = here is a matter)","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the first дело, restating it","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective (comparative), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of важная","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важная","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"важная","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of тайна","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смогу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смогу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смогу","gloss":"manage it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies справиться","gloss":"on my own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смогу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смогу","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что clause (result clause of важная)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смогу (both under что-clause)","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b11-c4-s324","source":"А все-таки теперь рано решать, потому надо ждать приговора: приговор выйдет, тогда ты и решишь судьбу.","translation":"And all the same it's too early to decide now, because we must wait for the verdict: once the verdict comes out, then you'll decide my fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рано решать","title":"Impersonal 'it's too early to'","body":"«рано решать» is a subjectless predicate-adverb construction: «рано» ('early') plus the imperfective infinitive «решать» — 'it is too early to decide'. The imperfective views the deciding as a process not yet to be entered upon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приговор выйдет, тогда ты и решишь","title":"Conditional-temporal без союза","body":"Two perfective futures are juxtaposed with no 'if/when' — «приговор выйдет, тогда… решишь» — letting sequence carry the conditional sense: 'once the verdict comes out, then you'll decide'. «и» before «решишь» means 'precisely then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки, 'all the same')","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too early"},{"surface":"решать","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on рано","gloss":"to decide"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"coordinated with рано","gloss":"we must"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"the verdict"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"the verdict"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (приговор выйдет)","gloss":"comes out"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решишь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решишь","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"решишь","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйдет","gloss":"will decide"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of решишь","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b11-c4-s325","source":"Теперь не решай; я тебе сейчас скажу, ты услышишь, но не решай.","translation":"Don't decide now; I'll tell you in a moment, you'll hear it, but don't decide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не решай","title":"Imperfective negative imperative","body":"«не решай» is the negative imperative in the imperfective — the normal aspect for a prohibition, 'don't [start to] decide'. A perfective «не реши» would warn against an accidental slip; the imperfective simply forbids the action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты услышишь","title":"Perfective future «услышишь»","body":"«услышишь» is the perfective future of «услышать» ('will hear, will catch [it]'), a single completed perception, against the imperfective «слышать» which would mean ongoing hearing. He will tell, and Alyosha will hear it out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"решай","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"in a moment"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решай","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of услышишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"услышишь","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решай","gloss":"will hear it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"решай","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first решай","gloss":"decide"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b11-c4-s326","source":"Стой и молчи.","translation":"Stand and be silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой и молчи","title":"Imperfective commands of state","body":"Both «Стой» (from «стоять») and «молчи» (from «молчать») are imperfective imperatives, fitting because they command a continuing state — 'keep standing, keep silent' — rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"be silent"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b11-c4-s327","source":"Я тебе не всё открою. Я тебе только идею скажу, без подробностей, а ты молчи.","translation":"I won't open it all to you. I'll only tell you the idea, without the particulars, and you keep silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не всё открою","title":"Negated «всё» as object","body":"«не всё открою» — 'I won't disclose everything', with «всё» (the whole) as the object of perfective «открою». The negation scopes over 'all', not the verb: he will reveal something, just not all of it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без подробностей","title":"«без» + genitive plural","body":"«без подробностей» — 'without the details': «без» governs the genitive, here the genitive plural «подробностей» (from «подробность», a soft-stem feminine taking «-ей»). He gives the idea bare of its particulars."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открою","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll open"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностей","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"the particulars"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"keep silent"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b11-c4-s328","source":"Ни вопроса, ни движения, согласен?","translation":"Not a question, not a movement — agreed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни вопроса, ни движения","title":"Correlative «ни… ни» with genitive","body":"«Ни вопроса, ни движения» — 'neither a question nor a movement'. The repeated «ни» both negates and lists; the nouns stand in the genitive of negation (an implied «не [допускай]»), demanding utter stillness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction (correlative ни...ни)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (no question)","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction (correlative ни...ни)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вопроса","gloss":"a movement"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agreed"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b11-c4-s329","source":"А впрочем, господи, куда я дену глаза твои? Боюсь, глаза твои скажут решение, хотя бы ты и молчал.","translation":"And yet, Lord, where am I to put your eyes? I'm afraid your eyes will speak the decision, even if you stay silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господи","title":"«господи» — vocative 'O Lord'","body":"«господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (the Lord), used here as an everyday exclamation of distress, 'good Lord, oh God'. It keeps its old vocative ending where modern Russian otherwise has none."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда я дену глаза твои?","title":"Dative-less impersonal worry + «куда»","body":"«куда я дену…?» ('where am I to put…?') uses «куда» (whither) with the perfective future «дену» (from «деть», to stow, get rid of) — a near-helpless 'what am I to do with your eyes?'. Postposed «глаза твои» weights the possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы ты и молчал","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + conditional","body":"«хотя бы… молчал» builds a concessive-hypothetical: «хотя» (although) + the irrealis particle «бы» on the past form «молчал» — 'even if you were to stay silent'. The «бы» turns it from fact into supposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (however)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дену","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дену","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дену","lemma":"деть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дену","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the that-clause","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will speak"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажут","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of хотя бы, 'even if')","role":"introduces the clause of молчал","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"conditional particle (part of хотя бы)","role":"auxiliary of молчал","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скажут","gloss":"stayed silent"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b11-c4-s330","source":"Ух, боюсь! Алеша, слушай: брат Иван мне предлагает бежать.","translation":"Oh, I'm afraid! Alyosha, listen: brother Ivan is proposing that I escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предлагает бежать","title":"Imperfective infinitive after «предлагать»","body":"«предлагает бежать» — 'is proposing to flee': «предлагать» (imperfective, repeated urging) governs the bare infinitive «бежать». «бежать» here means not 'run' but 'escape, abscond', the unidirectional motion verb pressed into the sense of flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"is proposing"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of предлагает","gloss":"that I escape"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b11-c4-s331","source":"Подробностей не говорю: всё предупреждено, всё может устроиться.","translation":"I won't go into the particulars: everything's been seen to, everything can be arranged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё предупреждено, всё может устроиться","title":"Short passive participle + «-ся» potential","body":"«предупреждено» is the short past passive participle (neuter) of «предупредить» — 'everything has been seen to'. Paired with «может устроиться» (the -ся middle, 'can arrange itself, can be arranged'), it leaves the human arranger discreetly unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of говорю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the particulars"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't go into"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive предупреждено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"предупреждено","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"has been seen to"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предупреждено","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be arranged"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b11-c4-s332","source":"Молчи, не решай.","translation":"Be silent, don't decide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи, не решай","title":"Affirmative vs negative imperative","body":"Two imperfective imperatives: positive «молчи» ('keep silent') and negative «не решай' ('don't decide'). The imperfective is the default for both an ongoing-state command and a plain prohibition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"решай","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"decide"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b11-c4-s333","source":"В Америку с Грушей.","translation":"To America, with Grusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В Америку","title":"«в» + accusative for motion-toward","body":"«В Америку» — 'to America': «в» takes the accusative when it expresses motion toward a destination (contrast «в Америке», prepositional, 'in America', which appears later). The bare phrase, verbless, lands like a blurted plan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с Грушей","title":"«Груша» — diminutive of Grushenka","body":"«Груша» (instrumental «Грушей» after «с») is the shorter pet form of «Грушенька», itself a diminutive of Agrafena. The bare «Груша» is the most intimate rung of the affectionate ladder — Mitya's tenderest name for her."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушей","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Америку","gloss":"Grusha"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b11-c4-s334","source":"Ведь я без Груши жить не могу!","translation":"For I can't live without Grusha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я без Груши","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» opens the sentence with an appeal to shared understanding — 'why, after all, I can't live without Grusha, you know'. It does not translate as a word; it colors the whole line with insistent self-evidence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без Груши","title":"«без» + genitive of the name","body":"«без Груши» — 'without Grusha': «без» governs the genitive, and the diminutive «Груша» declines to «Груши». The whole 'without her I can't live' refrain recurs verbatim throughout the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Груши","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Груши","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b11-c4-s335","source":"Ну как ее ко мне там не пустят? Каторжных разве венчают? Брат Иван говорит, что нет.","translation":"Well, what if they won't let her come to me out there? Do they let convicts marry? Brother Ivan says no.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ее ко мне там не пустят?","title":"«как… не» — 'what if they don't'","body":"The rhetorical «Ну как… не пустят?» voices a dreaded possibility — 'what if they won't let her [come] to me?'. «её» is the animate accusative object; «не пустят» is the impersonal 'they' perfective future with negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брат Иван говорит, что нет","title":"Elliptical «что нет»","body":"«говорит, что нет» — 'says that no [they don't]'. The reported clause is reduced to the bare negator «нет», answering the preceding question; «что» introduces the indirect statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (interrogative)","role":"introduces the clause of пустят","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустят","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they won't let"},{"surface":"Каторжных","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of венчают","gloss":"convicts"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies венчают","gloss":"do they even"},{"surface":"венчают","lemma":"венчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит, in apposition with Иван","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (negative)","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b11-c4-s336","source":"А без Груши что я там под землей с молотком-то? Я себе только голову раздроблю этим молотком!","translation":"And without Grusha, what am I to do out there underground with a hammer? I'd only smash my own head in with that hammer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с молотком-то","title":"Instrumental of tool + topic «-то»","body":"«с молотком» here is the instrumental after «с» in the sense of accompaniment/having-with — 'with a hammer'. The clitic «-то» dwells bitterly on it as the known image: 'that hammer of mine, underground'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"голову раздроблю","title":"Perfective future «раздроблю»","body":"«раздроблю» (perfective future of «раздробить», to smash to pieces) names a single violent completed act: 'I'd smash my own head'. The reflexive «себе» ('to/for myself') marks the harm as self-inflicted."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Груши","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Груши","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause with я","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of под","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молотком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молотком","lemma":"молоток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"a hammer"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to молотком","gloss":"(emphatic particle, untranslated — no separate English equivalent for -то here)"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of раздроблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of раздроблю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздроблю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздроблю","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"раздроблю","lemma":"раздробить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd smash"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молотком","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молотком","lemma":"молоток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздроблю","gloss":"hammer"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b11-c4-s337","source":"А с другой стороны, совесть-то? От страдания ведь убежал!","translation":"And on the other hand — there's the conscience, isn't there? I'd be running away from suffering!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совесть-то?","title":"Topic «-то» on a bare noun","body":"«совесть-то?» isolates conscience as the nagging topic — 'and the conscience, though?'. The clitic «-то» plus the question mark turns the single word into a whole hanging worry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"От страдания ведь убежал!","title":"Prefixed motion verb «убежал» + «от»","body":"«убежал» is the perfective of «убегать/убежать», the prefix «у-» giving 'flee away from'. It pairs naturally with «от страдания» ('from the suffering', «от» + genitive): 'I'd have run away from suffering!'. «ведь» adds the self-reproachful 'after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (elliptical predicate) of the clause","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to совесть","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of От","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd be running away"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b11-c4-s338","source":"Было указание — отверг указание, был путь очищения — поворотил налево кругом.","translation":"There was a sign — I rejected the sign; there was a path of purification — I wheeled left about and turned away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было указание — отверг указание","title":"Existential «было» + asyndeton","body":"«Было указание» ('there was a sign') is an existential with neuter past «было»; the bare clauses, dashed together without conjunctions, drive a confessional rhythm — 'there was a sign — [I] rejected the sign'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отверг","title":"«отвергнуть» — to reject, spurn","body":"«отверг» is the perfective past of «отвергнуть», a solemn, elevated verb for spurning or repudiating (a sign, a path, a person). Its weight suits the religious register of rejecting an offered grace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поворотил налево кругом","title":"«поворотить налево кругом» — to wheel about","body":"«поворотить» is an old/colloquial variant of «повернуть» (to turn); «налево кругом» is a military command, 'left about face!'. The phrase paints abrupt desertion — he did an about-turn and marched away from the path of purification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"путь очищения","title":"«путь очищения» — the path of purification","body":"«очищение» (purification, cleansing) is a religious-moral term: the redemptive suffering Mitya half-longs to embrace. The phrase frames Siberian exile not as punishment but as a path of spiritual cleansing he might be spurning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Было","gloss":"I rejected"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"the sign"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a path"},{"surface":"очищения","lemma":"очищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"of purification"},{"surface":"поворотил","lemma":"поворотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отверг","gloss":"I wheeled"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворотил","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворотил","gloss":"about","note":"«поворотить налево кругом» is a military about-turn command, used here to mean turning away entirely."}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b11-c4-s339","source":"Иван говорит, что в Америке «при добрых наклонностях» можно больше пользы принести, чем под землей.","translation":"Ivan says that in America, 'given good inclinations,' one can do more good than underground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в Америке… можно больше пользы принести","title":"Impersonal «можно» + comparative","body":"«можно принести» is the impersonal 'one can / it is possible to', with no subject; «в Америке» is prepositional (location). «больше пользы» pairs the comparative «больше' with the genitive «пользы» — 'more benefit'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при добрых наклонностях","title":"«при добрых наклонностях» — given good inclinations","body":"«при» + prepositional here means 'given, in the presence of' a condition. «наклонность» is an 'inclination, propensity'. The quotation marks flag this as Ivan's tidy phrase, which Mitya repeats with skeptical irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наклонностях","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"добрых","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies наклонностях","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"наклонностях","lemma":"наклонность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"inclinations"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пользы","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пользы","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with землей","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of под","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b11-c4-s340","source":"Ну, а гимн-то наш подземный где состоится?","translation":"Well, and where is our underground hymn to take place, then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гимн-то наш подземный где состоится?","title":"Topic «-то» + scrambled order","body":"«гимн-то наш подземный где состоится?» foregrounds 'the hymn' with «-то», then strews the modifiers and the question word «где» freely — case and agreement keep it clear: 'and where, then, is our underground hymn to take place?'. «состоится» is the -ся perfective future 'will take place'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоится","gloss":"hymn"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to гимн","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подземный","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подземный","lemma":"подземный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гимн","gloss":"underground"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоится","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"состоится","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is to take place"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b11-c4-s341","source":"Америка что, Америка опять суета!","translation":"What is America — America is vanity all over again!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суета","title":"«суета» — vanity, vain bustle","body":"«суета» means empty fuss, worldly vanity — the «суета сует» ('vanity of vanities') of Ecclesiastes echoes behind it. Mitya dismisses America as just more of the same hollow striving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Америка что","title":"Dismissive «что» — 'what is X'","body":"«Америка что» is an elliptical, scornful 'America? what of it' — the bare «что» after a fronted topic dismisses it as nothing. The verbless, jabbing syntax conveys Mitya's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Америка","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun (interrogative), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"what is it"},{"surface":"Америка","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of суета","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суета","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"суета","lemma":"суета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Америка","gloss":"vanity"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b11-c4-s342","source":"Да и мошенничества тоже, я думаю, много в Америке-то.","translation":"And plenty of swindling too, I should think, there in America.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мошенничества… много","title":"Genitive of quantity after «много»","body":"«много мошенничества» — 'a lot of swindling': «много» governs the genitive, here the genitive of the uncountable «мошенничество». «в Америке-то» adds the topic clitic, dwelling on America with a knowing nod."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мошенничества","title":"«мошенничество» — swindling, fraud","body":"«мошенничество» (from «мошенник», a swindler) is cheating, con-artistry. Mitya's offhand jab at America as a land of fraud reflects a stock 19th-century Russian image of the brash, money-grubbing New World."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мошенничества","lemma":"мошенничество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive of quantity) of много","gloss":"swindling"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мошенничества","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to много","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Америке","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b11-c4-s343","source":"От распятья убежал!","translation":"I ran away from the crucifixion!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От распятья убежал!","title":"«от» + genitive with flight verb","body":"«От распятья убежал» — 'ran away from the crucifixion': «от» + the genitive «распятья», the source fled from, with the prefixed «у-» motion verb «убежал». The verbless, subjectless cry indicts himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распятья","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"распятья","lemma":"распятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of От","gloss":"the crucifixion"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ran away"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b11-c4-s344","source":"Потому ведь говорю тебе, Алексей, что ты один понять это можешь, а больше никто, для других это глупости, бред, вот всё то, что я тебе про гимн говорил.","translation":"That's just why I tell you, Alexei, that you alone can understand this, and no one else can; to others it's all foolishness, raving — all that I've been telling you about the hymn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты один понять это можешь, а больше никто","title":"Contrastive «а» + negative concord","body":"«а больше никто» ('and no one else') hinges on the soft contrastive «а», setting Alyosha against everyone else. «никто» with the implied «не может» is negative concord — 'nobody [can]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому ведь говорю тебе","title":"Causal «потому» + «ведь»","body":"«потому» here means 'for this reason, that's why', anticipating the «что»-clause; «ведь» appeals to the obvious — 'that's just why I tell you, you see'. The cluster of particles is the very texture of Mitya's pleading speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing тебе","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты, adverbial (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"no one else"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of elliptical clause (implied может понять — 3rd-person 'can', not 'понимает')","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глупости","gloss":"raving"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of то","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бред, in apposition","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимн","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"the hymn"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"I've been telling"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b11-c4-s345","source":"Скажут, с ума сошел аль дурак. А я не сошел с ума, да и не дурак.","translation":"They'll say I've gone mad, or that I'm a fool. But I haven't gone mad, and I'm no fool either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«аль» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или» / «али» ('or'). It lends Mitya's speech a popular, peasant flavor: 'gone mad, or [aль] a fool'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ума сошел","title":"Idiom «сойти с ума» — to go mad","body":"«сойти с ума» literally 'to come down off one's mind' — «с ума» is «с» + genitive «ума» (from «ум», mind). The perfective «сошёл» reports a completed lapse: 'has gone mad'. Mitya then denies it: «я не сошёл с ума»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажут","gloss":"I've gone"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, disjunctive)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with сошел","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"haven't gone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурак","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with сошел","gloss":"a fool"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b11-c4-s346","source":"Понимает про гимн и Иван, ух понимает, только на это не отвечает, молчит.","translation":"Ivan understands about the hymn too — oh, he understands — only he gives no answer to it, he keeps silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимает про гимн и Иван","title":"Inclusive «и» + fronted verb","body":"«и Иван» here means 'Ivan too' — the «и» is the inclusive particle 'even/also', not 'and'. Fronting the verb «понимает» before the subject throws the stress onto the act of understanding: 'understand about the hymn, Ivan does too'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на это не отвечает","title":"«отвечать на» + accusative","body":"«отвечать на что» — 'to answer/respond to something' — governs «на» + accusative «это». Negated: 'he gives no answer to it'. «молчит» ('keeps silent') glosses the same refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимн","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"the hymn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Иван","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Понимает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Понимает","gloss":"he understands"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимает","gloss":"he answers"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечает","gloss":"he keeps silent"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b11-c4-s347","source":"Гимну не верит.","translation":"He doesn't believe in the hymn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гимну не верит","title":"«верить» + dative","body":"«верить» ('to believe [in], trust') takes the dative: «гимну» is the dative of «гимн» — 'he doesn't believe the hymn / in the hymn'. Fronting the dative object gives it the weight: 'the hymn — he has no faith in it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гимну","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"the hymn"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he doesn't believe"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b11-c4-s348","source":"Не говори, не говори: я ведь вижу, как ты смотришь: ты уж решил!","translation":"Don't speak, don't speak: I can see, you know, by the way you're looking at me — you've already decided!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь вижу, как ты смотришь","title":"«ведь» + «как» clause","body":"«я ведь вижу» — 'I do see, you know' («ведь» appealing to the obvious) — governs the «как»-clause «как ты смотришь» ('how you're looking'). «как» introduces the manner of looking that betrays Alyosha's verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты уж решил!","title":"Particle «уж» + perfective past","body":"«уж» (a clipped «уже», 'already') here intensifies as much as it times — 'you've already decided!'. The perfective past «решил» reports the decision as an accomplished fact Mitya reads in Alyosha's eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говори","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говори","gloss":"I can see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотришь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"you're looking"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to смотришь","gloss":"you've decided"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b11-c4-s349","source":"Не решай, пощади меня, я без Груши жить не могу, подожди суда!","translation":"Don't decide, spare me, I can't live without Grusha, wait for the trial!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пощади меня","title":"Imperative «пощади»","body":"«пощади» is the perfective imperative of «пощадить» (to spare, have mercy) — '-и' ending after a consonant with stressed ending. The perfective fits the single appeal: 'spare me [this once]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подожди суда","title":"«подождать» + genitive object","body":"«подожди суда» — 'wait for the trial': verbs of waiting/expecting take the genitive of the awaited thing, so «суд» (court, trial) appears as genitive «суда». «подожди» is the perfective imperative, 'wait [until it comes]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"решай","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"пощади","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решай","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пощади","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Груши","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Груши","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решай","gloss":"I can't"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решай","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подожди","gloss":"the trial"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b11-c4-s350","source":"Митя кончил как исступленный. Он держал Алешу обеими руками за плечи и так и впился в его глаза своим жаждущим, воспаленным взглядом.","translation":"Mitya finished as if beside himself. He held Alyosha by the shoulders with both hands and fastened on his eyes with a thirsting, inflamed gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как исступленный","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«исступлённый» (from «исступление», frenzy, ecstasy) describes one carried out of his senses by passion. «кончил как исступленный» — 'finished as if beside himself' — captures Mitya's feverish pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обеими руками за плечи","title":"Instrumental of means «обеими руками»","body":"«обеими руками» ('with both hands') is the instrumental of means; «обеими» is the feminine instrumental of the collective «оба/обе» (both). «за плечи» — «за» + accusative — marks grasping 'by the shoulders'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впился… своим жаждущим, воспаленным взглядом","title":"Present active participle + instrumental","body":"«жаждущим» is the present active participle of «жаждать» (to thirst, crave), agreeing with «взглядом» — 'a thirsting gaze'. The whole phrase is instrumental of means after «впился» ('fastened/bored into'): he fixed Alyosha with that inflamed look."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исступленный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"исступленный","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Митя","gloss":"beside himself"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"the shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впился","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жаждущим","lemma":"жаждущий","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"thirsting"},{"surface":"воспаленным","lemma":"воспалённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жаждущим","gloss":"inflamed"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b11-c4-s351","source":"— Каторжных разве венчают? — повторил он в третий раз, молящим голосом.","translation":"\"Do they let convicts marry?\" he repeated for the third time, in an imploring voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторил он в третий раз","title":"Ordinal in «в… раз»","body":"«в третий раз» — 'for the third time': the ordinal «третий» agrees with «раз» in the accusative after «в» (a fixed adverbial of frequency). The repetition marks how the question «каторжных разве венчают?» has become Mitya's anguished refrain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молящим голосом","title":"Participle «молящим» in the instrumental","body":"«молящим» is the present active participle of «молить» (to implore), agreeing with «голосом» — 'in an imploring voice'. The instrumental «голосом» marks the manner of speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каторжных","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of венчают","gloss":"convicts"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies венчают","gloss":"do they even"},{"surface":"венчают","lemma":"венчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"молящим","lemma":"молящий","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b11-c4-s352","source":"Алеша слушал с чрезвычайным удивлением и глубоко был потрясен.","translation":"Alyosha listened with extraordinary astonishment and was deeply shaken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глубоко был потрясен","title":"Short passive participle predicate","body":"«потрясён» is the short past passive participle (masc.) of «потрясти» (to shake, shock), joined to «был» to state a result — 'was deeply shaken'. The short form plus «был» is the standard periphrastic passive; «глубоко» ('deeply') modifies it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайным удивлением","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с чрезвычайным удивлением» — 'with extraordinary astonishment': «с» + instrumental forms an adverbial of manner. The adjective «чрезвычайным» agrees with «удивлением» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of потрясен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"shaken"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b11-c4-s353","source":"— Скажи мне одно, — проговорил он, — Иван очень настаивает, и кто это выдумал первый?","translation":"\"Tell me one thing,\" he said, \"does Ivan insist on it very much, and who was the first to think of it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил","title":"Prefix «про-» of completion","body":"«проговорил» (perfective of «проговорить») uses «про-» to mark an utterance carried through to its end — 'he said, brought out [the words]'. It is a favored narrative verb for a measured, completed bit of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто это выдумал первый?","title":"Interrogative «кто» + predicate «первый»","body":"«кто… выдумал первый?» — 'who thought it up first?'. «кто» always takes masculine singular agreement, and «первый' here functions adverbially/predicatively, 'as the first one'. «выдумал» is perfective, the single act of invention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Скажи","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажи","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивает","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"настаивает","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"insist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies кто","gloss":"first"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b11-c4-s354","source":"— Он, он выдумал, он настаивает!","translation":"\"He did, he thought of it, he insists on it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он, он выдумал, он настаивает!","title":"Emphatic pronoun repetition","body":"The thrice-repeated «он» drives the answer home — 'he, he thought of it, he insists!'. Russian normally drops subject pronouns; their insistent presence here is pure emphasis, pinning the blame on Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, elliptical (he did)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought of it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"настаивает","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выдумал","gloss":"insists"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b11-c4-s355","source":"Он ко мне всё не ходил и вдруг пришел неделю назад и прямо с этого начал.","translation":"He'd kept away from me all this time, and then suddenly came a week ago and started straight in on this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё не ходил","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» + «всё»","body":"«не ходил» uses the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» (habitual/round-trip going), with «всё» here meaning 'all along, the whole time' — 'he kept not coming to me'. The imperfective paints a long stretch of staying away, against the sudden «пришёл»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг пришел","title":"Prefixed perfective «пришёл»","body":"«пришёл» is the perfective of «приходить/прийти» (to arrive); the prefix «при-» turns the motion pair into an ordinary aspect pair. After the drawn-out «не ходил», the perfective «вдруг пришёл» snaps the narrative to a single arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"all this time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept away, hadn't come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of time, modifies пришел","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"in on"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"started"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b11-c4-s356","source":"Страшно настаивает. Не просит, а велит.","translation":"He insists dreadfully. He doesn't ask, he commands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не просит, а велит","title":"Contrastive «а» between verbs","body":"«Не просит, а велит» — 'he doesn't ask, but commands': the «не… а…» frame corrects one term for another, and «а» (not «но») marks the substitution. «велит» (from «велеть», to order) governs a dative person and is markedly authoritative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивает","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"настаивает","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insists"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he asks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просит","gloss":"he commands"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b11-c4-s357","source":"В послушании не сомневается, хотя я ему всё мое сердце, как тебе, вывернул и про гимн говорил.","translation":"He has no doubt of my obedience, though I laid my whole heart bare to him, as I did to you, and told him about the hymn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В послушании не сомневается","title":"«сомневаться в» + prepositional","body":"«сомневаться в чём» — 'to doubt [in] something' — governs «в» + prepositional «послушании». Negated: 'he has no doubt of my obedience'. «сомневается» is a -ся verb of mental state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушании","title":"«послушание» — obedience (with a monastic ring)","body":"«послушание» means obedience or submission; in the monastery it is also a 'novice's appointed task/obedience'. The word carries a faint spiritual overtone here, as Ivan demands of Mitya the submission an elder might require of a novice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё мое сердце… вывернул","title":"Vivid perfective «вывернул»","body":"«вывернул» (perfective of «вывернуть», to turn inside out) is used figuratively — 'I turned my whole heart inside out [bared it] to him'. The graphic verb conveys total, helpless self-disclosure."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушании","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"послушании","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневается","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневается","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has no doubt"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вывернул","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вывернул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вывернул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывернул","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with тебе","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement in the comparative clause (elliptical вывернул)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"вывернул","lemma":"вывернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сомневается","gloss":"I laid bare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимн","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"the hymn"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вывернул","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b11-c4-s358","source":"Он мне рассказал, как и устроит, все сведения собрал, но это потом.","translation":"He told me how he'd even arrange it, he's gathered all the information, but that's for later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и устроит","title":"«как» clause + inclusive «и»","body":"«как и устроит» — 'how he'd even arrange it': «как» opens the indirect question, and «и» here is the inclusive 'even, also'. «устроит» is the perfective future inside reported speech, 'will arrange'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все сведения собрал","title":"Perfective result «собрал»","body":"«собрал» (perfective of «собрать», to gather) names the completed accumulation — 'he's gathered all the information'. «сведения» ('intelligence, information') is a plural-only neuter here as direct object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies устроит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"устроит","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"he'd arrange it"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сведения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of собрал","gloss":"the information"},{"surface":"собрал","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказал","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"is for later"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b11-c4-s359","source":"До истерики хочет.","translation":"He's set on it to the point of frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"До истерики хочет","title":"«до» + genitive = 'to the point of'","body":"«до истерики» — 'to the point of hysterics': «до» + genitive «истерики» marks the extreme limit of an intensity. The verbless, clipped «хочет» ('he wants [it]') leaves the object understood from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерики","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"истерики","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of До","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's set on it"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b11-c4-s360","source":"Главное деньги: десять тысяч, говорит, тебе на побег, а двадцать тысяч на Америку, а на десять тысяч, говорит, мы великолепный побег устроим.","translation":"The main thing is the money: ten thousand, he says, for you to escape, and twenty thousand for America, and with the ten thousand, he says, we'll arrange a magnificent escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"десять тысяч… двадцать тысяч","title":"Genitive plural after high numerals","body":"«десять тысяч», «двадцать тысяч» — numerals of five and above (and 'ten', 'twenty') govern the genitive plural, here «тысяч» (zero-ending genitive plural of «тысяча»). The sums tick off as Ivan's escape budget."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное деньги","title":"«главное» as sentence-topic","body":"«Главное деньги» — 'the main thing is the money', with the neuter adjective «главное' ('the main thing') as a verbless topic and «деньги» the predicate. «деньги» is a plurale tantum, existing only in the plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на побег… на Америку","title":"Purposive «на» + accusative","body":"«на побег», «на Америку» use «на» + accusative in the sense of 'for, toward [a purpose]' — money 'for the escape', 'for America'. «побег» ('escape, flight', from «бежать') is the noun at the heart of Ivan's whole scheme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate nominal with деньги)","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate noun of Главное","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies побег (dative of benefit)","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побег","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"побег","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысяч (десять тысяч)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of на","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устроим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"великолепный","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies побег","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"побег","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of устроим","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"устроим","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll arrange"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b11-c4-s361","source":"— И мне отнюдь не велел передавать? — переспросил снова Алеша.","translation":"\"And he absolutely forbade you to pass it on?\" Alyosha asked once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отнюдь не","title":"«отнюдь не» — by no means","body":"«отнюдь» is an emphatic, somewhat bookish negator: «отнюдь не велел» = 'by no means / absolutely did not tell [you] to'. It reinforces the «не» rather than replacing it, sharpening the denial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел передавать","title":"«велел» + imperfective infinitive","body":"After verbs of ordering and forbidding Russian favours the imperfective infinitive for the general activity: «велел передавать» = 'told [you] to pass on'. The imperfective frames it as a standing instruction, not one completed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переспросил","title":"«переспросить» — to ask again","body":"The prefix «пере-» here adds the sense of repetition/checking: «переспросить» = to ask once more, to ask back for confirmation, matching the «снова» ('again') beside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did he order"},{"surface":"передавать","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to pass it on"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked again"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переспросил","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b11-c4-s362","source":"— Отнюдь, никому, а главное, тебе: тебе ни за что!","translation":"\"Absolutely — to no one, and to you above all: to you on no account!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни за что","title":"«ни за что» — on no account","body":"An idiom of absolute refusal, 'not for anything / on no account'. Built on intensifying «ни» (literally 'for nothing'), it caps the rising emphasis: никому → а главное тебе → тебе ни за что."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отнюдь, никому, … тебе","title":"Datives of the addressee","body":"The whole clipped line runs on datives naming who is forbidden the secret: «никому» (to no one) and «тебе» (to you), the indirect objects of the understood 'pass it on to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical answer)","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with Отнюдь","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with никому","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with никому, singled out","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"head of the second clause","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что, modifies что","gloss":"not","note":"«ни за что» is a fixed idiom meaning 'on no account / not for anything.'"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, forms idiom ни за что","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b11-c4-s363","source":"Боится, верно, что ты как совесть предо мной станешь.","translation":"\"He's afraid, no doubt, that you'd stand before me like a conscience.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты … станешь","title":"«станешь» — perfective future","body":"«станешь» is the conjugated form of perfective «стать»; with present-tense endings it carries future meaning, 'you would [come to] stand'. After the verb of fearing it reads as the dreaded outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как совесть предо мной станешь","title":"«предо мной» — archaic preposition form","body":"«предо» is the elevated/old variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «мной». The fuller form «предо» appears before certain pronouns and lends a solemn, biblical colour — apt for 'stand before me like a conscience'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верно","title":"«верно» — 'no doubt, probably'","body":"Here «верно» is not 'correctly' but a modal parenthetical, 'I suppose / no doubt / most likely' — Mitya guessing at Ivan's motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's afraid"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies Боится","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of станешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison, marking совесть","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"a conscience"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of станешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause of что","gloss":"would stand"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b11-c4-s364","source":"Не говори ему, что я тебе передал. Ух, не говори!","translation":"\"Don't tell him I passed it on to you. Oh, don't tell him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не говори","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«Не говори» — a negative command in the imperfective. Russian prohibitions almost always take the imperfective imperative, so 'don't tell' is «не говори», not the perfective «не скажи»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ух","title":"«Ух» — interjection of feeling","body":"An expressive exclamation of strong emotion (relief, dread, urgency). Here it conveys Mitya's near-physical anxiety as he repeats the plea: 'Oh, don't tell him!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b11-c4-s365","source":"— Ты прав, — решил Алеша, — решить невозможно раньше приговора суда. После суда сам и решишь; тогда сам в себе нового человека найдешь, он и решит.","translation":"\"You're right,\" Alyosha decided, \"there's no deciding it before the court's verdict. After the trial you'll decide for yourself; then you'll find a new man within you, and he will decide.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решить невозможно","title":"Impersonal «невозможно» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless construction: «решить невозможно» = 'it is impossible to decide'. The invariable predicate «невозможно» plus a bare infinitive states necessity/possibility with no nominative subject — a hallmark of Russian's impersonal frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам и решишь … он и решит","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"The little «и» here is not 'and' but an emphatic particle, 'precisely / it is exactly … that': «сам и решишь» = 'you yourself will be the one to decide', «он и решит» = 'and it is he who will decide'. It spotlights the agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в себе нового человека найдешь","title":"«себе» — reflexive pronoun","body":"«в себе» ('within oneself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional, pointing back to the clause subject 'you'. «нового человека» is the animate accusative object of «найдёшь» (looking like the genitive, as animates do)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"to decide"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"preposition (comparative adverb used prepositionally)","role":"preposition marking приговора","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of раньше","gloss":"the verdict"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приговора","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of После","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies решишь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"решишь","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll decide"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, locative","role":"oblique complement of найдешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найдешь","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"найдешь","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll find"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решит","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with найдешь","gloss":"will decide"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b11-c4-s366","source":"— Нового человека аль Бернара, тот и решит по-бернаровски! Потому, кажется, я и сам Бернар презренный! — горько осклабился Митя.","translation":"\"A new man — or a Bernard, and he'll decide it Bernard-fashion! Because it seems I myself am a contemptible Bernard!\" Mitya grinned bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk/colloquial 'or'","body":"«аль» is a dialectal, folksy variant of «или» / «али» ('or'). It flavours Mitya's speech with rough, popular Russian: 'A new man — or a Bernard?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«осклабиться» — to grin/bare the teeth","body":"An expressive, somewhat low verb for a wide, unpleasant grin — a baring of the teeth rather than a warm smile. With «горько» ('bitterly') it paints Mitya's self-mocking grimace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презренный","title":"«презренный» — despicable","body":"A bookish adjective from «презирать» ('to despise'): 'contemptible, despised'. Originally a passive participle in form, it carries a moralising, elevated weight here — Mitya condemning himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal","role":"links человека and Бернара as alternatives","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Бернара","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человека","gloss":"a Bernard"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies решит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"решит","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will decide"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-бернаровски","morphology":"preposition, part of compound adverb","role":"part of the adverb по-бернаровски, modifies решит","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бернаровски","lemma":"по-бернаровски","morphology":"adverb, part of compound adverb","role":"part of the adverb по-бернаровски, modifies решит","gloss":"Bernard's fashion"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason, modifies кажется","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate Бернар","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я","gloss":"a Bernard","note":"'Bernard' echoes Claude Bernard, invoked elsewhere in the novel as a byword for cold, soulless rationalism; Mitya turns it into a self-insult."},{"surface":"презренный","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Бернар","gloss":"contemptible"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осклабился","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b11-c4-s367","source":"— Но неужели, неужели, брат, ты так уж совсем не надеешься оправдаться?","translation":"\"But really, brother, really — have you so utterly no hope of being acquitted?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужели, неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous 'really?'","body":"A particle of astonished disbelief, 'can it really be that…?'. Doubled and paired with «так уж совсем», it conveys Alyosha's anguished hope against hope that Mitya might still be acquitted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надеешься оправдаться","title":"«оправдаться» — reflexive -ся","body":"The «-ся» on «оправдать → оправдаться» makes it intransitive/self-directed: 'to clear oneself, be acquitted'. After negated «не надеешься» the infinitive names the hope being denied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеешься, expresses disbelief","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеешься","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надеешься","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"оправдаться","lemma":"оправдаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надеешься","gloss":"to be acquitted"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b11-c4-s368","source":"Митя судорожно вскинул вверх плечами и отрицательно покачал головой.","translation":"Mitya gave a convulsive shrug of the shoulders and shook his head in denial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул … покачал головой","title":"Instrumental of the body part","body":"Gestures take the instrumental of the moving part: «вскинул плечами» ('jerked his shoulders'), «покачал головой» ('shook his head'). The instrumental marks the means by which the gesture is made."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судорожно","title":"«судорожно» — convulsively","body":"From «судорога» ('a cramp, convulsion'): 'spasmodically, convulsively'. Dostoevsky reaches for it constantly to render the jerky, involuntary bodily life of overwrought characters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрицательно","lemma":"отрицательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачал","gloss":"in denial"},{"surface":"покачал","lemma":"покачать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинул","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of покачал","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b11-c4-s369","source":"— Алеша, голубчик, тебе пора! — вдруг заспешил он.","translation":"\"Alyosha, my dear, it's time for you to go!\" he suddenly began to hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе пора","title":"«тебе пора» — dative subject","body":"A classic impersonal construction: 'it's time for you [to go]'. The experiencer «тебе» stands in the dative, «пора» is the invariable predicate, and the verb of going is left understood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear' (lit. 'little dove')","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «голубь» ('dove'), used as a tender form of address, 'my dear, my dear fellow'. It signals warm intimacy — Mitya clinging to Alyosha in his last moments together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заспешил","title":"«заспешить» — inceptive «за-»","body":"The prefix «за-» marks the onset of an action: «заспешил» = 'began to hurry, grew agitated and rushed'. Dostoevsky loves these inceptive verbs to catch a sudden change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша (vocative)","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of пора","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it's time"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заспешил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заспешил","lemma":"заспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to hurry"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заспешил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b11-c4-s370","source":"— Смотритель закричал на дворе, сейчас сюда будет. Нам поздно, беспорядок.","translation":"\"The warder shouted out in the yard, he'll be in here any moment. It's late for us, against the rules.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас сюда будет","title":"Elliptical future of «быть»","body":"«сейчас сюда будет» drops the verb of motion: 'he'll be here in a moment'. «будет» is the simple future of «быть», and the implied 'come' is supplied by «сюда» ('to here'). Such ellipsis is typical of agitated speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспорядок","title":"«беспорядок» — 'disorder / against the rules'","body":"Literally 'disorder' (без- 'without' + порядок 'order'). In context it means a breach of regulations: their lingering is irregular, not allowed — 'it's against the rules'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотритель","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"the warder"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"any moment"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject он implied)","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it's late"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel predicate to поздно","gloss":"against the rules"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b11-c4-s371","source":"Обними меня поскорей, поцелуй, перекрести меня, голубчик, перекрести на завтрашний крест…","translation":"\"Embrace me, quick, kiss me, make the sign of the cross over me, my dear, cross me for tomorrow's cross…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обними … поцелуй, перекрести","title":"Chain of perfective imperatives","body":"A rush of perfective commands — «обними» (embrace), «поцелуй» (kiss), «перекрести» (cross) — each demanding one swift, completed act. The perfective imperative suits urgent, one-off requests, against the imperfective used for prohibitions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на завтрашний крест","title":"«крест» — the figurative cross","body":"The pun is deliberate: «перекрести … на … крест» links the sign of the cross with «крест» as the Christian image of suffering to be borne. 'Cross me for tomorrow's cross' = bless me for the ordeal ahead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поскорей","title":"«поскорей» — 'quick, hurry'","body":"Colloquial comparative «поскорей» (= «поскорее») from «скоро», urging speed: 'quickly, the sooner the better'. The «-ей» ending is the everyday spoken variant of «-ее»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обними","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Обними","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Обними","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"поцелуй","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обними","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"перекрести","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обними","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of перекрести","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"перекрести","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обними (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крест","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завтрашний","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрести","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b11-c4-s372","source":"Они обнялись и поцеловались.","translation":"They embraced and kissed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнялись и поцеловались","title":"Reciprocal «-ся»","body":"Both verbs carry reciprocal «-ся»: «обнялись» ('embraced each other'), «поцеловались» ('kissed each other'). The clitic here means the action passes mutually between the two subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обнялись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"обнялись","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловались","lemma":"поцеловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнялись","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b11-c4-s373","source":"— А Иван-то, — проговорил вдруг Митя, — бежать-то предложил, а сам ведь верит, что я убил!","translation":"\"But Ivan, now,\" Mitya suddenly said, \"he proposed I escape — yet he himself believes I did the killing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван-то … бежать-то","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here emphasises a known topic, not an indefinite: «Иван-то» = 'Ivan, now / as for Ivan', «бежать-то» = 'escape, mind you'. It foregrounds each item before the surprising twist that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а сам ведь верит","title":"«ведь» — appeal to shared knowledge","body":"«ведь» nudges the listener toward something they should grant: 'and yet, you know, he himself believes…'. Paired with contrastive «а» and intensive «сам», it sharpens the painful contradiction in Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я убил","title":"Object «что»-clause after «верит»","body":"«верит, что я убил» = 'believes that I killed [him]'. The subordinator «что» reports a plain fact believed; the object of «убил» is left unspoken but understood (the father)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to Иван","gloss":"now","note":"Colloquial «-то» here marks Иван as the topic being singled out; it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of предложил","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to бежать","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предложил","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верит","gloss":"did the killing"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b11-c4-s374","source":"Грустная усмешка выдавилась на его губах.","translation":"A mournful smile forced itself onto his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмешка выдавилась","title":"«выдавилась» — middle «-ся»","body":"«выдавиться» (from «выдавить», 'to squeeze out') with «-ся» becomes intransitive/self-acting: the smile 'forced itself out / was forced onto his lips' as if against his will — a vivid middle voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмешка","title":"«усмешка» vs «улыбка»","body":"Not a warm «улыбка» but an «усмешка» — a wry, ironic, often bitter half-smile or smirk. With «грустная» ('sad'), it captures Mitya's mournful self-irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грустная","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешка","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"усмешка","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выдавилась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"выдавилась","lemma":"выдавиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forced itself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выдавилась","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b11-c4-s375","source":"— Ты спрашивал его: верит он или нет? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"Did you ask him: does he believe it or not?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верит он или нет","title":"Embedded yes/no question","body":"«верит он или нет» is an indirect question, 'whether he believes or not'. Russian can mark it with inversion («верит он») and the «… или нет» frame instead of the more formal «ли»; the literary «ли» variant returns at s377."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"does he believe"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause introducing quote","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b11-c4-s376","source":"— Нет, не спрашивал. Хотел спросить, да не смог, силы не хватило.","translation":"\"No, I didn't ask. I meant to, but I couldn't — I hadn't the strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотел спросить, да не смог","title":"Adversative «да» = 'but'","body":"Here «да» is not 'yes' but a folksy coordinating conjunction meaning 'but / and yet': 'I meant to ask, but I couldn't'. It is warmer and more colloquial than «но»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"силы не хватило","title":"Genitive with «не хватило»","body":"«силы не хватило» = 'strength was not enough / I lacked the strength'. The negated impersonal «хватило» takes its noun in the genitive («силы», genitive of «сила»), a partitive-of-absence pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection answering the question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I asked"},{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смог","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"I could"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хватило (genitive under negation)","gloss":"strength","note":"«силы не хватило» uses the genitive-of-negation construction: the logical subject силы takes the genitive because the verb is negated."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"was enough"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b11-c4-s377","source":"Да всё равно, я ведь по глазам вижу. Ну, прощай!","translation":"But it makes no difference, I can see it in his eyes. Well, goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь по глазам вижу","title":"«ведь» + «по глазам вижу»","body":"«ведь» again appeals to the obvious ('after all'). «по глазам» uses «по» + dative for the basis of perception: 'I can tell by his eyes'. «по» governs the dative plural «глазам»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — 'it makes no difference'","body":"A fixed phrase, 'all the same, it doesn't matter, anyway'. Mitya waves away the unasked question: he reads Ivan's belief in his eyes regardless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same","note":"«всё равно» is a fixed idiom meaning 'it makes no difference / all the same.'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to прощай","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b11-c4-s378","source":"Еще раз поцеловались наскоро, и Алеша уже было вышел, как вдруг Митя кликнул его опять:","translation":"They kissed once more, hurriedly, and Alyosha had all but gone out when Mitya suddenly called to him again:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже было вышел, как вдруг","title":"«было» — the cancelled action","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or about to happen but then interrupted/undone: «уже было вышел» = 'had all but gone out / was on the point of leaving' — when «как вдруг» ('when suddenly') cut it short."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликнул","title":"«кликнуть» — to call out (folksy)","body":"A colloquial, slightly folk-toned verb for calling someone, 'hailed, called out to'. Its semelfactive «-ну-» gives a single sharp call: Mitya 'called to him' once more."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловались","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"поцеловались","lemma":"поцеловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловались","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, neuter, imperfective","role":"marks an action begun/almost completed, modifies вышел","gloss":"had","note":"«уже было + past verb» marks an action that had almost happened before being interrupted: 'had all but gone out.'"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gone out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with кликнул (как вдруг = 'when suddenly')","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кликнул","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кликнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кликнул","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b11-c4-s379","source":"— Становись предо мной, вот так.","translation":"\"Stand before me, just like this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Становись","title":"Imperfective imperative «становись»","body":"«становись» is the imperfective imperative of «становиться» ('to take up a position, stand'). The imperfective here calls for entering and holding the posture — 'take your stand, stay there' — rather than a single completed move."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предо мной","title":"«предо мной» — solemn 'before me'","body":"Again the elevated «предо» (for «передо/перед») + instrumental «мной». Repeated from s363, it ritualises the moment Mitya stages between them, charging the demand for truth with gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Становись","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of Становись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Становись (manner)","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b11-c4-s380","source":"И он опять крепко схватил Алешу обеими руками за плечи.","translation":"And again he gripped Alyosha hard by the shoulders with both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обеими руками за плечи","title":"«схватить за плечи» — grab by the…","body":"Seizing 'by' a body part takes «за» + accusative: «схватил за плечи» = 'grabbed by the shoulders'. The instrument of grabbing, «обеими руками» ('with both hands'), is in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обеими","title":"«оба/обе» — 'both'","body":"«обеими» is the feminine instrumental of «обе» ('both'), agreeing with «руками». «оба» (m./n.) and «обе» (f.) are a small two-gender numeral pair that fully declines."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of схватил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the shoulders"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b11-c4-s381","source":"Лицо его стало вдруг совсем бледно, так что почти в темноте это было страшно заметно.","translation":"His face had suddenly gone quite pale, so that even in the near-darkness it showed dreadfully plain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало вдруг совсем бледно","title":"«стать» + short adjective","body":"«Лицо стало бледно» = 'his face became pale'. After «стать» the predicate adjective appears in the short form «бледно», agreeing in gender/number with «лицо» (neuter). The short form here states the resulting condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что почти в темноте","title":"«так что» — result clause","body":"«так что» introduces a clause of result: 'so that…'. It links the pallor to its consequence — that the whiteness showed «страшно заметно» even in the half-dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of заметно (так что = 'so that')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темноте","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметно","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заметно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заметно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметно","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"заметно","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"noticeable"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b11-c4-s382","source":"Губы перекосились, взгляд впился в Алешу.","translation":"His lips twisted awry, his gaze fastened on Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Губы перекосились","title":"«перекосились» — middle «-ся»","body":"«перекоситься» ('to become twisted/awry'), with «-ся», is an intransitive change of state: his lips 'twisted, went crooked' of themselves. A spasm of feeling, not a willed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взгляд впился","title":"«впиться» — to fasten/bore into","body":"«впиться (в кого-то)» literally means to dig or sink in (as teeth or claws). Of a gaze it is intensely physical: his look 'fastened on / bored into' Alyosha, governing «в Алешу» (в + accusative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of перекосились","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"перекосились","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впился","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перекосились","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b11-c4-s383","source":"— Алеша, говори мне полную правду, как пред господом богом: веришь ты, что я убил, или не веришь?","translation":"\"Alyosha, tell me the whole truth, as before the Lord God: do you believe that I did the killing, or do you not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори мне полную правду","title":"Imperfective imperative for solemn demand","body":"«говори» (imperfective imperative of «говорить») demands the act of telling itself, drawn out and absolute: 'tell me the whole truth'. «полную правду» is the accusative direct object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ты, что я убил, или не веришь","title":"Balanced yes/no question","body":"The question is framed by the «… или не …» antithesis: 'do you believe … or do you not believe'. Repeating the verb in negated form gives the demand its hammering, either/or force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говори","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison пред господом богом","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"господом","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богом","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of пред","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of веришь","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b11-c4-s384","source":"Ты-то, сам-то ты, веришь или нет?","translation":"You, you yourself — do you believe it or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты-то, сам-то ты","title":"Stacked emphatic «-то» + «сам»","body":"«Ты-то … сам-то ты» piles the topic-clitic «-то» onto pronoun and intensifier: 'You — you yourself, of all people'. The redundancy is rhetorical, isolating Alyosha as the one witness whose verdict Mitya truly needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to Ты","gloss":"now","note":"Colloquial «-то» singles out the pronoun for emphasis and has no separate translation."},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (w5)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to сам","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with веришь","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b11-c4-s385","source":"Полную правду, не лги! — крикнул он ему исступленно.","translation":"The whole truth, don't lie!\" he cried out to him frenziedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лги","title":"«не лги» — negated imperative","body":"«лги» is the imperative of «лгать» ('to lie'); negated, «не лги» = 'don't lie'. The prohibition takes the imperfective, as Russian commands against an action regularly do."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно","title":"«исступлённо» — frenziedly","body":"From «исступление» ('frenzy, ecstasy of feeling'): 'in a frenzy, beside oneself'. A favourite Dostoevskian register for emotion pushed past control — Mitya's cry is wild, near-delirious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лги","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"лги","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to правду","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"frenziedly"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b11-c4-s386","source":"Алешу как бы всего покачнуло, а в сердце его, он слышал это, как бы прошло что-то острое.","translation":"It was as if something rocked Alyosha through and through, and through his heart — he felt it — something sharp seemed to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу как бы всего покачнуло","title":"Impersonal «покачнуло» + accusative","body":"A subjectless construction of involuntary movement: «Алешу … покачнуло» = 'something rocked Alyosha / Alyosha was made to sway'. The person affected is in the accusative «Алешу», the verb neuter and agentless — a force seizing him from outside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы … как бы прошло что-то острое","title":"«как бы» — 'as if, as it were'","body":"«как бы» softens and hedges, 'as if, somehow': the rocking and the sharp something passing through his heart are felt impressions, not literal events. «что-то острое» = 'something sharp', indefinite «-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покачнуло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies покачнуло","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular (animate, syncretic with genitive; agrees with Алешу as a floating quantifier)","role":"modifies Алешу (floating quantifier, agrees in case with the object)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покачнуло","lemma":"покачнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, impersonal, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rocked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies прошло","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покачнуло","gloss":"seemed to pass"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something","note":"что-то ('something') is split into two tokens by the tagger; together they form one indefinite pronoun."},{"surface":"острое","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b11-c4-s387","source":"— Полно, что ты… — пролепетал было он как потерянный.","translation":"\"Stop it, what are you saying…\" he stammered out, like a man at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Полно","title":"«Полно!» — 'Enough! Stop it!'","body":"An old interjectional imperative, literally 'it is full', used to check or soothe: 'enough now, stop that, come now'. Alyosha tries to calm Mitya's frantic insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетал было он","title":"«было» again — faltering start","body":"«пролепетал было» reuses cancelled-action «было»: Alyosha 'started to stammer out' but the protest trails off, undone. «как потерянный» = 'like one lost / at a loss'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to babble/stammer","body":"From «лепетать» (a child's or a flustered person's babbling). The prefix «про-» gives a brief completed stammer: Alyosha 'mumbled out' a half-formed phrase, overwhelmed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stop it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical clause, object of an implied verb","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stammered out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an attempted/interrupted action)","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"as it were","note":"'было' after a past-tense verb is a colloquial particle marking a hesitant or half-finished action, not the copula 'was'."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison потерянный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"потерянный","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative comparison modifying он","gloss":"lost"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b11-c4-s388","source":"— Всю правду, всю, не лги! — повторил Митя.","translation":"\"The whole truth, all of it, don't lie!\" Mitya repeated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всю правду, всю","title":"Accusative «всю правду» fronted","body":"«Всю правду, всю» — the object 'the whole truth' thrown to the front and echoed for force. «всю» is the feminine accusative of «весь» ('all'), agreeing with «правду»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of Всю","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лги","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"лги","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to правду","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b11-c4-s389","source":"— Ни единой минуты не верил, что ты убийца, — вдруг вырвалось дрожащим голосом из груди Алеши, и он поднял правую руку вверх, как бы призывая бога в свидетели своих слов.","translation":"\"Not for a single minute have I believed that you were the murderer,\" burst suddenly in a trembling voice from Alyosha's breast, and he raised his right hand aloft, as if calling God to witness his words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни единой минуты не верил","title":"Genitive of time under negation","body":"«Ни единой минуты не верил» = 'not for a single minute did I believe'. «ни единой минуты» is a genitive of negated duration, intensified by «ни … единой» ('not one'), with «не» on the verb — negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось … из груди Алеши","title":"«вырвалось» — middle «-ся» + genitive source","body":"«вырваться» ('to burst out, break free') with «-ся» is intransitive: the words 'burst from' him on their own. «из груди» = «из» + genitive marks the source, 'out of [his] breast'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы призывая бога в свидетели","title":"«призывая» — present gerund","body":"«призывая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «призывать», 'while calling / as if calling'. It expresses an action attendant on raising his hand, sharing the subject 'he'. «в свидетели» uses the special accusative-of-role plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (implied subject 'I')","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of верил","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"in a voice"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырвалось","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"призывая","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднял","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of призывая","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетели (fixed idiom 'звать в свидетели')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of призывая","gloss":"as witness"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies свидетели","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b11-c4-s390","source":"Блаженство озарило мгновенно всё лицо Мити.","translation":"In an instant a look of bliss lit up Mitya's whole face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Блаженство озарило … всё лицо","title":"Topic-comment inversion","body":"The subject «блаженство» ('bliss') leads, the object «всё лицо» ('his whole face') closes the clause: word order foregrounds the new, transfiguring emotion. «озарило» (perfective) marks the instantaneous lighting-up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Блаженство … озарило","title":"«блаженство», «озарить» — sacred light","body":"Both words carry a spiritual glow: «блаженство» is 'bliss, beatitude' (cf. «блаженный», the holy fool/the blessed), and «озарить» is 'to illumine, light up' as with radiance. The pair lends Mitya's relief an almost religious transfiguration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Блаженство","lemma":"блаженство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of озарило","gloss":"bliss"},{"surface":"озарило","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарило","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of озарило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b11-c4-s391","source":"— Спасибо тебе! — выговорил он протяжно, точно испуская вздох после обморока.","translation":"\"Thank you!\" he brought out, drawn-out and slow, as though letting go a sigh after a fainting fit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно испуская вздох","title":"«испуская» — present gerund with «точно»","body":"«испуская вздох» is a present gerund (деепричастие), 'letting out a sigh', describing how he spoke. «точно» here = 'as if, as though', introducing the simile of a sigh after a faint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"протяжно","title":"«протяжно» — drawn-out","body":"'In a drawn-out, lingering way'. The word stretches the single «Спасибо» into a long exhalation, reinforced by the simile of release after «обморок» ('a fainting fit')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Спасибо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протяжно","lemma":"протяжно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"drawn-out"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуская","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"испуская","lemma":"испускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выговорил","gloss":"letting out"},{"surface":"вздох","lemma":"вздох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of испуская","gloss":"a sigh"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обморока","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обморока","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испуская","gloss":"a fainting fit"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b11-c4-s392","source":"— Теперь ты меня возродил… Веришь ли: до сих пор боялся спросить тебя, это тебя-то, тебя!","translation":"\"Now you've brought me back to life… Would you believe it: until now I was afraid to ask you — you, of all people, you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возродил","title":"«возродить» — to revive, bring back to life","body":"A weighty, bookish verb, 'to resurrect, regenerate, bring back to life' (cf. «возрождение», 'rebirth/Renaissance'). Mitya casts Alyosha's faith in him as a spiritual resurrection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли","title":"«ли» — the literary question particle","body":"«Веришь ли» fronts the verb and follows it with enclitic «ли», 'would you believe…?'. More formal and literary than plain rising intonation, it lends emphasis to the confession that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это тебя-то, тебя","title":"Emphatic doubling with «-то»","body":"«это тебя-то, тебя!» heaps emphasis on the object: 'you — you of all people'. «это» points, «-то» foregrounds the topic, and the bare repeat «тебя» drives it home — the very person he most feared to ask."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возродил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возродил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возродил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"возродил","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought back to life"},{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies Веришь","gloss":"(interrogative particle, marks a yes/no question)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies боялся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective (implied subject 'I')","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle before тебя-то","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies тебя (emphatic суффикс -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of тебя","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b11-c4-s393","source":"Ну иди, иди! Укрепил ты меня на завтра, благослови тебя бог!","translation":"Well, go now, go! You've made me strong for tomorrow, God bless you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иди, иди","title":"Imperfective imperative «иди»","body":"«иди» is the imperative of unidirectional «идти», 'go (off now)'. Doubled for urgency, it sends Alyosha on his single way out; the imperative «ступай» (from the unprefixed, folksy «ступать», an archaic synonym of «идти») follows in the next line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Укрепил ты меня","title":"«укрепить» — to strengthen/fortify","body":"'You have strengthened / fortified me'. Often used spiritually (укрепить в вере, 'strengthen in faith'); here Alyosha's belief has steeled Mitya «на завтра», for the trial to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иди","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Укрепил","lemma":"укрепить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made strong"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Укрепил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Укрепил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Укрепил","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"благослови","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bless"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of благослови","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благослови","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b11-c4-s394","source":"Ну, ступай, люби Ивана! — вырвалось последним словом у Мити.","translation":"Well, off you go, and love Ivan!\" burst from Mitya as his parting word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ступай","title":"«ступай» — 'off you go' (folksy)","body":"An archaic/folksy imperative meaning 'go, be off', warmer and more old-fashioned than «иди». It gives Mitya's send-off a homely, almost paternal tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люби Ивана","title":"«люби» — imperfective imperative","body":"«люби» (imperfective imperative of «любить») commands an ongoing, abiding state, not a single act: 'love Ivan [from now on]'. As his parting word it becomes a charge laid on Alyosha — and the chapter's pivot toward Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось последним словом","title":"«последним словом» — instrumental of manner","body":"«вырвалось последним словом» = 'burst out as [his] last word'. The instrumental «последним словом» frames the manner/role in which the utterance came — a recurring Russian way of saying 'by way of / in the form of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"as a word"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b11-c4-s395","source":"Алеша вышел весь в слезах.","translation":"Alyosha went out all in tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь в слезах","title":"«весь в слезах» — 'all in tears'","body":"«весь» ('all, whole') intensifies the state: «в слезах» (в + prepositional) = 'in tears'. The whole phrase means he went out utterly tearful, the «весь» stressing total immersion in the feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b11-c4-s396","source":"Такая степень мнительности Мити, такая степень недоверия его даже к нему, к Алеше, — всё это вдруг раскрыло пред Алешей такую бездну безвыходного горя и отчаяния в душе его несчастного брата, какой он и не подозревал прежде.","translation":"Such a degree of suspiciousness in Mitya, such a degree of distrust even toward him, toward Alyosha — all of this suddenly laid open before Alyosha an abyss of inescapable grief and despair in the soul of his unhappy brother, an abyss he had never suspected before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такая степень … такая степень","title":"Anaphoric «такая степень»","body":"The long sentence opens with twinned subjects «Такая степень мнительности … такая степень недоверия», both feminine nominatives suspended before the verb «раскрыло» — a deliberately heavy, accumulating period in Dostoevsky's narrating voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскрыло пред Алешей такую бездну","title":"«пред» + instrumental, «такую … какой»","body":"«пред Алешей» (elevated «пред» + instrumental) = 'before Alyosha'. The correlative «такую бездну … какой он не подозревал» pairs «такой» ('such a') with relative «какой» ('as / which'), the relative in genitive after negated «не подозревал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мнительности","title":"«мнительность» — morbid suspiciousness","body":"«мнительность» is anxious, brooding suspiciousness — a tendency to imagine slights and ills (from «мнить», 'to imagine, suppose'). It names the very disease of self-doubt Dostoevsky anatomises in Mitya here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бездну безвыходного горя","title":"«бездна», «безвыходный» — abyss with no way out","body":"«бездна» = 'abyss, chasm'; «безвыходный» (без- 'without' + выход 'exit') = 'inescapable, with no way out'. The pairing — an abyss of 'exitless' grief — is pure Dostoevskian metaphysical despair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степень","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"suspiciousness"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мнительности","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степень","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"недоверия","lemma":"недоверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies недоверия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies к нему","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies недоверия","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нему, clarifying who нему refers to","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раскрыло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскрыло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раскрыло","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid open"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition (archaic form of перед)","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскрыло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бездну","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раскрыло","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"безвыходного","lemma":"безвыходный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"inescapable"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горя","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, relative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревал, referring back to бездну","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бездну","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b11-c4-s397","source":"Глубокое, бесконечное сострадание вдруг охватило и измучило его мгновенно.","translation":"A deep, boundless compassion suddenly seized him and tormented him in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охватило и измучило его","title":"Paired perfectives «охватило / измучило»","body":"Two perfective past verbs, «охватило» ('seized, swept over') and «измучило» ('tormented, wore out'), present the compassion as a single sudden, completed onslaught — reinforced by «вдруг … мгновенно» ('suddenly … in an instant')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сострадание","title":"«сострадание» — com-passion","body":"«сострадание» is literally 'co-suffering' (со- 'with' + страдание 'suffering'), the exact calque of Latin com-passio. It is the cardinal Karamazovian virtue, and the word's structure embodies Alyosha suffering alongside his brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глубокое","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"бесконечное","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of охватило","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охватило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"охватило","lemma":"охватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"измучило","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with охватило","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of измучило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измучило","gloss":"in an instant"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b11-c4-s398","source":"Пронзенное сердце его страшно болело.","translation":"His pierced heart ached terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пронзенное сердце","title":"«пронзённое» — past passive participle","body":"«пронзённое» is the past passive participle of «пронзить» ('to pierce'), declined as an attributive adjective agreeing with neuter «сердце»: 'pierced heart'. The image recalls the sword piercing Mary's soul — a quietly liturgical note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пронзенное","lemma":"пронзенный","morphology":"adjective, participle, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of болело","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болело","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"болело","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ached"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b11-c4-s399","source":"«Люби Ивана!» — вспомнились ему вдруг сейчашние слова Мити.","translation":"\"Love Ivan!\" — Mitya's just-spoken words came back to him all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспомнились ему … слова","title":"«вспомнились» — middle «-ся» + dative","body":"«вспомниться» (with «-ся») is the involuntary counterpart of «вспомнить»: not 'he recalled' but 'came back to him', the words «слова» as grammatical subject and the experiencer «ему» in the dative. The memory arrives unbidden."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сейчашние","title":"«сейчашний» — colloquial 'just-now'","body":"A colloquial adjective from «сейчас» ('now'): «сейчашние слова» = 'the words [spoken] just now'. The everyday formation contrasts with the elevated diction elsewhere, grounding the memory in the immediate moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Люби","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вспомнились","lemma":"вспомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспомнились","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сейчашние","lemma":"сейчашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"just-spoken"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of вспомнились","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b11-c4-s400","source":"Да он и шел к Ивану.","translation":"And in fact he was on his way to Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да он и шел к Ивану","title":"«да … и» — confirming 'in fact'","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here means 'and indeed / why, …', and the emphatic «и» before the verb stresses that the very thing just urged was already true: 'and in fact he was [already] on his way to Ivan'. «шёл» is the unidirectional motion verb, a single trajectory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b11-c4-s401","source":"Ему еще утром страшно надо было видеть Ивана.","translation":"Ever since the morning he had felt a terrible need to see Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему … страшно надо было видеть","title":"«ему надо было» — dative of necessity","body":"An impersonal necessity construction: «ему надо было видеть» = 'he needed to see'. The experiencer «ему» is dative, «надо» the invariable predicate, «было» the neuter past — no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страшно надо","title":"«страшно» as intensifier","body":"Colloquially «страшно» ('terribly, frightfully') simply intensifies, like English 'awfully': «страшно надо» = 'he badly/desperately needed'. The literal sense of dread still tints it, fitting Alyosha's foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b11-c4-s402","source":"Не менее, как Митя, его мучил Иван, а теперь, после свидания с братом, более чем когда-нибудь.","translation":"Ivan tormented him no less than Mitya did, and now, after the meeting with his brother, more than ever before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не менее, как Митя, его мучил Иван","title":"Inversion: object first, subject last","body":"«его мучил Иван» places the object «его» ('him') first and the subject «Иван» last — topic-comment order making Ivan the new, weighted information. The cases keep roles clear despite the reordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более чем когда-нибудь","title":"Comparative «более … чем»","body":"«не менее, как» ('no less than') and «более чем когда-нибудь» ('more than ever') frame the comparison. «когда-нибудь» uses non-specific «-нибудь» ('ever, at any time'), here under the comparative meaning 'than at any time before'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучил","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison Митя","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of менее (elliptical comparison)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучил","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies an elided repetition of мучил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of теперь-clause","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies an elided repetition of мучил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase более чем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, indefinite","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь, complement of более чем","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"}]}]}