{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Первое свидание со Смердяковым","translated":"The First Interview with Smerdyakov"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c6","lines":153},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c6-s1","source":"Это уже в третий раз шел Иван Федорович говорить со Смердяковым по возвращении своем из Москвы.","translation":"This was already the third time that Ivan Fyodorovich had gone to speak with Smerdyakov since his return from Moscow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в третий раз шел Иван Федорович говорить","title":"Fronted adverbial, inverted subject","body":"The sentence opens not with the subject but with «Это уже в третий раз» (this already for the third time), pushing «Иван Федорович» after the verb «шел». This topic-first ordering foregrounds the count of the visits — the news — before naming the familiar character. The free word order is licensed by the case endings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шел … говорить","title":"Imperfective «шел» of a habitual journey","body":"«Шел» is the imperfective past of «идти» (to go on foot, one direction), here naming the recurring act of setting out — \"was going / would go.\" Pairing the motion verb with the infinitive of purpose «говорить» gives \"was going to speak with.\" The imperfective suits the framing of a repeated errand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по возвращении своем","title":"«По» + prepositional = 'upon, after'","body":"«По возвращении» means \"upon returning / after his return\" — a bookish use of «по» governing the prepositional case of the verbal noun «возвращение». The reflexive possessive «своем» (\"his own\") points back to the subject Ivan. This temporal «по» is characteristic of formal 19th-century narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of шел","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращении","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"возвращении","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of шел","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of возвращении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возвращении","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c6-s2","source":"В первый раз после катастрофы он видел его и говорил с ним сейчас же в первый день своего приезда, затем посетил его еще раз две недели спустя.","translation":"The first time after the catastrophe he had seen him and spoken with him at once, on the very first day of his arrival; then he had visited him a second time, two weeks later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел его и говорил с ним","title":"Imperfective verbs for the scene itself","body":"Both «видел» and «говорил» are imperfective past — the narrator dwells on the seeing and the talking as filled stretches of that first day, not as instantaneous events. Against them the later «посетил» (perfective) ticks off a single completed visit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"две недели спустя","title":"«Спустя» — 'later, after the lapse of'","body":"«Спустя» is a postposed temporal marker meaning \"later, after\": «две недели спустя» = \"two weeks later.\" Originally the gerund of «спустить» (to let down), it has frozen into a quasi-preposition; placing it after the time phrase is the bookish, literary order."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приезда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посетил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"посетил","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"had visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетил","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c6-s3","source":"Но после этого второго раза свидания свои со Смердяковым прекратил, так что теперь с лишком месяц, как он уже не видал его и почти ничего не слыхал о нем.","translation":"But after that second time he broke off his meetings with Smerdyakov, so that now it was more than a month since he had last seen him and had heard almost nothing of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидания свои … прекратил","title":"Object fronted before the verb","body":"The direct object «свидания свои со Смердяковым» (his meetings with Smerdyakov) stands before the verb «прекратил» (broke off, perfective). This object-first order, with the verb landing last, marks the meetings as the established topic and throws emphasis onto the decisive act of ending them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с лишком месяц, как он уже не видал его","title":"«Как» = 'since' after a time span","body":"Here «как» does not mean \"how\" but introduces a span: «теперь с лишком месяц, как…» = \"now it is more than a month since…\". «С лишком» means \"and more, odd\" (a month-plus). «Не видал», the imperfective negated past, conveys \"had not been seeing / had not seen\" over that whole stretch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти ничего не слыхал","title":"Negative concord: «ничего … не»","body":"«Ничего … не слыхал» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (in the genitive of negation) with the obligatory verbal «не» — Russian's double negation, where two negatives make one. «Слыхал» is a colloquial, iterative-flavoured by-form of «слышал» (had heard)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раза","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"второго","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прекратил","gloss":"meetings"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of свидания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"прекратил","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так что (result clause) with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц (idiom с лишком)","gloss":"an excess"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, time elapsed since видал","gloss":"a month","note":"«с лишком месяц» literally 'a month with an excess' = 'more than a month'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by как","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of слыхал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c6-s4","source":"Воротился же тогда Иван Федорович из Москвы уже на пятый только день после смерти родителя, так что не застал и гроба его: погребение совершилось как раз накануне его приезда.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich had returned from Moscow only on the fifth day after his father's death, so that he did not even find the coffin: the burial had taken place on the very eve of his arrival.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воротился же тогда Иван Федорович","title":"Verb-first narration with «же»","body":"The clause opens on the verb «Воротился» (returned, perfective of «воротиться», a homely synonym of «вернуться»), with subject after it — a backtracking move that fills in earlier circumstance. The particle «же» here is lightly contrastive/resumptive, \"now, as for\": it re-anchors the narrative to Ivan's return."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не застал и гроба его","title":"Genitive of negation: «не застал … гроба»","body":"Under negation the direct object slips into the genitive: «не застал … гроба» (did not find the coffin), not the accusative «гроб». The added «и» means \"even\" — \"did not even find the coffin.\" «Застать» is to catch / find something still present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"погребение совершилось","title":"«Погребение» / «совершилось» — solemn register","body":"«Погребение» is the elevated, ecclesiastically tinged word for burial (over plain «похороны»), and «совершилось» (\"was accomplished, came to pass\") is a bookish reflexive verb often used of ceremonies and momentous events. Together they lend the funeral a churchly gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had returned"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Воротился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пятый","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the fifth"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так что (result clause) with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause introduced by так что","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гроба","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гроба","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"погребение","lemma":"погребение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"the burial"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to застал","gloss":"had taken place"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз (exactly)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приезда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"arrival"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c6-s5","source":"Причина замедления Ивана Федоровича заключалась в том, что Алеша, не зная в точности его московского адреса, прибегнул, для посылки телеграммы, к Катерине Ивановне, а та, тоже в неведении настоящего адреса, телеграфировала к своей сестре и тетке, рассчитывая, что Иван Федорович сейчас же по прибытии в Москву к ним зайдет.","translation":"The cause of Ivan Fyodorovich's delay lay in this: that Alyosha, not knowing his Moscow address exactly, had turned, in order to send the telegram, to Katerina Ivanovna, who, likewise ignorant of his actual address, had wired her own sister and aunt, reckoning that Ivan Fyodorovich would call on them at once upon reaching Moscow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключалась в том, что","title":"«В том, что» — cataphoric 'in this: that'","body":"«Заключалась в том, что…» literally \"consisted in that, that…\", uses the correlative «то» in the prepositional («в том») to point forward to the «что»-clause that names the cause. This «(в) том, что» frame is the standard Russian way to set up an explanatory subordinate clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не зная в точности его московского адреса","title":"Present gerund «не зная»","body":"«Не зная» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «знать»: \"not knowing,\" an attendant circumstance that shares Alyosha's subject. The whole sentence is built from such non-finite chains — «не зная … рассчитывая» — a hallmark of dense literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибегнул … к Катерине Ивановне","title":"«Прибегнуть к» + dative = 'resort to'","body":"«Прибегнул … к Катерине Ивановне» — \"had recourse to Katerina Ivanovna.\" «Прибегнуть к» (perfective) governs «к» + dative and means to turn to someone for help. The doubled name plus patronymic is the standard respectful mode of reference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассчитывая, что Иван Федорович … к ним зайдет","title":"Perfective future «зайдет» inside a reckoning","body":"«Рассчитывая, что … зайдет» — \"reckoning that he would call on them.\" «Зайдет» is the perfective (simple) future of «зайти», a prefixed motion verb meaning to drop in. Reported from the past, the Russian future form reads as English \"would.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключалась","gloss":"The cause"},{"surface":"замедления","lemma":"замедление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Причина","gloss":"of the delay"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замедления","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"заключалась","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалась","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибегнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибегнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибегнул","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зная","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of адреса","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"московского","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адреса","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"адреса","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies точности","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"прибегнул","lemma":"прибегнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посылки","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"посылки","lemma":"посылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегнул","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"телеграммы","lemma":"телеграмма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посылки","gloss":"a telegram"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прибегнул","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of телеграфировала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неведении","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неведении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неведении","lemma":"неведение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"describes та (parenthetical)","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адреса","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"адреса","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неведении","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"телеграфировала","lemma":"телеграфировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибегнул","gloss":"had wired"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестре","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестре","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"сестре","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of телеграфировала","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тетке","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сестре","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"рассчитывая","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on телеграфировала","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зайдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зайдет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайдет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайдет","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прибытии","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of зайдет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"зайдет","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассчитывая","gloss":"would call"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c6-s6","source":"Но он к ним зашел лишь на четвертый день по приезде и, прочтя телеграмму, тотчас же, конечно, сломя голову полетел к нам.","translation":"But he called on them only on the fourth day after his arrival and, having read the telegram, of course flew to us at once, headlong.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по приезде","title":"«По приезде» — 'after arrival'","body":"Again the temporal «по» + prepositional: «на четвертый день по приезде» = \"on the fourth day after his arrival.\" Note the prepositional ending «-е» on «приезд», the marker that distinguishes this 'after' sense from other uses of «по»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочтя телеграмму","title":"Perfective past gerund «прочтя»","body":"«Прочтя» is the perfective past gerund of «прочесть/прочитать» (\"having read\"), marking an action completed before the main verb «полетел». Its irregular -я form (rather than -в) is bookish; it neatly times the reading before the rushing-off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломя голову полетел","title":"«Сломя голову» — headlong","body":"«Сломя голову» (literally \"having broken one's head\") is a fixed idiom meaning \"headlong, at breakneck speed.\" It contains a frozen archaic gerund «сломя». Paired with «полетел» (\"flew,\" figurative for rushed), it renders Ivan's frantic dash \"to us.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of зашел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the fourth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезде","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"приезде","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"his arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочтя","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with зашел","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"телеграмму","lemma":"телеграмма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочтя","gloss":"the telegram"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полетел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies полетел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on полетел","gloss":"headlong","note":"Fixed idiom «сломя голову» = 'at breakneck speed'."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зашел","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of полетел","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c6-s7","source":"У нас первого встретил Алешу, но, переговорив с ним, был очень изумлен, что тот даже и подозревать не хочет Митю, а прямо указывает на Смердякова как на убийцу, что было вразрез всем другим мнениям в нашем городе.","translation":"The first person he met among us was Alyosha, but on talking with him he was greatly astonished that his brother would not so much as suspect Mitya, and pointed straight at Smerdyakov as the murderer — which ran contrary to every other opinion in our town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переговорив с ним","title":"Gerund «переговорив» — 'having talked over'","body":"«Переговорив» is the perfective past gerund of «переговорить» (to talk things over, have a conversation with). The prefix «пере-» here gives the sense of talking through a matter to its end. As a gerund it sets the prior action before «был очень изумлен»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подозревать не хочет … а прямо указывает","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the two reactions","body":"«…даже и подозревать не хочет Митю, а прямо указывает на Смердякова» — the conjunction «а» hinges the two halves: not \"but\" in opposition so much as \"and instead.\" It is the untranslatable contrastive hinge that sets Alyosha's refusal to suspect against his pointing elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тот даже и подозревать не хочет","title":"«Тот» tracking the third party","body":"«Тот» (\"the latter, that one\") refers back to Alyosha as distinct from Ivan, keeping the two brothers straight without repeating the name. This topic-tracking use of the demonstrative «тот» is essential to Russian's free word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"Among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"переговорив","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изумлен","gloss":"having talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to изумлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изумлен","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"изумлен","lemma":"изумлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with встретил","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревать","gloss":"so much as"},{"surface":"подозревать","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of изумлен","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревать","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывает","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase на убийцу (idiom как на)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийцу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вразрез","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вразрез","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вразрез","lemma":"вразрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate, modifies что","gloss":"contrary"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of мнениям","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies мнениям","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"мнениям","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of вразрез","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнениям","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c6-s8","source":"Повидав затем исправника, прокурора, узнав подробности обвинения и ареста, он еще более удивился на Алешу и приписал его мнение лишь возбужденному до последней степени братскому чувству и состраданию его к Мите, которого Алеша, как и знал это Иван, очень любил.","translation":"Having then seen the police captain and the prosecutor, and learned the particulars of the accusation and the arrest, he wondered all the more at Alyosha, and ascribed his view solely to a brotherly feeling and compassion for Mitya excited to the last degree — Mitya whom Alyosha, as Ivan well knew, loved dearly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повидав … узнав … он еще более удивился","title":"Stacked perfective gerunds","body":"The sentence front-loads two perfective past gerunds, «Повидав» (having seen) and «узнав» (having learned), both completed before the main «удивился». Such gerund chains compress several prior actions into adverbial phrases — the signature texture of 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приписал его мнение … братскому чувству","title":"«Приписать» + dative = 'ascribe to'","body":"«Приписал его мнение … чувству и состраданию» — \"ascribed his opinion to a brotherly feeling and compassion.\" «Приписать» governs the dative of what the thing is attributed to («чувству», «состраданию»), while «мнение» stays accusative as the direct object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возбужденному до последней степени братскому чувству","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«Возбужденному … чувству» uses the past passive participle «возбуждённый» (excited, roused) in the dative to agree with «чувству». «До последней степени» means \"to the last degree.\" The participle does the work of a relative clause — \"a feeling that had been excited to the utmost.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Повидав","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удивился","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Повидав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"исправника","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Повидав","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with исправника","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удивился","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнав","gloss":"the details"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"of the charge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обвинения","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приписал","lemma":"приписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивился","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приписал","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возбужденному","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"возбужденному","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying чувству","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбужденному","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"братскому","lemma":"братский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувству","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"чувству","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of приписал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"состраданию","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чувству","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состраданию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состраданию","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, verb of the как-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying Мите","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c6-s9","source":"Кстати, промолвим лишь два слова раз навсегда о чувствах Ивана к брату Дмитрию Федоровичу: он его решительно не любил и много-много что чувствовал к нему иногда сострадание, но и то смешанное с большим презрением, доходившим до гадливости.","translation":"Incidentally, let us say just two words once and for all about Ivan's feelings toward his brother Dmitri Fyodorovich: he decidedly did not love him, and at most felt for him, on occasion, a certain compassion — and even that was mixed with great contempt, reaching as far as disgust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"промолвим лишь два слова","title":"First-person plural «промолвим» — the narrator's 'we'","body":"«Промолвим» is the perfective future/hortative \"let us say\" (1st pl. of «промолвить»). The novel's chronicling narrator constantly steps forward in this collective \"we\" («у нас», «к нам»), addressing the reader as a fellow townsman. It is a device of intimate, gossiping authority."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решительно не любил","title":"Imperfective «не любил» of a settled state","body":"«Решительно не любил» — \"decidedly did not love.\" The imperfective past «любил» under negation describes an enduring condition of feeling, not an event. «Решительно» (\"decidedly, flatly\") sharpens the verdict on Ivan's coldness toward Dmitri."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"много-много что","title":"«Много-много что» — 'at the very most'","body":"The reduplicated «много-много что» is a colloquial idiom meaning \"at most, at the very most.\" The doubling intensifies the limiting sense: at most Ivan felt only an occasional compassion. Such expressive reduplication is typical of the narrator's spoken-flavoured prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадливость","title":"«Гадливость» — physical disgust","body":"«Гадливость» is loathing of a visceral, almost nauseated kind — the squeamish revulsion you feel toward something «гадкий» (foul, vile). Stronger and more bodily than «презрение» (contempt), it marks how Ivan's disdain for Mitya shades into physical aversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to промолвим","gloss":"Incidentally"},{"surface":"промолвим","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us say"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on слова","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of промолвим","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of промолвим (idiom раз навсегда)","gloss":"once","note":"Idiom «раз навсегда» = 'once and for all'."},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of промолвим","gloss":"the feelings"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to промолвим","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom много-много что, coordinated with любил","gloss":"at most","note":"«много-много что» is an idiom meaning 'at most, if that'."},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase много, modifies чувствовал","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase много","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешанное (with implied было)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смешанное","lemma":"смешать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate, modifies то","gloss":"mixed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешанное","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"доходившим","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying презрением","gloss":"reaching"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гадливости","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"гадливости","lemma":"гадливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходившим","gloss":"disgust"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c6-s10","source":"Митя весь, даже всею своею фигурой, был ему крайне несимпатичен.","translation":"Mitya, the whole of him, down to his very figure, was profoundly distasteful to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всею своею фигурой","title":"Instrumental of respect: «всею … фигурой»","body":"«Даже всею своею фигурой» — \"even by his whole figure\" — uses the instrumental to specify in what respect Mitya was distasteful. The endings «-ею» on «всею своею» are the bookish/archaic instrumental feminine forms (modern «всей своей»), lending a period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был ему крайне несимпатичен","title":"Dative experiencer + short adjective","body":"«Был ему … несимпатичен» frames the distaste impersonally: the person to whom Mitya is repugnant stands in the dative «ему», and the predicate is the short-form adjective «несимпатичен» (disagreeable). The short adjective is the bookish, predicate-only form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несимпатичен","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Митя","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всею","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фигурой","gloss":"his whole","note":"Archaic/literary instrumental ending «-ею» (modern «всей»)."},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фигурой","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"фигурой","lemma":"фигура","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несимпатичен","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несимпатичен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of несимпатичен","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"крайне","lemma":"крайне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несимпатичен","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"несимпатичен","lemma":"несимпатичный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"distasteful"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c6-s11","source":"На любовь к нему Катерины Ивановны Иван смотрел с негодованием.","translation":"On Katerina Ivanovna's love for him Ivan looked with indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На любовь … Иван смотрел с негодованием","title":"Object phrase fronted for emphasis","body":"The whole prepositional object «На любовь к нему Катерины Ивановны» is hoisted to the front, before subject and verb «Иван смотрел». This inversion makes Katerina's love the topic and lands stress on Ivan's indignant gaze. «Смотреть на» (to look at/upon) + accusative governs the phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c6-s12","source":"С подсудимым Митей он, однако же, увиделся тоже в первый день своего прибытия, и это свидание не только не ослабило в нем убеждения в его виновности, а даже усилило его.","translation":"With the accused Mitya, however, he had also met on the first day of his arrival, and that interview not only did not weaken his conviction of Mitya's guilt but even strengthened it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не ослабило … а даже усилило","title":"Correlative «не только … а даже»","body":"«Не только не ослабило … а даже усилило» — \"not only did not weaken … but even strengthened.\" The paired construction «не только (не) … а (и)» builds a rising contrast, with «а» (not «но») as the hinge and «даже» (\"even\") capping the climax. Both verbs are perfective, marking the interview's two decisive effects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С подсудимым Митей","title":"«Подсудимый» — the defendant","body":"«Подсудимый» is the legal term for the accused on trial, literally \"the one under judgment\" (from «суд», court). Applied to Mitya it quietly fixes his new status awaiting the assize. It is a substantivized adjective and here stands in the instrumental after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимым","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увиделся","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to подсудимым","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увиделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to увиделся","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"увиделся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увиделся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увиделся","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прибытия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ослабило","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only","note":"Correlative «не только... а» = 'not only... but'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ослабило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ослабило","lemma":"ослабить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увиделся","gloss":"weakened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ослабило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ослабило (genitive of negation)","gloss":"his conviction"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of виновности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убеждения","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усилило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"усилило","lemma":"усилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увиделся","gloss":"strengthened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усилило","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c6-s13","source":"Брата он нашел тогда в беспокойстве, в болезненном волнении.","translation":"He had found his brother then in agitation, in a sickly distress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в беспокойстве, в болезненном волнении","title":"«В» + prepositional for a state","body":"«Нашел … в беспокойстве, в болезненном волнении» — found him \"in agitation, in a sickly distress.\" The preposition «в» + prepositional case here marks the inner state someone is found in. «Болезненном» (morbid, sickly) agrees with «волнении» in the prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had found"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашел","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with беспокойстве","gloss":"distress"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c6-s14","source":"Митя был многоречив, но рассеян и раскидчив, говорил очень резко, обвинял Смердякова и страшно путался.","translation":"Mitya was talkative, but scattered and rambling; he spoke very sharply, accused Smerdyakov, and got himself terribly muddled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя был многоречив, но рассеян и раскидчив","title":"Chain of short adjectives","body":"«Многоречив … рассеян … раскидчив» are all short-form adjectives serving as predicates after «был» — the bookish, characterizing form. They string Mitya's qualities together economically. «Раскидчив» (scattered, given to spreading himself thin) is a rare, expressive coinage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил … обвинял … путался","title":"Imperfective verbs painting the manner","body":"The run of imperfective past verbs — «говорил», «обвинял», «путался» — describes how Mitya behaved throughout the scene rather than narrating discrete events. The reflexive «путался» (\"got himself tangled/muddled\") uses -ся in its middle sense of an action turning back on the doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to многоречив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"многоречив","lemma":"многоречивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рассеян","lemma":"рассеянный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with многоречив","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскидчив","lemma":"раскидчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with многоречив","gloss":"rambling"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"обвинял","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies путался","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"путался","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"got muddled"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c6-s15","source":"Более всего говорил всё про те же три тысячи, которые «украл» у него покойник.","translation":"Most of all he kept going on about those same three thousand that the dead man had \"stolen\" from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё про те же три тысячи, которые «украл»","title":"«Всё … те же» + relative «которые»","body":"«Всё» here is the adverbial \"all the time, kept,\" «те же» means \"those same,\" and the relative «которые» opens a clause about the money. «Три тысячи» triggers... the numeral phrase reads as the long-running obsession. The scare-quoted «украл» (stole) flags it as Mitya's loaded word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of говорил (более всего = 'most of all')","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept talking"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, modifies говорил ('all the time')","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (paucal form after три)","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тысячи","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"покойник","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"the dead man"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c6-s16","source":"«Деньги мои, они были мои, — твердил Митя, — если б я даже украл их, то был бы прав».","translation":"\"The money was mine, it was mine,\" Mitya kept repeating, \"and even if I had stolen it, I would have been in the right.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я даже украл их, то был бы прав","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Если б я … украл … то был бы прав» is an irrealis conditional: past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы» (here clipped to «б») in both clauses — \"even if I had stolen it, I would have been right.\" «Прав» is the short-form predicate adjective \"in the right.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деньги мои, они были мои","title":"Zero copula then «были» — nominative predicate","body":"«Деньги мои» has no verb at all — the present-tense \"to be\" is simply absent, with «мои» (mine) as a nominative predicate. The echo «они были мои» supplies the past «были», yet keeps the predicate possessive nominative. Mitya's stammering repetition drives home his claim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"твердил","title":"«Твердил» — kept repeating insistently","body":"«Твердить» (imperfective) is to say the same thing over and over, to harp on it. «Твердил Митя» captures Mitya drilling his refrain into Ivan. The imperfective is essential: it is the repetition itself that is being reported."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of Деньги (elided copula)","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мои","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"complement of были","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"твердил","lemma":"твердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of твердил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker on украл","gloss":"would","note":"Colloquial contraction of бы, marking the conditional/irrealis mood together with если."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прав","gloss":"had stolen"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прав","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker on прав","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c6-s17","source":"Все улики, стоявшие против него, почти не оспаривал и если толковал факты в свою пользу, то опять-таки очень сбивчиво и нелепо — вообще как будто даже и не желая оправдываться вовсе пред Иваном или кем-нибудь, напротив, сердился, гордо пренебрегал обвинениями, бранился и кипятился.","translation":"He scarcely disputed any of the evidence ranged against him, and when he did interpret the facts in his own favor, it was again very confusedly and absurdly — in general as though he had no wish whatever to justify himself before Ivan or anyone else; on the contrary, he grew angry, proudly scorned the charges, swore, and flew into a passion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все улики, стоявшие против него","title":"Past active participle «стоявшие»","body":"«Стоявшие против него» is the past active participle of «стоять», agreeing with «улики» (the pieces of evidence) — \"the evidence that stood / was ranged against him.\" The participle condenses a «которые стояли» clause into one adjectival phrase, a bookish economy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто даже и не желая оправдываться","title":"Gerund «не желая» + reflexive «оправдываться»","body":"«Не желая оправдываться» pairs the present gerund «желая» (wishing) with the reflexive infinitive «оправдываться» (to justify oneself), whose -ся turns the action back on the subject. «Как будто» (\"as though\") frames it as the narrator's inference about Mitya's air."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бранился и кипятился","title":"«Бранился» / «кипятился» — swore and boiled over","body":"Two vivid imperfective reflexives close the sentence: «бранился» (cursed, railed) and «кипятился» — literally \"got himself boiling,\" i.e. flew into a heated passion (from «кипеть», to boil). The metaphor of boiling for hot temper is idiomatic and richly physical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of улики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оспаривал","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"стоявшие","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying улики","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оспаривал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оспаривал","lemma":"оспаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disputed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of толковал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"толковал","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сбивчиво","gloss":"interpreted"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of толковал","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толковал","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбивчиво","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбивчиво","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"still","note":"опять-таки is a fixed intensifying idiom, 'yet again.'"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбивчиво","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сбивчиво","lemma":"сбивчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the то-clause (elided было)","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сбивчиво","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сердился","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"оправдываться","lemma":"оправдываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to justify himself"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправдываться","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдываться","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"coordinated with Иваном","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кем","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сердился","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"сердился","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оспаривал","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пренебрегал","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"пренебрегал","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оспаривал","gloss":"scorned"},{"surface":"обвинениями","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегал","gloss":"the charges"},{"surface":"бранился","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оспаривал","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кипятился","lemma":"кипятиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оспаривал","gloss":"fumed"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c6-s18","source":"Над свидетельством Григория об отворенной двери лишь презрительно смеялся и уверял, что это «черт отворил».","translation":"At Grigory's testimony about the open door he merely laughed contemptuously and insisted that it was \"the devil who opened it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Над свидетельством Григория … лишь презрительно смеялся","title":"«Смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«Смеялся над свидетельством» — \"laughed at the testimony.\" The verb «смеяться над» governs «над» + instrumental («свидетельством») to mean mock or laugh at. The phrase is fronted, foregrounding what Mitya derided. «Лишь» = \"merely.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об отворенной двери","title":"Past passive participle «отворенной»","body":"«Отворенной двери» (the opened door) shows the past passive participle «отворённый» from perfective «отворить» (to open), agreeing with «двери» in the prepositional after «об». «Отворить» is the somewhat literary, old-fashioned verb for opening a door, beside everyday «открыть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетельством","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свидетельством","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялся","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельством","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворённый","morphology":"participle, passive, past, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельством","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun (cleft construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверял","gloss":"opened it"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c6-s19","source":"Но никаких связных объяснений этому факту не мог представить.","translation":"But he could offer no coherent explanation of this fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никаких связных объяснений … не мог представить","title":"«Никаких … не» with genitive of negation","body":"«Никаких связных объяснений … не мог представить» — the negative determiner «никаких» plus the obligatory «не» (negative concord), with the object «объяснений» in the genitive of negation. The piled negation drives home that Mitya could give no coherent account at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of объяснений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"связных","lemma":"связный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies объяснений","gloss":"coherent"},{"surface":"объяснений","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of представить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"explanations"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"факту","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of объяснений","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"offer"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c6-s20","source":"Он даже успел оскорбить в это первое свидание Ивана Федоровича, резко сказав ему, что не тем его подозревать и допрашивать, которые сами утверждают, что «всё позволено».","translation":"He even managed, at this first interview, to insult Ivan Fyodorovich, telling him sharply that it was not for those who themselves maintain that \"everything is lawful\" to suspect and interrogate him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел оскорбить … резко сказав ему","title":"«Успел» + infinitive; gerund «сказав»","body":"«Успел оскорбить» means \"managed to / found time to insult\" — «успеть» + perfective infinitive. The manner is added by the perfective gerund «сказав» (having said / by saying). The construction wryly notes that Mitya even \"managed\" to give offence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тем … которые сами утверждают … которые","title":"Correlative «тем, которые» (dative)","body":"«Не тем … подозревать … которые сами утверждают» — \"it is not for those … to suspect … who themselves maintain.\" The demonstrative «тем» (dative plural) sets up the antecedent that the relative «которые» picks up, an emphatic \"those very ones who.\" The dative «тем» marks the people to whom the act is not fitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"оскорбить","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to insult"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидание","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорбить (temporal)","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбить","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказав","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"сказав","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оскорбить","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подозревать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative logical subject of подозревать ('not their place to')","gloss":"those","note":"не + dative + infinitive is a fixed construction meaning 'it is not X's place to...'"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подозревать","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сказав","gloss":"to suspect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"допрашивать","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подозревать","gloss":"interrogate"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies которые","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying тем","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждают","gloss":"is permitted"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c6-s21","source":"Вообще на этот раз с Иваном Федоровичем был очень недружелюбен.","translation":"On the whole he was very unfriendly toward Ivan Fyodorovich this time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Иваном Федоровичем был очень недружелюбен","title":"«С» + instrumental for the person","body":"«С Иваном Федоровичем … был … недружелюбен» — \"was very unfriendly toward Ivan.\" The preposition «с» (with) + instrumental names the person one is so disposed toward, and «недружелюбен» is again a short-form predicate adjective. The subject Mitya is dropped, recoverable from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недружелюбен","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недружелюбен","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недружелюбен","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недружелюбен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недружелюбен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недружелюбен","lemma":"недружелюбный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unfriendly"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c6-s22","source":"Сейчас после этого свидания с Митей Иван Федорович и направился тогда к Смердякову.","translation":"It was right after this meeting with Mitya that Ivan Fyodorovich set off, that same day, to Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Федорович и направился тогда","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"Here «и» is not \"and\" joining clauses but an intensifying particle hugging the verb: «Иван Федорович и направился» = \"it was Ivan who then set off / Ivan did set off.\" Combined with fronted «Сейчас после этого свидания», it stresses the immediacy of his going to Smerdyakov. «Направился» is the perfective reflexive \"set off, headed.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидания","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"that same day"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c6-s23","source":"Еще в вагоне, летя из Москвы, он всё думал про Смердякова и про последний свой разговор с ним вечером накануне отъезда.","translation":"Already in the railway car, flying from Moscow, he had kept thinking about Smerdyakov and about his last conversation with him, on the evening before his departure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"летя из Москвы","title":"Present gerund «летя» of motion","body":"«Летя» is the imperfective present gerund of «лететь» (to fly, unidirectional), used figuratively for the speeding train — \"as he flew from Moscow.\" The gerund sets the simultaneous circumstance for «он всё думал». «Из Москвы» uses «из» + genitive for motion out of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё думал про Смердякова","title":"Adverbial «всё» + imperfective «думал»","body":"«Всё думал» — \"kept thinking, thought and thought.\" The adverb «всё» (here \"all the while, continually\") reinforces the imperfective «думал», stressing the unbroken brooding. «Про» + accusative is a colloquial alternative to «о» for \"about.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в вагоне","title":"«Вагон» — railway carriage","body":"«Вагон» (a borrowing from French/German wagon) is specifically a railway carriage. \"In the вагон, flying from Moscow\" sets Ivan on the train — the modern railway being, by the 1860s–70s, the swift link between Moscow and the provincial towns of the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вагоне","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вагоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вагоне","lemma":"вагон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"train car"},{"surface":"летя","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying думал","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летя","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, modifies думал ('kept on')","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезда","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"отъезда","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечером","gloss":"departure"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c6-s24","source":"Многое смущало его, многое казалось подозрительным.","translation":"Much in it troubled him, much seemed suspicious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Многое смущало его, многое казалось подозрительным","title":"Parallel clauses; instrumental «подозрительным»","body":"Two balanced clauses both open on «многое» (\"much, many a thing,\" a neuter substantivized adjective as subject). «Казалось подозрительным» — \"seemed suspicious\" — puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «казаться», the case linking verbs of seeming require."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смущало","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"смущало","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смущало","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"подозрительным","lemma":"подозрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of казалось","gloss":"suspicious"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c6-s25","source":"Но давая свои показания судебному следователю, Иван Федорович до времени умолчал о том разговоре.","translation":"But in giving his evidence to the examining magistrate, Ivan Fyodorovich for the time being said nothing of that conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давая свои показания … умолчал о том разговоре","title":"Imperfective gerund «давая» vs perfective «умолчал»","body":"«Давая свои показания» is the imperfective present gerund (\"while giving his evidence\"), the ongoing frame; against it the main verb «умолчал» is perfective — the single act of \"keeping silent about, withholding\" that conversation. «Умолчать о» + prepositional means to pass over in silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умолчал","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of давая","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователю","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давая","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолчал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"for now","note":"до времени is an idiom meaning 'for the time being.'"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"умолчал","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said nothing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговоре","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчал","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c6-s26","source":"Всё отложил до свидания со Смердяковым.","translation":"He put it all off until he could meet with Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё отложил до свидания","title":"Object-first «Всё отложил»; «до» + genitive","body":"The clipped sentence drops the subject and fronts the object «Всё» (everything): \"He put it all off.\" «Отложил» is perfective (set aside), and «до свидания» (\"until the meeting\") uses «до» + genitive for the time-limit. Terseness mirrors Ivan's resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c6-s27","source":"Тот находился тогда в городской больнице.","translation":"The latter was then in the town hospital.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот находился тогда в городской больнице","title":"«Тот» as 'the latter'","body":"«Тот» opens the sentence meaning \"the latter, that one\" — Smerdyakov, just named — a neat way to keep him the topic without repeating the name. «Находился» (imperfective reflexive, \"was situated / was\") with «в … больнице» in the prepositional locates him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городской","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies больнице","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"hospital"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c6-s28","source":"Доктор Герценштубе и встретившийся Ивану Федоровичу в больнице врач Варвинский на настойчивые вопросы Ивана Федоровича твердо отвечали, что падучая болезнь Смердякова несомненна, и даже удивились вопросу: «Не притворялся ли он в день катастрофы?»","translation":"Doctor Herzenstube, and the physician Varvinsky, whom Ivan Fyodorovich met at the hospital, both firmly answered his insistent questions that Smerdyakov's falling sickness was beyond doubt, and were even surprised at the question, \"Was he not perhaps shamming on the day of the catastrophe?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретившийся Ивану Федоровичу … врач Варвинский","title":"Past active participle «встретившийся»","body":"«Встретившийся Ивану Федоровичу в больнице врач Варвинский» — \"the physician Varvinsky, who had met / fallen in with Ivan at the hospital.\" The participle is from the reflexive perfective «встретиться» and takes a dative «Ивану Федоровичу» (the person met). It packs a whole который-clause before the noun «врач»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не притворялся ли он","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Не притворялся ли он …?» — \"Was he not perhaps shamming?\" The enclitic «ли» fronts the focused word («притворялся») and turns the statement into a deliberative yes/no question, more formal than mere intonation. The negative «не» softens it into the tentative \"was he not perhaps.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечали","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встретившийся","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying врач","gloss":"who met"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретившийся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретившийся","gloss":"hospital"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Доктор (second subject)","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настойчивые","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечали","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечали","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"отвечали","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несомненна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несомненна","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"несомненна","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of отвечали","gloss":"beyond doubt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удивились","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечали","gloss":"were surprised"},{"surface":"вопросу","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удивились","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"притворялся","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вопросу","gloss":"was pretending"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the embedded yes/no question on притворялся","gloss":"whether","note":"Yes/no question particle with no direct English equivalent; forms the reported question 'was he shamming or not.'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притворялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворялся","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"catastrophe"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c6-s29","source":"Они дали ему понять, что припадок этот был даже необыкновенный, продолжался и повторялся несколько дней, так что жизнь пациента была в решительной опасности, и что только теперь, после принятых мер, можно уже сказать утвердительно, что больной останется в живых, хотя очень возможно (прибавил доктор Герценштубе), что рассудок его останется отчасти расстроен «если не на всю жизнь, то на довольно продолжительное время».","translation":"They gave him to understand that this fit had been an extraordinary one — it had gone on and recurred over several days, so that the patient's life had been in decided danger, and only now, after the measures taken, could one say with assurance that the sick man would survive, though it was very possible (the doctor Herzenstube added) that his reason would remain partly disordered \"if not for the whole of his life, then for a fairly long time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дали ему понять, что припадок … был … необыкновенный","title":"«Дать понять» + «что»-clause","body":"«Дали ему понять, что…» is the idiom \"gave him to understand that,\" «дать» + infinitive «понять» + dative «ему». The reported content runs in a «что»-clause. «Необыкновенный» (extraordinary) is the long-form adjective in predicate position with «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжался и повторялся","title":"Reflexive verbs of process","body":"«Продолжался и повторялся» — \"went on and recurred.\" Both are imperfective -ся verbs in their middle/intransitive sense: the fit continued and repeated itself, with no external agent. The -ся here marks the process as self-contained, happening to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассудок его останется отчасти расстроен","title":"Short passive participle «расстроен»","body":"«Останется … расстроен» couples «остаться» (to remain) with the short-form past passive participle «расстроен» (deranged, disordered, from «расстроить»). The short passive form states a resultant condition — his reason \"would remain disordered\" — exactly as «было написано» states a result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не на всю жизнь, то на довольно продолжительное время","title":"Correlative «если не … то»","body":"«Если не … то …» here is not a real conditional but a concessive correlative: \"if not X, then (at least) Y\" — \"if not for the whole of his life, then for a fairly long time.\" «На» + accusative measures the span of time («на всю жизнь», «на … время»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to необыкновенный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необыкновенный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"необыкновенный","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"продолжался","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был, second predicate of припадок","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повторялся","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжался","gloss":"recurred"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"duration complement of продолжался и повторялся","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так (так что = so that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"пациента","lemma":"пациент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"of the patient"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to опасности","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опасности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"решительной","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies опасности","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"опасности","lemma":"опасность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мер","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"принятых","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies мер","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"мер","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the что-clause (w25)","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"утвердительно","lemma":"утвердительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"with assurance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется (w37)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется (w37)","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, plural","role":"idiom object of в (в живых = alive)","gloss":"the living","note":"idiom «остаться в живых» = to survive/remain alive."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive parenthetical clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (the doctor's aside)","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется (w49), complement of возможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рассудок","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется (w49)","gloss":"his reason"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies рассудок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of возможно","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расстроен","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"расстроен","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of останется (w49)","gloss":"disordered"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (если ... то)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase на всю жизнь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration phrase modifying расстроен","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the correlative clause на время","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжительное","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"продолжительное","lemma":"продолжительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"duration phrase modifying расстроен","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c6-s30","source":"На нетерпеливый спрос Ивана Федоровича, что, «стало быть, он теперь сумасшедший?», ему ответили, что «этого в полном смысле еще нет, но что замечаются некоторые ненормальности».","translation":"To Ivan Fyodorovich's impatient demand — \"So then, he is now mad?\" — they answered that \"in the full sense this is not yet so, but that certain abnormalities are observable.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, он теперь сумасшедший?","title":"Zero copula in «он … сумасшедший»","body":"«Он теперь сумасшедший?» needs no verb — present-tense \"is\" is unexpressed, with «сумасшедший» (mad) as a nominative predicate. «Стало быть» is a conversational \"so then, that is to say,\" pressing the doctors for a verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замечаются некоторые ненормальности","title":"Reflexive passive «замечаются»","body":"«Замечаются некоторые ненормальности» — \"certain abnormalities are observed/observable.\" The imperfective -ся on «замечаться» builds an agentless passive: the abnormalities are noticed, with no one named as noticer. This is the standard Russian impersonal-passive of process."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нетерпеливый","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спрос","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"спрос","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответили","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спрос","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (so then), parenthetical","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"then","note":"«стало быть» = \"so then, consequently.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедший","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумасшедший","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the quoted question","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ответили","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет (existential negation, not a nominative subject)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicative (invariant, does not inflect for person/number)","role":"clausal complement of ответили","gloss":"is not"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замечаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"замечаются","lemma":"замечаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"are observed"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ненормальности","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"ненормальности","lemma":"ненормальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive замечаются","gloss":"abnormalities"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c6-s31","source":"Иван Федорович положил сам узнать, какие это ненормальности.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich resolved to find out for himself what these abnormalities were.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положил сам узнать, какие это ненормальности","title":"«Положил» = 'resolved'; indirect question «какие»","body":"«Положил … узнать» uses «положить» in its older sense \"to resolve, determine\" + perfective infinitive. «Сам» (himself) emphasizes Ivan's own initiative. The embedded question «какие это ненормальности» (\"what these abnormalities were\") uses interrogative «какие» agreeing with the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван Федорович (emphatic \"himself\")","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ненормальности","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"linking demonstrative before ненормальности","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ненормальности","lemma":"ненормальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнать (embedded question)","gloss":"abnormalities"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c6-s32","source":"В больнице его тотчас же допустили к свиданию.","translation":"At the hospital he was admitted to the interview at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его тотчас же допустили к свиданию","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural 'they'","body":"«Допустили» is a bare 3rd-person-plural with no stated subject — the agentless \"they admitted him / he was admitted,\" Russian's common way to leave the actor (the hospital staff) unspecified. «Допустить к» + dative «свиданию» means to admit to the interview."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допустили","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допустили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допустили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"допустили","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свиданию","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of допустили","gloss":"the interview"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c6-s33","source":"Смердяков находился в отдельном помещении и лежал на койке.","translation":"Smerdyakov lay in a separate room, on a cot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"находился в отдельном помещении и лежал на койке","title":"Location in the prepositional","body":"Two prepositional-case phrases set the scene: «в отдельном помещении» (in a separate room) after «в», and «на койке» (on a cot) after «на». Both verbs «находился» and «лежал» are imperfective, holding the still tableau of Smerdyakov lying there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отдельном","lemma":"отдельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помещении","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"помещении","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находился","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking койке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"койке","lemma":"койка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"a cot"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c6-s34","source":"Тут же подле него была еще койка, которую занимал один расслабленный городской мещанин, весь распухший от водяной, видимо готовый завтра или послезавтра умереть; разговору он помешать не мог.","translation":"Beside him there was another cot, occupied by an enfeebled townsman, a tradesman, all swollen with dropsy and plainly ready to die the next day or the day after; he could be no hindrance to their conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"койка, которую занимал один расслабленный городской мещанин","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«Койка, которую занимал … мещанин» — \"a cot, which a townsman occupied.\" The relative «которую» takes the accusative because it is the object of «занимал» within its clause, while it agrees in gender/number (fem. sg.) with «койка». «Один» here means \"a certain.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещанин … распухший от водяной","title":"«Мещанин» / «водяная» — townsman and dropsy","body":"«Мещанин» is a member of the lowest urban estate, a petty townsman or tradesman — a fixed social-legal category in imperial Russia. «Водяная» (short for «водяная болезнь») is dropsy, the old name for the swelling of oedema. «Распухший» is the past active participle \"swollen up.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговору он помешать не мог","title":"«Помешать» + dative «разговору»","body":"«Разговору … помешать не мог» — \"could not hinder the conversation.\" «Помешать» governs the dative of what is hindered («разговору»). Fronting «разговору» before subject and verb makes the dying man's harmlessness to their talk the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была (existential)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential \"there was\")","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies койка","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"койка","lemma":"койка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a cot"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on койка","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мещанин","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"расслабленный","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"enfeebled"},{"surface":"городской","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занимал","gloss":"tradesman"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of распухший","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"распухший","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мещанин","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водяной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водяной","lemma":"водяная","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распухший","gloss":"dropsy","note":"«водяная» is a colloquial noun for dropsy (edema), not the adjective \"watery.\""},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовый","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"готовый","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умереть","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"послезавтра","lemma":"послезавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with завтра","gloss":"the day after"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовый","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помешать","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помешать","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"hinder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c6-s35","source":"Смердяков осклабился недоверчиво, завидев Ивана Федоровича, и в первое мгновение как будто даже сробел.","translation":"Smerdyakov gave a distrustful grin on catching sight of Ivan Fyodorovich, and for the first instant seemed even to take fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завидев Ивана Федоровича","title":"Perfective gerund «завидев»","body":"«Завидев» is the perfective past gerund of «завидеть» (to catch sight of), marking the instant of seeing that prompts the grin. The prefix «за-» gives the inceptive sense \"to spot, glimpse.\" Animate accusative «Ивана Федоровича» = genitive form, since the name is animate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился … сробел","title":"«Осклабиться» / «сробеть» — grin and quail","body":"«Осклабиться» is to grin or bare the teeth, often unpleasantly — a sneering, ambiguous smile, here «недоверчиво» (distrustfully). «Сробеть» (perfective of «робеть») is to lose nerve, take fright, grow timid. Both are vivid, marked verbs that catch Smerdyakov's flicker of fear behind the grin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"недоверчиво","lemma":"недоверчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осклабился","gloss":"distrustfully"},{"surface":"завидев","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on осклабился","gloss":"on seeing"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидев","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying сробел","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как будто (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сробел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сробел","lemma":"сробеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осклабился (seemed to)","gloss":"took fright"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c6-s36","source":"Так по крайней мере мелькнуло у Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"So, at least, it flashed upon Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнуло у Ивана Федоровича","title":"«У» + genitive for the experiencer","body":"«Мелькнуло у Ивана Федоровича» — \"it flashed (through the mind) of Ivan.\" The impersonal perfective «мелькнуло» (neuter, no subject) with «у» + genitive locates the fleeting impression in Ivan. The construction frames perception as something that happens to a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"measure","note":"«по крайней мере» is a fixed idiom meaning \"at least.\""},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c6-s37","source":"Но это было лишь мгновение, напротив, во всё остальное время Смердяков почти поразил его своим спокойствием.","translation":"But it was only an instant; on the contrary, throughout the rest of the time Smerdyakov almost astounded him by his composure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразил его своим спокойствием","title":"Instrumental of means: «спокойствием»","body":"«Поразил его своим спокойствием» — \"struck/astounded him by his composure.\" The instrumental «спокойствием» names that with which Smerdyakov astonished Ivan — the means or cause of the effect. «Своим» is the reflexive possessive pointing to Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мгновение","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies поразил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"astounded"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of спокойствием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of поразил","gloss":"composure"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c6-s38","source":"С самого первого взгляда на него Иван Федорович несомненно убедился в полном и чрезвычайном болезненном его состоянии: он был очень слаб, говорил медленно и как бы с трудом ворочая языком: очень похудел и пожелтел.","translation":"From the very first glance at him Ivan Fyodorovich was convinced beyond doubt of his thoroughly and exceedingly sick condition: he was very weak, spoke slowly and as though turning his tongue with difficulty; he had grown very thin and sallow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедился в полном … болезненном его состоянии","title":"«Убедиться в» + prepositional","body":"«Убедился в … состоянии» — \"became convinced of his condition.\" The reflexive «убедиться» governs «в» + prepositional for what one is persuaded of. The adjectives «полном … болезненном» and «его» all agree with «состоянии» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы с трудом ворочая языком","title":"Present gerund «ворочая»","body":"«Ворочая языком» is the imperfective present gerund of «ворочать» (to turn, shift heavily) — \"turning his tongue with difficulty,\" describing the laboured slowness of his speech as a simultaneous manner. «Как бы» (\"as though\") flags it as the narrator's impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похудел и пожелтел","title":"Inceptive «по-» verbs of change","body":"«Похудел» (grew thin) and «пожелтел» (turned yellow/sallow) are perfectives in «по-» that name a completed change of state reached. The pair compactly registers the physical ravage of Smerdyakov's illness — he has \"become\" thin and yellowed."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies первого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедился","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with полном","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедился","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слаб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слаб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слаб","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был (слаб)","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трудом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ворочая","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"ворочая","lemma":"ворочать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental object of ворочая","gloss":"his tongue"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похудел","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"похудел","lemma":"похудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"had grown thin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожелтел","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похудел","gloss":"grown sallow"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c6-s39","source":"Во все минут двадцать свидания жаловался на головную боль и на лом во всех членах.","translation":"Throughout the whole twenty minutes of the interview he complained of a headache and of aching in all his limbs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Во все минут двадцать свидания","title":"Approximative inversion «минут двадцать»","body":"«Минут двадцать» inverts numeral and noun to mean \"about twenty minutes\" — putting the genitive-plural noun «минут» before the numeral signals approximation. The whole phrase «во все … двадцать» (\"throughout the whole twenty\") frames the span of the interview."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаловался на головную боль и на лом","title":"«Жаловаться на» + accusative","body":"«Жаловался на … боль и на лом» — \"complained of a headache and of aching.\" The reflexive «жаловаться» takes «на» + accusative for what one complains about. The subject (Smerdyakov) is dropped, recoverable from context. «Лом во всех членах» is aching in all the limbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минут","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition во, quantified by двадцать","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"of the interview"},{"surface":"жаловался","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боль","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"головную","lemma":"головной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловался","gloss":"ache"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"лом","lemma":"лом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with боль","gloss":"aching"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking членах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of членах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"членах","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жаловался","gloss":"his limbs"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c6-s40","source":"Скопческое, сухое лицо его стало как будто таким маленьким, височки были всклочены, вместо хохолка торчала вверх одна только тоненькая прядка волосиков.","translation":"His dry, eunuch-like face seemed to have grown somehow so small; his temple-locks were tousled, and in place of his tuft of hair a single thin little wisp stuck up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скопческое … лицо","title":"«Скопческое» — eunuch-like","body":"«Скопческий» means \"of a скопец,\" a castrate — referring to the Skoptsy, a Russian religious sect whose members practised self-castration. Applied to Smerdyakov's «сухое лицо» (dry face) it suggests a beardless, sexless, sickly look. The word carries an uncanny, faintly sinister charge that colours his whole figure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"височки … хохолка … прядка волосиков","title":"Pile-up of diminutives","body":"«Височки» (little temples), «хохолок» (little tuft), «прядка» (little wisp), «волосиков» (little hairs) — a cluster of diminutive suffixes. Here they are not affectionate but diminishing and pitiful, shrinking Smerdyakov's wasted features into something small and faintly contemptible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало … таким маленьким … были всклочены","title":"Instrumental predicate «таким маленьким»","body":"«Стало … таким маленьким» — after «стать» (to become) the predicate goes in the instrumental: «таким маленьким» (so small). «Были всклочены» uses the short passive participle «всклочены» (tousled, dishevelled) with «были» to state a result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скопческое","lemma":"скопческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"eunuch-like"},{"surface":"сухое","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated modifier of лицо","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had become"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как будто (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of маленьким","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"височки","lemma":"височки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive всклочены","gloss":"his temple-locks"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of всклочены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всклочены","lemma":"всклочить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"tousled"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хохолка","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"хохолка","lemma":"хохолок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торчала","gloss":"his tuft"},{"surface":"торчала","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"stuck up"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торчала","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies прядка","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоненькая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тоненькая","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прядка","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"прядка","lemma":"прядка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of торчала","gloss":"wisp"},{"surface":"волосиков","lemma":"волосик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies прядка","gloss":"of hair"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c6-s41","source":"Но прищуренный и как бы на что-то намекающий левый глазок выдавал прежнего Смердякова.","translation":"But the screwed-up left eye, as though hinting at something, gave away the old Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы на что-то намекающий левый глазок","title":"Present active participle «намекающий»","body":"«Намекающий … левый глазок» — \"the left eye, as though hinting at something.\" «Намекающий» is the present active participle of «намекать» (to hint), agreeing with «глазок» and governing «на что-то» (\"at something,\" the indefinite «-то» pronoun). It condenses a «который намекал» clause into one image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазок","title":"«Глазок» — the knowing little eye","body":"«Глазок» is the diminutive of «глаз» (eye). Set against the wasted face, the narrowed, hinting «глазок» is the one feature that \"gave away the old Smerdyakov\" — the diminutive lending it a sly, beady, sentient quality. Note how it picks up the diminutive run of the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прищуренный","lemma":"прищуренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"narrowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (indefinite), accusative","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"something","note":"«что-то» (this word plus the next) is a single indefinite pronoun, \"something.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"намекающий","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"hinting"},{"surface":"левый","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"глазок","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдавал","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"выдавал","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave away"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдавал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c6-s42","source":"«С умным человеком и поговорить любопытно», — тотчас же вспомнилось Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"\"It is interesting to talk even with a clever man,\" flashed at once into Ivan Fyodorovich's mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспомнилось Ивану Федоровичу","title":"Reflexive «вспомнилось» + dative experiencer","body":"«Вспомнилось Ивану Федоровичу» — \"it came back to Ivan's memory.\" The reflexive «вспомниться» with a dative experiencer frames the remembering as involuntary: the phrase recalls itself to him, rather than he recalling it. A characteristic Dostoevskian rendering of the half-controlled inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поговорить (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"is interesting"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнилось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вспомнилось","lemma":"вспомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"flashed to mind"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспомнилось","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c6-s43","source":"Он уселся у него в ногах на табурете.","translation":"He sat down on the stool at the foot of the bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселся у него в ногах","title":"«У него в ногах» — at the foot of the bed","body":"«У него в ногах» literally \"at his feet/legs\" is the idiom for the foot of a sick person's bed (as «в головах» is the head of it). «Уселся» is the perfective reflexive of «усесться» (to settle oneself down). «На табурете» (on a stool) is prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"idiom oblique complement of уселся (в ногах = at the foot of the bed)","gloss":"the feet","note":"«в ногах» is an idiom meaning \"at the foot of the bed.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking табурете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"табурете","lemma":"табурет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уселся (location)","gloss":"a stool"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c6-s44","source":"Смердяков со страданием пошевельнулся всем телом на постели, но не заговорил первый, молчал, да и глядел уже как бы не очень любопытно.","translation":"With an effort of pain Smerdyakov shifted his whole body on the bed, but did not speak first; he kept silent, and indeed looked now as if not very curious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заговорил первый, молчал","title":"Aspect contrast «заговорил» vs «молчал»","body":"«Заговорил» is the perfective \"began to speak\" (the inceptive «за-»), here negated: he did not start speaking. Against it stands imperfective «молчал» — \"kept silent,\" an ongoing state. The pairing precisely opposes the non-event to the prolonged silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и глядел уже как бы не очень любопытно","title":"Connective «да и» — 'and indeed'","body":"«Да и глядел…» uses «да и» as an additive connective, \"and besides / and indeed,\" piling on a further observation. «Как бы … не очень любопытно» (\"as if not very curiously\") hedges the description as the narrator's guarded impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошевельнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошевельнулся","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"пошевельнулся","lemma":"пошевельнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shifted"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошевельнулся","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошевельнулся","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошевельнулся","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying the subject of заговорил","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошевельнулся","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошевельнулся","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies любопытно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"curiously"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c6-s45","source":"— Можешь со мной говорить? — спросил Иван Федорович, — очень не утомлю.","translation":"\"Can you talk with me?\" asked Ivan Fyodorovich. \"I won't tire you much.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можешь со мной говорить?","title":"Familiar «ты» and dropped pronoun","body":"«Можешь … говорить?» drops the subject pronoun — the 2nd-singular ending «-ешь» on «можешь» already marks \"you (can).\" The «ты» form (against polite «вы») signals Ivan's superior, intimate-cum-condescending footing with the servant Smerdyakov. «Очень не утомлю» = \"I won't tire you much\" (perfective future)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Можешь","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Можешь","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомлю","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утомлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утомлю","lemma":"утомить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"tire you"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c6-s46","source":"— Очень могу-с, — промямлил Смердяков слабым голосом. — Давно приехать изволили? — прибавил он снисходительно, как бы поощряя сконфузившегося посетителя.","translation":"\"I can well enough, sir,\" Smerdyakov mumbled in a weak voice. \"Have you long been pleased to arrive?\" he added condescendingly, as though encouraging an abashed visitor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давно приехать изволили?","title":"«Изволили» — obsequious 'were pleased to'","body":"«Приехать изволили» — \"were you pleased to arrive,\" using «изволить» + infinitive, a deferential servant's formula that flatters the addressee's every act as a gracious condescension. Combined with the «-с» particle, it is Smerdyakov's whole sycophantic register — outwardly humble, inwardly mocking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (могу-с)","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto words («могу-с», «да-с», «нет-с») is the \"word-erik\" particle, a contraction of «сударь» (\"sir\"). It signals deference or servility toward a social superior. Smerdyakov, a servant, sprinkles it through his speech. Russian has no English equivalent, so we convey the obsequious tone with an occasional \"sir\" rather than marking each one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибавил он снисходительно, как бы поощряя","title":"Gerund «поощряя» of attendant manner","body":"«Как бы поощряя сконфузившегося посетителя» — \"as though encouraging an abashed visitor.\" «Поощряя» is the imperfective present gerund (encouraging) describing the manner of his adding the remark. «Сконфузившегося» is a past active participle modifying «посетителя» (the visitor who had grown embarrassed)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to могу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"промямлил","lemma":"промямлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промямлил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промямлил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"приехать","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to arrive"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pleased"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изволили","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снисходительно","lemma":"снисходительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies поощряя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"поощряя","lemma":"поощрять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"encouraging"},{"surface":"сконфузившегося","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies посетителя","gloss":"abashed"},{"surface":"посетителя","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поощряя","gloss":"visitor"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c6-s47","source":"— Да вот только сегодня… Кашу вашу здешнюю расхлебывать.","translation":"\"Just today… come to sup up the mess you've brewed here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кашу вашу здешнюю расхлебывать","title":"«Расхлёбывать кашу» — to clean up the mess","body":"«Расхлёбывать кашу» (literally \"to sup/slurp up the porridge\") is an idiom for sorting out a mess someone has made, from «заварить кашу» — \"to brew the porridge,\" i.e. start the trouble. Ivan bitterly tells Smerdyakov he has come to eat the «кашу» Smerdyakov cooked up. The infinitive stands alone as a clipped, grim answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Кашу","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расхлебывать","gloss":"the mess","note":"Кашу расхлебывать is idiomatic: 'to sup up the mess (someone) has made.'"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Кашу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здешнюю","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Кашу","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"расхлебывать","lemma":"расхлебывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to sup up"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c6-s48","source":"Смердяков вздохнул.","translation":"Smerdyakov sighed.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c6-s49","source":"— Чего вздыхаешь, ведь ты знал? — прямо брякнул Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"What are you sighing for — you knew, didn't you?\" Ivan Fyodorovich blurted out straight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вздыхаешь, ведь ты знал?","title":"Particle «ведь» appealing to shared knowledge","body":"«Ведь ты знал?» — «ведь» appeals to what both already know: \"you knew, didn't you / after all you knew.\" It is the texture of pressing, intimate dialogue. «Чего вздыхаешь» uses colloquial genitive «чего» for «что» (\"what / why are you sighing for\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брякнул","title":"«Брякнул» — blurted out bluntly","body":"«Брякнуть» (perfective) is to blurt out or come out with something abruptly and tactlessly — originally to make a clattering noise. «Прямо брякнул» (\"blurted straight out\") catches Ivan's blunt, unguarded directness with the servant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вздыхаешь","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"вздыхаешь","lemma":"вздыхать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sighing"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вздыхаешь","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брякнул","gloss":"bluntly"},{"surface":"брякнул","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брякнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c6-s50","source":"Смердяков солидно помолчал.","translation":"Smerdyakov kept a dignified silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"солидно помолчал","title":"«По-» of a brief bounded silence","body":"«Помолчал» (perfective, «по-» + «молчать») means \"was silent for a while, kept silence a moment\" — the «по-» bounds the silence as a short, completed stretch. «Солидно» (gravely, with weight) lends Smerdyakov's pause a self-important dignity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"солидно","lemma":"солидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"with dignity"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c6-s51","source":"— Как же это было не знать-с? Наперед ясно было. Только как же было и знать-с, что так поведут?","translation":"\"How was one not to know, sir? It was clear beforehand. Only how was one to know, sir, that it would turn out this way?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же это было не знать-с?","title":"Impersonal infinitive + «было»; «же»","body":"«Как же … было не знать?» is an impersonal construction — neuter «было» plus infinitive «знать», with no nominative subject — \"how was one not to know?\" The particle «же» adds insistent, rhetorical force. «Знать-с» carries the deferential «-с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же было и знать-с, что так поведут?","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural «поведут»","body":"«Что так поведут?» — \"that they would carry it on this way.\" «Поведут» is the perfective future, 3rd person plural with no named subject, the agentless \"they\" (the authorities, events). Smerdyakov balances knowing the thing was coming against not foreseeing how it would unfold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знать","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of было","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to знать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate linked by было","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знать","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of было","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to знать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поведут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поведут","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"поведут","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"it would turn out"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c6-s52","source":"— Что поведут? Ты не виляй! Ведь вот ты же предсказал, что с тобой падучая будет тотчас, как в погреб полезешь? Прямо так на погреб и указал.","translation":"\"Turn out what way? Don't dodge! Why, you yourself foretold that the fit would come over you the moment you climbed down into the cellar. You pointed straight at the cellar.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вот ты же предсказал","title":"Stacked particles «ведь … же»","body":"«Ведь вот ты же предсказал» piles three emphatic particles — «ведь» (after all), «вот» (here, look), «же» (it was you who) — to press the accusation home. Such particle clusters are the very signature of Dostoevsky's spoken, badgering dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как в погреб полезешь","title":"Perfective future «полезешь» = 'the moment you climb down'","body":"«Как в погреб полезешь» — \"as soon as you climb down into the cellar.\" «Полезешь» is the perfective future of «полезть» (to start climbing/clambering), and «как» here is temporal \"the moment that.\" «В погреб» (accusative) marks motion into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ты не виляй!","title":"«Вилять» — to dodge, equivocate","body":"«Вилять» literally is to wag (the tail) or swerve; figuratively, to dodge, prevaricate, wriggle out of a straight answer. The negated imperative «не виляй!» — \"don't dodge!\" — recurs as Ivan's blunt demand for straightness. The imperfective imperative fits a blanket prohibition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поведут","gloss":"what way"},{"surface":"поведут","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виляй","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виляй","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"виляй","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dodge"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предсказал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предсказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предсказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"предсказал","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полезешь","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полезешь","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"полезешь","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on будет","gloss":"climb down"},{"surface":"Прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указал","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указал","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c6-s53","source":"— Вы это уже в допросе показали? — спокойно полюбопытствовал Смердяков.","translation":"\"Have you already stated that in the deposition?\" Smerdyakov inquired calmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы это уже в допросе показали?","title":"Smerdyakov's polite «вы»","body":"Smerdyakov answers with «вы» (polite/formal you: «показали») while Ivan addresses him with familiar «ты» — the asymmetry marks the master–servant gap. «Показать» here is the legal sense \"to depose, state in evidence.\" «В допросе» (in the interrogation) is prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полюбопытствовал","title":"«Полюбопытствовать» — to inquire with curiosity","body":"«Полюбопытствовать» is a faintly bookish, polite verb meaning to ask out of curiosity, to make a curious inquiry. Said of Smerdyakov «спокойно» (calmly), it underlines his unsettling composure — he \"inquired\" rather than answered, quietly turning the questioning around."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of показали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"допросе","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показали","gloss":"the deposition"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stated"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбопытствовал","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"полюбопытствовал","lemma":"полюбопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to показали","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбопытствовал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c6-s54","source":"Иван Федорович вдруг рассердился.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly grew angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг рассердился","title":"Inceptive perfective «рассердился»","body":"«Рассердился» is the perfective reflexive \"grew angry, got cross\" — the prefix «рас-» and -ся mark the entry into the state of anger as a single completed change. «Вдруг» (suddenly) underlines the abruptness of Ivan's flare-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew angry"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c6-s55","source":"— Нет, еще не показал, но покажу непременно. Ты мне, брат, многое разъяснить сейчас должен, и знай, голубчик, что я с собою играть не позволю!","translation":"\"No, I haven't stated it yet, but I shall state it without fail. You, brother, must explain a good deal to me now, and mark this, my fine fellow, that I will not let myself be toyed with!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знай, голубчик, … я с собою играть не позволю","title":"Imperative «знай»; reflexive «с собою»","body":"«Знай» is the imperative \"know, mark this.\" «С собою играть не позволю» — \"I will not allow [anyone] to play with me\": «с собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the speaker Ivan. The clipped «собою» is the bookish instrumental (modern «собой»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«Голубчик» — 'my dear fellow' (here ironic)","body":"«Голубчик» (\"little dove,\" diminutive of «голубь») is normally a warm endearment. In Ivan's mouth, hurled at the servant he is threatening, it turns curdled and menacing — \"my fine fellow.\" The affectionate diminutive carrying a threat is a sharp Dostoevskian effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to показал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have stated"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"shall state"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ты","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with должен","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ты","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, singular","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"be toyed with"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of знай","gloss":"will allow"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c6-s56","source":"— А зачем бы мне такая игра-с, когда на вас всё мое упование, единственно как на господа бога-с! — проговорил Смердяков, всё так же совсем спокойно и только на минутку закрыв глазки.","translation":"\"And why should I play any such game, sir, when all my hope is in you alone, as in the Lord God Himself, sir!\" said Smerdyakov, all the while just as perfectly calm, only for a moment closing his little eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А зачем бы мне такая игра-с","title":"Conditional «бы» in a rhetorical question","body":"«А зачем бы мне такая игра?» — \"and why should I want such a game?\" The particle «бы» casts the question as hypothetical/deliberative, softening it to \"would there be any reason.\" «Мне» is the dative experiencer (\"to me, for me\"); the verb \"to be\" is unexpressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на минутку закрыв глазки","title":"Gerund «закрыв»; diminutives","body":"«Закрыв глазки» is the perfective past gerund of «закрыть» (having closed), an attendant action — closing his eyes \"for a little minute\" («минутку», diminutive). «Глазки» (little eyes) keeps up the diminutive treatment of Smerdyakov, lending his gesture something feline and sly."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"marks conditional mood with зачем","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игра","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause with зачем","gloss":"a game"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to игра","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упование","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies упование","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упование","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упование","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"упование","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with на господа бога, parallel to на вас","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господа","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, parallel to вас","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to бога","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так же","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрыв","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with спокойно, modifying проговорил","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"his little eyes"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c6-s57","source":"— Во-первых, — приступил Иван Федорович, — я знаю, что падучую нельзя наперед предсказать. Я справлялся, ты не виляй. День и час нельзя предсказать. Как же ты мне тогда предсказал и день и час, да еще и с погребом? Как ты мог наперед узнать, что провалишься именно в этот погреб в припадке, если не притворился в падучей нарочно?","translation":"\"In the first place,\" Ivan Fyodorovich began, \"I know that a fit of the falling sickness cannot be foretold in advance. I have inquired about it — don't dodge. The day and the hour cannot be foretold. How, then, did you foretell me both the day and the hour at the time, and the cellar besides? How could you know beforehand that you would fall down into that very cellar in a fit, unless you shammed the fit on purpose?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"падучую нельзя наперед предсказать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«Нельзя … предсказать» is the impersonal modal \"one cannot / it is impossible to foretell,\" «нельзя» + infinitive, with no subject. The object «падучую» is accusative. «Наперёд» (beforehand) is a folksy synonym of «заранее». A textbook subjectless construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не притворился в падучей нарочно","title":"«Если не» + perfective past — real condition","body":"«Если не притворился … нарочно» is a real (indicative) conditional: «если» + the perfective past «притворился» — \"unless you shammed the fit on purpose.\" No «бы» here, so it is a genuine open condition, not a counterfactual. «Притвориться в» + prepositional = to feign (the illness)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что провалишься именно в этот погреб","title":"Perfective future «провалишься»","body":"«Что провалишься … в этот погреб» — \"that you would fall down into this very cellar.\" «Провалишься» is the perfective future of «провалиться» (to fall through, tumble down). «Именно» (\"precisely, that very\") and «в … погреб» (accusative of motion) sharpen Ivan's incredulous point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, modifies приступил","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, modifies приступил","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"приступил","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приступил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"падучую","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предсказать","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предсказать","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"предсказать","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of справлялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"справлялся","lemma":"справляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have inquired"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виляй","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виляй","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"виляй","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate imperative sentence","gloss":"dodge"},{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with День","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"предсказать","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предсказал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предсказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предсказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предсказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"предсказал","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did foretell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предсказал","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погребом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да еще и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погребом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"погребом","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предсказал","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of провалишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"провалишься","lemma":"провалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"you'd tumble down"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погреб","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of погреб","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провалишься","gloss":"cellar"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провалишься","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притворился","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on провалишься","gloss":"had shammed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворился","gloss":"having a fit"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притворился","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c6-s58","source":"— В погреб надлежало и без того идти-с, в день по нескольку даже раз-с, — не спеша протянул Смердяков. — Так точно год тому назад я с чердака полетел-с. Беспременно так, что падучую нельзя предсказать вперед днем и часом, но предчувствие всегда можно иметь.","translation":"\"I had to go down into the cellar anyway, sir, several times a day even, sir,\" Smerdyakov drawled unhurriedly. \"Just so, a year ago, I fell from the loft, sir. It's quite certain that the falling sickness cannot be foretold ahead by day and hour, but a foreboding of it one can always have.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В погреб надлежало … идти-с","title":"Impersonal «надлежало» = 'one had to'","body":"«Надлежало … идти» is an impersonal, bookish modal of obligation — neuter «надлежало» + infinitive, \"it was incumbent / one had to go.\" «Надлежать» is a formal, slightly archaic verb, oddly elevated in the servant's mouth (with «-с» appended). No subject is named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"год тому назад я с чердака полетел-с","title":"«Год тому назад»; «с» + genitive of source","body":"«Год тому назад» is the set phrase \"a year ago\" (with the archaic-flavoured «тому»). «С чердака полетел» — \"fell from the loft\": «с» + genitive «чердака» marks motion off/down from a surface. «Полетел» (perfective, \"went flying, took a fall\") is vivid for a tumble."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Беспременно … предчувствие всегда можно иметь","title":"«Беспременно» — sub-standard 'certainly'","body":"«Беспременно» is a colloquial, semi-illiterate folk variant of «непременно» (\"without fail, certainly\"). Smerdyakov's speech mixes such peasant forms with affected bookishness — a calculated, slippery idiolect. «Предчувствие … иметь» (to have a foreboding) softens his claim to a mere presentiment."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition В, oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"надлежало","lemma":"надлежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I had to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies без того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of без, idiom и без того (anyway)","gloss":"that","note":"и без того is a fixed idiom meaning 'anyway, regardless'."},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надлежало","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to идти","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic '-с' (from сударь) is Smerdyakov's servile speech tic, roughly 'sir'; it appears dozens of times in this passage."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в день (per day), modifies раз","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нескольку","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"нескольку","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"modifies раз (по нескольку раз = several times)","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of идти (times)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to раз","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, imperfective, converb (present)","role":"adverbial modifier of протянул","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of fixed phrase так точно (just so)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полетел, part of так точно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of adverbial phrase год тому назад, modifies полетел","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom год тому назад (a year ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes idiom тому назад, modifies полетел","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полетел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетел","gloss":"the loft"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I fell"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to полетел, sentence-final","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with the following что-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"падучую","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предсказать","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause (cannot)","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"предсказать","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предсказать","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предсказать","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with днем","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"предчувствие","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь (fronted)","gloss":"a foreboding"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"contrasted with нельзя","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c6-s59","source":"— А ты предсказал день и час!","translation":"\"But you foretold the day and the hour!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты предсказал день и час!","title":"Contrastive «а» opening the retort","body":"«А ты предсказал…!» opens with the hinge «а» — here adversative, \"but / and yet you,\" snapping back against Smerdyakov's evasion. «Предсказал» is perfective: the single completed act of foretelling. The whole exchange turns on this one fact Ivan keeps hammering."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предсказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предсказал","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предсказал","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the hour"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c6-s60","source":"— Насчет моей болезни падучей-с осведомьтесь всего лучше, сударь, у докторов здешних: истинная ли была со мной али не истинная, а мне и говорить вам больше на сей предмет нечего.","translation":"\"As to my illness, the falling sickness, sir, you would do best, sir, to make inquiry of the doctors here — whether it was a genuine one I had or not genuine; and I have nothing more to say to you on the subject.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осведомьтесь … у докторов","title":"Polite imperative «осведомьтесь»; «у» + genitive","body":"«Осведомьтесь … у докторов» — \"make inquiry of the doctors,\" the polite plural imperative (-тесь) of the reflexive «осведомиться». «У докторов здешних» uses «у» + genitive for the source of information. The bookish verb plus «сударь» drips deferential formality even as Smerdyakov stonewalls."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"истинная ли была … али не истинная","title":"Indirect question with «ли … али»","body":"«Истинная ли была … али не истинная» — \"whether it was genuine or not genuine.\" The particle «ли» frames the embedded yes/no question, and «али» is a folksy, archaic variant of «или» (\"or\"), pairing the alternatives. «Истинная» agrees with the implied «падучая» (fem.)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сей предмет нечего","title":"«Сей» / «на сей предмет» — bookish archaism","body":"«Сей» is the archaic, bookish demonstrative \"this\" (modern «этот»), and «на сей предмет» is a stiff chancery formula, \"on this subject/matter.\" Such officialese in Smerdyakov's mouth is mock-formal, a way of grandly closing the topic. «Нечего» = \"there is nothing (to say).\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомьтесь","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to болезни","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to падучей","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"осведомьтесь","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquire"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всего лучше (best of all)","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомьтесь","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking докторов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"докторов","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of осведомьтесь","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies докторов","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"истинная","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of была","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истинная (question marker)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the coordination (or)","gloss":"or","note":"али is a dialectal variant of или, 'or'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истинная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"истинная","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with истинная (first occurrence)","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of нечего","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun (modal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c6-s61","source":"— А погреб? Погреб-то как ты предузнал?","translation":"\"But the cellar? How did you foreknow about the cellar?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Погреб-то","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» fastens onto «погреб» to single it out as the known topic now under interrogation — 'the cellar, that one'. It is the emphatic, topic-flagging «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it isolates the very word Ivan keeps returning to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предузнал","title":"«предузнать» — to foreknow","body":"A bookish prefixed verb, «пред-» ('fore-') plus «узнать» ('to find out'), meaning to know in advance. The English 'foreknow' catches its slightly elevated, almost theological ring — apt as Ivan probes whether Smerdyakov had foreknowledge of the murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"Погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized direct object of предузнал","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Погреб","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the question, modifies предузнал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предузнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предузнал","lemma":"предузнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foreknow"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c6-s62","source":"— Дался вам этот самый погреб! Я тогда, как в этот погреб полез, то в страхе был и в сумлении; потому больше в страхе, что был вас лишимшись и ни от кого уже защиты не ждал в целом мире. Лезу я тогда в этот самый погреб и думаю: «Вот сейчас придет, вот она ударит, провалюсь али нет?», и от самого этого сумления вдруг схватила меня в горле эта самая неминучая спазма-с… ну и полетел. Всё это самое и весь разговор наш предыдущий с вами-с, накануне того дня вечером у ворот-с, как я вам тогда мой страх сообщил и про погреб-с, — всё это я в подробности открыл господину доктору Герценштубе и следователю Николаю Парфеновичу, и всё они в протокол записали-с. А здешний доктор господин Варвинский так пред всеми ими особо настаивали, что так именно от думы оно и произошло, от самой то есть той мнительности, «что вот, дескать, упаду аль не упаду?» А она тут и подхватила. Так и записали-с, что беспременно этому так и надо было произойти, от единого то есть моего страху-с.","translation":"\"You will keep on about that cellar! When I climbed down into it then, I was in dread and in doubt — and the more in dread because I had lost you and had no protection to look for from anyone in the whole world. So I climb down into that very cellar and I think: 'Here it comes now, here it strikes; shall I fall or not?' — and from that very doubt the inevitable spasm suddenly gripped me by the throat, sir… well, and down I went. All of this, and our whole previous conversation with you, sir, by the gate on the evening before that day, sir — how I told you my dread then and about the cellar, sir — I disclosed it all in detail to Mr. Doctor Herzenstube and to the magistrate Nikolai Parfenovich, and they put it all down in the record, sir. And the doctor here, Mr. Varvinsky, before them all especially insisted that it came about precisely from the thought — from that very apprehension, that is, 'What if I fall or not?' And then it seized me. So they wrote it down, sir, that this was bound to come about just so, from my single fear alone, sir, that is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дался вам этот самый погреб!","title":"«дался вам…» — 'why do you keep harping on…'","body":"An idiom: the reflexive past «дался» plus a dative («вам») expresses exasperation at someone's fixation — 'you won't let go of that cellar!' Literally 'that very cellar has given itself to you', it is a stock colloquial reproach."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сумлении","title":"«сумление» — peasant «сомнение»","body":"«Сумление» is a substandard, dialectal deformation of «сомнение» ('doubt'). Dostoevsky uses it, like «сумление» and the «-с» endings throughout, to render Smerdyakov's half-educated servant's speech on the page."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был вас лишимшись","title":"Non-standard gerund «лишимшись»","body":"A deliberately illiterate perfective past gerund: standard Russian would say «лишившись вас» ('having lost you'). The clumsy «-мши» form, fused with «был» into a faux perfect, is a marker of low-register, uneducated speech that Dostoevsky plants in Smerdyakov's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни от кого уже защиты не ждал","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"The «ни»-phrase «ни от кого» ('from no one') obligatorily keeps the verbal «не» («не ждал») — Russian piles negatives that resolve to a single negation. Note too the genitive object «защиты» under negation: the expected accusative shifts to genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лезу я тогда… и думаю","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"Smerdyakov switches mid-story to the imperfective present («лезу… думаю» — 'I climb… I think') though narrating the past. This vivid 'historic present' drags the listener into the moment; the imperfective foregrounds the action as ongoing process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провалюсь али нет","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, folksy variant of «или» ('or'), recurring in Smerdyakov's speech (and again as «аль» below). It belongs to the rustic, half-literate register Dostoevsky builds for him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неминучая спазма","title":"«неминучий» — folk 'unavoidable'","body":"«Неминучий» is a colloquial doublet of bookish «неминуемый» ('inescapable, fated'). Paired with «спазма» (here feminine, the older gender of the loanword) it has a fatalistic, folk-superstitious colour — the fit as something destined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"настаивали… согласились","title":"Honorific plural for one person","body":"«Доктор… настаивали» and elsewhere «Дмитрий Федорович… не сделали» take plural verbs for a single, socially superior individual. This deferential 'respectful plural' is a servant's grammar — Smerdyakov elevates his betters by pluralising the verb agreeing with them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дался","lemma":"даться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"obsesses","note":"Дался вам этот погреб! is an idiom: 'this cellar has become an obsession with you.'"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Дался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of погреб","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погреб","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Дался","gloss":"cellar"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полез","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of погреб","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полез","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"полез","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (как...)","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сумлении","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страхе","gloss":"doubt","note":"сумление is a dialectal form of сомнение, 'doubt'."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (because), modifies больше","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the following predicate (в страхе)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишимшись (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"forms perfect with лишимшись","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of лишимшись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишимшись","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (having lost you)","gloss":"having lost","note":"лишимшись is a dialectal spelling of лишившись."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от кого (negative concord)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object (genitive) of ждал","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated clause with был лишимшись","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"Лезу","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I climb"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лезу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лезу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of погреб","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погреб","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Лезу","gloss":"cellar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лезу","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted thought","gloss":"it comes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ударит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ударит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ударит","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"провалюсь","lemma":"провалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"shall I fall"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the coordination (or)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with провалюсь (elliptical: or not)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сумления","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горле","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"горле","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"the throat"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спазма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спазма","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неминучая","lemma":"неминучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спазма","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"спазма","lemma":"спазма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"spasm"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to спазма","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ну and полетел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"down I went"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это (all this)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the dislocated topic phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links это and разговор","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with это (topic phrase)","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"предыдущий","lemma":"предыдущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разговор","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to вами","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 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сообщил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (как...)","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links страх сообщил and про погреб 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feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"доктору","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктору","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with господину доктору","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to следователю","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of записали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of записали","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"recorded"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to записали, sentence-final","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивали","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"Варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on господин","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ими","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ими","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред, modifying настаивали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"особо","lemma":"особо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивали","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"настаивали","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking думы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"думы","lemma":"дума","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies произошло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of настаивали","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мнительности","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мнительности","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"apprehension"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause, in apposition to мнительности","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дескать","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"marks reported thought, modifies упаду","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"упаду","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"shall I fall"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the coordination (or)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упаду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упаду","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упаду (first occurrence)","gloss":"or not"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies подхватила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recorded"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to записали","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies надо (так и надо)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause, clausal complement of записали","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страху","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to страху, sentence-final","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c6-s63","source":"Проговорив это, Смердяков, как бы измученный утомлением, глубоко перевел дыхание.","translation":"Having said this, Smerdyakov, as though worn out with exhaustion, drew a deep breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проговорив это","title":"Perfective past gerund «проговорив»","body":"A textbook «деепричастие»: the perfective gerund «проговорив» ('having said') names an action completed just before the main verb «перевел дыхание». It must share the main subject (Smerdyakov) and compresses 'when he had said this' into one word — the hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы измученный утомлением","title":"Short-stem participle + «как бы»","body":"«Измученный» is a past passive participle ('worn out') used adjectivally, and «как бы» ('as if, as though') hedges the narrator's claim — a favourite Dostoevskian qualifier that keeps the inner state provisional, an appearance rather than a fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перевел","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Проговорив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перевел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as though)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"измученный","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Смердяков","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"утомлением","lemma":"утомление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измученный","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевел","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"перевел","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"дыхание","lemma":"дыхание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перевел","gloss":"a breath"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c6-s64","source":"— Так ты уж это объявлял в показании? — спросил несколько опешенный Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"So you have already declared this in your evidence?\" asked Ivan Fyodorovich, somewhat taken aback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было пугнуть","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«Было» after a past-tense verb marks an action begun or intended but cut short or reversed — 'was about to / set out to'. Here «объявлял было»-type force gives 'he had meant to frighten him', an intention overtaken by events; it recurs as «хотел было вернуться» below."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опешенный","title":"«опешить» — to be taken aback","body":"«Опешить» means to be suddenly bewildered, knocked off balance; the participle «опешенный» renders Ivan momentarily stumped that Smerdyakov has pre-empted his threat. A vivid, slightly colloquial verb of sudden confusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявлял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявлял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявлял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявлял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"объявлял","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"показании","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявлял","gloss":"your evidence"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on опешенный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"опешенный","lemma":"опешенный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"taken aback"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c6-s65","source":"Он именно хотел было пугнуть его тем, что объявит про их тогдашний разговор, а оказалось, что тот уж и сам всё объявил.","translation":"He had meant precisely to frighten him with the threat of declaring their conversation of that time, and it turned out that the man had already declared it all himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было пугнуть его тем, что объявит","title":"Correlative «тем, что…»","body":"The instrumental demonstrative «тем» ('by that') sets up a correlative answered by the «что»-clause — 'frighten him by the [fact] that he would declare…'. This тот/то + что scaffolding lets Russian nominalise a whole clause and slot it into a case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось, что тот уж и сам всё объявил","title":"Impersonal «оказалось» + «тот»","body":"«Оказалось» ('it turned out') is a subjectless impersonal verb introducing a что-clause. Within it «тот» ('that one, the man') is used pronominally for Smerdyakov, the way Russian narrative tracks a referent already in focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, past, marks an intention that was interrupted","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"was about to","note":"хотел было is a fixed idiom: 'meant to (but...)'."},{"surface":"пугнуть","lemma":"пугнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пугнуть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пугнуть","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"объявит","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"he would declare"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"тогдашний","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"had declared"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c6-s66","source":"— Чего мне бояться? Пускай всю правду истинную запишут, — твердо произнес Смердяков.","translation":"\"What have I to be afraid of? Let them write down the whole truth, the real truth,\" Smerdyakov pronounced firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего мне бояться?","title":"Genitive object of «бояться» + dative subject","body":"«Бояться» ('to fear') is an inherently reflexive «-ся» verb that governs the genitive, hence «чего» (gen. of «что») rather than accusative. The experiencer stands in the dative («мне») in this subjectless rhetorical question — 'what is there for me to fear?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пускай всю правду истинную запишут","title":"Third-person imperative with «пускай»","body":"«Пускай» (colloquial for «пусть») plus a third-person perfective («запишут») forms a let-them imperative — 'let them write down'. The perfective frames the writing as a single completed act, and «запишут» without a stated subject leaves the officials implicit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бояться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"subject of бояться","gloss":"I","note":"Dative 'logical subject' with the infinitive: 'мне бояться' = 'for me to fear'."},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"Пускай","lemma":"пускай","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запишут","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запишут","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"истинную","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"запишут","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c6-s67","source":"— И про наш разговор с тобой у ворот всё до слова рассказал?","translation":"\"And our conversation by the gate — you recounted it all, word for word?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё до слова","title":"«до слова» — 'word for word'","body":"The idiom «до слова» ('down to the [last] word') means verbatim, exhaustively. The genitive after «до» is governed by the preposition; the phrase recurs in the next exchange as Smerdyakov qualifies how completely he confessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c6-s68","source":"— Нет, не то чтобы всё до слова-с.","translation":"\"No, not quite word for word, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы всё","title":"«не то чтобы» — hedged negation","body":"«Не то чтобы…» ('not exactly / not that…') is a fixed concessive hedge that softens and qualifies a denial. Smerdyakov uses it to half-admit, half-deny — he told them, but 'not exactly word for word, sir'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as the answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly","note":"'не то чтобы' is a fixed idiom meaning 'not quite/not exactly'."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the implied verb (told)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to слова","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c6-s69","source":"— А что представляться в падучей умеешь, как хвастался мне тогда, тоже сказал?","translation":"\"And that you can sham a fit, as you boasted to me then — did you tell them that too?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"представляться в падучей","title":"«падучая» — the falling-sickness","body":"«Падучая» (from «падать», 'to fall') is the old folk name for epilepsy, literally 'the falling [болезнь]'. «Представляться в падучей» is to feign an epileptic fit — Smerdyakov's alleged trick, central to the question of his alibi."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хвастался","title":"«хвастаться» — to boast","body":"An imperfective «-ся» verb of vaunting oneself; the imperfective past «хвастался» frames the boasting as a remembered act of that earlier conversation. Echoed below by «похвалиться» ('to show off a little')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умеешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеешь","gloss":"feign"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляться","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"умеешь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хвастался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хвастался","lemma":"хвастаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying умеешь","gloss":"boasted"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хвастался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хвастался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did tell"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c6-s70","source":"— Нет, этого тоже не сказал-с.","translation":"\"No, that I did not tell either, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as the answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did tell"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to сказал","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c6-s71","source":"— Скажи ты мне теперь, для чего ты меня тогда в Чермашню посылал?","translation":"\"Tell me now: why did you send me off to Chermashnya that time?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего ты меня тогда в Чермашню посылал","title":"«для чего» + imperfective of attempt","body":"«Для чего» ('for what, to what end') asks purpose. The imperfective past «посылал» (vs. perfective «послал») frames the sending as a process or repeated urging — 'why were you sending / trying to send me' — fitting an action whose success Ivan is now questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Скажи","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"what","note":"'для чего' idiomatically means 'why'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did send"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c6-s72","source":"— Боялся, что в Москву уедете, в Чермашню всё же ближе-с.","translation":"\"I was afraid you'd go off to Moscow; Chermashnya is nearer, all the same, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боялся, что в Москву уедете","title":"Dropped subject + perfective future in «что»-clause","body":"«Боялся» drops its subject (recoverable as 'I'), normal where the ending and context suffice. Inside the «что»-clause the perfective «уедете» ('you would go off [for good]') has future force — a feared single departure — and «уедете» is the respectful 2nd-pl. «вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё же ближе","title":"Bare comparative «ближе»","body":"«Ближе» is the invariable predicative comparative of «близкий» ('near') — 'nearer'. The particle «всё же» ('all the same, still') concedes the point grudgingly; together a quiet, characteristic hedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уедете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уедете","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"уедете","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Боялся","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause (Чермашню... ближе)","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to ближе","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c6-s73","source":"— Врешь, ты сам приглашал меня уехать: уезжайте, говорил, от греха долой!","translation":"\"You're lying — you yourself urged me to leave: 'Go away,' you said, 'out of harm's way!'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Врешь","title":"«врать» — to lie / talk rot","body":"«Врёшь!» ('you're lying!') is blunt, colloquial, and confrontational — sharper than the neutral «лгать». Ivan throws it at Smerdyakov repeatedly here, the verbal jab of a man who feels manipulated."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от греха долой","title":"«от греха долой» — out of harm's way","body":"A set phrase, literally 'away from sin', meaning to remove oneself from trouble before it happens. «Долой» ('away with, off') is an emphatic adverb of riddance; the whole idiom recurs as «от греха» throughout the chapter, freighting Smerdyakov's advice with ominous double meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уезжайте, говорил","title":"Reported speech as bare imperative","body":"Ivan quotes Smerdyakov's words directly — the imperfective imperative «уезжайте» ('keep going away / go away') — framed only by the dropped-subject «говорил». Russian freely drops «я» and embeds raw quotation without 'that', giving dialogue its clipped immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приглашал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"приглашал","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Врешь","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приглашал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приглашал","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"уезжайте","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative, complement of говорил","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, inserted mid-quote","gloss":"you said"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking греха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of долой","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"долой","lemma":"долой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжайте","gloss":"away","note":"'от греха долой' is the idiom 'out of harm's way'."}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c6-s74","source":"— Это я тогда по единому к вам дружеству и по сердечной моей преданности, предчувствуя в доме беду-с, вас жалеючи. Только себя больше вашего сожалел-с. Потому и говорил: уезжайте от греха, чтобы вы поняли, что дома худо будет, и остались бы родителя защитить.","translation":"\"That I said then out of pure friendship for you and out of my heartfelt devotion, foreseeing trouble in the house, sir, out of pity for you. Only I pitied my own self more than you, sir. That is why I said: go away, out of harm's way — so that you would understand that ill would befall at home, and would stay to defend your parent.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по единому к вам дружеству","title":"«единый» — bookish 'sole, pure'","body":"«Единый» ('one and only, sole') is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured word for ordinary «один»; «по единому дружеству» = 'out of pure friendship alone'. Smerdyakov sprinkles such pious-bookish touches («по сердечной преданности») to dress up his motives, and «единый» returns below in «от единого моего страху»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствуя в доме беду","title":"Imperfective present gerund «предчувствуя»","body":"«Предчувствуя» ('foreseeing, having a foreboding of') is an imperfective present «деепричастие» expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb. It opens a chain of gerunds typical of literary Russian and recurs across the chapter («жалеючи», «себя спасая», «знамши»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас жалеючи","title":"Folk gerund «жалеючи»","body":"«Жалеючи» ('pitying') is a folksy, archaic present gerund in «-ючи» (vs. standard «жалея»). The old «-учи/-ючи» form survives in songs, proverbs, and peasant speech — Dostoevsky uses it to colour Smerdyakov's voice with rustic sentiment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы поняли… и остались бы","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтобы» here means 'so that' and obligatorily takes the past-form verb («поняли… остались») as its irrealis, not a present or future. The stray «бы» on «остались бы» merely reinforces the «чтобы» already containing it — a redundancy natural in spoken style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by я","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дружеству","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"единому","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дружеству","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies дружеству","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дружеству","lemma":"дружество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"сердечной","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies преданности","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of преданности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"преданности","lemma":"преданность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дружеству","gloss":"devotion"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on я","gloss":"foreseeing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствуя","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствуя","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to беду","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жалеючи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жалеючи","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on я","gloss":"pitying"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сожалел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сожалел","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, used substantively","role":"object of comparison, modifies больше","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"сожалел","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to сожалел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"уезжайте","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of говорил","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking греха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжайте","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поняли","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause, complement of говорил","gloss":"would understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of худо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"clausal complement of поняли","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to худо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поняли","gloss":"would stay"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of остались","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защитить","gloss":"your father"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"defend"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c6-s75","source":"— Так ты бы прямее сказал, дурак! — вспыхнул вдруг Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Then you should have said it more plainly, you fool!\" Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly flared up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ты бы прямее сказал","title":"Conditional «бы» as reproachful 'should have'","body":"Past-tense «сказал» plus «бы» yields the irrealis — but in this exclamatory frame it carries the sense 'you ought to have said it!'. Russian commonly uses the subjunctive for retrospective reproach; «прямее» is the bare comparative 'more plainly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспыхнул","title":"«вспыхнуть» — to flare up","body":"Literally 'to blaze up, catch fire', «вспыхнуть» is used of a sudden flush of anger — Ivan 'flared up'. The perfective marks the instantaneous flash; it recurs as «вспыхнув» and underlies the chapter's portrait of Ivan's frayed nerves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказал","gloss":"should have"},{"surface":"прямее","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"more plainly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition with ты","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"вспыхнул","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспыхнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c6-s76","source":"— Как же бы я мог тогда прямее сказать-с? Один лишь страх во мне говорил-с, да и вы могли осердиться. Я, конечно, опасаться мог, чтобы Дмитрий Федорович не сделали какого скандалу, и самые эти деньги не унесли, так как их всё равно что за свои почитали, а вот кто же знал, что таким убивством кончится? Думал, они просто только похитят эти три тысячи рублей, что у барина под тюфяком лежали-с, в пакете-с, а они вот убили-с. Где же и вам угадать было, сударь?","translation":"\"And how could I have said it more plainly then, sir? It was fear alone that spoke in me, sir, and besides, you might have taken offense. I might, of course, have feared that Dmitri Fyodorovich would make some scandal and carry off those very same notes — for he reckoned them his own all the same — but who could have known then that it would end in such a murder? I thought they'd simply make off with those three thousand rubles that lay under the master's mattress, sir, in the packet, sir; but instead they killed him, sir. How were you to guess it either, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же бы я мог тогда прямее сказать-с?","title":"Conditional «мог бы» + insistent «же»","body":"«Мог бы… сказать» is the past-conditional 'could I have said'. The modal particle «же» injects insistent, slightly indignant appeal — 'how on earth could I…?' — and «бы» leans onto the first stressed words, as it tends to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы Дмитрий Федорович не сделали какого скандалу","title":"Fear-clause «чтобы… не» + genitive object","body":"After «опасаться» ('to fear'), «чтобы… не» introduces the feared outcome with the past-form irrealis — 'lest D.F. make some scandal'. The honorific plural «не сделали» again exalts D.F., and «какого скандалу» shows the genitive of negation (note the old partitive «-у» in «скандалу»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за свои почитали","title":"«почитать за своё» — to reckon as one's own","body":"«Почитать за…» (here imperfective «почитали») is a bookish idiom 'to consider / reckon as'. Dmitri 'reckoned the money his own' — «за свои» using the reflexive possessive «свой». The verb is loftier than plain «считать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убивством","title":"«убивство» — folk «убийство»","body":"«Убивство» is a colloquial/older form of «убийство» ('murder'). The substandard variant, like «сумление» and «оченно», stations Smerdyakov firmly in the half-literate servant class even as he reasons with disconcerting subtlety."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — the full honorific 'sir'","body":"«Сударь» is the polite address to a gentleman, the unclipped source of the clitic «-с». Smerdyakov ends his speech with the full «сударь?», a flourish of deference whose excess, given the matter, verges on the mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прямее","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"more plainly"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to сказать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies страх","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страх","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to говорил","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"осердиться","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"get angry"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"опасаться","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"not","note":"'опасаться, чтобы не' is a fear-construction ('lest'); the не is grammatically required and is not rendered as a negative in the translation."},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мог","gloss":"would make"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скандалу","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"скандалу","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of унесли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унесли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"унесли","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделали","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как, introduces clause of почитали","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of почитали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно что","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно что","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom всё равно что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свои","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of почитали","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"почитали","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"reason clause modifying унесли","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убивством","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"убивством","lemma":"убивство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would end"},{"surface":"Думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of похитят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похитят","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похитят","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"похитят","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Думал","gloss":"would steal"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of похитят","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, used as a relative pronoun","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лежали","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying рублей","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to лежали","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лежали","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to пакете","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with похитят","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to убили","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"subject of угадать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the question, with было","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of угадать","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c6-s77","source":"— Так если сам говоришь, что нельзя было угадать, как же я мог догадаться и остаться? Что ты путаешь? — вдумываясь, проговорил Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Well, if you yourself say it could not be guessed, then how could I have guessed it and stayed? What are you muddling about?\" said Ivan Fyodorovich, pondering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же я мог догадаться и остаться?","title":"Modal «мог» + perfective infinitives","body":"«Мог догадаться и остаться» ('could I have guessed and stayed') pairs «мочь» with two perfective infinitives, each naming a single completed act. The particle «же» again voices the exasperated rhetorical edge, while the conditional past force ('could have') is carried by «мог» alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдумываясь","title":"Present gerund «вдумываясь»","body":"«Вдумываясь» ('pondering, thinking deeply into') is an imperfective present gerund tagging the manner of Ivan's speech — he speaks 'while pondering'. Such a gerund framing a speech verb is a standard Dostoevskian narrative move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говоришь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of говоришь","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have guessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with догадаться","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of путаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of путаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"путаешь","lemma":"путать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muddling"},{"surface":"вдумываясь","lemma":"вдумываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c6-s78","source":"— А потому и могли догадаться, что я вас в Чермашню направляю вместо этой Москвы-с.","translation":"\"You might have guessed it from this, sir — that I was directing you to Chermashnya instead of that Moscow, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А потому и могли догадаться, что я вас… направляю","title":"«потому… что» split for causal force","body":"Smerdyakov opens with the consequence — «потому и могли догадаться» ('that is just why you could have guessed') — and the «что»-clause delivers the cause. The fronted «а потому» ('and that's why') gives a triumphant, clinching rhetoric; «направляю» is historic present."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"from that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of направляю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of направляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of направляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направляю","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"направляю","lemma":"направлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадаться","gloss":"was sending"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Москвы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направляю","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (short for сударь)","role":"deferential particle attached to направляю","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c6-s79","source":"— Да как тут догадаться!","translation":"\"How was one to guess from that!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как тут догадаться!","title":"Subjectless infinitive of impossibility","body":"A bare infinitive «догадаться» with no subject expresses the impossibility of the act — 'how was one to guess!'. The opening «да» is an exasperated discourse particle ('come now, but') and «тут» ('here, from that') points back to Smerdyakov's hint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадаться","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадаться","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадаться","gloss":"from that"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guess"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c6-s80","source":"Смердяков казался очень утомленным и опять помолчал с минуту.","translation":"Smerdyakov seemed very tired and again kept silent for a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал с минуту","title":"«по-» of brief duration + «с» of approximation","body":"The prefix «по-» on «помолчать» ('to be silent for a while') makes a delimitative perfective — silence for a bounded little span. The preposition «с» plus accusative «с минуту» means 'about a minute', an approximative reading of «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомленным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"утомленным","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with казался","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчал","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c6-s81","source":"— Тем самым-с догадаться могли-с, что коли я вас от Москвы в Чермашню отклоняю, то, значит, присутствия вашего здесь желаю ближайшего, потому что Москва далеко, а Дмитрий Федорович, знамши, что вы недалеко, не столь ободрены будут. Да и меня могли в большей скорости, в случае чего, приехать и защитить, ибо сам я вам на болезнь Григория Васильича к тому же указывал, да и то, что падучей боюсь. А объяснив вам про эти стуки, по которым к покойному можно было войти, и что они Дмитрию Федоровичу через меня все известны, думал, что вы уже сами тогда догадаетесь, что они что-нибудь непременно совершат, и не то что в Чермашню, а и вовсе останетесь.","translation":"\"You might have guessed from this very thing, sir — that if I'm turning you away from Moscow toward Chermashnya, it means I want your presence here closer at hand, sir, because Moscow is far off, whereas Dmitri Fyodorovich, knowing you are not far away, would be the less emboldened. And you could, in case of anything, come the quicker and defend me — for I myself had besides pointed out to you Grigory Vasilyich's illness, sir, and that I was afraid of a fit. And in explaining to you about those knocks, by which one could get in to the deceased, and that they were all known to Dmitri Fyodorovich through me, I thought you would by then guess for yourself that they would certainly do something — and not go off to Chermashnya at all, but stay altogether.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли я вас от Москвы в Чермашню отклоняю, то, значит…","title":"Folk «коли… то» conditional","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial/archaic 'if', answered by the resumptive «то» ('then') — 'if I'm turning you away…, then it means…'. The real-condition pair uses the indicative present «отклоняю», not «бы», and «коли» recurs throughout Smerdyakov's speech for «если»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столь ободрены будут","title":"Short passive participle in the future","body":"«Ободрены будут» joins the future of «быть» to the short past-passive participle «ободрены» ('emboldened') — the periphrastic passive in future tense. «Столь» ('so') is the bookish correlate of «так», heightening the register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знамши","title":"Illiterate gerund «знамши»","body":"«Знамши» is a substandard perfective-style gerund from «знать», where literate Russian would use the imperfective «зная» ('knowing'). The «-мши» ending is a strong marker of uneducated speech — Dostoevsky's repeated phonetic-grammatical brand on Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is a high-register, archaic causal conjunction ('for, inasmuch as'), at home in Scripture, sermon, and 19th-c. prose. Its appearance in a servant's mouth is part of the strange mix of low dialect and lofty borrowed phrasing that makes Smerdyakov's speech so uncanny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что они что-нибудь непременно совершат","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» + perfective future","body":"«Что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'something, anything', the «-нибудь» series for an unknown-and-unfixed referent. The perfective future «совершат» ('they would do / carry out') names a single anticipated completed act — 'they would certainly do something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms the idiom тем самым (by that very thing), modifies могли","gloss":"by that","note":"«Тем самым» is a fixed idiom meaning \"by that very fact/thing.\""},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"attaches to самым as a polite particle","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic «-с» is an old deferential particle, roughly \"sir/madam,\" tacked onto a word in servile or very polite speech."},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"attaches to могли as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, complement of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (conditional \"if\")","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying желаю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отклоняю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отклоняю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отклоняю","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отклоняю","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"отклоняю","lemma":"отклонять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the coli-clause (introduced by коли)","gloss":"am turning away"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb (correlative \"then\")","role":"introduces the resulting clause, correlative to коли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"присутствия","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желаю (genitive)","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies присутствия","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присутствия","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the resulting clause","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"ближайшего","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies присутствия","gloss":"nearest at hand"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Москва","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of далеко","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the потому-что clause (reason for желаю)","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ободрены будут","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"знамши","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (colloquial), imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ободрены будут","gloss":"knowing","note":"Colloquial folk form of the converb «зная/знавши» — Smerdyakov's ungrammatical speech."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, complement of знамши","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of недалеко","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the embedded clause (вы недалеко)","gloss":"not far away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрены","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ободрены","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate complement, subject Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"emboldened"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ободрены","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of могли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скорости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большей","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скорости","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"скорости","lemma":"скорость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приехать (manner)","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехать","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"of anything"},{"surface":"приехать","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехать","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указывал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (emphatic)","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of указывал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"Васильича","lemma":"васильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyich's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же, modifies указывал","gloss":"that","note":"«К тому же» is a fixed idiom meaning \"besides, moreover.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause (reason for могли)","gloss":"had pointed out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of указывал (also pointed out this)","gloss":"that too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of боюсь","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause modifying то","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объяснив","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on думал","gloss":"having explained"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объяснив","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стуки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стуки","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of объяснив","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покойному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"покойному","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the deceased"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying стуки","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause, complement of объяснив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of известны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известны (known to)","gloss":"to Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of известны","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (floating quantifier)","role":"modifies они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the clause (они... известны)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догадаетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of догадаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадаетесь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадаетесь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"догадаетесь","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"will guess"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of совершат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершат, forms что-нибудь (something)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что to form что-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершат","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"совершат","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of догадаетесь","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а (not that...but)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"that","note":"«Не то что... а» is a contrastive idiom: \"not that X... but rather Y.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an implied verb, contrasted with останетесь","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а и вовсе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останетесь","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"останетесь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with совершат (contrastive result)","gloss":"will stay"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c6-s82","source":"«Он очень связно говорит, — подумал Иван Федорович, — хоть и мямлит; про какое же Герценштубе говорил расстройство способностей?»","translation":"\"He talks very coherently,\" thought Ivan Fyodorovich, \"for all his mumbling; what disorder of the faculties was Herzenstube speaking about?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мямлит","title":"«мямлить» — to mumble, drone","body":"«Мямлить» is to speak slowly, indistinctly, hesitantly — to drawl and mumble. Ivan marvels that Smerdyakov reasons 'very coherently' («связно») 'for all his mumbling', a contrast that unsettles him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про какое же… расстройство способностей","title":"Internal monologue with «же»","body":"Ivan's silent question carries the insistent «же» into free thought — 'what disorder of the faculties, then…?'. «Про» + accusative ('about') is the colloquial counterpart to bookish «о» + prepositional; «расстройство способностей» echoes Herzenstube's clinical diagnosis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"связно","lemma":"связно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"coherently"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хоть и (although), modifies мямлит","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мямлит","lemma":"мямлить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"he mumbles"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстройство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of расстройство","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"расстройство","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of про (object of preposition)","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies расстройство","gloss":"of the faculties"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c6-s83","source":"— Хитришь ты со мной, черт тебя дери! — воскликнул он, осердившись.","translation":"\"You're playing tricks on me, the devil take you!\" he exclaimed, growing angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Хитришь ты со мной","title":"«хитрить» — to be sly, scheme","body":"«Хитрить» ('to play sly, use cunning') accuses Smerdyakov of crafty maneuvering. The fronted verb with post-posed «ты» («хитришь ты») throws the stress onto the action — 'you're scheming with me!' — typical emphatic word order in heated speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт тебя дери","title":"«чёрт тебя дери» — 'the devil take you'","body":"A common curse, literally 'may the devil tear you'; «дери» is the imperative of «драть» in an optative malediction. Ivan flings it twice in the chapter — colloquial, hot-tempered, and, given the novel's diabolic undercurrents, quietly charged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осердившись","title":"Past gerund «осердившись»","body":"«Осердившись» ('having grown angry') is a perfective past gerund framing the manner of his exclamation. The verb «осердиться» itself is an older/colloquial doublet of «рассердиться»; the gerund places the anger just prior to and attending the outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хитришь","lemma":"хитрить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're being sly"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хитришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of Хитришь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хитришь","gloss":"take","note":"«Чёрт тебя дери» is a curse idiom, literally \"may the devil tear/take you.\""},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Хитришь","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"осердившись","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"growing angry"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c6-s84","source":"— А я, признаться, тогда подумал, что вы уж совсем догадались, — с самым простодушным видом отпарировал Смердяков.","translation":"\"And I, I'll confess, thought then that you had altogether guessed it,\" Smerdyakov parried with the most ingenuous air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отпарировал","title":"«отпарировать» — to parry (a thrust)","body":"A fencing metaphor borrowed into speech: «отпарировать» ('to parry, riposte') casts the dialogue as a duel. Smerdyakov 'parries' Ivan's accusation — the verb tells us this verbal fencing-match has a winner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с самым простодушным видом","title":"«простодушный» — guileless, simple-hearted","body":"«Простодушный» ('simple-souled, ingenuous') is the keyword of Smerdyakov's self-presentation in this chapter — he repeatedly pleads «простодушие». The superlative-flavoured «с самым… видом» ('with the most… air') underlines the studied innocence of the mask."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догадались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of догадались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадались","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"догадались","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"had guessed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простодушным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"простодушным","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"ingenuous"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпарировал","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"отпарировал","lemma":"отпарировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to догадались","gloss":"parried"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпарировал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c6-s85","source":"— Кабы догадался, так остался бы! — вскричал Иван Федорович, опять вспыхнув.","translation":"\"If I'd guessed it, I would have stayed!\" cried Ivan Fyodorovich, flaring up again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кабы догадался, так остался бы!","title":"Folk counterfactual «кабы… так… бы»","body":"«Кабы» is a colloquial/folk fusion of «как бы / если бы» ('if [only]'), opening an unreal past condition; the apodosis «остался бы» supplies the «бы» + past-form subjunctive. 'Had I guessed, I'd have stayed' — a pure contrary-to-fact conditional in rustic dress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (conditional \"if\", colloquial)","role":"introduces the conditional clause, modifies остался","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (introduced by Кабы)","gloss":"I had guessed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (correlative)","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequence clause","gloss":"would have stayed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks остался as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to догадался","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспыхнув","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вспыхнув","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"flaring up"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c6-s86","source":"— Ну-с, а я-то думал, что вы, обо всем догадамшись, скорее как можно уезжаете лишь от греха одного, чтобы только убежать куда-нибудь, себя спасая от страху-с.","translation":"\"Well now, sir, and I had thought that you, having guessed everything, were getting away as quick as ever you could, only out of harm's way — just to run off somewhere, saving yourself from fear, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обо всем догадамшись","title":"Illiterate gerund «догадамшись»","body":"Another «-мши» monstrosity: «догадамшись» for standard «догадавшись» ('having guessed'). The perfective past gerund names a prior completed act, but its deformed shape keeps Smerdyakov's diction conspicuously low even as he reconstructs Ivan's supposed reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя спасая от страху","title":"Reflexive «себя» + gerund + partitive «-у»","body":"«Себя спасая» ('saving yourself') uses the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (no nominative form) with a present gerund. Note «от страху» with the old partitive/second-genitive «-у» ending instead of «-а» — an archaic-colloquial touch frequent in Smerdyakov's speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я-то думал","title":"The contrastive «а» + emphatic «я-то»","body":"«А» opens a mild contrast/topic-shift ('well now, whereas I…'), and the clitic «-то» on «я» foregrounds the speaker against the other view — 'I, for my part, had thought'. Two tiny words load the line with insinuation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle/interjection","role":"discourse particle opening the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"attaches to Ну as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"attaches to я as an emphatic particle","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уезжаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадамшись","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"догадамшись","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (colloquial), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уезжаете","gloss":"having guessed","note":"Colloquial folk form of the converb «догадавшись» — Smerdyakov's ungrammatical speech."},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжаете","gloss":"as fast"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно (as...as possible)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"уезжаете","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"were getting away"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от греха","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking греха","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжаете","gloss":"harm's way"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежать","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"убежать","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уезжаете","gloss":"run off"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase куда-нибудь (somewhere), modifies убежать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase куда-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасая","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"спасая","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убежать","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасая","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"attaches to страху as a polite particle, sentence-final","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c6-s87","source":"— Ты думал, что все такие же трусы, как ты?","translation":"\"You thought everyone was as much a coward as you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все такие же трусы, как ты","title":"Comparison «такой же… как» + nominative predicate","body":"«Такие же… как» ('just the same… as') sets up an equative comparison; «же» here reinforces sameness, not insistence. The predicate noun «трусы» ('cowards') stands in the nominative in the zero-copula present — 'everyone is as much a coward as you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трусы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трусы","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трусы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"трусы","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"cowards"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"clause modifying трусы","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c6-s88","source":"— Простите-с, подумал, что и вы, как и я.","translation":"\"Forgive me, sir, I thought that you too were like myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал, что и вы, как и я","title":"Elliptical predicate with twin «и… и»","body":"The clause has no verb after «вы» — 'that you too, just like me [were a coward]' — Russian readily drops the recoverable predicate. The repeated additive «и… и» ('you too… as I') quietly levels Ivan with the self-confessed coward, the sting Smerdyakov intends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative, polite request set apart from the main clause","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"attaches to Простите as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"clause modifying вы","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c6-s89","source":"— Конечно, надо было догадаться, — волновался Иван, — да я и догадывался об чем-нибудь мерзком с твоей стороны… Только ты врешь, опять врешь, — вскричал он, вдруг припомнив. — Помнишь, как ты к тарантасу тогда подошел и мне сказал: «С умным человеком и поговорить любопытно». Значит, рад был, что я уезжаю, коль похвалил?","translation":"\"Of course I ought to have guessed,\" Ivan said, agitated, \"and indeed I did surmise some vileness on your part… Only you're lying, lying again,\" he cried, suddenly recalling. \"Remember how you came up to the carriage that time and said to me: 'It is interesting to talk even with a clever man.' That means you were glad I was leaving, since you praised me for it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и догадывался об чем-нибудь мерзком","title":"Imperfective «догадывался» of repeated surmise","body":"Against the perfective «догадаться» (a single act of guessing), the imperfective «догадывался» casts Ivan's suspicion as an ongoing, recurrent surmising — 'I did keep surmising'. The «и» before it is emphatic ('indeed I did'); «об чём-нибудь» again the non-specific «-нибудь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзком… мерзость","title":"«мерзость» — vileness, baseness","body":"«Мерзость» ('foulness, abomination') and its adjective «мерзкий» recur as Ivan's word for what he expected of Smerdyakov. It is a strong moral-disgust term, weightier than 'nastiness', and threads through Ivan's whole reckoning with his own complicity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тарантасу","title":"«тарантас» — the springless travelling cart","body":"A «тарантас» is a long, springless four-wheeled carriage on flexible wooden poles, the standard conveyance for rough Russian country roads. Smerdyakov came up to it as Ivan set off — a homely period detail anchoring the remembered scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, рад был, что я уезжаю, коль похвалил?","title":"«коль» causal + short adjective «рад»","body":"«Коль» (clipped «коли») here reads causally — 'since you praised'. «Рад» is a short-form adjective that exists only as a predicate ('glad'), and «значит» ('that means, so') threads Ivan's deduction. The imperfective «уезжаю» is historic present inside the quotation of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, modifies надо было догадаться","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, main verb of the clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to have guessed"},{"surface":"волновался","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"fretted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of волновался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of догадывался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадывался","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"догадывался","lemma":"догадываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"surmised"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"part of the phrase чем-нибудь (something)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"мерзком","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем-нибудь","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с твоей стороны (on your part)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадывался","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врешь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of врешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врешь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врешь","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to врешь","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнив","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"припомнив","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подошел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тарантасу","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"тарантасу","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помнишь","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the quoted sentence, oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the quoted sentence","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject-infinitive of любопытно (quoted sentence)","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уезжаю","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause, modifies рад","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"похвалил","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коль-clause (reason)","gloss":"praised"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c6-s90","source":"Смердяков еще и еще раз вздохнул.","translation":"Smerdyakov sighed yet again and again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще и еще раз вздохнул","title":"Iterative «ещё и ещё раз»","body":"The doubled «ещё и ещё раз» ('again and yet again') stresses repetition, yet the verb is the perfective «вздохнул» ('sighed [once]') — each sigh a single completed act, the repetition carried by the adverbial, not by imperfective aspect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздохнул","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздохнул","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c6-s91","source":"В лице его как бы показалась краска.","translation":"A flush seemed to come into his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В лице его как бы показалась краска","title":"Locative-first word order + hedging «как бы»","body":"The sentence opens with the place («в лице его» — 'in his face') and ends with the new information, the subject «краска» ('colour, a flush') — classic topic-comment flow. «Как бы» ('as it were') keeps the observation tentative, the narrator declining to vouch for it fully."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показалась","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if), modifies показалась","gloss":"as if","note":"«Как бы» is an idiom meaning \"as if, seemingly.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to appear"},{"surface":"краска","lemma":"краска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"a flush"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c6-s92","source":"— Если был рад, — произнес он, несколько задыхаясь, — то тому единственно, что не в Москву, а в Чермашню согласились. Потому всё же ближе; а только я вам те самые слова не в похвалу тогда произнес, а в попрек-с. Не разобрали вы этого-с.","translation":"\"If I was glad,\" he pronounced, somewhat short of breath, \"it was solely because you agreed to go not to Moscow but to Chermashnya. Because it is nearer, all the same; only those very words I uttered to you then not in praise but in reproach, sir. You didn't make out my meaning, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько задыхаясь","title":"Present gerund «задыхаясь»","body":"«Задыхаясь» ('gasping, short of breath') is an imperfective present gerund of attendant manner — he pronounced the words 'while gasping somewhat'. «Несколько» here is the adverb 'somewhat, a little', not the numeral 'several'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в похвалу… а в попрек","title":"«в попрек» — by way of reproach","body":"The paired «в похвалу… а в попрек» ('not in praise but in reproach') uses «в» + accusative to mark purpose/manner. «Попрёк» (reproach, a thrown-up grievance) is the key word: Smerdyakov insists his earlier compliment was a veiled rebuke Ivan failed to decode."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не разобрали вы этого","title":"«разобрать» — to make out, decipher","body":"«Разобрать» ('to sort out, make sense of, decipher') with the negative governs the genitive «этого» — 'you did not make this out'. The verb implies Ivan failed to penetrate a hidden meaning, sharpening the chapter's theme of half-understood hints."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (был рад)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхаясь","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying произнес","gloss":"gasping for breath"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"cataphoric complement referring to the что-clause","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тому единственно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в Москву (correlated with а)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласились","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts не в Москву with в Чермашню","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласились","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"you agreed"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause, modifies ближе","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же (all the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the reason clause","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with the preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of произнес","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в похвалу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking похвалу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"похвалу","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, repeated for the second half (в попрек)","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts в похвалу with в попрек","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попрек","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"попрек","lemma":"попрёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес (elided repeat)","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to попрек","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates разобрали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разобрали","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you made out"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разобрали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разобрали (genitive under negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to этого","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c6-s93","source":"— В какой попрек?","translation":"\"What reproach?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попрек","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of попрек","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"попрек","lemma":"попрёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"reproach"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c6-s94","source":"— А то, что, предчувствуя такую беду, собственного родителя оставляете-с и нас защитить не хотите, потому что меня за эти три тысячи всегда могли притянуть, что я их украл-с.","translation":"\"It was this — that, foreseeing such trouble, you were leaving your own parent, sir, and would not stay to defend us; because over those three thousand I could always be hauled in, on the charge that I had stolen them, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собственного родителя оставляете","title":"Fronted object + «собственный» emphasis","body":"The object «собственного родителя» ('your own parent') stands before the verb «оставляете» for accusatory weight — animate masc. accusative borrowing the genitive form. «Собственный» ('one's own') drives home the reproach: it is your own father you abandon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"притянуть","title":"«притянуть» — to haul in (to court)","body":"Colloquially «притянуть» ('to pull/drag in') means to drag someone into a legal case, to charge or implicate — 'I could always be hauled in'. The image of being physically dragged before the law fits Smerdyakov's fear of standing accused over the stolen money."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the answer","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause (it was this)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying оставляете/хотите","gloss":"foreseeing"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беду","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствуя","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляете","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"оставляете","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"you abandon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to оставляете","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links оставляете and защитить...хотите","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of защитить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of хотите","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, coordinated with оставляете","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause, part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of притянуть (governed by могли)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"притянуть","lemma":"притянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of могли","gloss":"be hauled in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining the charge","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement explaining the charge","gloss":"I stole"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to украл","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c6-s95","source":"— Черт тебя дери! — опять обругался Иван. — Стой: ты про знаки, про стуки эти, следователю и прокурору объявил?","translation":"\"Devil take you!\" Ivan cursed again. \"Wait: did you declare those signals, those knocks, to the magistrate and the prosecutor?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой","title":"Imperfective imperative «стой»","body":"«Стой!» is the imperative of «стоять» ('to stand'), here idiomatic 'wait! hold on!' — Ivan halts the exchange. The imperfective imperative suits a command to stay in a state rather than complete an act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери (idiom: devil take you)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation (idiomatic curse)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обругался","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"обругался","lemma":"обругаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обругался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent imperative exclamation (Wait)","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"стуки","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with знаки","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стуки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил, coordinated with прокурору","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links следователю and прокурору","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил, coordinated with следователю","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you declare"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c6-s96","source":"— Всё как есть объявил-с.","translation":"\"I declared it all just as it was, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всё как есть объявил","title":"«всё как есть» — 'everything just as it is'","body":"«Как есть» is a fixed colloquial intensifier meaning 'just as it stands, the whole lot, exactly as it was'. «Всё как есть объявил» — 'I declared it all, every bit'. A flat, total admission, delivered with Smerdyakov's customary «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase как есть (idiom)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom как есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I declared"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to объявил","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c6-s97","source":"Иван Федорович опять про себя удивился.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich again wondered to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про себя удивился","title":"Reflexive «себя» in «про себя»","body":"«Про себя» ('to oneself, inwardly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (referring to the clause subject, Ivan) after «про». It contrasts with «вслух» ('aloud') — Ivan wonders silently, an inward reaction the narrator keeps tracking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of удивился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wondered"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c6-s98","source":"— Если я подумал тогда об чем, — начал он опять, — то это про мерзость какую-нибудь единственно с твоей стороны. Дмитрий мог убить, но что он украдет — я тогда не верил… А с твоей стороны всякой мерзости ждал. Сам же ты мне сказал, что притворяться в падучей умеешь, для чего ты это сказал?","translation":"\"If I thought of anything then,\" he began again, \"it was solely of some vileness on your part. Dmitri might kill, but that he would steal — that I did not then believe… Whereas from you I expected any vileness whatever. You yourself told me that you can sham a fit; why did you say that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он украдет — я тогда не верил","title":"Fronted clause + dash for contrast","body":"The «что»-clause «что он украдет» ('that he would steal') is hoisted to the front and set off by a dash, ahead of the main «я не верил» — a marked, emphatic word order isolating the very idea Ivan rejected. «Украдёт» is perfective future ('would steal [and make off]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякой мерзости ждал","title":"Genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«Ждать» ('to expect, await') governs the genitive when its object is abstract or non-specific — hence «всякой мерзости» ('any vileness'), not accusative. The object precedes the verb for emphasis: from Smerdyakov, Ivan expected any baseness at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (подумал)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (it was)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мерзость","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мерзость","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, object of про","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какую-нибудь, modifies мерзость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner suffix","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какую-нибудь, modifies мерзость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase с твоей стороны","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying мерзость","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (could)","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts мог убить with украдет","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause serving as the fronted object of верил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"украдет","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the fronted clause","gloss":"would steal"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, takes the что-clause as its object","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with the preceding sentence","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзости","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"мерзости","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I expected"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic: yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces Сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"притворяться","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of умеешь","gloss":"sham"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворяться","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"умеешь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"know how to"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал (second occurrence)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал (second occurrence)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (second occurrence)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c6-s99","source":"— По единому моему простодушию. Да и никогда я в жизни не представлялся в падучей нарочно, а так только, чтоб похвалиться пред вами, сказал. Одна глупость-с. Полюбил я вас тогда очень и был с вами по всей простоте.","translation":"\"Out of my simple-heartedness alone. And besides, I never in my life shammed a fit on purpose; I said it just so, only to boast a little before you. Mere foolishness, sir. I'd grown very fond of you then and was with you in all sincerity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"По единому моему простодушию","title":"«по простодушию» — 'out of simple-heartedness'","body":"«По» + dative of cause names the motive — 'out of my sheer simple-heartedness'. The bookish «единый» ('sole') again inflates the plea; «простодушие» is Smerdyakov's leitmotif self-defense, the innocence he keeps draping over himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда я в жизни не представлялся… а так только","title":"Emphatic «никогда… не» + «а так только»","body":"«Никогда… не представлялся» is negative concord ('never did I feign'), reinforced by «в жизни» ('in [all my] life'). The pivot «а так только» ('but just so, for no real reason') is a colloquial dismissive — 'I just said it, that's all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Полюбил я вас тогда очень","title":"Inceptive «полюбить» — 'grew fond of'","body":"The prefix «по-» on «любить» gives an inceptive perfective «полюбить» — not 'loved' but 'came to love, grew fond of'. Smerdyakov's claim to have 'grown very fond' of Ivan, with the verb fronted for warmth, is part of the disarming mask."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простодушию","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"единому","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простодушию","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"простодушию","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition По","gloss":"simple-heartedness"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и (besides)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представлялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представлялся","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates представлялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представлялся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shammed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представлялся","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялся","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts нарочно with так только","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал (just so)","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"похвалиться","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying сказал","gloss":"boast"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of похвалиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глупость (mere)","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (it was mere foolishness)","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to глупость","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I grew fond of"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Полюбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Полюбил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Полюбил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Полюбил and был","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простоте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of простоте","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"простоте","lemma":"простота","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"sincerity"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c6-s100","source":"— Брат прямо тебя обвиняет, что ты убил и что ты украл.","translation":"\"My brother accuses you outright of having killed and of having stolen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвиняет, что ты убил и что ты украл","title":"«обвинять» + «что»-clauses","body":"«Обвинять» ('to accuse') here takes two parallel «что»-clauses reporting the charges as fact — 'accuses you that you killed and that you stole'. The perfectives «убил… украл» each name a single completed deed, the bare accusation in its starkest form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвиняет","gloss":"my brother"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвиняет","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обвиняет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обвиняет","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accuses"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обвиняет","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"stole"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c6-s101","source":"— Да им что же больше остается? — горько осклабился Смердяков, — и кто же им поверит после всех тех улик? Дверь-то Григорий Васильевич отпертую видели-с, после этого как же-с. Да что уж, бог с ними! Себя спасая, дрожат…","translation":"\"And what else is left for them?\" Smerdyakov grinned bitterly. \"And who is going to believe them after all that evidence? Grigory Vasilyevich saw the door open, sir — after that, how could it be otherwise, sir? Well, never mind, God be with them! Saving themselves, they tremble…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да им что же больше остается?","title":"Dative + impersonal «остаётся»","body":"An impersonal construction: the dative «им» ('for them') is the experiencer and «остаётся» ('is left, remains') has no nominative subject in the usual sense — 'what else is left for them?'. The «же» sharpens the bitter rhetorical force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«осклабиться» — to grin (baring the teeth)","body":"«Осклабиться» is to grin, often unpleasantly, drawing back the lips — a sneering or bitter smile, not a warm one. «Горько осклабился» ('grinned bitterly') captures the venom under Smerdyakov's deference here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"улик","title":"«улика» — a piece of incriminating evidence","body":"«Улика» (gen. pl. «улик») is specifically evidence that incriminates, a damning proof — distinct from neutral «доказательство». The accumulating «улики» against Dmitri are the chapter's engine; the word recurs in «такую улику», «удручавшими уликами»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of остается","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остается","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"is left"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осклабился","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улик","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of улик","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of улик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"улик","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"Дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видели (fronted)","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic (topicalizer)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Дверь","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"Васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"отпертую","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of видели, modifies Дверь","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to видели","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative/exclamative","role":"head of the rhetorical exclamation (how else)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential (сударь-particle)","role":"polite particle attached to как же","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the dismissive remark","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom да что уж (never mind)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces что (idiom: never mind)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical idiom (God be with them)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бог (idiom)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасая","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"спасая","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying дрожат","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"дрожат","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they tremble"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c6-s102","source":"Он тихо помолчал и вдруг, как бы сообразив, прибавил:","translation":"He fell quietly silent and then suddenly, as though having thought it through, added:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сообразив","title":"«как бы» + perfective gerund «сообразив»","body":"«Сообразив» ('having figured / thought it out') is a perfective past gerund of a prior completed act, hedged by «как бы» ('as if') — the narrator presents the inner reckoning as merely apparent. «Соображать/сообразить» is to grasp by quick reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links помолчал and прибавил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/hypothetical","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сообразив","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying прибавил","gloss":"having realized"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c6-s103","source":"— Ведь вот-с, опять это самое: они на меня свалить желают, что это моих рук дело-с, — это я уже слышал-с, — а вот хоть бы это самое, что я в падучей представляться мастер ну сказал ли бы я вам наперед, что представляться умею, если б у меня в самом деле какой замысел тогда был на родителя вашего? Коль такое убивство уж я замыслил, то можно ли быть столь дураком, чтобы вперед на себя такую улику сказать, да еще сыну родному помилуйте-с?! Похоже это на вероятие? Это, чтоб это могло быть-с, так, напротив, совсем никогда-с. Вот теперь этого нашего с вами разговору никто не слышит, кроме самого этого провидения-с, а если бы вы сообщили прокурору и Николаю Парфеновичу, так тем самым могли бы меня вконец защитить-с: ибо что за злодей за такой, коли заранее столь простодушен? Все это рассудить очень могут.","translation":"\"Look here, sir, this same thing again: they want to lay it on me, that it's the work of my hands, sir — I've already heard that, sir — but take this very point: that I'm a master at shamming a fit. Now would I have told you beforehand that I know how to sham, if I had really had any design then upon your parent? If I had plotted such a murder, could I be fool enough to give such evidence against myself in advance — and to a son of his own, no less, mercy on us, sir?! Is that anything like likely? That this could be so, sir — why, on the contrary, never in the world, sir. There now: this conversation of ours nobody is overhearing, sir, except this same Providence itself, sir; and if you had reported it to the prosecutor and to Nikolai Parfenovich, by that very thing you would have defended me completely, sir — for what sort of villain is that, who is so simple-hearted beforehand? They can very well reason all this out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вот-с, опять это самое","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you see, look here'. Combined with «вот» it launches the speech with an air of self-evidence, drawing Ivan into Smerdyakov's reasoning as though both already agree. A signature particle of the novel's persuasive dialogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это моих рук дело","title":"«моих рук дело» — 'the work of my hands'","body":"An idiom, «(чьих) рук дело» ('someone's handiwork, someone's doing'), here «моих рук дело» — 'my doing'. The genitive «моих рук» possesses «дело»; the phrase is the everyday way to assign guilt for a deed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал ли бы я вам наперед","title":"Conditional «бы» + interrogative «ли»","body":"A rare stacking: «ли» frames the rhetorical yes/no question and «бы» makes it counterfactual — 'would I really have told you beforehand…?'. The two enclitics cluster after the fronted verb «сказал», a markedly literary, argument-building turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б у меня… какой замысел тогда был","title":"Unreal condition with «если б»","body":"«Если б» (= «если бы») opens the contrary-to-fact protasis — 'if I had really had any design'. Possession is framed with «у меня… был» ('I had'), and «замысел» ('a scheme, design') sits in the nominative as the thing possessed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли быть столь дураком","title":"Predicate instrumental «дураком» after «быть»","body":"After the infinitive «быть» the predicate noun goes in the instrumental — «быть… дураком» ('to be a fool'). «Можно ли быть столь дураком, чтобы…» ('could one be fool enough that…') ties an impersonal «можно» to a «чтобы»-result clause; «столь» is the bookish 'so'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что за злодей за такой","title":"«злодей» + folk doubled «за»","body":"«Злодей» is a villain, an evil-doer — a strong moral word. The construction «что за злодей за такой» doubles the «за» in a folk-emphatic 'what sort of a villain is that', a colloquial intensifier idiomatic in lower-register speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to вот as a polite particle","gloss":"sir","note":"The \"-с\" particle (from сударь) is Smerdyakov's deferential tic; it attaches after many words and is glossed 'sir' throughout."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это самое","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition with опять, head of это самое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very (same)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желают","gloss":"to pin (it)"},{"surface":"желают","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рук","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive modifier of дело","gloss":"hands'"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to дело as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to желают","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to слышал as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть бы, modifies это","gloss":"just take"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of idiom хоть бы","role":"part of the idiom хоть бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самое, antecedent of the что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мастер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мастер","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"a fit","note":"падучая (short for падучая болезнь) is the old folk name for epilepsy."},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мастер","gloss":"to feign"},{"surface":"мастер","lemma":"мастер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"a master"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing сказал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"would I have said"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"to feign"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (object of сказал)","gloss":"I know how"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional (contracted form of бы)","role":"conditional marker with если","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у (у меня = 'I had')","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of замысел","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"замысел","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the если-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic","role":"introduces the conditional clause (modifies можно)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убивство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"убивство","lemma":"убивство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслил","gloss":"murder","note":"убивство is a dialectal/archaic form of убийство ('murder')."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замыслил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of замыслил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"замыслил","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the Коль-conditional clause","gloss":"had plotted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of Коль)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of можно, copula before дураком","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дураком","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дураком","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сказать","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улику","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"улику","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-purpose clause","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сыну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to a son"},{"surface":"родному","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыну","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, formal, perfective","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"mercy on us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to помилуйте as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"does it look"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Похоже","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вероятие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вероятие","lemma":"вероятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"likelihood"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by никогда","gloss":"as for this"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause elaborating Это","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to быть as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate resuming Это","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to никогда as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговору","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговору","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (folk form)","role":"genitive object of не слышит","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking провидения","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies провидения","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies провидения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"провидения","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме","gloss":"Providence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to провидения as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of сообщили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сообщили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сообщили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщили","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-conditional clause","gloss":"had reported"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщили","gloss":"to the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурору","gloss":"to Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental adverbial modifying могли (idiom тем самым)","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the correlate clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of защитить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вконец","lemma":"вконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защитить","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of могли","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to защитить as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"part of the idiom что за (what kind of)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что за, marking злодей","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"злодей","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"villain"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom, modifies такой","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies злодей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушен","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"простодушен","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the коли-clause","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассудить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рассудить","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of могут","gloss":"reason out"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they can"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c6-s104","source":"— Слушай, — встал с места Иван Федорович, пораженный последним доводом Смердякова и прерывая разговор, — я тебя вовсе не подозреваю и даже считаю смешным обвинять… напротив, благодарен тебе, что ты меня успокоил. Теперь иду, но опять зайду. Пока прощай, выздоравливай. Не нуждаешься ли в чем?","translation":"\"Listen,\" said Ivan Fyodorovich, rising from his seat, struck by Smerdyakov's last argument and breaking off the conversation, \"I don't suspect you at all, and I even think it absurd to accuse you… on the contrary, I am grateful to you for setting my mind at rest. I am going now, but I will come again. For now, good-bye, get well. Is there anything you need?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места… пораженный… и прерывая разговор","title":"Participle + gerund framing one action","body":"Two non-finite forms hang on Ivan: the past passive participle «поражённый» ('struck') describing his state, and the imperfective present gerund «прерывая» ('breaking off') describing simultaneous action. Stacking participle and gerund around a finite verb is the dense literary syntax the catalog flags as characteristic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пораженный последним доводом","title":"Instrumental of cause/agent","body":"«Поражённый… доводом» ('struck by [the] argument') puts the cause in the instrumental, the case of the means or agent that does the striking. «Довод» is a reasoned argument, a point in debate — it is Smerdyakov's last довод that disarms Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не нуждаешься ли в чем?","title":"«ли» question + «нуждаться в» + prepositional","body":"The interrogative «ли» follows the fronted verb to form a polite yes/no question — 'do you need anything?'. «Нуждаться» governs «в» + prepositional («в чём»), and «чём» here is the indefinite 'anything'. A courteous, faintly formal close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of Иван","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доводом","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"доводом","lemma":"довод","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of participle пораженный","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доводом","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прерывая","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, active, converb, present, imperfective","role":"converb modifying Иван, coordinated with пораженный","gloss":"interrupting"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прерывая","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозреваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подозреваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозреваю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозреваю","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подозреваю","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"смешным","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of считаю","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject complement governed by смешным","gloss":"to accuse"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарен","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of благодарен","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успокоил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of успокоил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of успокоил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"успокоил","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of благодарен","gloss":"set at ease"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am going"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"зайду","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with иду","gloss":"I'll drop by"},{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощай","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выздоравливай","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"выздоравливай","lemma":"выздоравливать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get well"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждаешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нуждаешься","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you need"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждаешься","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c6-s105","source":"— Во всем благодарен-с. Марфа Игнатьевна не забывает меня-с и во всем способствует, коли что мне надо, по прежней своей доброте. Ежедневно навещают добрые люди.","translation":"\"I am grateful for everything, sir. Marfa Ignatyevna does not forget me, sir, and helps me in everything, whatever I need, out of her old kindness. Good people visit me daily.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли что мне надо","title":"«коли что» + dative-need «надо»","body":"«Коли что» is colloquial 'if anything, whenever there's need'. «Мне надо» is the dative-experiencer construction of necessity — 'I need', with the person in the dative and no nominative subject. «Способствует» ('assists, furthers') is a slightly bookish verb of helping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ежедневно навещают добрые люди","title":"«навещать» — to visit (the sick)","body":"«Навещать» is specifically to call on, to visit someone (often the sick or shut-in). «Ежедневно» ('daily') is a bookish-flavoured time adverb. Note the verb-first order with the subject «добрые люди» last — the new information, that kind people come, falls at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to благодарен as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забывает","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забывает","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgets"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забывает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to меня as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"способствует","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забывает","gloss":"helps"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of надо (dative)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброте","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"her old"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доброте","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition по, adverbial modifying способствует","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"Ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies навещают","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"навещают","lemma":"навещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of навещают","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c6-s106","source":"— До свидания. Я, впрочем, про то, что ты притвориться умеешь, не скажу… да и тебе советую не показывать, — проговорил вдруг почему-то Иван.","translation":"\"Good-bye. By the way, I will not tell anyone that you can sham… and I advise you not to let it be seen, either,\" Ivan said suddenly, for some reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про то, что ты притвориться умеешь, не скажу","title":"Correlative «про то, что…» + perfective future","body":"The «про то» ('about that') anticipates the «что»-clause it governs — 'about the [fact] that you can sham, I won't tell'. The negated perfective future «не скажу» ('I will not tell') promises a single withheld act, and the whole object phrase is fronted for weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе советую не показывать","title":"Dative of the person advised + negated infinitive","body":"«Советовать» takes the dative of the person counselled («тебе») plus an infinitive — 'I advise you not to show [it]'. The negated imperfective infinitive «не показывать» counsels a general abstention from ever letting the trick be seen."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умеешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"притвориться","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеешь","gloss":"to sham"},{"surface":"умеешь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of скажу)","gloss":"you know how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of советую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"советую","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I advise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of советую","gloss":"to let it show"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's tag clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom почему-то","role":"part of the idiom почему-то, modifies проговорил","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle, part of idiom почему-то","role":"part of the idiom почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c6-s107","source":"— Оченно понимаю-с. А коли вы этого не покажете, то и я-с всего нашего с вами разговору тогда у ворот не объявлю…","translation":"\"I understand very well, sir. And if you don't let that be seen, then I, sir, won't declare that whole conversation of ours by the gate that time…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Оченно понимаю","title":"«оченно» — peasant «очень»","body":"«Оченно» is a substandard, rustic deformation of «очень» ('very'). Like «сумление», «убивство», and the «-мши» gerunds, it stamps Smerdyakov's speech as that of a half-educated servant — the low surface beneath which his cold cunning works."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли вы этого не покажете, то и я-с… не объявлю","title":"«коли… то» bargain + paired perfective futures","body":"A tit-for-tat real condition: «коли… не покажете, то… не объявлю» ('if you won't show it, then I won't declare it') links two negated perfective futures. The «и» before «я-с» means 'I too / for my part', sealing the unspoken pact — a quiet, menacing exchange of silences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb, dialectal (=очень)","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to понимаю as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покажете (genitive under negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покажете","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"let be seen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of коли)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (archaic \"-с\")","role":"attaches to я as a polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговору","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговору","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (folk form)","role":"genitive direct object of не объявлю","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявлю","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявлю","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will declare"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c6-s108","source":"Тут случилось так, что Иван Федорович вдруг вышел и, только пройдя уже шагов десять по коридору, вдруг почувствовал, что в последней фразе Смердякова заключался какой-то обидный смысл.","translation":"It then happened that Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly went out, and only after he had gone some ten paces down the corridor did he suddenly feel that there was some insulting sense contained in Smerdyakov's last phrase.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только пройдя уже шагов десять","title":"Perfective gerund «пройдя» + approximative inversion","body":"«Пройдя» ('having walked') is a perfective past gerund of prior action. «Шагов десять» (numeral after the noun) is the approximative inversion — 'some ten paces' rather than exactly ten; the genitive plural «шагов» is governed by the numeral."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что в последней фразе… заключался какой-то обидный смысл","title":"Reflexive «заключаться» + indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«Заключаться в…» ('to be contained / lie in') is a «-ся» verb with middle, non-passive sense — the meaning 'lies within' the phrase. «Какой-то обидный смысл» ('some insulting sense') uses «-то» for a real but not-yet-grasped meaning; «обидный» = offensive, hurtful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (result of так)","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пройдя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пройдя","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"converb modifying почувствовал","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пройдя","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коридору","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"коридору","lemma":"коридор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"the corridor"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with вышел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фразе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фразе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"фразе","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фразе","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"заключался","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (clausal complement of почувствовал)","gloss":"was contained"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, part of idiom какой-то","role":"part of the idiom какой-то, modifies смысл","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, part of idiom какой-то","role":"part of the idiom какой-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"обидный","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключался","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c6-s109","source":"Он хотел было уже вернуться, но это только мелькнуло, и проговорив: «Глупости!» — он поскорее пошел из больницы.","translation":"He was on the point of turning back, but it only flashed through him, and saying, \"Nonsense!\" he hurried out of the hospital the faster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было уже вернуться","title":"Frustrative «было» again","body":"«Хотел было вернуться» — 'he was on the point of turning back' — the particle «было» marks an impulse begun and at once abandoned, picked up by «но это только мелькнуло» ('it only flashed'). The same «было» appeared in segment 64."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорив… пошел из больницы","title":"Prefixed motion «пошёл» + «по-» of haste","body":"«Пошёл» is the perfective of «идти», a prefixed verb of motion marking the start of going. With «поскорее» ('the quicker') and «из больницы» ('out of the hospital', «из» + genitive of source) it renders Ivan's hurried exit; «проговорив» is a prior-action gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking a begun-but-abandoned action","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"was about to","note":"хотел было = 'started to want to, but' — a fixed idiom for an intention interrupted."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернуться","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вернуться","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to turn back"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"flashed through him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying пошел","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"Глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of проговорив (quoted exclamation)","gloss":"Nonsense!"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"more quickly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнуло","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"больницы","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the hospital"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c6-s110","source":"Главное, он чувствовал, что действительно был успокоен, и именно тем обстоятельством, что виновен не Смердяков, а брат его Митя, хотя, казалось бы, должно было выйти напротив.","translation":"The chief thing was that he felt he had really been set at ease — and precisely by the circumstance that the guilty one was not Smerdyakov but his brother Mitya, though it might seem the opposite ought to have followed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно тем обстоятельством, что виновен не Смердяков","title":"Instrumental cause + short adjective «виновен»","body":"«Успокоен… тем обстоятельством, что…» puts the cause in the instrumental ('set at ease by the circumstance that…'). Inside, «виновен» is a short-form predicate adjective ('guilty'), the bookish predicative form, and the negation «не Смердяков, а брат» pivots on contrastive «а»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя… должно было выйти напротив","title":"Concessive «хотя» + impersonal «должно было»","body":"«Хотя» ('although') opens a concession, and «должно было выйти» is an impersonal modal of obligation/expectation — 'it ought to have turned out' — with no nominative subject. «Казалось бы» ('one would think') adds the conditional «бы» of supposition; the whole captures Ivan's perverse, guilty relief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (used adverbially), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успокоен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоен","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of успокоен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"успокоен","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"set at ease"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельством","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обстоятельством","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоен (means)","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying обстоятельством","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying обстоятельством","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков (subject of виновен)","gloss":"the brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of казалось","gloss":"(conditional marker)"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"to turn out"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"the opposite way"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c6-s111","source":"Почему так было — он не хотел тогда разбирать, даже чувствовал отвращение копаться в своих ощущениях.","translation":"Why this was so he did not want to examine then; he even felt a revulsion at rummaging through his own sensations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотел тогда разбирать","title":"Negated «хотел» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Не хотел разбирать» ('did not want to examine') joins negated «хотеть» to the imperfective infinitive «разбирать» — the imperfective fits an activity he declines to undertake at all, a refusal of the whole process of self-scrutiny."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"копаться в своих ощущениях","title":"«копаться» — to rummage, dig about","body":"«Копаться в…» ('to dig about / rummage in') is used figuratively of probing one's own feelings — introspective picking-over. «В своих ощущениях» ('in his own sensations', reflexive «свой» + prepositional) makes the self-examination Ivan recoils from vividly physical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбирать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разбирать","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to examine"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"копаться","lemma":"копаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отвращение","gloss":"at rummaging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ощущениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ощущениях","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ощущениях","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of копаться","gloss":"sensations"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c6-s112","source":"Ему поскорее хотелось как бы что-то забыть.","translation":"He wanted, the sooner the better, somehow to forget something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему поскорее хотелось… что-то забыть","title":"Dative-experiencer «хотелось» + «как бы»","body":"«Ему хотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of desire — the wanter in the dative («ему»), the verb subjectless and reflexive: 'he felt a wish to…'. The hedging «как бы что-то забыть» ('somehow to forget something') keeps the very object of the wish vague, mirroring Ivan's evasion of himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"as soon as possible"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of забыть (with то, forming что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to forget"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c6-s113","source":"Затем в следующие несколько дней он уже совсем убедился в виновности Мити, когда ближе и основательнее ознакомился со всеми удручавшими того уликами.","translation":"Then, over the next few days, he became altogether convinced of Mitya's guilt, when he acquainted himself more closely and thoroughly with all the evidence weighing the man down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедился в виновности Мити","title":"«убедиться в» + prepositional","body":"The reflexive «убедиться» ('to become convinced') governs «в» + prepositional («в виновности» — 'of the guilt'). «Совсем убедился» ('became altogether convinced') uses the perfective for the completed shift into certainty; «виновность» is the abstract noun 'guilt'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со всеми удручавшими того уликами","title":"Past active participle «удручавшими»","body":"«Удручавшими» is an imperfective past active participle ('that were weighing down') from «удручать», declined to agree with «уликами» in the instrumental plural. It compresses a который-clause ('the evidence which weighed him down') into one modifier, with «того» ('the man, i.e. Mitya') as its object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"следующие","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в (time expression)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедился","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ознакомился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ознакомился","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"основательнее","lemma":"основательный","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ближе","gloss":"more thoroughly"},{"surface":"ознакомился","lemma":"ознакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убедился","gloss":"acquainted himself"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уликами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of уликами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"удручавшими","lemma":"удручать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies уликами","gloss":"weighing (him) down"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of удручавшими (referring to Mitya)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уликами","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ознакомился","gloss":"the evidence"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c6-s114","source":"Были показания самых ничтожных людей, но почти потрясающие, например Фени и ее матери.","translation":"There was testimony from the most insignificant of people, yet almost shattering — for instance, that of Fenya and her mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показания самых ничтожных людей","title":"Superlative «самых ничтожных» + genitive","body":"«Самых ничтожных людей» ('of the most insignificant people') forms the superlative periphrastically with «самый», which declines with the adjective into the genitive plural. «Ничтожный» ('worthless, negligible') is morally tinged — these lowliest witnesses give 'almost shattering' testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ничтожных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ничтожных","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясающие","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"потрясающие","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показания","gloss":"shattering"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Фени","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"example modifying показания","gloss":"Fenya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фени","gloss":"mother's"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c6-s115","source":"Про Перхотина, про трактир, про лавку Плотниковых, про свидетелей в Мокром и говорить было нечего.","translation":"Of Perkhotin, of the tavern, of the Plotnikovs' shop, of the witnesses at Mokroye, there was no need to speak at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и говорить было нечего","title":"Negative «нечего» + impersonal infinitive","body":"«Нечего говорить» ('there is nothing to say / no need to speak') is a negative existential built on «нечего» (the «не»-pronoun of absence) plus infinitive; past «было» tenses it. The series of «про…» objects fronted before it heaps up the witnesses about whom there was 'nothing to add'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечего","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Перхотина","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечего","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лавку","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лавку","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечего (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечего","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative word (negative pronoun)","role":"main predicate of the sentence, governs говорить","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c6-s116","source":"Главное, удручали подробности.","translation":"Most of all, it was the details that bore him down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное, удручали подробности","title":"Verb-first order + «главное» as discourse marker","body":"«Главное» ('the main thing [is]') stands alone as a sentence-opening discourse marker. The verb «удручали» ('weighed down, oppressed') precedes its subject «подробности» ('the details') — verb-first inversion that throws the emphasis onto the oppressing action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (used adverbially), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удручали","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"удручали","lemma":"удручать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighed on him"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of удручали","gloss":"the details"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c6-s117","source":"Известие о тайных «стуках» поразило следователя и прокурора почти в той же степени, как и показание Григория об отворенной двери.","translation":"The report of the secret \"knocks\" struck the magistrate and the prosecutor almost as much as Grigory's testimony about the open door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразило… почти в той же степени, как и показание","title":"Correlative «в той же степени, как» comparison","body":"«В той же степени, как (и)…» ('to the same degree as…') is a correlative equative comparison: the secret knocks struck the officials as forcibly as Grigory's testimony did. «Той же» uses the demonstrative «тот» + «же» for sameness of measure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показание… об отворенной двери","title":"Past passive participle «отворённой»","body":"«Отворённой» ('opened') is a past passive participle from perfective «отворить», declined to agree with «двери» in the prepositional after «об». It functions as an attributive adjective — 'the opened door' — the crucial detail of Grigory's evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тайных","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стуках","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"стуках","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Известие","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователя","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразило","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative как и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative как и","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразило","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"the open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c6-s118","source":"Жена Григория, Марфа Игнатьевна, на спрос Ивана Федоровича, прямо заявила ему, что Смердяков всю ночь лежал у них за перегородкой, «трех шагов от нашей постели не было», и что хоть и спала она сама крепко, но много раз пробуждалась, слыша, как он тут стонет: «Всё время стонал, беспрерывно стонал».","translation":"Grigory's wife, Marfa Ignatyevna, in answer to Ivan Fyodorovich's questioning, told him outright that Smerdyakov had lain all night behind their partition, \"not three paces from our bed,\" and that although she herself had slept soundly, she had woken many times, hearing him groaning there: \"He groaned the whole time, groaned without ceasing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на спрос Ивана Федоровича","title":"«на спрос» + verbal noun «спрос»","body":"«Спрос» here is a verbal noun, 'questioning, inquiry' (от «спросить»); «на спрос» means 'in answer to the questioning'. The genitive «Ивана Фёдоровича» is the subjective genitive — Ivan's questioning. A compact, slightly bureaucratic-sounding nominalisation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трех шагов от нашей постели не было","title":"Genitive of negated existence + numeral","body":"«Трёх шагов… не было» — 'there were not [even] three paces' — is the genitive of a negated existential («не было» governs the genitive). «Трёх шагов» also shows the genitive demanded within the negated count; the whole quoted phrase stresses how close Smerdyakov lay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и спала она сама крепко, но много раз пробуждалась","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но» + imperfective iteration","body":"«Хоть и… но» ('although… yet') frames the concession. The imperfective «пробуждалась» ('kept waking') with «много раз» ('many times') foregrounds repeated, habitual action, against which «слыша, как он стонет» ('hearing how he groaned') sets the gerund and present-tense reported perception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заявила","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Жена","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Жена","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спрос","gloss":"in answer to"},{"surface":"спрос","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спрос","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявила","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"заявила","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заявила","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявила","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородкой","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородкой","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the partition"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постели","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спала (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявила","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"soundly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробуждалась","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"пробуждалась","lemma":"пробуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спала","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"слыша","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying пробуждалась","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стонет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стонет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слыша","gloss":"groans"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стонал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to стонет (quoted speech)","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонал","gloss":"continuously"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стонал","gloss":"groaned"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c6-s119","source":"Поговорив с Герценштубе и сообщив ему свое мнение о том, что Смердяков вовсе не кажется ему помешанным, а только слабым, он только вызвал у старика тоненькую улыбочку.","translation":"Having talked with Herzenstube and told him his opinion that Smerdyakov did not seem to him deranged at all, but only weak, he merely drew from the old man a thin little smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поговорив… и сообщив… он только вызвал","title":"Two coordinated perfective gerunds","body":"«Поговорив… и сообщив…» chains two perfective past gerunds ('having talked… and having told…'), both completed before the main verb «вызвал» and sharing its subject. The delimitative «поговорить» ('to have a talk') with «по-» bounds the conversation as a finished episode."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькую улыбочку","title":"Stacked diminutives «тоненькую улыбочку»","body":"Both words are diminished: «тоненький» (from «тонкий», 'thin') with the «-еньк-» of smallness, and «улыбочка» (from «улыбка», 'smile') with «-очк-». The doubled diminution paints Herzenstube's faint, knowing little smile — expressive suffixes doing the work of a whole adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поговорив","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вызвал","gloss":"having talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Герценштубе","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Поговорив","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообщив","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поговорив","gloss":"having told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщив","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"помешанным","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кажется","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слабым","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with помешанным","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вызвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызвал","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew forth"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"тоненькую","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочку","gloss":"thin little"},{"surface":"улыбочку","lemma":"улыбочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвал","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c6-s120","source":"«А вы знаете, чем он теперь особенно занимается? — спросил он Ивана Федоровича, — французские вокабулы наизусть учит; у него под подушкой тетрадка лежит и французские слова русскими буквами кем-то записаны, хе-хе-хе!»","translation":"\"And do you know what he is now particularly occupying himself with?\" the old man asked Ivan Fyodorovich. \"He is learning French vocabulary by heart; he has a little notebook lying under his pillow, and the French words have been written down by someone in Russian letters, he-he-he!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем он теперь особенно занимается","title":"Instrumental object of «заниматься»","body":"«Заниматься» ('to occupy oneself with') is a «-ся» verb governing the instrumental, hence the interrogative «чем» (instr. of «что») — 'with what is he occupying himself?'. The answer, «французские вокабулы… учит», then shifts to a transitive verb with accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"французские вокабулы","title":"«вокабула» — a vocabulary-word","body":"«Вокабула» (from Latin vocabula) is a slightly old-fashioned, schoolroom word for a foreign vocabulary-item to be memorised — the sort of term a 19th-c. tutor or pedant like Herzenstube would use. It frames Smerdyakov's odd self-improvement with faintly comic precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"французские слова русскими буквами кем-то записаны","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental of agent","body":"«Записаны» is the short past passive participle ('have been written down'), agreeing in plural with «слова»; the agent stands in the instrumental — «кем-то» ('by someone', the indefinite «-то»). «Русскими буквами» ('in Russian letters') is the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"introduces the clause of занимается","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занимается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимается","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"занимается","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"is occupied"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"французские","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вокабулы","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"вокабулы","lemma":"вокабула","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of учит","gloss":"vocabulary"},{"surface":"наизусть","lemma":"наизусть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учит","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"учит","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject он/Smerdyakov implied)","gloss":"studies"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"тетрадка","lemma":"тетрадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"a notebook"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"французские","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive записаны","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"русскими","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies буквами","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"буквами","lemma":"буква","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies записаны (means)","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of записаны","gloss":"by someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of кем-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"записаны","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"written down"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with записаны","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with записаны","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with записаны","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c6-s121","source":"Иван Федорович оставил наконец все сомнения.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich had at last set aside all his doubts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставил","title":"Perfective past: a decisive break","body":"«оставил» (from perfective «оставить») views the act as a single completed event — he set the doubts aside once and for all. The imperfective «оставлял» would have meant a recurring or attempted laying-aside; the perfective seals it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все сомнения","title":"Accusative direct object","body":"«все сомнения» is the accusative plural object of «оставил». For inanimate nouns the accusative matches the nominative, so the case is read from context and the verb's transitivity rather than a distinct ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сомнения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"doubts"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c6-s122","source":"О брате Дмитрии он уже и подумать не мог без омерзения.","translation":"Of his brother Dmitri he could no longer even think without revulsion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О брате Дмитрии","title":"Fronted prepositional topic","body":"The sentence opens with «о брате Дмитрии» (prepositional after «о», 'about') rather than the verb, throwing the topic — the brother — to the front for emphasis. Both are in the prepositional case and agree, but they take different endings: «брате» ends in -е (брат → о брате), while «Дмитрии» (a name in -ий) ends in -и (о Дмитрии)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумать не мог","title":"Negated modal + infinitive","body":"«не мог» negates the ability, and «подумать» (perfective infinitive) supplies the act 'to even think'; together: 'he could not so much as think.' The particle «уже и» piles on — 'no longer even.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без омерзения","title":"«омерзение» — loathing","body":"A strong, bookish word for physical-moral disgust, stronger than «отвращение». «без омерзения» (without loathing) uses the genitive demanded by «без». Dostoevsky reserves it for Ivan's visceral recoil from Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумать","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрии","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брате","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking омерзения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"омерзения","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"revulsion"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c6-s123","source":"Одно было все-таки странно: что Алеша упорно продолжал стоять на том, что убил не Дмитрий, а «по всей вероятности» Смердяков.","translation":"One thing, however, remained strange: that Alyosha went on stubbornly insisting it was not Dmitri who had done the killing, but, \"in all probability,\" Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал стоять на том, что","title":"Imperfective for stubborn duration","body":"«продолжал стоять» (imperfective 'went on standing/insisting') pictures the insistence as ongoing and dogged. The idiom «стоять на том, что…» literally 'to stand on the fact that' means 'to insist that.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не Дмитрий, а … Смердяков","title":"Contrastive «а»: not X but Y","body":"The frame «не …, а …» corrects rather than merely adds: 'not Dmitri but Smerdyakov.' Here «а» is the sharp contrastive conjunction, pivoting from the denied option to the asserted one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по всей вероятности","title":"«по всей вероятности» — in all probability","body":"A set adverbial phrase, 'in all probability.' The quotation marks in the text flag it as Alyosha's own guarded wording, which Ivan finds maddeningly tentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral (used as pronoun), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to странно","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"insisting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вероятности","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вероятности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вероятности","lemma":"вероятность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase по всей вероятности","gloss":"probability"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дмитрий (elided subject of убил)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c6-s124","source":"Иван всегда чувствовал, что мнение Алеши для него высоко, а потому теперь очень недоумевал на него.","translation":"Ivan had always felt that Alyosha's opinion carried great weight with him, and so now he was deeply perplexed at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мнение Алеши для него высоко","title":"Short adjective as predicate","body":"«высоко» here is the neuter short-form adjective ('stands high / is highly valued'), agreeing with the neuter «мнение». Short adjectives can only predicate, and lend a clipped, evaluative weight typical of the bookish register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а потому","title":"«а потому» — and so, therefore","body":"«а» links with a light contrastive-consequential shade, and «потому» supplies 'for that reason': the clause draws the inference 'and so now he was perplexed.' A characteristic Russian discourse hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недоумевал","title":"«недоуме­вать» — to be at a loss","body":"An imperfective verb meaning to be baffled, unable to make sense of something. «недоумевал на него» ('was perplexed at him') is slightly old-fashioned government; modern usage prefers «по поводу него»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высоко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of высоко","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause, describes мнение","gloss":"highly","note":"Literally \"high/highly\" used as a predicate adjective — the translation renders it as \"carried great weight.\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоумевал","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоумевал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоумевал","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недоумевал","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"was perplexed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недоумевал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c6-s125","source":"Странно было и то, что Алеша не искал с ним разговоров о Мите и сам не начинал никогда, а лишь отвечал на вопросы Ивана.","translation":"This too was strange: that Alyosha did not seek out conversations with him about Mitya, never began them himself, and only answered Ivan's questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не искал … не начинал … а лишь отвечал","title":"Imperfective habitual negation","body":"The three imperfectives «не искал», «не начинал», «отвечал» frame Alyosha's standing habit: he never sought, never began, only answered. The imperfective is the natural aspect for negated repeated behaviour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не начинал никогда","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"Russian doubles its negatives: «не начинал никогда» = 'never began' with both «не» on the verb and «никогда». The verb must keep «не» even when a negative adverb is present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мите","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» (here dative «Мите») is the affectionate short form of «Дмитрий». Its presence in the narrator's voice marks intimacy; alongside formal «Дмитрий», the same brother is named two ways depending on the emotional distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Strange"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Странно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of искал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"sought out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разговоров","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of искал","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоров","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Ivan's"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c6-s126","source":"Это тоже сильно заметил Иван Федорович.","translation":"This, as well, Ivan Fyodorovich noted very keenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это тоже сильно заметил Иван Федорович","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «Это» ('this') leads, the subject «Иван Федорович» trails to the end — the case-free flexibility of Russian lets the known topic come first and the agent land as the stressed new information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c6-s127","source":"Впрочем, в то время он очень был развлечен одним совсем посторонним обстоятельством: приехав из Москвы, он в первые же дни весь и бесповоротно отдался пламенной и безумной страсти своей к Катерине Ивановне.","translation":"For that matter, at that time he was greatly distracted by something altogether unrelated: having arrived from Moscow, he had, in the very first days, given himself over wholly and irrevocably to his ardent and frenzied passion for Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехав из Москвы","title":"Perfective gerund: 'having arrived'","body":"«приехав» is a perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) from «приехать»: it expresses a prior completed action sharing the main subject — 'having arrived from Moscow, he then gave himself over.' A hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдался … страсти своей","title":"Dative of surrender + reflexive verb","body":"«отдаться» (reflexive «-ся», 'to give oneself over') governs the dative «страсти своей» — one surrenders *to* something. «своей» is the reflexive possessive, pointing the passion back to the subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесповоротно","title":"«бесповоротно» — irrevocably","body":"An emphatic adverb, 'without turning back, beyond recall' (от «поворот», a turn). Paired with «весь» ('wholly'), it stresses the totality of Ivan's helpless plunge into passion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies развлечен","gloss":"For that matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of развлечен","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive развлечен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развлечен","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of развлечен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"развлечен","lemma":"развлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"distracted"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельством","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посторонним","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"посторонним","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельством","gloss":"unrelated"},{"surface":"обстоятельством","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of развлечен","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отдался","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехав","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первые","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдался","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отдался, agrees with он","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесповоротно","lemma":"бесповоротно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдался","gloss":"irrevocably"},{"surface":"отдался","lemma":"отдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gave himself over"},{"surface":"пламенной","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безумной","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пламенной","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of отдался","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c6-s128","source":"Здесь не место начинать об этой новой страсти Ивана Федоровича, отразившейся потом на всей его жизни: это всё могло бы послужить канвой уже иного рассказа, другого романа, который и не знаю, предприму ли еще когда-нибудь.","translation":"This is not the place to begin on this new passion of Ivan Fyodorovich's, which left its mark afterward upon his whole life: all of it might serve as the canvas of another tale, another novel, which I do not even know whether I shall ever undertake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отразившейся потом на всей его жизни","title":"Past active participle modifying 'passion'","body":"«отразившейся» is a past active participle from reflexive «отразиться» ('which left its mark'), in feminine genitive to agree with «страсти». It compresses a «который»-clause into one declined modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло бы послужить","title":"Conditional «бы»: hypothetical","body":"«могло бы» = past-tense verb + particle «бы», the irrealis: 'might serve.' It frames the other novel as merely possible, never undertaken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаю, предприму ли","title":"Embedded «ли»: 'whether'","body":"In «не знаю, предприму ли … когда-нибудь», the enclitic «ли» after the fronted verb means 'whether' — 'I don't know whether I shall ever undertake it.' «предприму» is the perfective simple future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"канвой","title":"«канва» — canvas, framework","body":"Literally the open-weave canvas for embroidery; figuratively the underlying outline of a story (here instrumental «канвой» after «послужить»). The narrator's metafictional aside — that this passion could have been 'another novel' — is one of Dostoevsky's signature direct addresses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies место","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies место","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided copula)","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of место","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страсти","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинать","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"отразившейся","lemma":"отразиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying страсти","gloss":"which left its mark"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отразившейся","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отразившейся","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"канвой","lemma":"канва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of послужить","gloss":"as the canvas"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иного","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказа","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies канвой","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романа","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рассказа","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предприму","gloss":"which","note":"который refers back to романа and is the object of предприму (\"undertake\"), not the subject of знаю."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"предприму","lemma":"предпринять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"shall undertake"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предприму","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предприму","gloss":"some","note":"когда-нибудь (\"когда\" + \"нибудь\") together mean \"ever/someday\"; split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предприму","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c6-s129","source":"Но всё же не могу умолчать и теперь о том, что когда Иван Федорович, идя, как уже описал я, ночью с Алешей от Катерины Ивановны, сказал ему «Я-то до нее не охотник», — то страшно лгал в ту минуту: он безумно любил ее, хотя правда и то, что временами ненавидел ее до того, что мог даже убить.","translation":"Yet even now I cannot pass over in silence the fact that when Ivan Fyodorovich, walking, as I have already described, at night with Alyosha from Katerina Ivanovna's, said to him, \"I have no taste for her,\" he was lying horribly at that moment: he loved her madly, though it is also true that at times he hated her so much he could have killed her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"идя, как уже описал я, ночью","title":"Present gerund «идя»: simultaneous action","body":"«идя» (imperfective gerund of «идти') sets the simultaneous frame — 'while walking … he said.' It shares the subject Ivan and is wedged in mid-sentence, a dense participial layering typical of the period style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то до нее не охотник","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"In «Я-то» the hyphenated «-то» stresses a known topic against an implied contrast — 'I, for my part, have no taste for her.' This is the emphatic «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог даже убить","title":"Imperfect-tense potentiality","body":"«мог … убить» ('could have killed') uses the imperfective past of «мочь» plus a perfective infinitive to express unrealized capacity. Russian needs no separate 'could have' construction — the bare past of «мочь» carries it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"охотник","title":"«охотник» — one keen on, a fancier","body":"Beyond 'hunter,' «охотник до» (+ genitive) idiomatically means a fan or eager taker of something. «не охотник до нее» = 'not one to fancy her' — Ivan's lie, casual and dismissive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"умолчать","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"pass over in silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолчать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"идя","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of описал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying идя","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идя","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идя","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of охотник","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic \"-то\" attached to Я; the whole \"Я-то\" is a topicalizing \"as for me\"."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"охотник","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Я","gloss":"fancier","note":"\"не охотник до\" is an idiom meaning \"no taste for\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the когда-clause, introduces лгал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лгал","gloss":"horribly"},{"surface":"лгал","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, resumes the main clause after the когда-clause","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"madly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of правда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate (it is true that...)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидел","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c6-s130","source":"Тут сходилось много причин: вся потрясенная событием с Митей, она бросилась к возвратившемуся к ней опять Ивану Федоровичу как бы к какому своему спасителю.","translation":"Many causes converged here: shaken to the core by what had happened with Mitya, she threw herself upon Ivan Fyodorovich—returned to her once more—as upon some sort of savior of hers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потрясенная событием","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«потрясенная» (past passive participle, 'shaken') describes Katerina; the cause «событием» ('by the event') stands in the instrumental — the case of the agent/means with passives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к возвратившемуся к ней опять Ивану","title":"Participle inside a prepositional phrase","body":"«возвратившемуся» is a past active participle ('who had returned') in the dative to match «Ивану» after «к». The whole nested phrase 'to Ivan, who had returned to her again' is folded into a single case-marked block."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спасителю","title":"«спаситель» — savior","body":"'Savior, rescuer' (dative «спасителю» after «к»). Capitalized it is Christ; here lower-case and softened by «как бы к какому своему» ('as upon some sort of'), the religious word ironically dresses her flight to Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходилось","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"сходилось","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"converged"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of сходилось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"причин","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потрясенная, agrees with она","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"потрясенная","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies она (predicative)","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"событием","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясенная","gloss":"by what had happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies событием","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"возвратившемуся","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ивану","gloss":"who had returned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратившемуся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратившемуся","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies спасителю","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"\"как бы\" together means \"as if/as though\"."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасителю","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of спасителю","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of спасителю","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"спасителю","lemma":"спаситель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"savior"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c6-s131","source":"Она была обижена, оскорблена, унижена в своих чувствах.","translation":"She had been wronged, insulted, humiliated in her feelings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была обижена, оскорблена, унижена","title":"Short passive participles: the periphrastic passive","body":"Three short-form past passive participles join «была» to state a result: 'she had been wronged, insulted, humiliated.' The piled short forms (each feminine to agree with her) give the line its hammered, rhetorical rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive обижена","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обижена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"обижена","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"оскорблена","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обижена","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"унижена","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обижена","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of унижена","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c6-s132","source":"И вот явился опять человек, который ее и прежде так любил, — о, она слишком это знала, — и которого ум и сердце она всегда ставила столь высоко над собой.","translation":"And here again appeared the man who had loved her so even before—oh, she knew this only too well—and whose mind and heart she had always set so high above her own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который ее и прежде так любил","title":"Relative «который» as subject","body":"«который» here is masculine nominative, the subject of its own clause ('who had loved her'), agreeing in gender/number with «человек» but taking the case its role demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого ум и сердце","title":"Genitive «которого» = 'whose'","body":"In «которого ум и сердце … она ставила», «которого» is genitive — 'whose mind and heart.' The relative takes genitive to mark possession within the second clause, neatly distinct from the nominative «который» before it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ставила столь высоко над собой","title":"Reflexive «собой»","body":"«над собой» ('above herself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the instrumental after «над», pointing back to the clause subject Katerina. «столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the bookish counterpart of «так»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of ум","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ставила","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ум","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ставила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ставила","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ставила","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final relative clause","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ставила","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"object of preposition над","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c6-s133","source":"Но строгая девушка не отдала себя в жертву всю, несмотря на весь карамазовский безудерж желаний своего влюбленного и на всё обаяние его на нее.","translation":"But the stern girl did not surrender herself wholly in sacrifice, in spite of all the Karamazov unbridledness of her lover's desires and the whole spell he cast over her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отдала себя в жертву","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» as object","body":"Here it is the full pronoun «себя» ('herself'), the accusative object of «не отдала» — contrast the bound clitic «-ся». «не отдала … в жертву» = 'did not give herself up as a sacrifice.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на весь … безудерж","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative","body":"The concessive preposition «несмотря на» ('in spite of') governs the accusative, here the long phrase «весь карамазовский безудерж желаний». It frames her restraint against the Karamazov force she resists."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безудерж","title":"«безудерж» — unbridledness","body":"A rare, forceful noun (от «удержать», to hold back) meaning total lack of restraint. «карамазовский безудерж» — 'the Karamazov unbridledness' — coins the family name into an adjective, naming the dynastic appetite that runs through all the brothers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"строгая","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отдала","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдала","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrendered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of отдала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдала","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of безудерж","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"карамазовский","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безудерж","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"безудерж","lemma":"безудерж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"unrestraint"},{"surface":"желаний","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies безудерж","gloss":"of desires"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of влюбленного","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"влюбленного","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies желаний","gloss":"lover's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на (second instance)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обаяние","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"обаяние","lemma":"обаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with безудерж","gloss":"spell"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обаяние","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обаяние","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c6-s134","source":"В то же время мучилась беспрерывно раскаянием, что изменила Мите, и в грозные, ссорные минуты с Иваном (а их было много) прямо высказывала это ему.","translation":"At the same time she tormented herself unceasingly with remorse at having betrayed Mitya, and in the menacing, quarrelsome moments with Ivan (and there were many of these) she said as much to him outright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучилась … раскаянием","title":"Reflexive verb + instrumental of cause","body":"«мучилась» (reflexive «мучиться», 'tormented herself') takes the instrumental «раскаянием» ('with remorse') to name what the torment is *by/with*. The «-ся» turns the transitive 'torment' inward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что изменила Мите","title":"Dative object of «изменить»","body":"«изменить» in the sense 'to betray / be unfaithful' governs the dative: «изменила Мите» = 'betrayed Mitya.' The «что»-clause reports the content of her remorse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ссорные","title":"«ссорный» — quarrel-laden","body":"An expressive adjective from «ссора» (a quarrel): 'quarrelsome, marked by rows.' Paired with «грозные» ('menacing'), it colours the «минуты» with Ivan and Katerina as charged and stormy."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучилась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мучилась","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented herself"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучилась","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"раскаянием","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучилась","gloss":"with remorse"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменила, modifies раскаянием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изменила","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying раскаянием","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of изменила","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грозные","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"menacing"},{"surface":"ссорные","lemma":"ссорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with грозные","gloss":"quarrelsome"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of высказывала","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to много","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause (а их было много)","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказывала","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"высказывала","lemma":"высказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучилась","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказывала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of высказывала","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c6-s135","source":"Это-то и назвал он, говоря с Алешей, «ложью на лжи».","translation":"This was precisely what he, speaking with Alyosha, had called \"a lie upon a lie.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это-то и назвал он","title":"Emphatic «-то» + reinforcing «и»","body":"«Это-то и назвал» front-loads and double-stresses the object: '*This* was precisely what he called…' The clitic «-то» pins the topic and «и» ('exactly, indeed') reinforces it — the subject «он» drops to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ложью на лжи","title":"«ложь на лжи» — a lie upon a lie","body":"Both nouns are forms of «ложь» (a lie): instrumental «ложью» + prepositional «лжи» after «на». The phrase, set in quotes as Ivan's coinage, evokes the biblical 'line upon line' cadence — falsehood heaped on falsehood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Это (emphatic)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies назвал (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on назвал","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ложью","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of назвал","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лжи","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложью","gloss":"a lie"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c6-s136","source":"Тут, конечно, было и в самом деле много лжи, и это всего более раздражало Ивана Федоровича… но всё это потом.","translation":"There was, of course, a great deal of real lying in it, and this above all irritated Ivan Fyodorovich… but all of that comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — really, in fact","body":"A fixed adverbial, 'indeed, in actual fact,' often paired (as here, «и в самом деле») to concede a point. «было … много лжи» is a quantity construction: «много» governs the genitive «лжи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего более раздражало","title":"Superlative «всего более»","body":"«всего более» ('most of all, above all') is a bookish superlative of «более», intensifying 'irritated.' The neuter «это» is subject; «Ивана Федоровича» the accusative object of the impersonal-feeling verb «раздражало»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"real","note":"\"в самом деле\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"really/indeed\"."},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, modifies было","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, subject of было","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"of lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раздражало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражало","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"раздражало","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражало","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"comes later"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c6-s137","source":"Словом, он на время почти забыл о Смердякове.","translation":"In a word, for a time he all but forgot about Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти забыл о Смердякове","title":"Perfective «забыл» + prepositional","body":"«забыл» (perfective, 'forgot' as a completed shift) governs «о Смердякове» in the prepositional — Russian 'forgets *about*' something. «на время» ('for a time') and «почти» soften it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to забыл","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"all but"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c6-s138","source":"И, однако, две недели спустя после первого к нему посещения начали его опять мучить всё те же странные мысли, как и прежде.","translation":"And yet, two weeks after his first visit to him, the same strange thoughts as before began to torment him once again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"две недели спустя","title":"«две недели» — genitive singular after 2","body":"After «две», the noun stands in the genitive singular: «две недели» ('two weeks'). «спустя' ('later, after') is a postposed quasi-preposition. Five or more would force genitive plural («пять недель»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начали его опять мучить","title":"Phase verb + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начать» ('to begin') requires an imperfective infinitive, here «мучить» — Russian cannot begin a perfective. The subject is «мысли», the object the accusative «его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to начали","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещения","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посещения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to torment"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies те","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начали / мучить","gloss":"thoughts","note":"The backbone had subject and object reversed: мысли is the subject (\"the thoughts began to torment him\"), not the object of мучить."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c6-s139","source":"Довольно сказать, что он беспрерывно стал себя спрашивать: для чего он тогда, в последнюю свою ночь, в доме Федора Павловича, пред отъездом своим, сходил тихонько, как вор, на лестницу и прислушивался, что делает внизу отец?","translation":"Suffice it to say that he kept asking himself, without cease: why was it that on that last night of his, in Fyodor Pavlovich's house, before his departure, he had crept down softly, like a thief, onto the staircase, and listened to what his father was doing below?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал себя спрашивать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive; reflexive «себя»","body":"«стал … спрашивать» ('began to ask') pairs the inceptive «стать» with an imperfective infinitive. «себя» is the reflexive object — 'to ask himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего он … сходил … и прислушивался","title":"Imperfective for the puzzling repeated act","body":"Both «сходил» (multidirectional, here 'went down [and back]') and «прислушивался» are imperfective, dwelling on the act Ivan now keeps replaying. «для чего» ('for what, why') opens the embedded question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тихонько, как вор","title":"«тихонько» — ever so softly","body":"The diminutive-expressive adverb «тихонько» (from «тихо») softens to 'quietly, on the sly.' With «как вор» ('like a thief') it conveys Ivan's furtive shame on that decisive night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"suffice it"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"without cease"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"asking"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"what","note":"\"для чего\" = \"why\"."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adjunct of сходил","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adjunct of сходил","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъездом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отъездом","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adjunct of сходил","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отъездом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the для чего clause, coordinated with прислушивался","gloss":"had crept down"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вор","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сходил","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прислушивался","gloss":"was doing"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c6-s140","source":"Почему с отвращением вспоминал это потом, почему на другой день утром в дороге так вдруг затосковал, а въезжая в Москву, сказал себе: «Я подлец!»","translation":"Why had he recalled it afterward with disgust; why, the next morning on the road, had he so suddenly fallen into anguish, and, as he was driving into Moscow, said to himself, \"I am a scoundrel!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"въезжая в Москву, сказал себе","title":"Gerund «въезжая» framing the utterance","body":"«въезжая» is the imperfective gerund of «въезжать» ('while driving into'), giving the simultaneous setting for the perfective «сказал» — the self-accusation lands as a sudden completed act mid-journey."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затосковал","title":"«затосковать» — to be seized by anguish","body":"The prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset of a state: «затосковал» = 'fell into / was gripped by «тоска»,' that untranslatable Russian ache of yearning dread. The verb concentrates Ivan's abrupt inner collapse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"A heavy term of moral self-contempt: not a mere rogue but one capable of vileness. Ivan's «Я подлец!» is a verdict on his own complicity, central to his guilt in this book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had he recalled"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затосковал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затосковал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of затосковал","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затосковал","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затосковал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"затосковал","lemma":"затосковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вспоминал","gloss":"fallen into anguish"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"въезжая","lemma":"въезжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of въезжая","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вспоминал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c6-s141","source":"И вот теперь ему однажды подумалось, что из-за всех этих мучительных мыслей он, пожалуй, готов забыть даже и Катерину Ивановну, до того они сильно им вдруг опять овладели!","translation":"And now it occurred to him one day that, on account of all these tormenting thoughts, he might even be ready to forget Katerina Ivanovna herself, so powerfully had they all at once taken hold of him again!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему … подумалось","title":"Impersonal reflexive: dative experiencer","body":"«подумалось» is an impersonal «-ся» verb with the experiencer in the dative «ему» — 'it occurred to him,' as if the thought arrives unbidden. This dative-subject framing pervades the inner life of Dostoevsky's characters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того … сильно … овладели","title":"«до того … что» result clause + instrumental","body":"«до того … что» means 'to such a degree that.' «овладеть» ('to take hold of') governs the instrumental — here «им» ('him') — so the thoughts 'took hold of him.' «пожалуй» softens to 'perhaps, I dare say.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подумалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"подумалось","lemma":"подуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it occurred"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслей, part of из-за","gloss":"on account"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мучительных","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of из-за","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to готов","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of подумалось","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Катерину","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, expresses degree","gloss":"such an extent","note":"\"до того\" = \"so much that\"."},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of овладели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладели","gloss":"powerfully"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладели","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладели","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"овладели","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"expresses degree, clause modifying готов забыть","gloss":"had taken hold"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c6-s142","source":"Как раз, подумав это, он встретил Алешу на улице.","translation":"Just as he was thinking this, he met Alyosha in the street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумав это, он встретил","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«подумав» (perfective past gerund of «подумать') marks a completed prior act sharing the subject: 'having thought this, he met…' «Как раз» ('just then') pins the coincidence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретил Алешу","title":"First-declension accusative «Алешу»","body":"«Алешу» is the regular first-declension accusative singular in -у (like книгу) of «Алеша»; it is distinct from the genitive «Алеши». Animacy does not affect the accusative of -а/-я nouns, so this is not the acc=gen syncretism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"подумав","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретил","gloss":"while thinking"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"the street"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c6-s143","source":"Он тотчас остановил его и вдруг задал ему вопрос:","translation":"He stopped him at once and suddenly put a question to him:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановил его и … задал ему вопрос","title":"Chain of perfectives advancing the action","body":"«остановил» and «задал» are perfectives moving the scene forward event by event — stopped, then put a question. «ему вопрос» pairs a dative recipient with an accusative object: 'put a question to him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановил","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задал","gloss":"a question"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c6-s144","source":"— Помнишь ты, когда после обеда Дмитрий ворвался в дом и избил отца, и я потом сказал тебе на дворе, что «право желаний» оставляю за собой, — скажи, подумал ты тогда, что я желаю смерти отца, или нет?","translation":"\"Do you remember, when Dmitri burst into the house after dinner and beat father, and I afterward told you in the yard that I reserved to myself 'the right to wish'—tell me, did you think then that I wished for father's death, or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ворвался … и избил","title":"Perfective «в-» / «из-»: sudden, complete acts","body":"«ворвался» ('burst in', «в-» = into) and «избил» ('beat up thoroughly', «из-» exhaustive) are vivid perfectives, each a single completed blow of the narrative. The prefixes carry the violence's direction and totality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставляю за собой","title":"Idiom «оставлять за собой» + reflexive","body":"«оставляю за собой» literally 'I leave behind myself' = 'I reserve for myself.' «за собой» is the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental after «за», pointing the reserved 'right' back to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"право желаний","title":"«право желаний» — the right to wish","body":"Ivan's chilling self-quoted formula: he grants himself 'the right of desires' — to wish his father dead without acting. The genitive «желаний» ('of wishes') is the abstract crux of his moral self-deception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you remember"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Помнишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ворвался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ворвался","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ворвался","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"ворвался","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Помнишь","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ворвался","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвался","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвался","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставляю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставляю","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"желаний","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to wish"},{"surface":"оставляю","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"reserve"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of оставляю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to оставляю","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помнишь","gloss":"did you think"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"wished for"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with желаю","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c6-s145","source":"— Подумал, — тихо ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"I did,\" Alyosha answered quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подумал","title":"Bare past-tense answer","body":"Alyosha's whole reply is one perfective past verb, «Подумал» ('[I] did think'), the pronoun «я» dropped because the gendered -л ending already implies the masculine first person. Russian answers an echo-question by simply repeating the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I did"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Подумал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c6-s146","source":"— Оно, впрочем, так и было, тут и угадывать было нечего. Но не подумалось ли тебе тогда и то, что я именно желаю, чтоб «один гад съел другую гадину», то есть чтоб именно Дмитрий отца убил, да еще поскорее… и что и сам я поспособствовать даже не прочь?","translation":"\"That, by the way, was just how it was; there was nothing to guess at there. But did it not also occur to you then that what I wished, precisely, was for 'one reptile to devour the other'—that is, that Dmitri, precisely, should kill father, and the sooner the better… and that I myself would not even be averse to lending a hand?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не подумалось ли тебе","title":"Impersonal «-ся» + «ли» question + dative","body":"«не подумалось ли тебе» stacks three features: the impersonal reflexive «подумалось», the yes/no particle «ли», and the dative experiencer «тебе» — 'did it not occur to you?' The thought is framed as happening *to* Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб … съел … чтоб … убил","title":"«чтоб» + past form: willed outcome","body":"«чтоб» (colloquial «чтобы») introduces a desired result and takes the past-tense irrealis form: «съел», «убил». 'I wished that one reptile *should* devour the other.' The construction fuses «что» with the particle «бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один гад съел другую гадину","title":"«гад / гадина» — reptile, vermin","body":"«гад» (m.) and «гадина» (f.) are words for a loathsome creeping creature, used of people as 'vile reptile.' The expressive feminine «гадину» and the proverb-like image cast Dmitri and the father as two vermin — Ivan's monstrous wish, self-quoted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не прочь","title":"«не прочь» — not averse","body":"An idiom: «не прочь» (+ infinitive) = 'wouldn't mind, am not against.' «поспособствовать … не прочь» — 'not even averse to lending a hand' — understates Ivan's complicity with chilling casualness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угадывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"угадывать","lemma":"угадывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечего","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"negative pronoun","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумалось","lemma":"подуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did it occur"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подумалось","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подумалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаю","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of съел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гад","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съел","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of желаю","gloss":"devour"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гадину","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"гадину","lemma":"гадина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съел","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to съел","gloss":"should kill"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"the sooner the better"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поспособствовать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поспособствовать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поспособствовать","lemma":"поспособствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прочь","gloss":"to lend a hand"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause (не прочь + infinitive)","gloss":"averse"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c6-s147","source":"Алеша слегка побледнел и молча смотрел в глаза брату.","translation":"Alyosha grew slightly pale and looked silently into his brother's eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побледнел","title":"«по-» inceptive perfective","body":"«побледнел» (perfective, from «бледный», pale) marks the completed onset of a state: 'grew pale.' The prefix «по-» often signals the beginning or a measured degree of a change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел в глаза брату","title":"Dative «брату» with «смотреть в глаза»","body":"The idiom «смотреть в глаза» ('to look into the eyes') puts the person in the dative: «в глаза брату» = 'into his brother's eyes.' «брату» is animate dative; «смотрел» imperfective, dwelling on the silent gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побледнел","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотрел","gloss":"of his brother"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c6-s148","source":"— Говори же! — воскликнул Иван. — Я изо всей силы хочу знать, что ты тогда подумал. Мне надо; правду, правду!","translation":"\"Speak, then!\" cried Ivan. \"I want with all my might to know what you thought then. I must have it; the truth, the truth!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори же!","title":"Imperative + insistent «же»","body":"«Говори» is the imperfective imperative ('speak!', durative, urging him on); «же» is the insistent modal particle — 'speak, then! / out with it!' The particle injects Ivan's pressing impatience."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне надо","title":"Dative-subject necessity","body":"«Мне надо» ('I must have it') is the classic impersonal: no nominative subject, the person in the dative «мне», the predicate the invariable «надо». Necessity is framed as bearing down *on* Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Говори","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all my"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочу","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правду","gloss":"the truth"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c6-s149","source":"— Он тяжело перевел дух, уже заранее с какою-то злобой смотря на Алешу.","translation":"He drew his breath heavily, already looking at Alyosha beforehand with a kind of malice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на Алешу","title":"Gerund «смотря»: attendant manner","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective gerund of «смотреть», giving the simultaneous manner — 'looking at Alyosha … with malice.' «уже заранее» ('already beforehand') heightens the foreboding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то злобой","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + archaic ending","body":"«какою-то» = 'with a kind of' (instrumental after «с») — «-то» makes it a specific-but-unnamed sort of malice. The instrumental ending «-ою» (for «-ой») is the bookish/19th-century variant common in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перевел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевел","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"перевел","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перевел","gloss":"his breath"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заранее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какою","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перевел","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c6-s150","source":"— Прости меня, я и это тогда подумал, — прошептал Алеша и замолчал, не прибавив ни одного «облегчающего обстоятельства».","translation":"\"Forgive me, I did think that too then,\" Alyosha whispered, and fell silent, adding not a single \"extenuating circumstance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прости меня","title":"Imperative «прости»","body":"«Прости» is the perfective imperative ('forgive [once, now]'), with «меня» the accusative object. Alyosha opens his admission with the language of confession — fitting his monastic formation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прибавив ни одного","title":"Negative gerund + «ни одного»","body":"«не прибавив» is a perfective gerund ('not having added'); «ни одного» intensifies the negation to 'not a single' — negative concord keeps «не» on the participle even with «ни»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облегчающего обстоятельства","title":"«облегчающее обстоятельство» — extenuating circumstance","body":"A legal phrase (a circumstance that 'lightens' guilt), set in quotes with faint irony: Alyosha refuses to soften his confession with any plea. The participle «облегчающее» is a present active participle, 'mitigating.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Прости","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептал","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавив","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on замолчал","gloss":"adding"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельства","gloss":"a single","note":"«ни одного» = \"not a single\"."},{"surface":"облегчающего","lemma":"облегчать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"extenuating"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавив","gloss":"circumstance"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c6-s151","source":"— Спасибо! — отрезал Иван и, бросив Алешу, быстро пошел своею дорогой.","translation":"\"Thank you!\" Ivan snapped, and, leaving Alyosha, walked off quickly on his way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросив Алешу, быстро пошел","title":"Perfective gerund + perfective main verb","body":"«бросив» ('having left/abandoned', perfective gerund) precedes «пошел» ('set off') — two completed acts, one prior, one main, both Ivan's. The clipped sequence mirrors his abrupt exit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею дорогой","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + archaic «-ою»","body":"«своею дорогой» = 'on his own way' (instrumental of path). «своею» is the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to Ivan, in the older «-ою» ending — period-bookish for «своей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap (a retort)","body":"Literally 'to cut off,' «отрезал» idiomatically means to say something curtly and finally, to snap it out. Ivan's «Спасибо!» is bitten off, the gratitude turned to a slap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quoted interjection, object of отрезал","gloss":"Thank you"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросив","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c6-s152","source":"С тех пор Алеша заметил, что брат Иван как-то резко начал от него отдаляться и даже как бы невзлюбил его, так что потом и сам он уже перестал ходить к нему.","translation":"From that time on Alyosha noticed that his brother Ivan had begun somehow sharply to draw away from him, and even, as it were, to dislike him, so that afterward he himself gave up going to see him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал … отдаляться и … невзлюбил","title":"Mixed aspect: process then result","body":"«начал … отдаляться» pictures a gradual drawing-away (imperfective infinitive after «начал»), while perfective «невзлюбил» ('came to dislike') marks the completed turn of feeling. The pairing shows aspect tracking the shift from process to settled state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что … перестал ходить","title":"Result clause «так что» + «перестать» + imperfective","body":"«так что» ('so that, with the result that') opens a consequence clause. «перестать» ('to stop'), like «начать», demands an imperfective infinitive — «ходить» (multidirectional 'to go [habitually]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition С","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies начал","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-то» is one adverb, \"somehow\"; split by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаляться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отдаляться","lemma":"отдаляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to draw away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невзлюбил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies невзлюбил","gloss":"as it were","note":"«как бы» = \"as it were / as if\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"невзлюбил","lemma":"невзлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдаляться","gloss":"came to dislike"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of невзлюбил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by так что","gloss":"gave up"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c6-s153","source":"Но в ту минуту, сейчас после той с ним встречи, Иван Федорович, не заходя домой, вдруг направился опять к Смердякову.","translation":"But at that moment, right after that encounter with him, Ivan Fyodorovich, without stopping at home, suddenly set off again to Smerdyakov's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заходя домой","title":"Negated imperfective gerund","body":"«не заходя домой» ('without stopping in at home') is a negated imperfective gerund of «заходить» — Russian renders 'without doing' simply by negating the gerund. It shares Ivan's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился … к Смердякову","title":"Perfective «направиться» + dative goal","body":"«направился» (perfective reflexive, 'set off, headed') governs «к Смердякову» — «к» + dative marks the destination/person aimed for. The «-ся» makes the verb intransitive ('directed himself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встречи","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встречи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходя","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"stopping by"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]}]}