{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c5","title":{"source":"V. Не ты, не ты!","translated":"Not You, Not You!"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c5","lines":118},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c5-s1","source":"По дороге к Ивану пришлось ему проходить мимо дома, в котором квартировала Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"On his way to Ivan he happened to pass the house in which Katerina Ivanovna had her lodgings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришлось ему проходить","title":"Dative subject of necessity","body":"«Пришлось» is an impersonal past — there is no nominative subject. The experiencer «ему» stands in the dative, and the predicate is the neuter past of «прийтись» ('it fell to him to…'): he found himself having to pass by. This dative-experiencer framing is one of Russian's favourite ways to narrate the inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором квартировала Катерина Ивановна","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«Который» agrees with its antecedent «дома» in gender and number (masculine singular) but takes the case its own clause demands — here prepositional after «в», marking location: 'the house in which…'. The comma sets off the relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"квартировала","title":"«квартировать» — to lodge","body":"A slightly bookish, 19th-century verb meaning 'to lodge, rent rooms,' from «квартира» (apartment). It implies renting one's lodgings rather than owning, fitting Katerina Ivanovna's transient situation in the town."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлось","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, impersonal, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to pass"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходить","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of квартировала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"квартировала","lemma":"квартировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дома","gloss":"had lodgings"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of квартировала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c5-s2","source":"В окнах был свет.","translation":"There was light in the windows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В окнах был свет","title":"Existential word order, locative first","body":"The sentence opens with the location «в окнах» (prepositional after «в») and ends on the new information «свет» — the topic-comment flow that Russian's free word order makes possible. Literally 'In the windows was light,' it weights the light as the news."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окнах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окнах","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the windows"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking свет and окнах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c5-s3","source":"Он вдруг остановился и решил войти.","translation":"He suddenly stopped and resolved to go in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as change of state","body":"«Остановиться» (to stop, come to a halt) carries the clitic «-ся», here in its middle/intransitive sense: the action turns back on the subject, who himself comes to a stop. Contrast the transitive «остановить» (to stop something else)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился и решил войти","title":"Two perfectives drive the narrative","body":"Both «остановился» and «решил» are perfective pasts: each is a single completed event moving the story forward — he stopped, then he resolved. The chain of perfectives is how Russian narrates a sequence of discrete actions against an imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to go in"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c5-s4","source":"Катерину Ивановну он не видал уже более недели.","translation":"He had not seen Katerina Ivanovna for more than a week now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катерину Ивановну он не видал","title":"Object fronted for topic","body":"The object «Катерину Ивановну» (accusative) leads the sentence, with the subject «он» following — a topic-comment inversion. The case endings keep the roles unambiguous, so the fronting only shifts emphasis: 'As for Katerina Ivanovna, he hadn't seen her…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не видал","title":"«видал» — colloquial variant of «видел»","body":"«Видал» is a familiar, slightly colloquial past of «видеть» (to see), interchangeable with «видел». It lends the narration an easy, spoken texture characteristic of Dostoevsky's prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"a week"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c5-s5","source":"Но ему теперь пришло на ум, что Иван может быть сейчас у ней, особенно на кануне такого дня.","translation":"But it now occurred to him that Ivan might be with her just at this moment, especially on the eve of such a day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему теперь пришло на ум","title":"«пришло на ум» — impersonal, dative experiencer","body":"Another subjectless construction: «пришло» is neuter (agreeing with the following «что»-clause as notional subject) and «ему» is dative — 'it came into his mind.' Russian repeatedly locates a thought as something that happens to a person rather than something they do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Иван может быть сейчас у ней","title":"Reported clause with «что»","body":"«Что» introduces a subordinate clause reporting plain fact (here the content of his thought), set off by a comma. Note «у ней», an older/colloquial form of «у неё» (genitive after «у» = 'at her place')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ум","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришло","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of пришло","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кануне","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кануне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кануне","lemma":"канун","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adjunct of быть, expressing time (on the eve of...)","gloss":"the eve"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кануне","gloss":"a day"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c5-s6","source":"Позвонив и войдя на лестницу тускло освещенную китайским фонарем, он увидал спускавшегося сверху человека, в котором, поравнявшись, узнал брата.","translation":"Having rung and stepped onto the staircase, dimly lit by a Chinese lantern, he caught sight of a man coming down from above, in whom, as they drew level, he recognized his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвонив и войдя","title":"Perfective gerunds: 'having rung and entered'","body":"«Позвонив» and «войдя» are perfective past adverbial participles («деепричастия»), naming completed prior actions that share the main subject: 'having rung and stepped onto the staircase, he saw…'. This dense gerund-chain opening a sentence is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спускавшегося сверху человека","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Спускавшегося» is a past active participle of «спускаться» (to come down), agreeing with «человека» in the accusative animate: 'a man who was coming down.' It compresses a «который»-clause into a single declined adjective — markedly bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поравнявшись, узнал брата","title":"Gerund + animate accusative «брата»","body":"«Поравнявшись» (having drawn level) is another perfective gerund. «Брата» shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive ending (-а), the device that keeps 'recognized his brother' unambiguous regardless of word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвонив","lemma":"позвонить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидал","gloss":"having rung"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Позвонив","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"тускло","lemma":"тускло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещенную","gloss":"dimly"},{"surface":"освещенную","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies лестницу","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"китайским","lemma":"китайский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фонарем","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"фонарем","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещенную","gloss":"a lantern"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"спускавшегося","lemma":"спускаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"coming down"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спускавшегося","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"поравнявшись","lemma":"поравняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (converb) on узнал","gloss":"drawing level"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человека","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c5-s7","source":"Тот, стало быть, выходил уже от Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"So Ivan, it seemed, was already on his way out from Katerina Ivanovna's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking the referent","body":"«Тот» ('that one') here picks out Ivan, the more distant of the two men just mentioned, doing the topic-tracking work that lets Russian reorder words freely. The narrator uses it to switch the focus cleanly to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, evidently'","body":"A fixed parenthetical meaning 'so then, that means, evidently,' drawing an inference. It is conversational and a little old-fashioned, colouring the narration with the inferring voice of an observer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходил уже от Катерины Ивановны","title":"Imperfective «выходил» of the action in progress","body":"The imperfective past «выходил» views the leaving as an action caught in progress — he was in the act of coming out — rather than a completed exit (perfective «вышел»). The aspect frames Ivan mid-departure as Alyosha arrives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"that one","note":"Refers back to Ivan (mentioned earlier); the translation renders it as his name."},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"fixed phrase, parenthetical (with быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying выходил","gloss":"it seemed","note":"«стало быть» is a set phrase meaning 'so, it seemed / that is to say'; split across this token and the next."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"fixed phrase, parenthetical (with стало)","role":"parenthetical modifying выходил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c5-s8","source":"— Ах, это только ты, — сказал сухо Иван Федорович. — Ну, прощай. Ты к ней?","translation":"\"Ah, it's only you,\" said Ivan Fyodorovich dryly. \"Well, goodbye. You're going up to her?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это только ты","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'It's only you' has no verb 'to be': Russian drops the present-tense copula, leaving «это только ты» with the predicate «ты» in the nominative. The bare nominative complement is normal precisely in the zero-copula present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты к ней?","title":"Verbless question with «к» + dative","body":"A clipped spoken question with no verb: «к ней» (to her, «к» + dative) implies a verb of motion — 'You're [going] to her?'. The dative is governed by «к», which always marks direction toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прощай","title":"«прощай» — the weighty 'goodbye'","body":"Imperative of «прощать/проститься», literally 'forgive [me]' — the parting word for a long or final separation, heavier than the casual «до свидания». Ivan's curt «прощай» carries a note of finality that unsettles the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, stands alone","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"dryly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, precedes прощай","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical verb (going)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c5-s9","source":"— Да.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c5-s10","source":"— Не советую, она «в волнении», и ты еще пуще ее расстроишь.","translation":"\"I wouldn't advise it; she's 'in a state,' and you'll only upset her all the more.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не советую","title":"Dropped subject «я»","body":"'I wouldn't advise it' is just «не советую» — the present-tense ending «-ю» already marks first-person singular, so the pronoun «я» is dropped, as Russian routinely does outside emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты еще пуще ее расстроишь","title":"Perfective future «расстроишь»","body":"«Расстроишь» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which yields completed future meaning: 'you will upset her (and it will be done).' No auxiliary is needed — the future sits in the ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще","title":"«пуще» — archaic 'all the more'","body":"An old comparative meaning 'more, worse, all the more so,' now confined to folk and literary speech (as in «пуще прежнего»). Ivan's «еще пуще» lends his warning a colloquial, slightly archaic edge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в волнении","title":"«в волнении» — 'in a state'","body":"Literally 'in agitation/turmoil,' set in quotation marks to mark it as a polite euphemism the household uses for Katerina's overwrought condition. We render the scare-quoted phrase as 'in a state.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies советую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"советую","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd advise"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of волнении","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"a state","note":"«в волнении» is an idiom for being agitated/overwrought."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расстроишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies расстроишь","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расстроишь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"расстроишь","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will upset"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c5-s11","source":"— Нет, нет! — прокричал вдруг голос сверху из отворившейся мигом двери. — Алексей Федорович, вы от него?","translation":"\"No, no!\" a voice suddenly cried out from above, from a door that had been flung open in an instant. \"Alexei Fyodorovich, have you come from him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из отворившейся мигом двери","title":"Past active participle of a «-ся» verb","body":"«Отворившейся» is the past active participle of «отвориться» (to open, intransitive), keeping its reflexive «-ся» and agreeing with «двери» in the genitive after «из»: 'from a door that had flung itself open.' The «-ся» gives the door its own opening, as if by itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — 'in an instant'","body":"Instrumental of «миг» (a blink, instant) frozen into an adverb meaning 'in a flash, instantly.' The instrumental of nouns of time/manner regularly hardens into such adverbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вы от него?","title":"«вы от него?» — 'have you come from him?'","body":"A verbless question: «от него» («от» + genitive) implies a verb of motion, 'from him' = 'coming from his place.' Note the switch to formal «вы»: Katerina addresses Alyosha politely, unlike her intimate «ты» to Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, coordinated with the second нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, coordinated with the first нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"a voice"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отворившейся","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying двери","gloss":"flung-open"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отворившейся","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical verb (come)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c5-s12","source":"— Да, я был у него.","translation":"\"Yes, I was with him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я был у него","title":"«у» + genitive = 'at his place'","body":"«У него» («у» + genitive of «он», with the prepositional н-) means 'at his place / with him' — the standard Russian way to say one was at someone's home. 'I was with him' renders the visiting sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c5-s13","source":"— Мне что-нибудь прислал сказать? Войдите, Алеша, и вы, Иван Федорович, непременно, непременно воротитесь. Слы-ши-те!","translation":"\"Did he send word of anything for me? Come in, Alyosha, and you, Ivan Fyodorovich, you must come back, you absolutely must. Do you hear me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне что-нибудь прислал сказать?","title":"Dative «мне» + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Мне» is the dative of interest ('for me'); «что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all,' formed with the «-нибудь» particle). Together: 'Did he send to tell me anything (whatever)?' — she does not know if there is a message."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдите… воротитесь","title":"Polite plural imperatives in «-те»","body":"«Войдите» and «воротитесь» are imperatives with the polite/plural «-те» ending, addressed with «вы». «Воротитесь» is a slightly archaic variant of «вернитесь» (come back), reflexive in «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — 'without fail'","body":"An emphatic adverb meaning 'without fail, absolutely, definitely.' Repeated («непременно, непременно»), it conveys Katerina's imperious insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прислал","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part 1 of что-нибудь","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part 2 of что-нибудь","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прислал","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"Войдите","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed directly","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воротитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротитесь","gloss":"you must"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротитесь","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"воротитесь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Войдите","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"Слы","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective (syllable 1 of 3)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear","note":"«Слышите!» ('Do you hear!') is broken into syllables here for emphasis; this and the next two tokens are one word."},{"surface":"ши","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective (syllable 2 of 3)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective (syllable 3 of 3)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear!"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c5-s14","source":"В голосе Кати зазвучала такая повелительная нотка, что Иван Федорович, помедлив одно мгновение, решился, однако же, подняться опять вместе с Алешей.","translation":"There rang in Katya's voice so commanding a note that Ivan Fyodorovich, after a moment's hesitation, made up his mind nonetheless to go back up together with Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помедлив одно мгновение","title":"Perfective gerund of brief delay","body":"«Помедлив» is a perfective gerund ('having hesitated a moment'), the prefix «по-» giving a short, bounded delay. It tucks Ivan's hesitation into an adverbial phrase sharing the main subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая повелительная нотка, что","title":"«такая… что» — result clause","body":"The correlative «такая… что» ('so commanding a note that…') sets up a result clause introduced by «что»: the note was so imperious that Ivan, against his will, went back up. The construction links cause and consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился… подняться","title":"«решиться» — reflexive of resolve","body":"«Решился» (resolved, made up his mind) is the «-ся» form of «решить»; the reflexive turns the verb inward to a decision taken within oneself. Contrast «решил» (decided something). The particle «однако же» ('nonetheless, however') marks his reluctant turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кати","title":"«Катя» — the intimate of Katerina","body":"The narrator's sudden use of the diminutive «Катя» (genitive «Кати») for Katerina Ivanovna draws us close, the affectionate short form replacing the formal full name at a moment of emotional intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвучала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"Katya's"},{"surface":"зазвучала","lemma":"зазвучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нотка","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"повелительная","lemma":"повелительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"commanding"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зазвучала","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (of решился)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"помедлив","lemma":"помедлить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"hesitating"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помедлив","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"made up his mind"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"подняться","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to go back up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняться","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняться","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c5-s15","source":"— Подслушивала! — раздражительно прошептал он про себя, но Алеша расслышал.","translation":"\"She was eavesdropping!\" he whispered irritably to himself, but Alyosha caught it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошептал он про себя","title":"«про себя» — the reflexive pronoun","body":"«Себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject (here «он»); «про себя» idiomatically means 'to himself, inwardly.' «Себя» has no nominative and serves any person — 'whoever is speaking, to himself.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подслушивала!","title":"«подслушивать» — to eavesdrop","body":"«Подслушивала» is the imperfective past ('she was/had been eavesdropping'), the imperfective stressing the ongoing act of listening at the door. The prefix «под-» ('from underneath, on the sly') gives the verb its furtive, accusatory sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подслушивала","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she was eavesdropping"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Подслушивала","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of прошептал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расслышал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептал","gloss":"caught it"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c5-s16","source":"— Позвольте мне остаться в пальто, — проговорил Иван Федорович, вступая в залу. — Я и не сяду. Я более одной минуты не останусь.","translation":"\"Allow me to keep my coat on,\" said Ivan Fyodorovich, stepping into the drawing room. \"I won't even sit down. I'll stay no more than a minute.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте мне остаться в пальто","title":"Polite imperative + dative «мне»","body":"«Позвольте» is a polite imperative ('allow, permit'), governing dative «мне» and an infinitive: 'Allow me to remain in my coat.' This deferential «позвольте + dative + infinitive» frame is the courteous register of 19th-century drawing-room speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступая в залу","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneous action","body":"«Вступая» is an imperfective present gerund in «-я» ('as he stepped in / while entering'), naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «проговорил» — he spoke while entering. «Залу» is an older feminine accusative of «зал/зала» (hall, drawing room)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я более одной минуты не останусь","title":"Genitive after a negated quantity","body":"«Более одной минуты» uses the genitive («минуты») in a partitive/comparative phrase of quantity ('more than one minute'), and the whole is negated: 'I will not stay more than a minute.' «Останусь» is perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остаться","gloss":"my coat"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вступая","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"stepping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступая","gloss":"the drawing room"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сяду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сяду","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сяду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сяду","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will sit"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуты","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останусь","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stay"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c5-s17","source":"— Садитесь, Алексей Федорович, — проговорила Катерина Ивановна, сама оставаясь стоя.","translation":"\"Sit down, Alexei Fyodorovich,\" said Katerina Ivanovna, remaining on her feet herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама оставаясь стоя","title":"Gerund «оставаясь» + the gerund «стоя»","body":"«Оставаясь» is an imperfective gerund ('remaining'), and «стоя» ('standing') is itself a frozen gerund used adverbially: 'herself remaining standing.' Two adverbial participles stack to paint her pointed refusal to sit while inviting Alyosha to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама","title":"Intensifier «сама»","body":"«Сама» ('herself') is the emphatic intensifier agreeing with the feminine subject, underlining the contrast: she bids Alyosha sit but she herself stays on her feet — a small theatrical assertion of will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed directly","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Садитесь","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оставаясь","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"оставаясь","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies оставаясь","gloss":"standing"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c5-s18","source":"Она изменилась мало за это время, но темные глаза ее сверкали зловещим огнем.","translation":"She had changed little in this time, but her dark eyes glittered with an ominous fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"темные глаза ее сверкали зловещим огнем","title":"Instrumental of means «огнем»","body":"«Зловещим огнем» is instrumental: her eyes glittered 'with' / by means of an ominous fire — the instrumental marking that with which the glittering is done. Note «глаза ее» with the possessive «ее» placed after the noun, a literary order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изменилась мало","title":"«измениться» — reflexive change of state","body":"«Изменилась» («-ся» form, feminine past) is the intransitive 'she changed / altered,' the reflexive turning a transitive 'change something' into 'undergo change.' The «-л-» past agrees in feminine gender with «она»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изменилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"изменилась","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменилась","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, invariable","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изменилась","gloss":"glittered"},{"surface":"зловещим","lemma":"зловещий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огнем","gloss":"ominous"},{"surface":"огнем","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c5-s19","source":"Алеша помнил потом, что она показалась ему чрезвычайно хороша собой в ту минуту.","translation":"Alyosha remembered afterward that she had struck him as extraordinarily beautiful at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она показалась ему чрезвычайно хороша собой","title":"Dative experiencer + short adjective","body":"«Показалась» ('seemed') takes the dative experiencer «ему» ('to him she seemed…'), and the predicate «хороша» is a short-form adjective (feminine), the predicative form used after such verbs. «Собой» (instrumental of «себя») in «хороша собой» idiomatically means 'good-looking, beautiful.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помнил потом, что","title":"Retrospective frame: «помнил… что»","body":"The imperfective «помнил» ('remembered, kept remembering') plus «потом» ('afterward') opens a memory looking back from later — a narrative frame Dostoevsky uses to lend the moment foreboding weight. «Что» introduces the remembered content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороша","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"looking","note":"«хороша собой» is an idiom for good-looking."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c5-s20","source":"— Что ж он велел передать?","translation":"\"Well, what did he tell you to pass on?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж он велел передать?","title":"Particle «ж» (же) adding pressure","body":"«Ж» is the reduced form of the modal particle «же», pressing the question with impatience and insistence: 'Well, what did he tell you to pass on, then?' Such particles carry the emotional texture English supplies only with intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told you"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to pass on"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c5-s21","source":"— Только одно, — сказал Алеша, прямо смотря ей в лицо, — чтобы вы щадили себя и не показывали ничего на суде о том… — он несколько замялся, — что было между вами… во время самого первого вашего знакомства… в том городе…","translation":"\"Only one thing,\" said Alyosha, looking straight into her face, \"that you should spare yourself and reveal nothing at the trial about what...\" — he faltered a little — \"about what passed between you... at the very time of your first acquaintance... in that town...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо смотря ей в лицо","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«Смотря» is an imperfective present gerund ('looking'), simultaneous with «сказал»: he spoke while gazing straight into her face. «Ей в лицо» pairs dative «ей» (the possessor of the face) with «в лицо» — 'into her face.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы щадили себя и не показывали ничего","title":"«чтобы» + past-form: reported command","body":"After conveying an instruction, «чтобы» takes the irrealis past-form verbs «щадили / показывали» — the willed-outcome construction for indirect commands ('that you should spare yourself and reveal nothing'). Note the negative concord: «не показывали ничего» = 'reveal nothing' (не + ничего)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не показывали ничего","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"Russian requires the verb to stay negated even with a negative pronoun: «не показывали ничего» literally 'did not reveal nothing' = 'reveal nothing at all.' «Ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», the case the negative pronoun naturally takes here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замялся","title":"«замяться» — to falter, grow flustered","body":"A perfective «-ся» verb meaning to hesitate, stumble, become awkwardly embarrassed in speech. The «за-» marks the sudden onset of the faltering — Alyosha catches himself before naming the delicate matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to одно","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотря","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of щадили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of щадили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"щадили","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should spare"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of щадили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывали","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with щадили","gloss":"reveal"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of показывали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывали","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замялся","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"замялся","lemma":"замяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, linking to вами","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во время","morphology":"preposition (compound, with время)","role":"preposition marking знакомства","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"во время","morphology":"preposition (compound, with во)","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"(time of)"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знакомства","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во время","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c5-s22","source":"— А, это про земной поклон за те деньги! — подхватила она, горько рассмеявшись. — Что ж, он за себя или за меня боится — а? Он сказал, чтоб я щадила — кого же? Его иль себя? Говорите, Алексей Федорович.","translation":"\"Ah, this is about the bow to the ground over that money!\" she broke in, laughing bitterly. \"Well, is he afraid for himself or for me — eh? He told me to spare — whom, then? Himself or me? Speak, Alexei Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горько рассмеявшись","title":"Perfective gerund «рассмеявшись»","body":"«Рассмеявшись» is a perfective gerund ('having burst out laughing') with «-ся»; the prefix «рас-» marks the sudden outbreak of laughter. It frames her bitter laugh as the circumstance accompanying «подхватила» ('she broke in')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его иль себя?","title":"«себя» vs «его» — the contrast made explicit","body":"Katerina sets the reflexive «себя» ('himself,' pointing back to Mitya as subject of his own sparing) against «его» ('him,' someone else): 'spare — whom? Himself or me?' The very opposition the reflexive pronoun exists to draw is dramatized here. «Иль» is a poetic clipped «или» (or)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорите, Алексей Федорович","title":"Polite imperative «говорите»","body":"«Говорите» is the polite/plural imperative ('speak, tell me'), matching her formal «вы» to Alyosha. The bare command, addressed by name-and-patronymic, conveys her commanding urgency without rudeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, precedes это","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклон","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"to-the-ground"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеявшись","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"рассмеявшись","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подхватила","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse particle, parenthetical","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of боится","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, follows боится","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told me"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of щадила","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of щадила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"щадила","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of щадила","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Его and себя","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Говорите","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c5-s23","source":"Алеша всматривался пристально, стараясь понять ее.","translation":"Alyosha gazed at her intently, trying to understand her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стараясь понять ее","title":"Imperfective gerund of purpose","body":"«Стараясь» («-ся» gerund of «стараться», to try) is imperfective and simultaneous: 'trying to understand her,' the attendant effort accompanying «всматривался». Both verbs are imperfective, holding the scene in a steady, unfinished gaze."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всматривался пристально","title":"«всматриваться» — to peer intently","body":"«Всматриваться» (imperfective) is to gaze searchingly, to peer hard at, the prefix «в-» giving a sense of looking 'into.' With «пристально» ('fixedly, intently') it stresses Alyosha's effort to read her face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of всматривался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всматривался","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всматривался","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on всматривался","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c5-s24","source":"— И себя, и его, — проговорил он тихо.","translation":"\"Both yourself and him,\" he said quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И себя, и его","title":"Correlative «и… и…» = 'both… and…'","body":"Repeated «и» before each item means 'both X and Y': 'both yourself and him.' «Себя» (reflexive) and «его» again stand in pointed contrast — Alyosha's answer collapses Katerina's either/or into both."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"quoted complement of проговорил","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c5-s25","source":"— То-то, — как-то злобно отчеканила она и вдруг покраснела. — Вы не знаете еще меня, Алексей Федорович, — грозно сказала она, — да и я еще не знаю себя. Может быть, вы захотите меня растоптать ногами после завтрашнего допроса.","translation":"\"There it is,\" she said, somehow spitefully clipping the words, and suddenly flushed. \"You don't know me yet, Alexei Fyodorovich,\" she said menacingly, \"and I don't yet know myself. Perhaps after tomorrow's questioning you'll want to trample me underfoot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы не знаете еще меня… да и я еще не знаю себя","title":"«меня» vs «себя» — object pronoun vs reflexive","body":"First «меня» (you don't yet know me — me as object), then «себя» (I don't yet know myself — the reflexive pointing back to the subject «я»). The minimal pair shows precisely why Russian keeps a separate reflexive pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, вы захотите меня растоптать","title":"Perfective future «захотите»","body":"«Захотите» is perfective future (the «за-» marking the onset of wanting): 'you will come to want…'. It governs the perfective infinitive «растоптать» ('to trample, crush underfoot'), a violent, completed image of what she fears she may provoke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчеканила","title":"«отчеканить» — to rap out, clip the words","body":"Literally 'to mint, stamp (a coin)'; figuratively to enunciate each word crisply and forcefully, 'to rap out.' Dostoevsky uses the metallic verb to convey Katerina's hard, clipped, spiteful delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of the exclamation То-то","gloss":"There","note":"«То-то» is a fixed exclamation meaning roughly 'there, I told you' / 'that's just it'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of То-то","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of как-то, modifies отчеканила","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканила","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"отчеканила","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"clipped out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отчеканила","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of Вы's clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Вы","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of she-said clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first half of да и (and)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"first half of the phrase может быть (perhaps), parenthetical on захотите","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second half of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of захотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"захотите","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll want"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of растоптать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"растоптать","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотите","gloss":"to trample"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of растоптать (means)","gloss":"underfoot"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допроса","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"завтрашнего","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies допроса","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"questioning"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c5-s26","source":"— Вы покажете честно, — сказал Алеша, — только этого и надо.","translation":"\"You'll give your testimony honestly,\" said Alyosha, \"that's all that's needed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только этого и надо","title":"Genitive «этого» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Надо» (impersonal 'is needed') governs the genitive «этого» ('of this'): 'only this is needed.' The particle «и» after «только» reinforces the exclusivity — 'that's all and only what's wanted.' A subjectless, dative-style necessity construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покажете честно","title":"«показать» — to testify","body":"Beyond 'to show,' «показать» is the legal term 'to give testimony, depose' (cf. «показание», a witness statement). 'You'll give your testimony honestly' captures the courtroom sense Alyosha intends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покажете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"покажете","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will testify"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажете","gloss":"honestly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to покажете","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying надо","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate, governs этого","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c5-s27","source":"— Женщина часто бесчестна, — проскрежетала она. — Я еще час тому думала, что мне страшно дотронуться до этого изверга… как до гада… и вот нет, он всё еще для меня человек! Да убил ли он? Он ли убил? — воскликнула она вдруг истерически, быстро обращаясь к Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"\"A woman is often dishonest,\" she ground out. \"Only an hour ago I was thinking that I was afraid to touch that monster... as one would a viper... and now — no, he is still a man to me! But did he kill? Was it he who killed?\" she suddenly cried out hysterically, turning quickly to Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Женщина часто бесчестна","title":"Short adjective «бесчестна»","body":"«Бесчестна» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «бесчестный» (dishonourable). The short form, bookish and absolute, states a general truth about woman as such — 'woman is often dishonest' — more sententious than the long form would be."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне страшно дотронуться","title":"Dative «мне» + «страшно» + infinitive","body":"An impersonal construction: «страшно» ('it is frightening') with dative experiencer «мне» and an infinitive — 'I was afraid to touch.' The whole inner state is framed as something happening to her, with no nominative 'I'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да убил ли он? Он ли убил?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» forms a pointed yes/no question, attached to the focused word: «убил ли он» ('did he kill?') stresses the act, «он ли убил» ('was it he who killed?') stresses the agent. The shift of «ли»'s anchor moves the emphasis between deed and doer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверга… как до гада","title":"«изверг» and «гад» — monster and viper","body":"«Изверг» is a monster, fiend, brute — one cast out of human kind; «гад» is a reptile, viper, 'creepy-crawly,' used as a term of loathing. Both are venomous insults Katerina hurls at Dmitri before recoiling: 'and yet — no, he is still a man to me.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро обращаясь к Ивану Федоровичу","title":"Gerund «обращаясь» + «к» dative","body":"«Обращаясь» is an imperfective «-ся» gerund ('turning, addressing oneself'), simultaneous with «воскликнула». It governs «к» + dative «Ивану Федоровичу» — turning toward Ivan — the «к» fixing the dative of direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бесчестна","gloss":"A woman"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчестна","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"бесчестна","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Женщина","gloss":"dishonest"},{"surface":"проскрежетала","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думала","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час (ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страшно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of страшно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"дотронуться","lemma":"дотронуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on страшно","gloss":"to touch"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изверга","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверга","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотронуться","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison до гада","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гада","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гада","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition до, in comparison как","gloss":"a viper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, contrasts with previous thought","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause он...человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек (still a man)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he kill"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"who killed"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"истерически","lemma":"истерически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"hysterically"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c5-s28","source":"Алеша мигом понял, что этот самый вопрос она уже задавала Ивану Федоровичу, может, всего за минуту пред его приходом, и не в первый раз, а в сотый, и что кончили они ссорой.","translation":"Alyosha understood in a flash that this very question she had already put to Ivan Fyodorovich, perhaps only a minute before his arrival, and not for the first time but for the hundredth, and that they had ended in a quarrel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот самый вопрос она уже задавала","title":"Imperfective «задавала» of repetition","body":"The imperfective past «задавала» ('had been putting/asking') conveys repeated action — confirmed by «не в первый раз, а в сотый» ('not the first time but the hundredth'). Imperfective aspect is the natural choice for an action done over and over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понял, что… и что…","title":"Stacked «что»-clauses of perception","body":"«Понял» governs two coordinated «что»-clauses ('understood that… and that…'), each reporting a thing grasped. The repeated subordinator chains Alyosha's instantaneous, multi-part realization into one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред его приходом","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«Пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «приходом»: 'before his arrival.' The clipped form lends the narration a period-literary tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задавала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задавала","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of задавала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задавала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"задавала","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"had asked"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задавала","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies за минуту пред его приходом","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement, modifies задавала","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приходом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приходом","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition пред, modifies минуту","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with задавала (temporal adverbial)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотый","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сотый","lemma":"сотый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раз (elided): hundredth time","gloss":"hundredth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кончили","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понял, coordinated with задавала-clause","gloss":"had ended"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кончили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ссорой","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончили","gloss":"in a quarrel"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c5-s29","source":"— Я была у Смердякова… Это ты, ты убедил меня, что он отцеубийца. Я только тебе и поверила! — продолжала она, всё обращаясь к Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"\"I went to see Smerdyakov... It was you, you who convinced me that he is the murderer of his father. It was only you I believed!\" she went on, still addressing Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты, ты убедил меня","title":"Emphatic fronted «ты»","body":"«Это ты, ты убедил…» fronts and doubles the pronoun «ты» for stress: 'It was you, you who convinced me.' Normally dropped, the subject pronoun is here repeated precisely for emphasis and accusation — and it is the intimate «ты»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я только тебе и поверила","title":"Dative «тебе» with «поверить» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Поверить» governs the dative of the person believed («тебе»): 'I believed (in) you.' «Только… и» frames it exclusively — 'it was only you I believed.' The dative-after-verb pattern is lexically fixed for verbs of trust."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё обращаясь к Ивану Федоровичу","title":"«всё» + gerund = continuing action","body":"«Всё» before the gerund «обращаясь» means 'still, all the while,' marking a continuing, persistent action: she kept addressing herself to Ivan throughout. The imperfective gerund supplies the ongoing accompanying circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (была у = went to see)","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты (predicate)","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"was you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убедил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убедил","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, resumes ты","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убедил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отцеубийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отцеубийца","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отцеубийца","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убедил","gloss":"is the murderer of his father"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying тебе/поверила","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"поверила","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to поверила","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжала","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c5-s30","source":"Тот как бы с натуги усмехнулся.","translation":"He gave a sort of strained smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот как бы с натуги усмехнулся","title":"«тот» tracking Ivan; «как бы» softening","body":"«Тот» again picks out Ivan as the referent. «Как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the description — a 'sort of' strained smirk — a favourite Dostoevskian softener that lends the narrator's perception a tentative, observing quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с натуги","title":"«с натуги» — 'with effort, strainedly'","body":"«Натуга» is strain, forced effort; «с натуги» means 'as if with effort, forcedly.' His smile is wrung out of him against the grain — a forced, mirthless smirk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of как бы (sort of)","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of как бы","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"натуги","lemma":"натуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"the strain"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c5-s31","source":"Алеша вздрогнул, услышав это ''ты''.","translation":"Alyosha started at this \"you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты","title":"The intimate \"you\"","body":"Russian distinguishes the familiar «ты» from the formal/polite «вы». Katerina has been addressing Ivan with «ты», the form used between intimates, lovers, or close family. Alyosha 'started' on hearing it because it betrays a degree of intimacy between Katerina and Ivan that he had not suspected. English 'you' cannot mark this, which is why the next sentence spells out that he could not have suspected such a relationship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышав это ''ты''","title":"Perfective gerund «услышав»","body":"«Услышав» is a perfective gerund ('on hearing, having heard'), the prior cause of his start. «Это \"ты\"» turns the pronoun into a quoted object ('this \"ty\"'), the word itself become the thing that jolts him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вздрогнул","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"direct object of услышав, in apposition to это","gloss":"'you'"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c5-s32","source":"Он и подозревать не мог таких отношений.","translation":"He could not even have suspected such a relationship between them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он и подозревать не мог таких отношений","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic «и»","body":"Under negation the object shifts to genitive: «не мог… таких отношений» ('could not suspect such relations,' genitive «отношений»). The particle «и» before the infinitive intensifies — 'he could not even suspect' — stressing how unthinkable the intimacy was to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подозревать","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отношений","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отношений","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of мог","gloss":"a relationship"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c5-s33","source":"— Ну, однако, довольно, — отрезал Иван. — Я пойду. Приду завтра. — И тотчас же повернувшись, вышел из комнаты и прошел прямо на лестницу.","translation":"\"Well, enough of this,\" Ivan cut in. \"I'm going. I'll come tomorrow.\" And turning on the spot at once, he walked out of the room and went straight to the staircase.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же повернувшись, вышел… и прошел","title":"Gerund + chain of perfectives","body":"«Повернувшись» (perfective gerund, 'having turned') sets up two perfective pasts «вышел… прошел» ('walked out… went straight') — a crisp sequence of completed actions enacting Ivan's abrupt exit. Aspect and gerund together give the motion its decisive snap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to cut someone short","body":"Literally 'to cut off (a slice)'; in dialogue, 'to retort curtly, snap, cut someone short.' «— …— отрезал Иван» paints Ivan ending the exchange with a sharp, clipped finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to довольно","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to довольно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, main word of the exclamation","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"Приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Приду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернувшись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лестницу","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the staircase"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c5-s34","source":"Катерина Ивановна вдруг с каким-то повелительным жестом схватила Алешу за обе руки.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna suddenly, with a kind of imperious gesture, seized Alyosha by both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила Алешу за обе руки","title":"«схватить за» + accusative","body":"The idiom «схватить кого за что» grabs a person (accusative «Алешу») 'by' a body part (accusative «за обе руки», 'by both hands'). Russian regularly marks the seized limb with «за» + accusative rather than a possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то повелительным жестом","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental «жестом»","body":"«Каким-то» ('some kind of') is the «-то» indefinite marking a specific-but-unnamed quality; «с… жестом» is «с» + instrumental ('with a gesture'). Together: 'with a kind of imperious gesture' — vague yet vivid, a Dostoevskian habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"first half of какой-то, determiner of жестом","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"second half of какой-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"повелительным","lemma":"повелительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестом","gloss":"imperious"},{"surface":"жестом","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifies схватила","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c5-s35","source":"— Ступайте за ним! Догоните его! Не оставляйте его одного ни минуты, — быстро зашептала она. — Он помешанный. Вы не знаете, что он помешался? У него горячка, нервная горячка! Мне доктор говорил, идите, бегите за ним…","translation":"\"Go after him! Catch up with him! Don't leave him alone for a minute,\" she whispered rapidly. \"He's deranged. Don't you know that he's lost his mind? He has a fever, a nervous fever! The doctor told me so — go, run after him...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступайте… Догоните… Не оставляйте","title":"Imperatives, perfective and imperfective","body":"A volley of polite «-те» imperatives. «Догоните» (perfective, 'catch up [and succeed]') urges a completed result; «не оставляйте» (imperfective, 'don't leave') under negation — a negated command is normally imperfective, prohibiting the ongoing state of leaving him alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не оставляйте его одного ни минуты","title":"«ни минуты» under negation","body":"«Ни минуты» ('not for a single minute') uses intensifying «ни» with the genitive «минуты», reinforcing the negated «не оставляйте»: negative concord again. The «ни»-phrase pushes the prohibition to its absolute extreme."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячка, нервная горячка","title":"«горячка» — fever, brain-fever","body":"«Горячка» is a fever, specifically the 19th-century 'brain-fever' or delirium of overwrought nerves («нервная горячка»). It is a recurring Dostoevskian diagnosis for characters in mental crisis — here Katerina's verdict on Ivan's unravelling mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступайте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Догоните","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Catch up with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Догоните","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставляйте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"оставляйте","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляйте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"modifies его (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of extent, modifies оставляйте","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашептала","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"зашептала","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to оставляйте","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зашептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешанный","gloss":"He's"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Он","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помешался","lemma":"помешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"has lost his mind"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"He has"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"[him]"},{"surface":"горячка","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (existential construction with у него)","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"нервная","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячка","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"горячка","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячка","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"The doctor"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегите","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c5-s36","source":"Алеша вскочил и бросился за Иваном Федоровичем.","translation":"Alyosha leapt up and rushed after Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и бросился за Иваном Федоровичем","title":"Reflexive «броситься» + «за» instrumental","body":"«Бросился» («-ся», 'flung himself, rushed') governs «за» + instrumental «Иваном Федоровичем» — 'rushed after Ivan.' «За» with the instrumental here means 'after, in pursuit of,' distinct from «за» + accusative for direction toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c5-s37","source":"Тот не успел отойти и пятидесяти шагов.","translation":"Ivan had not managed to get fifty paces off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успел отойти и пятидесяти шагов","title":"Genitive of negation with the count","body":"Under negation the quantified object goes genitive: «не успел отойти… пятидесяти шагов» ('had not managed to get fifty paces off'). «Пятидесяти шагов» is genitive (numeral + genitive plural «шагов»), and the emphatic «и» means 'even' — not even fifty paces."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отойти","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «отойти»","body":"«Отойти» is the perfective of «отходить», the prefix «от-» ('away from') giving 'to walk off, move away.' Adding the directional prefix to «идти» both fixes the direction and makes an ordinary perfective — here 'to get [fifty paces] away.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"had not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"отойти","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to get off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying пятидесяти шагов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отойти","gloss":"paces"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c5-s38","source":"— Чего тебе? — вдруг обернулся он к Алеше, видя, что тот его догоняет, — велела тебе бежать за мной, потому что я сумасшедший. Знаю наизусть, — раздражительно прибавил он.","translation":"\"What do you want?\" he suddenly turned on Alyosha, seeing that he was catching up. \"She told you to run after me because I'm out of my mind. I know it by heart,\" he added irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе?","title":"Genitive «чего» + dative «тебе»","body":"An elliptical question, verbless: «чего» (genitive of «что», the partitive/negative-leaning case) plus dative of interest «тебе» (2nd person, 'to/of you') — 'What [do you want] of you? / What is it to you?'. The genitive of «что» here is idiomatic for 'what do you want.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя, что тот его догоняет","title":"Gerund «видя» + «тот»","body":"«Видя» is an imperfective present gerund ('seeing'), simultaneous with «обернулся». «Тот» tracks Alyosha (the more distant participant) as subject of the «что»-clause: 'seeing that the other was catching up to him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велела тебе бежать… потому что я сумасшедший","title":"Dative «тебе» + causal «потому что»","body":"«Велеть» ('to order') governs dative «тебе» and an infinitive: 'she ordered you to run.' «Потому что» ('because') opens a causal subordinate clause. «Сумасшедший» ('mad, out of one's mind') is a long-form adjective used predicatively without a copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Чего","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Чего","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обернулся","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догоняет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догоняет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догоняет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"догоняет","lemma":"догонять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"was catching up"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of implied she-subject clause","gloss":"She told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of потому что, introduces cause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second half of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедший","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (because-clause)","gloss":"out of my mind"},{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"наизусть","lemma":"наизусть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Знаю (by heart)","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаю","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c5-s39","source":"— Она, разумеется, ошибается, но она права, что ты болен, — сказал Алеша. — Я сейчас смотрел у ней на твое лицо; у тебя очень больное лицо, очень, Иван!","translation":"\"She's mistaken, of course, but she's right that you're ill,\" said Alyosha. \"I was just now looking at your face in there; you have a very sick face, very, Ivan!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она права, что ты болен","title":"Short adjectives «права» and «болен»","body":"Two predicative short forms: «права» ('is right,' feminine) and «болен» ('is ill,' masculine). The short form is the idiomatic predicate in such judgments ('she is right… you are ill'), bookish and stating a current state, as 19th-century prose favours."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тебя очень больное лицо","title":"«у тебя» possessive + long adjective","body":"«У тебя… лицо» ('you have a face,' lit. 'at you [there] is a face') is the standard «у» + genitive possessive frame. Here «больное лицо» uses the long-form attributive adjective ('a sick face') — contrast the short «болен» of the person just above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ошибается","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying ошибается","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ошибается","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is mistaken"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of права","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with ошибается","gloss":"is right"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the что-clause","gloss":"are ill"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"was looking"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in у-construction, modifies лицо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больное","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in у-construction","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition, modifies больное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c5-s40","source":"Иван шел не останавливаясь. Алеша за ним.","translation":"Ivan walked on without stopping. Alyosha followed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шел не останавливаясь","title":"Negated imperfective gerund","body":"«Не останавливаясь» ('without stopping') is a negated imperfective «-ся» gerund modifying «шел»: he kept walking, the stopping never happening. Both walking and the negated gerund are imperfective, holding the continuous, unbroken motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шел… Алеша за ним","title":"Verbless «Алеша за ним»","body":"The second clause «Алеша за ним» has no verb, the motion verb 'followed' supplied by context: «за ним» («за» + instrumental, 'after/behind him'). Russian freely drops a verb recoverable from the parallel preceding clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останавливаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останавливаясь","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (шел)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c5-s41","source":"— А ты знаешь, Алексей Федорович, как сходят с ума? — спросил Иван совсем вдруг тихим, совсем уже не раздражительным голосом, в котором внезапно послышалось самое простодушное любопытство.","translation":"\"And do you know, Alexei Fyodorovich, how people go out of their mind?\" Ivan asked all at once, in a voice quite soft, no longer at all irritable, in which there suddenly sounded the most artless curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сходят с ума?","title":"Impersonal 'one' via 3rd-plural","body":"«Сходят» (3rd-person plural, no subject) expresses a generic 'one / people': 'how do people go out of their mind?' Russian's subjectless 3rd-plural is a standard way to state what happens generally. The idiom «сходить с ума» = 'to go mad' («с» + genitive «ума», 'off one's mind')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором внезапно послышалось… любопытство","title":"Relative «в котором» + reflexive «послышаться»","body":"«В котором» (relative, prepositional after «в») refers to the voice. «Послышалось» («-ся», 'made itself heard, there sounded') is an impersonal-ish reflexive: in the voice 'there suddenly sounded the most artless curiosity.' «Любопытство» is the grammatical subject following its verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушное","title":"«простодушный» — artless, guileless","body":"«Простодушный» («простой» simple + «душа» soul) means simple-hearted, naive, guileless. Applied to Ivan's sudden curiosity, it is a startling, poignant note — the tormented intellect speaking for a moment with a child's openness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей, in apposition","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сходят","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сходят","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"go mad"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходят","gloss":"their mind"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тихим","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражительным","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражительным","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражительным","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раздражительным","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement of спросил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"послышалось","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on голосом","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простодушное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"artless"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of послышалось","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c5-s42","source":"— Нет, не знаю; полагаю, что много разных видов сумасшествия.","translation":"\"No, I don't; I suppose there are many different kinds of madness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полагаю, что много разных видов","title":"«много» + genitive plural","body":"«Много» ('many, much') governs the genitive: «много разных видов сумасшествия» ('many different kinds of madness'), with genitive plural «видов» and genitive «сумасшествия». Quantity words regularly take the genitive of what they measure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полагаю","title":"«полагать» — to suppose","body":"A somewhat formal, considered verb for 'to suppose, presume, reckon,' more measured than «думать». It suits Alyosha's careful, tentative reply about the kinds of madness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of много","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"head of the clausal complement of полагаю","gloss":"there are many"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies видов","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"видов","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of много","gloss":"kinds"},{"surface":"сумасшествия","lemma":"сумасшествие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видов","gloss":"of madness"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c5-s43","source":"— А над самим собой можно наблюдать, что сходишь с ума?","translation":"\"And can a man observe in himself that he's going mad?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"над самим собой можно наблюдать","title":"Impersonal «можно» + reflexive «собой»","body":"«Можно» ('one can, it is possible') heads an impersonal construction with no subject — the implied agent is generic 'one.' «Над самим собой» («над» + instrumental of the reflexive «себя», intensified by «сам») = 'over oneself': can one observe oneself going mad?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что сходишь с ума","title":"2nd-singular «сходишь» as generic 'one'","body":"The 2nd-person singular «сходишь» ('you go mad') here is generic-impersonal — 'that one is going mad' — a common Russian way to speak of anyone, not Alyosha in particular. English 'a man / one' captures it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, modal predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сходишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сходишь","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of наблюдать","gloss":"you are going"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходишь","gloss":"your mind"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c5-s44","source":"— Я думаю, нельзя ясно следить за собой в таком случае, — с удивлением отвечал Алеша.","translation":"\"I think one can't watch oneself clearly in such a case,\" Alyosha answered in surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя ясно следить за собой","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + «следить за» + reflexive","body":"«Нельзя» ('one cannot, it is impossible') is impersonal, subjectless. «Следить за собой» pairs «за» + instrumental of the reflexive «себя»: 'to watch oneself.' 'One can't watch oneself clearly in such a case.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с удивлением отвечал","title":"Imperfective «отвечал» + manner phrase","body":"«Отвечал» (imperfective past) views Alyosha's reply as it unfolds, with «с удивлением» ('with surprise,' «с» + instrumental) describing the manner. The instrumental of accompaniment colours how he answered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to нельзя","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, modal predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следить","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"следить","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c5-s45","source":"Иван на полминутки примолк.","translation":"Ivan fell silent for half a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"примолк","title":"Perfective «примолкнуть» — fell briefly silent","body":"«Примолк» is the perfective past of «примолкнуть» (to fall silent for a while); the prefix «при-» gives a momentary, bounded quieting. A single completed event — Ivan goes quiet — set against the dialogue's flow. «На полминутки» uses the diminutive «полминутки» ('a little half-minute')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примолк","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полминутки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полминутки","lemma":"полминутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примолк","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"примолк","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c5-s46","source":"— Если ты хочешь со мной о чем говорить, то перемени, пожалуйста, тему, — сказал он вдруг.","translation":"\"If you want to talk to me about something, then change the subject, please,\" he said abruptly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если ты хочешь… то перемени… тему","title":"«если… то…» conditional","body":"A real (indicative) conditional: «если» ('if') with the present «хочешь», answered by «то» ('then') plus the imperative «перемени» ('change'). This is plain conditional logic, not the «бы»-irrealis — the condition is taken as actual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем говорить","title":"«о» + prepositional «чём»","body":"«О чём» ('about what') is «о» + the prepositional of «что», the case «о» always governs for the topic of speech. 'If you want to talk about something' — «о чём» here doubling as indefinite 'about anything.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative of Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"перемени","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies перемени","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перемени","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"abruptly"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c5-s47","source":"— А вот, чтобы не забыть, к тебе письмо, — робко проговорил Алеша и, вынув из кармана, протянул к нему письмо Лизы.","translation":"\"Oh, before I forget — there's a letter for you,\" Alyosha said timidly, and drawing it from his pocket, he held out to him Liza's letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не забыть","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"When the purpose-clause shares the main subject, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive: «чтобы не забыть» ('so as not to forget'). Only with a different subject would «чтобы» switch to the past-form irrealis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынув из кармана, протянул","title":"Perfective gerund «вынув» before «протянул»","body":"«Вынув» (perfective gerund, 'having drawn out') names the prior action; «протянул» (perfective past, 'held out') the next. The gerund + perfective sequence renders the two quick motions — pulling the letter out, then extending it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"робко","title":"«робко» — timidly","body":"An adverb from «робкий» (timid, shy), 'timidly, diffidently.' It marks Alyosha's hesitancy in handing over Liza's letter — he half-expects Ivan's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыть","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on the main phrase","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of письмо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head noun of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынув","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"taking out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынув","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"Лизы","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"Liza's"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c5-s48","source":"Они как раз подошли к фонарю.","translation":"They had just come up to a streetlamp.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошли к фонарю","title":"Prefixed motion «подойти» + «к» dative","body":"«Подошли» is the perfective of «подходить» (to come up to, approach), prefix «под-» plus «к» + dative «фонарю» ('up to the lamp'). The prefixed motion verb with «к»+dative is the standard 'approach' frame; «как раз» means 'just then.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подошли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies подошли","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"подошли","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонарю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"фонарю","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"a streetlamp"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c5-s49","source":"Иван тотчас же узнал руку.","translation":"Ivan recognized the handwriting at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же узнал руку","title":"Perfective «узнать» of instant recognition","body":"«Узнал» (perfective past) marks a single, momentary act — he recognized it at once («тотчас же»). «Руку» here means 'the hand[writing]' (accusative), a metonymy for the script he knows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed","note":"же here is a purely emphatic particle reinforcing тотчас ('at once'), not translated separately."},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"the handwriting","note":"рука literally 'hand' is used idiomatically here for a person's handwriting."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c5-s50","source":"— А, это от того бесенка! — рассмеялся он злобно и, не распечатав конверта, вдруг разорвал его на несколько кусков и бросил на ветер.","translation":"\"Ah, this is from that little imp!\" he laughed spitefully, and without breaking the seal of the envelope, he suddenly tore it into several pieces and tossed them to the wind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не распечатав конверта, разорвал его… и бросил","title":"Negated gerund + chain of perfectives","body":"«Не распечатав» (negated perfective gerund, 'without breaking the seal') governs genitive «конверта» (genitive of negation). It precedes two perfective pasts «разорвал… бросил» ('tore… tossed') — a swift sequence of completed, violent acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесенка","title":"«бесёнок» — little imp, little devil","body":"A diminutive of «бес» (demon, imp), «бесёнок» means 'little devil, imp,' here said of Liza — half-affectionate, half-contemptuous. The diminutive suffix «-ёнок» (used for young creatures) makes it a 'demon-child,' an emotionally loaded epithet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассмеялся он злобно","title":"Perfective «рассмеяться» + manner adverb","body":"«Рассмеялся» («-ся», perfective, 'burst out laughing') with «злобно» ('spitefully, malignantly') — the prefix «рас-» again marking the sudden eruption of the laugh, here a cruel one."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (есть)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесенка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бесенка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бесенка","lemma":"бесёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от, predicate complement of это","gloss":"little imp"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распечатав","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"распечатав","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разорвал","gloss":"breaking the seal of"},{"surface":"конверта","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатав","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разорвал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разорвал","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассмеялся","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разорвал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кусков","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on кусков","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"кусков","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разорвал","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разорвал","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ветер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the wind"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c5-s51","source":"Клочья разлетелись.","translation":"The scraps scattered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Клочья разлетелись","title":"Prefix «раз-» of scattering + «-ся»","body":"«Разлетелись» (perfective «-ся» past of «разлететься») means 'flew apart, scattered,' the prefix «раз-» conveying dispersal in all directions. The terse two-word sentence lets the torn scraps simply fly off. «Клочья» is the plural of «клок» (a tuft, shred)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клочья","lemma":"клок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разлетелись","gloss":"the scraps"},{"surface":"разлетелись","lemma":"разлететься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scattered"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c5-s52","source":"— Шестнадцати лет еще нет, кажется, и уж предлагается! — презрительно проговорил он, опять зашагав по улице.","translation":"\"Not yet sixteen, by the look of it, and already offering herself!\" he said contemptuously, striding off down the street again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шестнадцати лет еще нет","title":"Genitive of age + «нет»","body":"An impersonal age construction: «нет» ('there isn't') governs the genitive «шестнадцати лет» ('sixteen years'): 'she isn't yet sixteen.' The negated existential «нет» obligatorily takes the genitive, here of the numeral phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж предлагается","title":"Reflexive «предлагается» + particle «уж»","body":"«Предлагается» («-ся») is the middle/reflexive 'offers herself, throws herself at [a man].' The particle «уж» (reduced «уже», 'already') drips with contempt: 'and already offering herself!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять зашагав по улице","title":"Inceptive «за-» gerund «зашагав»","body":"«Зашагав» is a perfective gerund of «зашагать» (to start striding), the prefix «за-» marking the onset of the action. «По улице» («по» + dative) means 'along the street.' 'Having set off striding down the street again.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Шестнадцати","lemma":"шестнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"sixteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying нет","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предлагается","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"предлагается","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"is offering herself"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашагав","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"зашагав","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"striding off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашагав","gloss":"the street"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c5-s53","source":"— Как предлагается? — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Offering herself how?\" exclaimed Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как предлагается?","title":"Echo question with «как»","body":"Alyosha echoes Ivan's «предлагается» as an incredulous question: «как предлагается?» ('offering herself how?'). The reflexive «-ся» verb is repeated verbatim, the interrogative «как» fronting his bewildered challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагается","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"предлагается","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is she offering herself"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c5-s54","source":"— Известно, как развратные женщины предлагаются.","translation":"\"The way dissolute women offer themselves, of course.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известно, как… предлагаются","title":"Impersonal «известно» + generic plural","body":"«Известно» ('[it is] known') is an impersonal predicate — 'it's well known how…'. «Развратные женщины предлагаются» uses the generic plural to state the type's behaviour. Ivan's curt sentence assumes the answer needs no spelling out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развратные","title":"«развратный» — depraved, dissolute","body":"«Развратный» (from «разврат», debauchery, vice) means morally depraved, dissolute, licentious. Hurled at a teenage girl's letter, it is brutally unfair — part of Ivan's feverish cruelty in the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известно","lemma":"известно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's well known"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces clausal complement of Известно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"развратные","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive предлагаются","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"предлагаются","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Известно","gloss":"offer themselves"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c5-s55","source":"— Что ты, Иван, что ты? — горестно и горячо заступился Алеша. — Это ребенок, ты обижаешь ребенка! Она больна, она сама очень больна, она тоже, может быть, с ума сходит… Я не мог тебе не передать ее письма… Я, напротив, от тебя хотел что услышать… чтобы спасти ее.","translation":"\"What are you saying, Ivan, what are you saying?\" Alyosha came to her defense, grieved and ardent. \"She's a child, you're insulting a child! She's ill, she herself is very ill, perhaps she too is going out of her mind... I couldn't help passing on her letter to you... On the contrary, I wanted to hear something from you... so as to save her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не передать","title":"Double negative = could not but","body":"The construction «не мог не» + infinitive (literally 'I could not not hand over') is a Russian double negative that expresses unavoidable obligation: 'I had no choice but to give you her letter.' Russian stacks negatives where English collapses them. We render the literal force as 'I couldn't help passing it on / I could not but pass it on.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что ты, Иван, что ты?","title":"Idiom «что ты!» — 'what are you saying!'","body":"«Что ты!» is a fixed exclamation of protest or alarm — 'come now! / what are you saying! / how can you!' — not a literal question. Doubled here, it conveys Alyosha's distressed, pleading remonstrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она больна, она сама очень больна","title":"Short adjective «больна» repeated","body":"«Больна» is the short (predicative) feminine of «больной» ('ill'), the idiomatic form after a zero copula: 'she is ill.' The repetition with «сама… очень» ('she herself, very [ill]') drives home Alyosha's plea on Liza's behalf."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы спасти ее","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы спасти её» ('so as to save her') is a same-subject purpose clause with the infinitive «спасти» (perfective, a completed rescue). Alyosha's whole motive is folded into this purpose phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject in the exclamation Что ты","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"repeats the exclamatory Что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject in the repeated exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заступился","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заступился","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"заступился","lemma":"заступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"came to her defense"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заступился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ребенок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обижаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обижаешь","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are insulting"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обижаешь","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of больна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"больна","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of больна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больна","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больна","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with больна","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сходит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходит","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходит","gloss":"her mind"},{"surface":"сходит","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with больна","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give","note":"не мог не передать is a double negative meaning 'couldn't help but give'."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать (genitive after negation)","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying хотел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying хотел","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c5-s56","source":"— Нечего тебе от меня слышать. Коль она ребенок, то я ей не нянька. Молчи, Алексей. Не продолжай. Я об этом даже не думаю.","translation":"\"There's nothing for you to hear from me. If she's a child, then I'm not her nursemaid. Be quiet, Alexei. Don't go on. I don't even think about it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нечего тебе от меня слышать","title":"Negative «нечего» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Нечего» ('there is nothing to') is a fused negative-existential pronoun governing dative «тебе» and an infinitive: 'there is nothing for you to hear from me.' This «не́чего + dative + infinitive» pattern is the standard impersonal way to say 'one has nothing to do X.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коль она ребенок, то я ей не нянька","title":"Archaic «коль» conditional","body":"«Коль» (also «коли») is a folk/archaic 'if,' equivalent to «если», answered by «то»: 'if she's a child, then I'm not her nursemaid.' «Я ей не нянька» drops the copula and puts «ей» in the dative ('to her / her nursemaid')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи… Не продолжай","title":"Singular imperatives, intimate «ты»","body":"«Молчи» ('be quiet') and «не продолжай» ('don't go on') are singular (no «-те») imperatives, matching Ivan's intimate «ты» to his brother. The negated «не продолжай» is imperfective, the usual aspect for a prohibition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, negative, predicative","role":"head of the impersonal construction","gloss":"there's nothing"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of слышать","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Нечего","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ребенок","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ребенок","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of она","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative of Коль","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нянька","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of нянька","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нянька","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нянька","lemma":"нянька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"a nursemaid"},{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"продолжай","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c5-s57","source":"Помолчали опять с минуту.","translation":"Again they were silent for a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помолчали опять с минуту","title":"Subjectless «помолчали» + «с» + accusative of approximation","body":"«Помолчали» (perfective, 'they were silent a while,' prefix «по-» bounding the spell) has its subject only implied ('they'), recoverable from context. «С минуту» («с» + accusative) means 'about a minute, for a minute or so' — «с» here marking approximate measure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помолчали","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were silent"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Помолчали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Помолчали","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c5-s58","source":"— Она теперь всю ночь молить божию матерь будет, чтоб указала ей, как завтра на суде поступить, — резко и злобно заговорил он вдруг опять.","translation":"\"She'll spend the whole night now praying to the Mother of God to show her how to act tomorrow at the trial,\" he suddenly began again, sharply and spitefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю ночь молить… будет","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«Будет молить» is the imperfective compound future: «будет» (future of «быть») + the imperfective infinitive «молить» ('to pray'), naming an ongoing future action — she will spend the whole night praying. The auxiliary and infinitive are split by «всю ночь… божию матерь» for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб указала ей, как… поступить","title":"«чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») with a different subject takes the past-form irrealis «указала» ('that [the Mother of God] might show her'). The dative «ей» is the indirect object ('show her'). This is the willed-outcome construction for a prayer's content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of молить","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on молить","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матерь","gloss":"God's","note":"Possessive adjective meaning \"God's,\" from божий."},{"surface":"матерь","lemma":"матерь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"указала","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on молить","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поступить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of указала","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with резко","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c5-s59","source":"— Ты… ты об Катерине Ивановне?","translation":"\"You... you mean Katerina Ivanovna?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты… ты об Катерине Ивановне?","title":"Verbless 'about' question, «об» + prepositional","body":"An elliptical question with no verb: «об Катерине Ивановне» («об», the pre-vowel form of «о», + prepositional) means '[do you mean / are you speaking] about Katerina Ivanovna?'. The repeated «ты» conveys Alyosha's startled hesitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase (false start)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c5-s60","source":"— Да. Спасительницей или губительницей Митеньки ей явиться? О том молить будет, чтоб озарило ее душу. Сама еще, видите ли, не знает, приготовиться не успела. Тоже меня за няньку принимает, хочет, чтоб я ее убаюкал!","translation":"\"Yes. Whether she should appear as Mitenka's savior or his destroyer. That's what she'll be praying about, that her soul be enlightened. She doesn't even know yet, you see, she hasn't managed to prepare. She takes me for a nursemaid too, she wants me to lull her to sleep!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спасительницей или губительницей… ей явиться?","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «явиться»","body":"«Явиться» ('to appear [as]') takes its predicate noun in the instrumental: «спасительницей или губительницей» ('as savior or destroyer'). The dative «ей» is the experiencer ('for her to appear…'). The instrumental frames the role she might assume — a part to be played at the trial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Спасительницей или губительницей Митеньки","title":"«спасительница / губительница» + «Митенька»","body":"Paired feminine agent-nouns: «спасительница» (she who saves) and «губительница» (she who ruins/destroys), pointedly antithetical. «Митеньки» is the genitive of «Митенька», a tender double diminutive of Dmitri (Митя → Митенька) — Ivan's mockingly affectionate name for his brother in Katerina's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб озарило ее душу","title":"Impersonal «озарило» in a «чтоб» clause","body":"«Чтоб озарило её душу» ('that her soul be enlightened') uses an impersonal neuter past «озарило» ('[that something] might illumine her soul') in the irrealis after «чтоб» — no named subject, the divine light implied. «Душу» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовиться не успела","title":"Reflexive «приготовиться» under negation","body":"«Приготовиться» («-ся», 'to prepare oneself, get ready') after «не успела» ('did not manage'): 'she hasn't managed to prepare.' The «-ся» turns 'prepare something' inward to 'ready oneself.' «Видите ли» ('you see') is a parenthetical with the «ли» softener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочет, чтоб я ее убаюкал","title":"«чтоб» + past-form for a different subject","body":"«Хочет, чтоб я… убаюкал» ('she wants me to lull her') uses «чтоб» + the past-form irrealis «убаюкал» because the wished-for action has a different subject (я) from the wanting (она). «Убаюкать» is 'to lull/rock to sleep' — Ivan's bitter image of being asked to soothe her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Спасительницей","lemma":"спасительница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of явиться","gloss":"savior"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"губительницей","lemma":"губительница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Спасительницей","gloss":"destroyer"},{"surface":"Митеньки","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губительницей","gloss":"Mitenka's"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of явиться","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озарило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"озарило","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of молить","gloss":"enlighten"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of озарило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see","note":"\"видите ли\" is a fixed parenthetical meaning \"you see.\""},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите (idiom видите ли)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"приготовиться","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"prepare"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимает","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking няньку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"няньку","lemma":"нянька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимает","gloss":"nursemaid"},{"surface":"принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимает","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убаюкал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убаюкал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убаюкал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"убаюкал","lemma":"убаюкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочет","gloss":"lull to sleep"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c5-s61","source":"— Катерина Ивановна любит тебя, брат, — с грустным чувством проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna loves you, brother,\" said Alyosha with sorrowful feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катерина Ивановна любит тебя","title":"Name-and-patronymic; accusative «тебя»","body":"«Катерина Ивановна» is the respectful name-plus-patronymic mode of address used about her even in intimate talk. «Любит тебя» puts the personal pronoun «ты» in its accusative form «тебя» as direct object of «любить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с грустным чувством","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«С грустным чувством» (with sorrowful feeling) is «с» plus the instrumental case, here marking the manner in which Alyosha speaks. The adjective «грустным» agrees with «чувством» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грустным","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c5-s62","source":"— Может быть. Только я до нее не охотник.","translation":"\"Perhaps. Only I'm not partial to her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я до нее не охотник","title":"«охотник до» — to be keen on","body":"«Охотник» literally means 'hunter,' but in «охотник до чего-либо» it means one who is fond of or partial to something. «Я до нее не охотник» — 'I'm not keen on her,' a dismissive, slightly coarse idiom that undercuts Alyosha's tender claim that she loves him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до нее","title":"Genitive «нее» after «до»","body":"The preposition «до» governs the genitive, so «она» appears as «нее» (with the н- prefix that third-person pronouns take after a preposition). Idiomatically «охотник до неё» frames her as the object of his (lacking) appetite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of охотник","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"охотник","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"fan","note":"\"охотник до\" is idiomatic for \"keen on/partial to.\""}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c5-s63","source":"— Она страдает. Зачем же ты ей говоришь… иногда… такие слова, что она надеется? — с робким упреком продолжал Алеша, — ведь я знаю, что ты ей подавал надежду, прости, что я так говорю, — прибавил он.","translation":"\"She suffers. Then why do you say to her... sometimes... such words that give her hope?\" Alyosha went on with timid reproach. \"For I know that you held out hope to her — forgive me for speaking like this,\" he added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же ты ей говоришь","title":"The particle «же» pressing the question","body":"«Зачем же…» adds the modal particle «же» to the question word, lending an insistent, almost reproachful 'why on earth' — exactly the gentle pressure Dostoevsky names in the next clause («с робким упреком»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такие слова, что она надеется","title":"Result clause with «такие… что»","body":"«Такие слова, что она надеется» is the correlative pattern «такой… что» (such… that), where «что» opens a subordinate result clause set off by a comma. The imperfective present «надеется» (she hopes) gives the ongoing state those words produce."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я знаю","title":"«ведь» appealing to shared knowledge","body":"«Ведь» is the modal particle of appeal — 'after all, you know.' Alyosha softens an accusation by framing it as something both already understand: «ведь я знаю, что ты ей подавал надежду» (for I know you held out hope to her)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ей подавал надежду","title":"Imperfective «подавал»: a repeated kindling of hope","body":"«Подавал» is the imperfective past of «подавать» (to give, hold out). Its imperfective aspect frames the act not as one event but as something Ivan did more than once, repeatedly giving her hope. «Ей» is the dative — to her — the indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of страдает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"страдает","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffers"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говоришь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause of надеется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of надеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упреком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робким","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упреком","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"упреком","lemma":"упрёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подавал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подавал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подавал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"подавал","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"надежду","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подавал","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прости","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c5-s64","source":"— Не могу я тут поступить как надо, разорвать и ей прямо сказать! — раздражительно произнес Иван. — Надо подождать, пока скажут приговор убийце. Если я разорву с ней теперь, она из мщения ко мне завтра же погубит этого негодяя на суде, потому что его ненавидит и знает, что ненавидит. Тут всё ложь, ложь на лжи! Теперь же, пока я с ней не разорвал, она всё еще надеется и не станет губить этого изверга, зная, как я хочу вытащить его из беды. И когда только придет этот проклятый приговор!","translation":"\"I can't act here as I ought, break it off and tell her straight out!\" Ivan said irritably. \"One has to wait until they pronounce the verdict on the murderer. If I break with her now, then out of revenge against me she'll ruin that scoundrel at the trial tomorrow, because she hates him and knows that she hates him. It's all lies here, lies upon lies! But for now, as long as I haven't broken with her, she still hopes and won't go ruining that monster, knowing how I want to drag him out of trouble. And when, oh when, will that cursed verdict ever come!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не могу я тут поступить как надо","title":"Inverted word order for stress","body":"Fronting the negated verb — «Не могу я…» rather than the neutral «Я не могу…» — throws the rhetorical weight onto the impossibility. Russian's free word order lets Ivan lead with his frustration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо подождать, пока скажут приговор","title":"Impersonal «надо» plus «пока»","body":"«Надо подождать» is a subjectless necessity construction: invariable «надо» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject. «Пока скажут приговор» — 'until they pronounce the verdict' — uses «пока» with a perfective future and an unspecified 'they' («скажут»), the standard way Russian phrases an impersonal 'until X happens.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я разорву с ней теперь, она… погубит","title":"Real conditional in the perfective future","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если» plus the perfective future «разорву» in the if-clause, answered by another perfective future «погубит» (she will ruin). Both verbs name single completed future acts — the rupture, the ruin — with no «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из мщения ко мне","title":"«из мщения» — genitive of motive","body":"«Из мщения» (out of revenge) uses «из» plus the genitive of the bookish noun «мщение» to express motive. «Ко мне» is «к» plus the dative, here 'against / toward me' — the target of that revenge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодяя… изверга","title":"«негодяй» and «изверг» — scoundrel and monster","body":"«Негодяй» is a scoundrel, a good-for-nothing; «изверг» is far stronger — a monster, a fiend, literally one 'cast out' of humankind. Ivan hurls both at his own brother Dmitri, and the narrator marks in s65 how these words wound Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не станет губить этого изверга","title":"«не станет» + imperfective: won't take to ruining","body":"«Станет» (perfective future of «стать») plus an imperfective infinitive «губить» is the idiomatic 'will (not) take to / set about' doing something. The negative «не станет губить» means she won't go about ruining him — the imperfective stressing the ongoing process she will refrain from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная, как я хочу вытащить его","title":"Gerund «зная» — attendant circumstance","body":"«Зная» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «знать», meaning 'knowing / while knowing.' It shares the subject «она» of the main clause and compresses a whole simultaneous circumstance into one word — a hallmark of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И когда только придет этот проклятый приговор!","title":"«когда только» as an exclamation of longing","body":"«Когда только…!» is an exclamatory 'when, oh when…!' — impatient longing rather than a real question. The perfective future «придёт» views the verdict's arrival as the single awaited event Ivan cannot wait for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"разорвать","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступить","gloss":"break it off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступить","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal predicate)","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"подождать","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажут","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подождать","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скажут","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разорву","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разорву","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разорву","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on погубит","gloss":"break off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разорву","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разорву","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погубит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мщения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мщения","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погубит","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies мщения","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"погубит","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will ruin"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of негодяя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"негодяя","lemma":"негодяй","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубит","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погубит","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the causal conjunction потому что, introduces clause of ненавидит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the causal conjunction потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ненавидит","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause on погубит","gloss":"hates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидит","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидит, complement of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненавидит","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"hates"},{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ложь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of всё","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложь","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лжи","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разорвал","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разорвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разорвал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разорвал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разорвал","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надеется","gloss":"broken off"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of надеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще (fixed phrase всё еще)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надеется","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"губить","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"ruining"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверга","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of губить","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on губить","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"вытащить","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"pull out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беды","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"беды","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащить","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приговор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приговор","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"verdict"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c5-s65","source":"Слова «убийца» и «изверг» больно отозвались в сердце Алеши.","translation":"The words \"murderer\" and \"monster\" echoed painfully in Alyosha's heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больно отозвались в сердце Алеши","title":"Reflexive «отозвались» — echoed","body":"«Отозвались» is the perfective past of the reflexive verb «отозваться» (to resound, echo, find an answering response). The clitic «-сь» here gives the middle, intransitive sense: the words 'echoed' of themselves in his heart. «В сердце» is prepositional case of location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of отозвались","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Слова","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убийца","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвались","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"отозвались","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"echoed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвались","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c5-s66","source":"— Да чем таким она может погубить брата? — спросил он, вдумываясь в слова Ивана. — Что она может показать такого, что прямо могло бы сгубить Митю?","translation":"\"But by what means can she ruin our brother?\" he asked, pondering Ivan's words. \"What can she testify to that could directly destroy Mitya?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да чем таким она может погубить брата?","title":"Instrumental «чем» of means; opening «да»","body":"The question 'by what means?' is carried by «чем» — the instrumental of «что», the case of the instrument or means — reinforced by «таким» (instrumental of «такой»). The sentence-initial «да» is a colloquial connective, here 'but, well' rather than 'yes.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдумываясь в слова Ивана","title":"Gerund «вдумываясь» — pondering as he asks","body":"«Вдумываясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «вдумываться» (to ponder, think one's way into), a reflexive verb in «-ся». It runs simultaneously with «спросил он» — he asked while pondering Ivan's words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что прямо могло бы сгубить Митю","title":"Conditional «могло бы»","body":"«Могло бы» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-tense «могло» plus the particle «бы» — expressing a hypothetical 'could / might.' Alyosha asks what she could possibly testify that 'might directly destroy' Mitya. «Митю» is the accusative of the diminutive «Митя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the warm, familiar diminutive of «Дмитрий» (Dmitri). Alyosha's use of it against Ivan's cold «изверг» quietly insists on their brother's humanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of чем","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"our brother"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдумываясь","lemma":"вдумываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вдумываясь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показать (fronted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"of that kind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такого","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сгубить","lemma":"сгубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сгубить","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c5-s67","source":"— Ты этого еще не знаешь. У нее в руках один документ есть, собственноручный, Митенькин, математически доказывающий, что он убил Федора Павловича.","translation":"\"You don't yet know about that. She has in her hands a document, in his own handwriting, Mitenka's own, mathematically proving that he killed Fyodor Pavlovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собственноручный","title":"«собственноручный» — in one's own hand","body":"A compound of «собственный» (own) and «рука» (hand): a document written 'with one's own hand,' i.e. an autograph original. The forensic weight of the word matters — it is what makes the paper 'mathematically' incriminating."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митенькин","title":"«Митенькин» — the tender double diminutive, made possessive","body":"«Митенькин» is a possessive adjective ('Mitenka's') built from «Митенька», itself the doubly affectionate diminutive of «Дмитрий» (Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька). The cooing form clashes bitterly with the murder the document is said to prove."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"математически доказывающий, что он убил","title":"Present active participle «доказывающий»","body":"«Доказывающий» is the present active participle of «доказывать» (to prove), agreeing with «документ» and condensing a «который»-clause ('a document which proves…') into one bookish modifier. The «что»-clause reports the fact it proves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies документ","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"собственноручный","lemma":"собственноручный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"handwritten"},{"surface":"Митенькин","lemma":"митенькин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"Mitenka's"},{"surface":"математически","lemma":"математически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказывающий","gloss":"mathematically"},{"surface":"доказывающий","lemma":"доказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"proving"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of доказывающий","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c5-s68","source":"— Этого быть не может! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"That cannot be!\" exclaimed Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого быть не может!","title":"Genitive of negation in «этого быть не может»","body":"In the impossibility formula «этого быть не может» (this cannot be), the subject of the negated existential stands in the genitive — «этого», not nominative «это». It is the same genitive-of-negation logic that governs «нет» and «не было.»"}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of быть (genitive of negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c5-s69","source":"— Как не может? Я сам читал.","translation":"\"How can it not? I read it myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сам читал.","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'myself'","body":"«Сам» intensifies the subject: 'I myself read it.' It agrees with «я» here as masculine singular and emphasizes that Ivan's testimony is first-hand. The imperfective «читал» states the bare fact of having read it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c5-s70","source":"— Такого документа быть не может! — с жаром повторил Алеша. — Не может быть, потому что убийца не он. Не он убил отца, не он!","translation":"\"There can be no such document!\" Alyosha repeated heatedly. \"It can't be, because he is not the murderer. It was not he who killed our father, not he!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такого документа быть не может!","title":"Genitive of negation: «такого документа»","body":"Again the negated 'cannot be' forces its subject into the genitive: «такого документа быть не может» — 'there can be no such document,' literally 'of such a document there cannot be.' Both adjective and noun take the genitive ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не он убил отца, не он!","title":"Negation focused on the pronoun: «не он»","body":"«Не» is placed not before the verb but before «он» — 'it was not HE who killed.' Negating the subject rather than the predicate puts the whole emphasis on identity, the very point that becomes the chapter's refrain «не ты»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с жаром","title":"«с жаром» — heatedly","body":"«Жар» is heat, fever, ardour; «с жаром» means 'with heat, fervently.' A common adverbial of manner (instrumental after «с») for impassioned speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of документа","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"документа","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"heat","note":"idiom \"с жаром\" = heatedly, fervently"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to может","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause (потому что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"(because)"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of убийца (copula omitted)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убил (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c5-s71","source":"Иван Федорович вдруг остановился.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг остановился","title":"Perfective «остановился» — a single sudden halt","body":"«Остановился» is the perfective past of the reflexive «остановиться» (to stop, come to a halt). Its perfective aspect captures the abrupt, completed action, reinforced by «вдруг» (suddenly); the «-ся» marks the intransitive, self-directed stop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c5-s72","source":"— Кто же убийца, по-вашему, — как-то холодно по-видимому спросил он, и какая-то даже высокомерная нотка прозвучала в тоне вопроса.","translation":"\"Who, then, is the murderer, in your opinion?\" he asked with a kind of cold air, and a note that was almost haughty rang in the tone of the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же убийца, по-вашему","title":"Zero copula and the particle «же»","body":"«Кто же убийца?» has no verb 'to be': the present-tense copula is unexpressed, so «убийца» stands as a bare nominative predicate. «Же» sharpens the challenge — 'who, then, is the murderer?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-вашему","title":"«по-вашему» and the formal «вы»","body":"«По-вашему» means 'in your opinion / your way,' built on the formal/plural possessive «ваш». Tellingly, Ivan is already drifting toward «вы» here, foreshadowing the cold switch from «ты» to «вы» he makes explicit at s103."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокомерная нотка прозвучала в тоне","title":"Adjective–noun agreement; perfective «прозвучала»","body":"«Высокомерная нотка» (a haughty note) shows full feminine-singular-nominative agreement of adjective with noun. «Прозвучала» is perfective past, feminine to agree with «нотка» — a single note that 'rang out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement identifying убийца","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по-вашему (in your opinion)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-вашему","gloss":"your opinion"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies холодно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"coldly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies спросил","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какая-то, determiner of нотка","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высокомерная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"высокомерная","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прозвучала","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"прозвучала","lemma":"прозвучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросил","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвучала","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоне","gloss":"of the question"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c5-s73","source":"— Ты сам знаешь кто, — тихо и проникновенно проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"You yourself know who,\" Alyosha said softly and penetratingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты сам знаешь кто","title":"Intensifier «сам» and elliptical «кто»","body":"«Сам» intensifies — 'you yourself know.' «Кто» trails as a clipped indirect question ('[who it is]'), its verb left unspoken. The bare, weighted line becomes Alyosha's refrain, repeated verbatim at s76."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проникновенно","title":"«проникновенно» — penetratingly, with deep feeling","body":"From «проникнуть» (to penetrate): an adverb describing speech that goes straight to the heart — heartfelt, earnest, soul-reaching. It marks the quiet spiritual gravity of Alyosha's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying знаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"penetratingly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, coordinated with тихо и проникновенно","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c5-s74","source":"— Кто? Эта басня-то об этом помешанном идиоте эпилептике? Об Смердякове?","translation":"\"Who? That fairy tale about this crazed epileptic idiot? About Smerdyakov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта басня-то об этом помешанном идиоте","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «басня-то» is the topic-emphasizing clitic — 'that fairy tale of yours, of all things' — dripping with scorn. It is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it underlines a known, dismissed topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"басня","title":"«басня» — fable, here 'tall tale'","body":"«Басня» properly is a fable (an Aesop or Krylov tale with a moral), but colloquially it means a fabrication, a cock-and-bull story. Ivan uses it contemptuously of the theory that Smerdyakov is the killer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об Смердякове?","title":"Locative «об» + prepositional case","body":"«Об этом… идиоте», «об Смердякове» — the preposition «о/об» ('about') governs the prepositional case, the case used only after prepositions. «Об» (rather than «о») appears before a vowel sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of басня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"басня","lemma":"басня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical subject)","gloss":"fairy tale"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase басня-то (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идиоте","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идиоте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"помешанном","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идиоте","gloss":"crazed"},{"surface":"идиоте","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"эпилептике","lemma":"эпилептик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to идиоте","gloss":"epileptic"},{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition Об","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c5-s75","source":"Алеша вдруг почувствовал, что весь дрожит.","translation":"Alyosha suddenly felt himself trembling all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал, что весь дрожит","title":"Perfective «почувствовал» + «весь» (all over)","body":"«Почувствовал» (perfective past of «почувствовать») marks the instantaneous onset of feeling. «Весь дрожит» — 'is trembling all over' — uses «весь» adverbially to mean the whole body; the imperfective present «дрожит» renders the ongoing shaking inside the «что»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дрожит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дрожит (extent: all over; subject он omitted)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожит","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"is trembling"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c5-s76","source":"— Ты сам знаешь кто, — бессильно вырвалось у него.","translation":"\"You yourself know who,\" broke from him feebly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бессильно вырвалось у него","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось» — it broke from him","body":"«Вырвалось» is the perfective past of «вырваться» (to break free, escape). With «у него» (from him) and a neuter subject (the words), the «-ся» verb gives an involuntary 'it broke / burst out of him' — speech he could not hold back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying знаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бессильно","lemma":"бессильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"feebly"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause (parenthetical)","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c5-s77","source":"Он задыхался.","translation":"He could scarcely breathe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он задыхался.","title":"Imperfective «задыхался» — ongoing breathlessness","body":"«Задыхался» is the imperfective past of «задыхаться» (to gasp, choke, be unable to breathe), a reflexive verb. The imperfective gives a continuous state — he 'could scarcely breathe,' was gasping — rather than a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gasping"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c5-s78","source":"— Да кто, кто? — уже почти свирепо вскричал Иван.","translation":"\"But who, who?\" Ivan cried out, by now almost ferociously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да кто, кто?","title":"Emphatic opening «да»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an impatient intensifier — 'but who, who?!' — venting Ivan's mounting fury. Russian dialogue leans on «да» this way to launch an agitated question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свирепо вскричал","title":"«свирепо» — ferociously","body":"«Свирепо» (from «свирепый», fierce, savage) describes a ferocious, predatory vehemence. With «вскричал» (perfective 'cried out') it tracks Ivan's collapse from cold control into raw violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the quoted question (elliptical)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with кто (repetition)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свирепо","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"ferociously"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c5-s79","source":"Вся сдержанность вдруг исчезла.","translation":"All his restraint had suddenly vanished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вся сдержанность вдруг исчезла.","title":"Agreement and perfective «исчезла»","body":"«Вся сдержанность» — 'all the restraint' — shows «весь» and the verb agreeing as feminine singular with «сдержанность» (a soft -ь noun that is feminine). «Исчезла» is perfective past: the restraint vanished all at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сдержанность","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сдержанность","lemma":"сдержанность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезла","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c5-s80","source":"— Я одно только знаю, — всё так же почти шепотом проговорил Алеша. — Убил отца ''не ты''.","translation":"\"I know only one thing,\" Alyosha said, still almost in a whisper. \"The one who killed our father was not you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убил отца ''не ты''.","title":"Topic–comment: «не ты» as the stressed comment","body":"The killing is the given topic (placed first: «убил отца»), and the focus falls on the final, negated «не ты» — 'the one who killed our father was NOT you.' Russian's free word order lets the new, weighted information land last; this is the chapter's title and refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё так же, modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase так же, modifies шепотом/проговорил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as (before)"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Убил (fronted for emphasis)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c5-s81","source":"— «Не ты»! Что такое не ты? — остолбенел Иван.","translation":"\"'Not you'! What do you mean, not you?\" Ivan was dumbfounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что такое не ты?","title":"«Что такое…?» — what is meant by…?","body":"«Что такое X?» is the fixed frame 'what is X? / what do you mean by X?' Ivan turns the phrase «не ты» itself into the thing questioned, recoiling from the words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел","title":"«остолбенеть» — to be turned to stone","body":"«Остолбенел» (perfective past) comes from «столб», a post or pillar: to be rooted to the spot, dumbstruck, as if turned into a pillar. A vivid verb for Ivan's stunned reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, identifies не ты (copula omitted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"(exactly)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of Что (quoted phrase)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dumbfounded"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остолбенел","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c5-s82","source":"— Не ты убил отца, не ты! — твердо повторил Алеша.","translation":"\"It was not you who killed our father, not you!\" Alyosha repeated firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ты убил отца, не ты!","title":"Repeated subject-negation as refrain","body":"Alyosha repeats the structure of s80 with «не» again fixed on «ты»: it is not the act but the agent that is denied, bracketing the line with «не ты … не ты!». The perfective «убил» names the single completed deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c5-s83","source":"С полминуты длилось молчание.","translation":"For half a minute the silence held.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С полминуты длилось молчание.","title":"Accusative of duration; imperfective «длилось»","body":"«С полминуты» ('for about half a minute') expresses approximate duration. «Длилось» is the imperfective past of the reflexive «длиться» (to last, go on), apt for a stretch of time that 'held' — the imperfective renders the silence as an ongoing state."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полминуты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полминуты","lemma":"полминуты","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of длилось","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"длилось","lemma":"длиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of длилось","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c5-s84","source":"— Да я и сам знаю, что не я, ты бредишь? — бледно и искривленно усмехнувшись, проговорил Иван.","translation":"\"But I know myself that it wasn't me — are you raving?\" said Ivan, with a wan, contorted smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я и сам знаю, что не я","title":"Stacked particles «да… и… сам»","body":"«Да я и сам знаю» piles up emphatic words: opening «да» (but/well), the additive «и» here meaning 'too / even,' and the intensifier «сам» — 'but I know that myself too.' This dense particle texture is the heart of Dostoevsky's spoken voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"искривленно усмехнувшись","title":"Past gerund «усмехнувшись» — having smirked","body":"«Усмехнувшись» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «усмехнуться» (to give a smirk), with «-ся». In «-вшись» it frames a completed action accompanying the main verb — he spoke, having (and while) twisting his face into a wan smirk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of не я","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement (copula omitted), clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бредишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бредишь","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of separate rhetorical question (ты бредишь?)","gloss":"are raving"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнувшись","gloss":"wanly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искривленно","lemma":"искривлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бледно","gloss":"crookedly"},{"surface":"усмехнувшись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying проговорил","gloss":"smirking"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, coordinated with усмехнувшись","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c5-s85","source":"Он как бы впился глазами в Алешу.","translation":"He seemed to fasten his eyes on Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы впился глазами","title":"«как бы» softening; instrumental «глазами»","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, as it were') is a recurring hedge in this passage, lending a dreamlike uncertainty to Ivan's acts. «Впился глазами» (fastened his eyes) uses «глаза» in the instrumental — the means by which he 'fixed onto' Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if), modifies впился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, oblique complement of впился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c5-s86","source":"Оба опять стояли у фонаря.","translation":"The two of them were standing by the streetlamp again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оба опять стояли у фонаря.","title":"«оба» (both) and «у» + genitive of place","body":"«Оба» is the masculine numeral 'both,' taking a plural verb «стояли». «У фонаря» — 'by the streetlamp' — is «у» plus the genitive, the standard way to say 'beside / at.' The recurring lamp anchors the brothers' confrontation in space."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонаря","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"фонаря","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"streetlamp"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c5-s87","source":"— Нет, Иван, ты сам себе несколько раз говорил, что убийца ты.","translation":"\"No, Ivan, you yourself have said several times that you are the murderer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам себе несколько раз говорил","title":"«сам» + reflexive «себе» (to yourself)","body":"«Сам себе говорил» layers the intensifier «сам» with the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя» — «себе», 'to yourself.' The imperfective «говорил» plus «несколько раз» (several times) frames it as a repeated act of self-accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что убийца ты","title":"Comment-final «ты» again","body":"Inside the reported clause «что убийца ты», the predicate is fronted and «ты» falls last as the stressed identification — 'that the murderer is you.' Zero copula, nominative predicate, with focus carried by position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, stands apart","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying говорил","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (copula omitted)","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c5-s88","source":"— Когда я говорил?.. Я в Москве был… Когда я говорил? — совсем потерянно пролепетал Иван.","translation":"\"When did I say it?... I was in Moscow... When did I say it?\" Ivan stammered, utterly at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я в Москве был","title":"Prepositional «в Москве» of location","body":"«В Москве» is «в» plus the prepositional case, marking location (where, not whither). Ivan's broken protest — 'I was in Moscow' — uses the past «был» with the imperfective sense of a state during that time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to babble, stammer","body":"From «лепетать» (to babble, as a child does): «пролепетал» means he stammered out the words faintly and helplessly («совсем потерянно» — utterly at a loss). Dostoevsky chooses such expressive speech-verbs to register Ivan's disintegration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the repeated question","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the repeated question","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерянно","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"потерянно","lemma":"потерянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"at a loss"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c5-s89","source":"— Ты говорил это себе много раз, когда оставался один в эти страшные два месяца, — по-прежнему тихо и раздельно продолжал Алеша.","translation":"\"You said it to yourself many times when you were left alone during these dreadful two months,\" Alyosha went on, as before, quietly and distinctly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда оставался один в эти страшные два месяца","title":"Imperfective «оставался»; accusative of duration","body":"«Оставался» (imperfective past, reflexive «-ся») describes the recurring state of being left alone. «В эти страшные два месяца» puts the time-span in the accusative of duration — 'during these dreadful two months' — with «два» governing the genitive singular «месяца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"were left"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два месяца","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies тихо","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, coordinated with тихо и раздельно","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c5-s90","source":"Но говорил он уже как бы вне себя, как бы не своею волей, повинуясь какому-то непреодолимому велению. — Ты обвинял себя и признавался себе, что убийца никто как ты. Но убил не ты, ты ошибаешься, не ты убийца, слышишь меня, не ты! Меня бог послал тебе это сказать.","translation":"But he was already speaking as if beside himself, as if not of his own will, obeying some irresistible command. \"You accused yourself and confessed to yourself that no one but you was the murderer. But it was not you who killed, you are mistaken, you are not the murderer, do you hear me, not you! God has sent me to tell you this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вне себя… повинуясь какому-то непреодолимому велению","title":"Gerund «повинуясь» + dative object","body":"«Повинуясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «повиноваться» (to obey), which governs the dative — «велению» (to a command). The gerund stacks attendant circumstance onto «говорил он»: he spoke as if obeying some irresistible command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признавался себе, что убийца никто как ты","title":"«никто как ты» — none but you","body":"«Никто как ты» is an idiomatic 'no one but you / none other than you.' Note the negative concord that governs «никто» elsewhere; here the «как»-comparison frames the exclusive identification Ivan confessed to himself. «Себе» is the reflexive dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но убил не ты, ты ошибаешься, не ты убийца","title":"Negation pinned on «ты»; reflexive «ошибаешься»","body":"The refrain returns with «не» fixed on «ты» — agent-negation, not act-negation. «Ошибаешься» is the imperfective present of the reflexive «ошибаться» (to be mistaken), a verb that exists only with «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня бог послал тебе это сказать.","title":"Fronted object «меня»; dative «тебе»","body":"«Меня бог послал…» fronts the object «меня» for weight — 'it is ME God has sent.' «Тебе» is the dative ('to you'), «послал» the perfective past of a single divine commissioning. The line gives Alyosha's word its prophetic authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the second phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"possessive determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"повинуясь","lemma":"повиноваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"obeying"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase какому-то, determiner of велению","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какому-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"непреодолимому","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies велению","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"велению","lemma":"веление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of повинуясь","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обвинял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обвинял","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обвинял","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обвинял","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of признавался","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of никто","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement identifying убийца","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker before ты","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"clause modifying никто","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибаешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ошибаешься","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (copula omitted), coordinated with убил","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слышишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with убил (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of послал","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c5-s91","source":"Оба замолчали. Целую длинную минуту протянулось это молчание. Оба стояли и всё смотрели друг другу в глаза. Оба были бледны.","translation":"Both fell silent. A whole long minute the silence dragged on. Both stood and kept looking each other in the eyes. Both were pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Целую длинную минуту протянулось это молчание.","title":"Accusative of duration; reflexive «протянулось»","body":"«Целую длинную минуту» (a whole long minute) is the accusative of duration, with adjectives agreeing feminine-singular. «Протянулось» is the perfective past of the reflexive «протянуться» (to stretch out, drag on) — the silence 'dragged on.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрели друг другу в глаза","title":"«друг другу» — the reciprocal 'each other'","body":"«Друг друга / друг другу» is the fixed reciprocal expression 'one another,' here in the dative-plus-«в глаза» idiom 'looked each other in the eyes.' The imperfective «смотрели» holds the gaze open and continuous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оба были бледны.","title":"Short-form adjective «бледны»","body":"«Бледны» is the short (predicative) form of «бледный» (pale). Short adjectives can stand only as predicates and carry a clipped, bookish weight common in 19th-century prose — here, the bare statement 'both were pale.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of замолчали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"замолчали","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"Целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянулось","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"протянулось","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dragged on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of молчание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of протянулось","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрели (kept on)","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу (each other)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of бледны","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бледны","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pale"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c5-s92","source":"Вдруг Иван весь затрясся и крепко схватил Алешу за плечо.","translation":"Suddenly Ivan began to shake all over and gripped Alyosha hard by the shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь затрясся и крепко схватил Алешу за плечо","title":"Inceptive «затрясся»; «схватить за плечо»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «затрясся» (reflexive «трястись», to shake) gives an inceptive sense — 'began to shake'; perfective aspect marks the sudden onset. «Схватил Алешу за плечо» uses the «хватать за + accusative» pattern — to seize someone BY a body part."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрясся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to shake"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links затрясся and схватил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрясся","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the shoulder"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c5-s93","source":"— Ты был у меня! — скрежущим шепотом проговорил он. — Ты был у меня ночью, когда он приходил… Признавайся… ты его видел, видел?","translation":"\"You were at my place!\" he said in a grating whisper. \"You were at my place that night, when he came... Confess it... you saw him, you saw him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты был у меня ночью, когда он приходил","title":"Imperfective «приходил» — round-trip visiting","body":"«Приходил» is the imperfective of the prefixed motion verb «приходить/прийти» (to come). The imperfective here signals a completed visit understood as a there-and-back event ('when he came [and went]') — the multidirectional logic of prefixed motion verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признавайся","title":"Imperfective imperative «признавайся»","body":"«Признавайся» is the imperative of the reflexive imperfective «признаваться» (to confess), built on the present stem with «-йся». The imperfective imperative urges Ivan into the act now, insistently — 'confess it!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"скрежущим","lemma":"скрежущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"grating"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies был","gloss":"that night"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ночью","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Признавайся","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with видел","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c5-s94","source":"— Про кого ты говоришь… про Митю? — в недоумении спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"Whom are you talking about... about Mitya?\" Alyosha asked, bewildered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про кого ты говоришь","title":"«про» + accusative for 'about'","body":"«Про кого» — 'about whom' — uses the preposition «про» with the accusative «кого» (animate, so genitive-like form). «Про» is a more colloquial alternative to «о» + prepositional for the topic of speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в недоумении","title":"«недоумение» — bewilderment","body":"«Недоумение» is perplexity, the state of not being able to make sense of something («не» + «доуметь»). «В недоумении» — 'in bewilderment' — captures Alyosha's confusion as Ivan's questions turn strange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are talking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c5-s95","source":"— Не про него, к черту изверга! — исступленно завопил Иван. — Разве ты знаешь, что он ко мне ходит? Как ты узнал, говори!","translation":"\"Not about him, the monster be damned!\" Ivan screamed frantically. \"Do you really know that he comes to me? How did you find out — tell me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к черту изверга!","title":"«к чёрту» — 'to the devil with…'","body":"«К чёрту» (literally 'to the devil,' «к» + dative «чёрту») is a dismissive curse — 'to hell with him.' Here it governs «изверга» (the monster, accusative/genitive of the animate noun): 'the monster be damned.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве ты знаешь, что он ко мне ходит?","title":"«разве» of incredulity; multidirectional «ходит»","body":"«Разве» opens an incredulous question — 'do you really / can it be that…?' «Ходит» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» (to go habitually), so «он ко мне ходит» means 'he comes to me [repeatedly],' a recurring visitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ты узнал, говори!","title":"Perfective «узнал»; imperative «говори»","body":"«Узнал» is the perfective past of «узнать» (to find out, learn) — a single completed discovery. «Говори» is the imperative of «говорить», urging immediate speech: 'tell me!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates про него","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"cursed object of the imprecation к черту (accusative of execration, \"damn the monster\"), not in apposition to черту (which is dative)","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"speak/tell"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c5-s96","source":"— Кто ''он''? Я не знаю, про кого ты говоришь, — пролепетал Алеша уже в испуге.","translation":"\"Who is 'he'? I don't know whom you're talking about,\" Alyosha stammered, by now frightened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не знаю, про кого ты говоришь","title":"Genitive of negation with «не знаю»","body":"«Не знаю» typically draws its complement into the genitive, and the embedded question «про кого ты говоришь» reflects this uncertainty of reference. Alyosha cannot grasp who 'he' is — the unnamed visitor being the devil who haunts Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в испуге","title":"«испуг» — fright","body":"«Испуг» is sudden fright, a start of fear. «Уже в испуге» — 'by now frightened' — tracks Alyosha's shift from bewilderment (s94) to alarm as Ivan's mind seems to give way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"are talking"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролепетал","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c5-s97","source":"— Нет, ты знаешь… иначе как же бы ты… не может быть, чтобы ты не знал…","translation":"\"No, you do know... otherwise how could you... it can't be that you didn't know...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе как же бы ты…","title":"Conditional «бы» with «же» — broken hypothetical","body":"Ivan trails off into an unfinished conditional: «как же бы ты…» — 'otherwise how could you…' — where «бы» signals the hypothetical and «же» presses it. The thought breaks off mid-sentence, mirroring his unraveling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть, чтобы ты не знал","title":"«чтобы» + past in negative concord","body":"«Не может быть, чтобы ты не знал» — 'it can't be that you didn't know' — uses «чтобы» with the past-form verb «не знал» (the irrealis built on «чтобы»). The double negation («не может… не знал») is normal Russian negative logic, not a cancellation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as a denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the following clause","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase иначе как же бы","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of как","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of может","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c5-s98","source":"Но вдруг он как бы сдержал себя.","translation":"But suddenly he seemed to check himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сдержал себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» vs. «-ся»","body":"«Сдержал себя» uses the full reflexive object pronoun «себя» (himself) with «сдержать» (to restrain) — distinct from a bound «-ся» verb. «Как бы» again hedges: he 'seemed to' check himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдержал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c5-s99","source":"Он стоял и как бы что-то обдумывал.","translation":"He stood there and seemed to be turning something over in his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что-то обдумывал","title":"Indefinite «что-то»; imperfective «обдумывал»","body":"«Что-то» is 'something' specific but unidentified, formed with the clitic «-то» on «что». «Обдумывал» is imperfective past — the ongoing process of turning something over, not a finished decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумывал","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обдумывал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"обдумывал","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"was turning over"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c5-s100","source":"Странная усмешка кривила его губы.","translation":"A strange smile twisted his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Странная усмешка кривила его губы.","title":"Imperfective «кривила» — an ongoing twist","body":"«Кривила» is imperfective past of «кривить» (to twist, distort), so the smile 'kept twisting' his lips rather than twisting them once. The subject «усмешка» and verb agree as feminine singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешка","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"усмешка","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кривила","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"кривила","lemma":"кривить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of кривила","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c5-s101","source":"— Брат, — дрожащим голосом начал опять Алеша, — я сказал тебе это потому, что ты моему слову поверишь, я знаю это. Я тебе на всю жизнь это слово сказал: ''не ты!'' Слышишь, на всю жизнь. И это бог положил мне на душу тебе это сказать, хотя бы ты с сего часа навсегда возненавидел меня…","translation":"\"Brother,\" Alyosha began again in a trembling voice, \"I told you this because you'll believe my word, I know it. I have told you this word for your whole life: 'not you!' Do you hear, for your whole life. And it is God who laid it on my soul to tell you this, even though from this very hour you should hate me forever...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты моему слову поверишь","title":"«поверить» governs the dative","body":"«Поверить» (perfective, to believe / trust) takes its object in the dative: «моему слову» — 'my word.' Perfective future «поверишь» views the believing as a single act Alyosha is sure of. «Моему» agrees with «слову» in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог положил мне на душу","title":"«положить на душу» — to lay upon the soul","body":"«Бог положил мне на душу… сказать» is an idiom of divine prompting: God 'laid it on my soul' to say this. «Мне» is the dative of the affected person, «на душу» the accusative of motion onto. The phrasing gives the words a sacred, involuntary weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы ты… возненавидел меня","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + conditional","body":"«Хотя бы… возненавидел» is a concessive conditional — 'even though / even if you should come to hate me.' «Бы» plus the past-form «возненавидел» (perfective, inceptive «воз-»: to come to hate) builds the hypothetical concession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с сего часа","title":"«сего» — archaic 'this'","body":"«Сего» is the genitive of «сей», the bookish, elevated demonstrative 'this' that survives in fixed and solemn phrases. «С сего часа» — 'from this hour' — lifts Alyosha's vow into a deliberately scriptural register; Ivan will echo «сей» mockingly at s103."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first quoted clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверишь","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"поверишь","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"quoted content of слово","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слышишь","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of положил (=сказать это)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of положил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возненавидел","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возненавидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возненавидел","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказать","gloss":"should hate"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидел","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c5-s102","source":"Но Иван Федорович, по-видимому, совсем уже успел овладеть собой.","translation":"But Ivan Fyodorovich had by now, it seemed, entirely managed to master himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел овладеть собой","title":"«овладеть собой» — to master oneself","body":"«Овладеть» (to take possession of, master) governs the instrumental: «собой» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» — 'to master oneself.' «Успел» (managed, had time to) plus the infinitive frames the regaining of control as accomplished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of успел","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"овладеть","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to master"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of овладеть","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c5-s103","source":"— Алексей Федорович, — проговорил он с холодною усмешкой, — я пророков и эпилептиков не терплю; посланников божиих особенно, вы это слишком знаете. С сей минуты я с вами разрываю и, кажется, навсегда. Прошу сей же час, на этом же перекрестке, меня оставить. Да вам и в квартиру по этому проулку дорога. Особенно поберегитесь заходить ко мне сегодня! Слышите?","translation":"\"Alexei Fyodorovich,\" he said with a cold smirk, \"I cannot abide prophets and epileptics; messengers of God especially, as you know all too well. From this minute I break with you, and, it seems, forever. I ask you to leave me this very instant, at this very crossroads. And besides, this is your road home, down this lane. Above all, beware of coming to see me today! Do you hear?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вами разрываю","title":"Switching from ты to вы","body":"Throughout the chapter Ivan and Alyosha address each other with the intimate «ты». Here Ivan deliberately switches to the formal «вы» («вы это знаете», «я с вами разрываю», «меня оставить») and to the cold address by full name and patronymic, «Алексей Федорович». The shift from «ты» to «вы» between brothers is a pointed act of distancing that signals the rupture Ivan is declaring. English 'you' hides this, so the chill must be read in the formal name and in our 'I break with you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пророков и эпилептиков не терплю","title":"Genitive plural of negated objects","body":"Under the negated «не терплю» (I cannot abide), the objects shift to the genitive: «пророков», «эпилептиков», «посланников» are all genitive plural — the genitive of negation operating across a list."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посланников божиих","title":"«посланник божий» — messenger of God","body":"«Посланник» is an envoy or messenger; «божий» is the possessive adjective 'of God / divine.' «Посланников божиих» (genitive plural, with the bookish ending «-иих») throws Alyosha's claim «меня бог послал» (s90) back as sarcasm — the religious register weaponized."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"С сей минуты… Прошу сей же час, на этом же перекрестке","title":"Archaic «сей» with insistent «же»","body":"Ivan piles on the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this') — «с сей минуты», «сей же час» — laced with the particle «же» for emphasis ('this very hour,' 'this very crossroads'). The elevated «сей» mimics and mocks Alyosha's solemn «с сего часа», sealing the formal rupture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поберегитесь заходить ко мне сегодня","title":"Imperative «поберегитесь» (polite plural)","body":"«Поберегитесь» is the imperative of the reflexive «поберечься» (to take care, beware), with the «-те-сь» that makes it plural/polite — consistent with Ivan's new «вы». It governs the imperfective «заходить» — 'beware of dropping in on me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"холодною","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкой","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"усмешкой","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"smirk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of терплю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пророков","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of терплю","gloss":"prophets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эпилептиков","lemma":"эпилептик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пророков","gloss":"epileptics"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терплю","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abide"},{"surface":"посланников","lemma":"посланник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пророков, object of the elided терплю","gloss":"messengers"},{"surface":"божиих","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies посланников","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посланников","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрываю","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разрываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разрываю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разрываю","lemma":"разрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with разрываю","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"Прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить (time)","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перекрестке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of перекрестке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"перекрестке","lemma":"перекрёсток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить (place)","gloss":"crossroads"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Прошу","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative of interest with дорога","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорога","gloss":"the apartment"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проулку","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of проулку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проулку","lemma":"проулок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорога","gloss":"lane"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поберегитесь","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"поберегитесь","lemma":"поберечься","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beware"},{"surface":"заходить","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of поберегитесь","gloss":"of coming"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходить","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c5-s104","source":"Он повернулся и, твердо шагая, пошел прямо, не оборачиваясь.","translation":"He turned and, striding firmly, walked straight ahead without looking back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо шагая… не оборачиваясь","title":"Two gerunds framing the exit","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds bracket «пошёл прямо»: «шагая» (striding) and the negated «не оборачиваясь» (not looking back, reflexive «-ясь»). Both run simultaneously with the main verb, painting the manner of Ivan's cold departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагая","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"шагая","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"striding"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"straight ahead"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"оборачиваясь","lemma":"оборачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"looking back"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c5-s105","source":"— Брат, — крикнул ему вслед Алеша, — если что-нибудь сегодня с тобой случится, подумай прежде всего обо мне!..","translation":"\"Brother,\" Alyosha called after him, \"if anything happens to you today, think of me before anything else!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если что-нибудь сегодня с тобой случится","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»; real conditional","body":"«Что-нибудь» is 'anything at all,' the non-specific indefinite (clitic «-нибудь»), fitting an open future possibility. «Если… случится» is a real conditional with perfective future — 'if anything should happen to you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумай прежде всего обо мне","title":"Imperative «подумай» + «о» + prepositional","body":"«Подумай» is the perfective imperative of «подумать» (to think, give a thought). «Обо мне» is «о» (here «обо» before «мне») plus the prepositional — 'think of me first of all.' A final, pleading appeal across the rupture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случится","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of случится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумай","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"подумай","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего, modifies подумай","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"anything else"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумай","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c5-s106","source":"Но Иван не ответил.","translation":"But Ivan made no reply.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c5-s107","source":"Алеша стоял на перекрестке у фонаря, пока Иван не скрылся совсем во мраке.","translation":"Alyosha stood at the crossroads by the streetlamp until Ivan had vanished entirely into the dark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока Иван не скрылся совсем во мраке","title":"«пока не» + perfective — 'until'","body":"«Пока… не скрылся» is the 'until' construction: «пока не» plus a perfective verb names the point up to which the standing action lasts. The «не» here is not a true negation — 'until Ivan had vanished.' «Скрылся» is reflexive perfective («скрыться», to disappear)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во мраке","title":"«мрак» — gloom, darkness","body":"«Мрак» is a heavier, more literary word for darkness than «темнота» — gloom, murk, often with spiritual or ominous overtones. «Скрылся во мраке» — vanished into the gloom — closes the scene on a fittingly bleak note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перекрестке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"перекрестке","lemma":"перекрёсток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the crossroads"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонаря","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"фонаря","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the streetlamp"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скрылся (пока не = until)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрылся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase пока не (until)","gloss":"until","note":"пока не + perfective verb is a fixed construction meaning \"until\"; не does not negate here."},{"surface":"скрылся","lemma":"скрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"had vanished"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрылся","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылся","gloss":"the dark"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c5-s108","source":"Тогда он повернул и медленно направился к себе по переулку.","translation":"Then he turned and made his way slowly home down the lane.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к себе по переулку","title":"«к себе» (homeward); «по» + dative","body":"«К себе» literally 'to oneself,' idiomatically 'to one's own place / home.' «По переулку» is «по» plus the dative, expressing motion along the lane. «Направился» is the reflexive perfective «направиться» (to set off, head)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернул","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of направился (к себе = home)","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулку","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"переулку","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the lane"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c5-s109","source":"И он, и Иван Федорович квартировали особо, на разных квартирах: ни один из них не захотел жить в опустевшем доме Федора Павловича.","translation":"Both he and Ivan Fyodorovich lodged separately, in different quarters: neither of them had wanted to live in the now-deserted house of Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни один из них не захотел жить","title":"«ни один… не» — negative concord","body":"«Ни один из них не захотел» is textbook negative concord: «ни один» ('not a single one') requires «не» on the verb as well — 'neither of them wanted.' Russian piles negatives that English collapses into one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в опустевшем доме","title":"Past active participle «опустевшем»","body":"«Опустевшем» is the past active participle of «опустеть» (to become empty, deserted), in the prepositional to agree with «доме». It compresses 'the house that had become empty' into one word — the now-deserted Karamazov house."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"pairs with the second и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of квартировали","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links он and Иван Федорович","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"квартировали","lemma":"квартировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"особо","lemma":"особо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies квартировали","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартирах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies квартирах","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"квартирах","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of квартировали","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not","note":"«ни один ... не + verb» is a standard double-negative meaning 'not a single one/neither'."},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"опустевшем","lemma":"опустеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c5-s110","source":"Алеша нанимал меблированную комнату в семействе одних мещан; Иван же Федорович жил довольно от него далеко и занимал просторное и довольно комфортное помещение во флигеле одного хорошего дома, принадлежавшего одной небедной вдове чиновнице.","translation":"Alyosha rented a furnished room with a family of tradespeople; Ivan Fyodorovich, however, lived a fair distance from him and occupied a spacious and fairly comfortable set of rooms in the wing of a good house belonging to a not-poor widow, the wife of an official.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван же Федорович","title":"Contrastive «же» linking the two brothers","body":"Here «же» is the lightly adversative connective 'however / for his part,' setting Ivan's lodging against Alyosha's just described — «Алёша нанимал… Иван же Фёдорович жил…». Wedged between name and patronymic, it threads the contrast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещан","title":"«мещане» — the petty-bourgeois townsfolk","body":"«Мещане» (genitive plural «мещан») was a legal estate («сословие») of the Russian Empire: the urban lower-middle class — small tradesmen and townspeople below the merchant guilds. «В семействе одних мещан» locates Alyosha modestly among such townsfolk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во флигеле","title":"«флигель» — a detached wing or annex","body":"A «флигель» (from German Flügel, 'wing') is an outbuilding or detached wing of a manor or large house, often rented out. Ivan occupies rooms «во флигеле» — in the wing — a typical genteel-but-separate lodging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принадлежавшего одной небедной вдове","title":"Past active participle «принадлежавшего» + dative","body":"«Принадлежавшего» is the past active participle of «принадлежать» (to belong), agreeing with «дома» (genitive). The verb governs the dative of the owner — «вдове чиновнице» — 'belonging to a widow.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нанимал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"нанимал","lemma":"нанимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rented"},{"surface":"меблированную","lemma":"меблированный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"furnished"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нанимал","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мещан","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мещан","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies семействе","gloss":"tradespeople"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle after Иван","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"просторное","lemma":"просторный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помещение","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies комфортное","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"комфортное","lemma":"комфортный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with просторное","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"помещение","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещение","gloss":"wing"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies дома","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies флигеле","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"принадлежавшего","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дома","gloss":"belonging to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies вдове","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"небедной","lemma":"небедный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдове","gloss":"not-poor"},{"surface":"вдове","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принадлежавшего","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"чиновнице","lemma":"чиновница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдове","gloss":"official's wife"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c5-s111","source":"Но прислуживала ему в целом флигеле всего только одна древняя, совсем глухая старушонка, вся в ревматизмах, ложившаяся в шесть часов вечера и встававшая в шесть часов утра.","translation":"But the only one to wait on him in the whole wing was a single ancient little old woman, quite deaf and racked with rheumatism, who went to bed at six in the evening and rose at six in the morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старушонка","title":"«старушонка» — pejorative diminutive of old woman","body":"From «старуха» (old woman) → «старушка» (little old woman) → «старушонка», where the suffix «-онка» adds a shade of pity or disparagement: a wretched, scrawny little crone. The expressive suffix colours the whole portrait of Ivan's sole, decrepit servant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ложившаяся… и встававшая","title":"Paired imperfective participles for habit","body":"«Ложившаяся… встававшая» are two imperfective past active participles (from «ложиться», «вставать»), agreeing with «старушонка». Their imperfective stems give habitual sense — the old woman who 'used to go to bed' and 'rise' at six — folding her daily routine into one long modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в шесть часов вечера… в шесть часов утра","title":"Telling time: «в» + accusative, «часов» genitive plural","body":"Clock time uses «в» plus the accusative hour. With «шесть» (5+) the noun goes to the genitive plural «часов»; «вечера» / «утра» (genitive: 'of the evening / morning') specify the half of the day — 'at six in the evening / morning.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прислуживала","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прислуживала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies флигеле","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислуживала","gloss":"wing"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies старушонка","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"древняя","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушонка","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глухая","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"глухая","lemma":"глухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушонка","gloss":"deaf"},{"surface":"старушонка","lemma":"старушонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прислуживала","gloss":"little old woman"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушонка","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревматизмах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ревматизмах","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of вся, describing старушонка","gloss":"rheumatism"},{"surface":"ложившаяся","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying старушонка","gloss":"who went to bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ложившаяся","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встававшая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ложившаяся","gloss":"who rose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встававшая","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c5-s112","source":"Иван Федорович стал до странности в эти два месяца нетребователен и очень любил оставаться совсем один.","translation":"Over these two months Ivan Fyodorovich had grown undemanding to the point of strangeness, and was very fond of being left entirely alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал до странности… нетребователен","title":"Inceptive «стал» + short adjective; «до странности»","body":"«Стал нетребователен» pairs «стать» (to become) with the short-form adjective «нетребователен» (undemanding) — short forms favour predicate position after «стать». «До странности» — 'to the point of strangeness' — is «до» plus genitive of degree."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил оставаться совсем один","title":"«оставаться один» — to be left alone","body":"«Оставаться» (imperfective, reflexive «-ся», to remain/be left) with «один» (alone) gives the habitual 'to be left entirely alone.' The imperfective infinitive after «любил» suits a settled fondness for solitude over these two months."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"strangeness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of стал","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"нетребователен","lemma":"нетребовательный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"undemanding","note":"Short-form predicate adjective ('стал ... нетребователен' = 'had grown undemanding'), not a verb."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставаться","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c5-s113","source":"Даже комнату, которую занимал, он сам убирал, а в остальные комнаты своего помещения даже и заходил редко.","translation":"He even tidied the room he occupied himself, and rarely so much as set foot in the other rooms of his lodging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"комнату, которую занимал, он сам убирал","title":"Relative «которую» + fronting for emphasis","body":"«Которую» agrees with «комнату» in gender/number but takes the accusative its own clause needs (object of «занимал»). The whole object phrase is fronted before «он сам убирал» to stress the contrast — even THAT room he tidied himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и заходил редко","title":"Multidirectional «заходил» for habitual visiting","body":"«Заходил» is the imperfective of the prefixed motion verb «заходить/зайти» (to drop in, step into). The imperfective with «редко» (rarely) gives the habitual: he 'rarely even set foot' in the other rooms. «Даже и» intensifies — 'even.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убирал","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнату","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"убирал","lemma":"убирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tidied"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заходил","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of помещения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"помещения","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убирал","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"rarely"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c5-s114","source":"Дойдя до ворот своего дома и уже взявшись за ручку звонка, он остановился.","translation":"Having reached the gate of his house and already taken hold of the bell-pull, he stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дойдя до ворот… и уже взявшись за ручку звонка","title":"Two past gerunds: «дойдя» and «взявшись»","body":"«Дойдя» (perfective past gerund of «дойти», having reached) and «взявшись» (of «взяться», having taken hold) are «деепричастия» chaining completed prior actions before the main «он остановился». «Взяться за + accusative» — to grasp by — governs «ручку»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за ручку звонка","title":"«ручка звонка» — the bell-pull","body":"A 19th-century gate had a «звонок» (bell) worked by a «ручка» — a handle or pull. «Взявшись за ручку звонка» pictures Ivan with his hand already on the bell-pull at his gate, the small physical pause before his fateful change of mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"having reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Дойдя","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворот","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взявшись","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"взявшись","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дойдя","gloss":"having taken hold"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручку","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взявшись","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"звонка","lemma":"звонок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"bell"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c5-s115","source":"Он почувствовал, что весь еще дрожит злобною дрожью.","translation":"He felt that he was still trembling all over with a spiteful shudder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожит злобною дрожью","title":"Cognate instrumental «дрожью»","body":"«Дрожит… дрожью» is a figura etymologica — the verb «дрожать» (to tremble) takes its own cognate noun «дрожь» (a shudder) in the instrumental of manner, qualified by «злобною» (spiteful). The bookish «-ою» ending on the adjective is a literary variant of «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дрожит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject (он) of дрожит","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дрожит","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"is trembling"},{"surface":"злобною","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"дрожью","lemma":"дрожь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожит","gloss":"shudder"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c5-s116","source":"Вдруг он бросил звонок, плюнул, повернул назад и быстро пошел опять совсем на другой, противоположный конец города, версты за две от своей квартиры, в один крошечный, скосившийся бревенчатый домик, в котором квартировала Марья Кондратьевна, бывшая соседка Федора Павловича, приходившая к Федору Павловичу на кухню за супом и которой Смердяков пел тогда свои песни и играл на гитаре.","translation":"Suddenly he let go of the bell, spat, turned back, and walked quickly off again to the entirely opposite end of town, some two versts from his own lodging, to a tiny, lopsided log cottage in which lived Marya Kondratyevna, the former neighbor of Fyodor Pavlovich, who used to come to Fyodor Pavlovich's kitchen for soup, and to whom Smerdyakov had sung his songs and played the guitar in those days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"версты за две","title":"Versts, an old Russian distance","body":"A «верста» (verst) is a pre-metric Russian unit of distance equal to about 1.07 km (two-thirds of a mile). «Версты за две от своей квартиры» means roughly two versts away; we render it 'some two versts.' You will meet «верста» constantly in 19th-century Russian prose for measuring travel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросил звонок, плюнул, повернул назад и быстро пошел","title":"Perfective chain driving the action forward","body":"A string of perfectives — «бросил, плюнул, повернул, пошёл» — fires off Ivan's abrupt reversal event by event. The perfective aspect moves the narrative forward in discrete completed acts, the opposite of the imperfective description that frames the passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скосившийся бревенчатый домик","title":"«бревенчатый домик» — a little log cottage","body":"«Бревенчатый» means built of logs («бревно»); «домик» is the diminutive of «дом», a little house. «Скосившийся» (a reflexive past participle of «скоситься», to go askew) adds 'lopsided' — a tiny, sagging log hut, the humble dwelling Smerdyakov has come to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходившая к Федору Павловичу на кухню за супом","title":"Past active participle + «за» + instrumental of purpose","body":"«Приходившая» (past active participle of «приходить», agreeing with Marya) opens a participial relative — 'who used to come.' «За супом» is «за» plus the instrumental in its 'to fetch / for' sense — coming 'for soup,' a quietly humiliating detail of her poverty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой Смердяков пел тогда свои песни","title":"Relative «которой» in the dative","body":"«Которой» refers to Marya but takes the dative its clause demands — «пел… которой» (sang TO whom). «Свои песни» uses the reflexive possessive «свои» ('his own songs'), pointing back to Smerdyakov, the subject of the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go of"},{"surface":"звонок","lemma":"звонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"the bell"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"противоположный","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"версты","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"distance adverbial modifying пошел","gloss":"versts","note":"«версты за две» inverts the numeral for an approximative meaning, 'some two versts'; версты here is the genitive SINGULAR required after два/две (same surface form as nominative plural), not genitive plural."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking две (approximative construction)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"modifies версты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of квартиры","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"квартиры","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies версты","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домик","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies домик","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"крошечный","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"скосившийся","lemma":"скоситься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"lopsided"},{"surface":"бревенчатый","lemma":"бревенчатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"домик","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"second destination of пошел, parallel to конец","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of квартировала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"квартировала","lemma":"квартировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on домик","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of квартировала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"бывшая","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies соседка","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"соседка","lemma":"соседка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соседка","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"приходившая","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying соседка","gloss":"who used to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившая","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившая","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"супом","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившая","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of пел","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"пел","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходившая (relative clause on Марья)","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of песни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пел","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пел","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гитаре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гитаре","lemma":"гитара","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"the guitar"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c5-s117","source":"Прежний домик свой она продала и теперь проживала с матерью почти в избе, а больной, почти умирающий Смердяков, с самой смерти Федора Павловича поселился у них.","translation":"Her former little house she had sold, and now lived with her mother in what was almost a peasant hut, while the sick, all but dying Smerdyakov had settled in with them ever since the death of Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прежний домик свой она продала","title":"Fronted object + reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Прежний домик свой» is fronted before the verb for topical weight — 'her former little house, she had sold.' «Свой» is the reflexive possessive ('her own'), referring to the subject «она»; placing it after the noun is a bookish flourish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти в избе","title":"«изба» — the peasant log hut","body":"An «изба» is the traditional Russian peasant's log house — the very emblem of rural poverty. «Почти в избе» ('in what was almost a peasant hut') marks how far Marya and her mother have come down in the world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти умирающий Смердяков… поселился у них","title":"Present active participle «умирающий»; perfective «поселился»","body":"«Умирающий» is the present active participle of «умирать» (to be dying), agreeing with «Смердяков» — 'the all-but-dying Smerdyakov.' «Поселился» is reflexive perfective («поселиться», to take up residence) — a single completed settling-in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"домик","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продала","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of домик","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"продала","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"проживала","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продала","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"her mother"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"hut","note":"избе is the locative (prepositional) case of изба ('hut'), feminine, not masculine accusative."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умирающий","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"умирающий","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with больной, modifies Смердяков","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поселился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"поселился","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продала","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c5-s118","source":"Вот к нему-то и направился теперь Иван Федорович, влекомый одним внезапным и непобедимым соображением.","translation":"It was to him, then, that Ivan Fyodorovich now made his way, drawn by a single sudden and irresistible impulse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот к нему-то и направился","title":"Emphatic «вот… -то и» framing the goal","body":"«Вот к нему-то и направился» wraps the destination in emphasis: presentative «вот», the topic-clitic «-то» on «нему», and «и' before the verb all spotlight Smerdyakov ('it was to HIM that…'). Heavy front-loading of the goal is characteristic of Dostoevsky's narrative tension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влекомый одним внезапным и непобедимым соображением","title":"Present passive participle «влекомый» + instrumental agent","body":"«Влекомый» is a rare present passive participle (from «влечь», to draw, drag), bookish in the extreme — 'being drawn.' Its agent stands in the instrumental: «соображением» (by an impulse), with the adjectives «внезапным», «непобедимым» agreeing. This learned passive crowns the chapter's closing sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the clause","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нему","gloss":"indeed","note":"Attached to нему as the emphatic particle -то ('к нему-то'), not the pronoun то."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes направился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"влекомый","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Иван","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображением","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"внезапным","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображением","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непобедимым","lemma":"непобедимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внезапным","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"соображением","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of влекомый","gloss":"impulse"}]}]}