{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Второй визит к Смердякову","translated":"The Second Visit to Smerdyakov"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c7","lines":218},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c8","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c7-s1","source":"Смердяков к тому времени уже выписался из больницы.","translation":"By that time Smerdyakov had already been discharged from the hospital.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выписался","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle voice","body":"«выписаться» (perfective) means 'to get oneself discharged / signed out'. The «-ся» turns the transitive «выписать» (to discharge someone) into an intransitive event happening to the subject — Smerdyakov is both the one acting and the one affected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже выписался","title":"Perfective past for a completed prior event","body":"The perfective «выписался» fixes the discharge as a single completed fact already in place 'by that time' («к тому времени»), giving English's pluperfect 'had been discharged'. Aspect, not a separate tense, carries this 'already-done' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выписался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выписался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выписался","lemma":"выписаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was discharged"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"больницы","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписался","gloss":"hospital"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c7-s2","source":"Иван Федорович знал его новую квартиру: именно в этом перекосившемся бревенчатом маленьком домишке в две избы, разделенные сенями.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich knew his new lodgings: precisely this lopsided little log house, two cottages under one roof, separated by an entry hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"домишке","title":"The pejorative suffix «-ишк-»","body":"«домишко» is «дом» (house) plus the belittling «-ишк-»: not a neutral 'little house' but a wretched, paltry one. Stacked here with «маленьком» and «перекосившемся» (lopsided), it paints the squalor of Smerdyakov's lodgings before we even enter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перекосившемся","title":"Past active participle as adjective","body":"«перекосившемся» is the past active participle of «перекоситься» ('to go askew'), declined here in the prepositional to agree with «домишке». It packs a whole который-clause ('that had warped out of true') into one bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of квартиру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартиру","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of домишке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"перекосившемся","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"lopsided"},{"surface":"бревенчатом","lemma":"бревенчатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"маленьком","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"домишке","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to квартиру","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on избы","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"cottages"},{"surface":"разделенные","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies избы","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"сенями","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разделенные","gloss":"entryway"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c7-s3","source":"В одной избе поместилась Марья Кондратьевна с матерью, а в другой Смердяков, особливо.","translation":"In one cottage Marya Kondratyevna had settled with her mother, and in the other Smerdyakov, on his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В одной избе… а в другой…","title":"The contrastive «а»","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction that pivots from one topic to a parallel one — here from one cottage to the other. It is not the strong 'but' of «но» but a balancing 'and/while', the constant hinge of Russian description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливо","title":"Archaic «особливо» for «особо»","body":"«особливо» is a bookish, dated variant of «особо» / «отдельно» ('separately, apart'). The period flavour underlines Smerdyakov's deliberate seclusion — he lives 'on his own', set apart from the women."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поместилась","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: to settle oneself","body":"«поместиться» (perfective reflexive) is intransitive 'to find room, settle in'. The «-ся» again converts the transitive «поместить» (to place something) into a change of state undergone by the subject — Marya 'got herself installed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies избе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поместилась","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"поместилась","lemma":"поместиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поместилась","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Марья","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избе (elided)","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Марья","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"особливо","lemma":"особливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the elided predicate (Smerdyakov lived apart, поместился особливо)","gloss":"on his own"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c7-s4","source":"Бог знает на каких основаниях он у них поселился, даром ли проживал или за деньги?","translation":"God knows on what terms he had taken up residence with them, whether he lived there for free or paid them money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даром ли проживал или за деньги","title":"The particle «ли» as embedded 'whether'","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused word «даром» to pose an indirect either/or question: 'whether he lived for free… or for money'. It is the literary alternative to mere question intonation, and Dostoevsky uses it constantly in narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"даром","title":"«даром» — for free, in vain","body":"«даром» (an old instrumental of «дар», 'gift') means 'gratis, for nothing'. In other contexts it shades into 'in vain' (не даром — not for nothing), but here it is plainly 'without paying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основаниях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of основаниях","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"основаниях","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поселился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"поселился","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"for free"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the alternative question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поселился","gloss":"lived there"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c7-s5","source":"Впоследствии полагали, что поселился он у них в качестве жениха Марьи Кондратьевны и проживал пока даром.","translation":"Afterward people supposed that he had settled in with them as Marya Kondratyevna's betrothed and was living there, for the time being, for free.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в качестве жениха","title":"Predicate role with «в качестве» + genitive","body":"«в качестве» ('in the capacity of') governs the genitive «жениха» to assign a role — 'as betrothed'. It is a more formal cousin of the predicate instrumental, framing the status Smerdyakov is supposed to occupy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впоследствии","title":"«впоследствии» — afterward","body":"A bookish single-word adverb meaning 'subsequently, later on'. It signals the narrator stepping briefly out of the scene's present to report what the town came to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагали","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"полагали","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поселился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поселился","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагали","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поселился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жениха","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в качестве","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"Марьи","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жениха","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевны","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марьи","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поселился","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даром","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"for free"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c7-s6","source":"И мать и дочь его очень уважали и смотрели на него как на высшего пред ними человека.","translation":"Both mother and daughter held him in great esteem and looked upon him as a man superior to themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как на высшего пред ними человека","title":"«смотреть на… как на…» + accusative","body":"The frame «смотреть на кого как на кого» ('to regard X as Y') keeps both halves in the accusative after «на». «высшего… человека» is animate-masculine accusative borrowing the genitive form, marking Smerdyakov as the object of their esteem."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ними","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the shortened, elevated form of the preposition «перед» ('before, in front of'), here governing the instrumental «ними». The clipped form lends a faintly bookish, old-fashioned ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уважали","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мать","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважали","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"уважали","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уважали","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase, correlating with на marking человека (не preposition itself — как на ... человека)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c7-s7","source":"Достучавшись, Иван Федорович вступил в сени и, по указанию Марьи Кондратьевны, прошел прямо налево в «белую избу», занимаемую Смердяковым.","translation":"Having knocked until he was let in, Ivan Fyodorovich stepped into the entry hall and, following Marya Kondratyevna's directions, went straight on to the left into the \"white cottage\" that Smerdyakov occupied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Достучавшись","title":"Perfective gerund «деепричастие»","body":"«Достучавшись» is the perfective past gerund of «достучаться» ('to knock until answered'). Indeclinable and sharing Ivan's subject, it states the prior, completed action — 'having knocked his way in' — before the main verb «вступил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занимаемую Смердяковым","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«занимаемую» is the present passive participle of «занимать» ('to occupy'), declined to agree with «избу». Its agent stands in the instrumental, «Смердяковым» — literally 'the cottage occupied by Smerdyakov', a compact bookish relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Достучавшись","lemma":"достучаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вступил","gloss":"having knocked in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"entryway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking указанию","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"указанию","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"Марьи","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies указанию","gloss":"Marya's"},{"surface":"Кондратьевны","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марьи","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вступил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налево","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"белую","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избу","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"занимаемую","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies избу","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of занимаемую","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c7-s8","source":"В этой избе печь стояла изразцовая и была сильно натоплена.","translation":"In this cottage stood a tiled stove, and the room had been heated to a stifling warmth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"печь стояла изразцовая","title":"Word order: split noun phrase for emphasis","body":"Neutral order would be «стояла изразцовая печь»; placing «изразцовая» (tiled) after the verb, detached from «печь», throws rhetorical weight onto the adjective — the tiled stove is the noticeable, slightly grand thing in a poor room. Free word order lets Russian foreground new information this way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"натоплена","title":"«натопить» — to heat thoroughly","body":"The prefix «на-» on «топить» (to stoke a stove) adds the sense of doing so to the full, to saturation — hence the short passive participle «натоплена» yields a room heated to a stifling, over-warm degree."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of избе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"печь","lemma":"печь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"stove"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"изразцовая","lemma":"изразцовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies печь","gloss":"tiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of натоплена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натоплена","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"натоплена","lemma":"натопить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"heated"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c7-s9","source":"По стенам красовались голубые обои, правда все изодранные, а под ними в трещинах копошились тараканы-прусаки в страшном количестве, так что стоял неумолкаемый шорох.","translation":"Pale-blue wallpaper showed off along the walls, though it was all tattered, and beneath it, in the cracks, cockroaches teemed in dreadful numbers, so that there rose an unceasing rustle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тараканы-прусаки","title":"«прусаки» — the 'Prussian' cockroaches","body":"«прусак» is the small reddish-brown household cockroach (Blattella germanica), nicknamed 'the Prussian'. The folk name — as if blaming the pest on a foreign neighbour — adds a wry, vernacular colour to the catalogue of squalor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"копошились","title":"«копошиться» — to teem, swarm","body":"An expressive, slightly onomatopoeic verb for the restless creeping and swarming of small creatures. Paired with «неумолкаемый шорох» ('unceasing rustle'), it makes the walls themselves seem to crawl."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что стоял неумолкаемый шорох","title":"Result clause with «так что»","body":"«так что» ('so that, with the result that') opens a subordinate clause of consequence, set off by a comma. It draws the logical result — a ceaseless rustling — out of the swarming just described."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of красовались","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"красовались","lemma":"красоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed off"},{"surface":"голубые","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обои","gloss":"pale-blue"},{"surface":"обои","lemma":"обои","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of красовались","gloss":"wallpaper"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изодранные","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обои","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"изодранные","lemma":"изодранный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обои","gloss":"tattered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of копошились","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трещинах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трещинах","lemma":"трещина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of копошились","gloss":"cracks"},{"surface":"копошились","lemma":"копошиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with красовались","gloss":"teemed"},{"surface":"тараканы","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of копошились","gloss":"cockroaches"},{"surface":"прусаки","lemma":"прусак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to тараканы","gloss":"roaches"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking количестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies количестве","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"количестве","lemma":"количество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of копошились","gloss":"numbers"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"неумолкаемый","lemma":"неумолкаемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шорох","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"шорох","lemma":"шорох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"rustle"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c7-s10","source":"Мебель была ничтожная: две скамьи по обеим стенам и два стула подле стола.","translation":"The furniture was paltry: two benches along either wall and two chairs beside the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мебель была ничтожная","title":"Zero-copula past with predicate adjective","body":"In the past, «быть» surfaces as «была», and the predicate adjective «ничтожная» stays in the nominative, agreeing with feminine «мебель». Contrast the predicate noun, which would take the instrumental — adjectives keep the nominative here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ничтожная","title":"«ничтожный» — paltry, negligible","body":"From the root of «ничто» ('nothing'), «ничтожный» means 'amounting to nothing, trifling'. Applied to people it sharpens into 'worthless, contemptible'; here it dismisses the furniture as next to nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ничтожная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ничтожная","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on скамьи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"скамьи","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мебель","gloss":"benches"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"обеим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine","role":"quantifies стенам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies скамьи","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on стула","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скамьи","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c7-s11","source":"Стол же, хоть и просто деревянный, был накрыт, однако, скатертью с розовыми разводами.","translation":"The table, however, plain wood though it was, had nonetheless been covered with a cloth patterned in pink swirls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стол же","title":"The contrastive particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic 'after all' but the topic-shifting particle attaching to «стол»: 'As for the table…'. It marks a turn to a new item set against what precedes, reinforced by «однако» ('however')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и просто деревянный","title":"Concessive «хоть и… однако»","body":"«хоть и» ('though, even if') concedes a point — the table is only plain wood — which «однако» ('however, nonetheless') then offsets: yet it was covered with a cloth. The paired construction stages a small reversal of expectation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive накрыт","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стол","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of деревянный","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деревянный","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деревянный","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Стол","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of накрыт","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"накрыт","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыт","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"скатертью","lemma":"скатерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрыт","gloss":"tablecloth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разводами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"розовыми","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies разводами","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"разводами","lemma":"развод","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скатертью","gloss":"swirls"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c7-s12","source":"На двух маленьких окошках помещалось на каждом по горшку с геранями.","translation":"On each of the two little windows stood a pot of geraniums.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по горшку","title":"Distributive «по» + dative","body":"«по» with the dative «горшку» distributes the item across each window: 'a pot apiece, one to each'. Reinforced by «на каждом» ('on each one'), this distributive «по» is the idiomatic way Russian says 'X each'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окошках","title":"Diminutive «окошко»","body":"«окошко» is the affectionate diminutive of «окно» (window). With «маленьких» it doubles the smallness, evoking the cramped, homely scale of the room rather than any literal measurement."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies окошках","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies окошках","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"окошках","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"помещалось","lemma":"поместиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждом","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"each","note":"resumes «На двух окошках» distributively: \"on each [window]\"."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горшку","gloss":"one","note":"distributive «по» + dative = \"one … each\"."},{"surface":"горшку","lemma":"горшок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"pot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking геранями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"геранями","lemma":"герань","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies горшку","gloss":"geraniums"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c7-s13","source":"В углу киот с образами.","translation":"In the corner, an icon case with holy images.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В углу киот с образами.","title":"Verbless existential sentence","body":"The sentence has no verb at all: in the present, Russian omits the copula 'to be', so a bare locative phrase plus noun suffices — 'In the corner, an icon case'. The clipped, verbless line mimics a roving eye cataloguing the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"киот","lemma":"киот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (стоял)","gloss":"icon case"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"образами","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies киот","gloss":"holy images"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c7-s14","source":"На столе стоял небольшой, сильно помятый медный самоварчик и поднос с двумя чашками.","translation":"On the table stood a small, badly dented copper samovar and a tray with two cups.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоварчик","title":"Diminutive «самоварчик»","body":"«самоварчик» is «самовар» plus the diminutive «-чик»: a small samovar, the tinge of '-чик' lending a slightly homely, even faintly pitying note. With «помятый» (dented) it sketches a meagre but lived-in domesticity."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"небольшой","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самоварчик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помятый","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"помятый","lemma":"помять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies самоварчик","gloss":"dented"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самоварчик","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"самоварчик","lemma":"самоварчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"samovar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поднос","lemma":"поднос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самоварчик","gloss":"tray"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чашками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies чашками","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"чашками","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies поднос","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c7-s15","source":"Но чай Смердяков уже отпил, и самовар погас…","translation":"But Smerdyakov had already finished his tea, and the samovar had gone cold…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чай Смердяков уже отпил","title":"Fronted object for topic-comment","body":"The object «чай» heads the sentence and the verb «отпил» comes last, while the case ending keeps the roles clear. This topicalises 'the tea' (as for the tea — it was already drunk up), the natural Russian way to weight given against new information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отпил… погас","title":"Perfective verbs moving the scene forward","body":"Both «отпил» (finished drinking) and «погас» (went out) are perfective pasts, each naming a single completed result. The «от-» on «пить» adds the sense of drinking one's portion to the end; together the two perfectives close off the tea-scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпил","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отпил","lemma":"отпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погас","gloss":"samovar"},{"surface":"погас","lemma":"погаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпил","gloss":"went cold"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c7-s16","source":"Сам он сидел за столом на лавке и, смотря в тетрадь, что-то чертил пером.","translation":"He himself sat at the table on the bench and, peering into a notebook, was tracing something out with a pen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам он","title":"The intensifier «сам»","body":"«сам» ('himself, in person') emphasises the subject in contrast to the surroundings just described — the room and its objects, and then the man himself. It declines like an adjective and is distinct from the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря в тетрадь","title":"Imperfective present gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» ('looking'), expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb «чертил»: he traced 'while peering into a notebook'. Sharing the subject, it folds two actions into one image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то чертил пером","title":"Imperfective «чертил» + instrument in the instrumental","body":"Imperfective «чертил» frames the act as ongoing process ('was tracing'), while the means of the action, «пером», takes the instrumental — the case of the instrument, literally 'with a pen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on чертил","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тетрадь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тетрадь","lemma":"тетрадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"notebook"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of чертил","gloss":"something","note":"«что-то» is one indefinite pronoun, \"something\"; split by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чертил","lemma":"чертить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was tracing"},{"surface":"пером","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чертил","gloss":"pen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c7-s17","source":"Пузырек с чернилами находился подле, равно как и чугунный низенький подсвечник со стеариновою, впрочем, свечкой.","translation":"A little vial of ink stood beside him, and likewise a low cast-iron candlestick with — a stearin candle, as it happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пузырек","title":"Diminutive «пузырёк»","body":"«пузырёк» is the diminutive of «пузырь» ('bubble, bladder'), here meaning a little glass vial or phial — a small bottle of ink. The «-ёк» marks its smallness within the cluttered tabletop still life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"равно как и","title":"Bookish connector «равно как и»","body":"«равно как и» ('as well as, likewise') is a formal, literary way to add a second item — 'and likewise a candlestick'. Its measured, almost legalistic register sits oddly against the humble objects, part of the narrator's faintly ironic precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стеариновою","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«стеариновою» is the feminine instrumental in the older long form «-ою» rather than modern «-ой». This poetic/bookish variant is common in 19th-century prose and lends a measured, literary cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пузырек","lemma":"пузырёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"a little vial"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чернилами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чернилами","lemma":"чернила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с, modifies Пузырек","gloss":"ink"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находился","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase равно как и, introduces подсвечник","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase равно как и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чугунный","lemma":"чугунный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсвечник","gloss":"cast-iron"},{"surface":"низенький","lemma":"низенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсвечник","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"подсвечник","lemma":"подсвечник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Пузырек, of находился","gloss":"candlestick"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стеариновою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стеариновою","lemma":"стеариновый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свечкой","gloss":"stearin"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying свечкой","gloss":"as it happened"},{"surface":"свечкой","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of со, modifies подсвечник","gloss":"a candle"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c7-s18","source":"Иван Федорович тотчас заключил по лицу Смердякова, что оправился он от болезни вполне.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich concluded at once, from Smerdyakov's face, that he had fully recovered from his illness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключил… что оправился он","title":"Reported fact with «что»","body":"The subordinator «что» ('that') introduces a plain reported fact after «заключил» ('concluded') — distinct from «чтобы», which would signal a willed or hypothetical outcome. Note the inverted «оправился он» inside the clause, weighting the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправился","title":"Reflexive «оправиться» — to recover","body":"«оправиться от болезни» ('to recover from illness') uses the «-ся» middle: the subject undergoes the return to health. The governing preposition «от» ('from') takes the genitive «болезни»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оправился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оправился","lemma":"оправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"had recovered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оправился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"his illness"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправился","gloss":"fully"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c7-s19","source":"Лицо его было свежее, полнее, хохолок взбит, височки примазаны.","translation":"His face was fresher, fuller, the forelock fluffed up, the side-locks slicked down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свежее, полнее","title":"Comparatives in «-ее»","body":"«свежее» and «полнее» are the invariable predicative comparatives of «свежий» (fresh) and «полный» (full): 'fresher, fuller'. The single suffix «-ее» does the work of English 'more', stating that the face had improved since Ivan last saw it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хохолок… височки","title":"Diminutives «хохолок», «височки»","body":"«хохолок» (a little tuft/forelock, dim. of «хохол») and «височки» (dim. of «виски», the temples/side-locks) reduce Smerdyakov's grooming to fussy, almost contemptible little details. The diminutives carry the narrator's faint sneer at his vanity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хохолок взбит, височки примазаны","title":"Short passive participles as predicate","body":"«взбит» (fluffed up) and «примазаны» (slicked down) are short-form past passive participles standing as predicates — 'the forelock [is] fluffed, the side-locks [are] plastered'. The verbless, clipped result-statements mimic a quick once-over of his appearance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Лицо to свежее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свежее","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"fresher"},{"surface":"полнее","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with свежее","gloss":"fuller"},{"surface":"хохолок","lemma":"хохолок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взбит","gloss":"the forelock"},{"surface":"взбит","lemma":"взбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of хохолок, coordinated with было свежее","gloss":"fluffed up"},{"surface":"височки","lemma":"височки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of примазаны","gloss":"the side-locks"},{"surface":"примазаны","lemma":"примазать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of височки, coordinated with взбит","gloss":"slicked down"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c7-s20","source":"Сидел он в пестром ватном халате, очень, однако, затасканном и порядочно истрепанном.","translation":"He sat in a gaudy quilted dressing gown, very threadbare, however, and decidedly worn to rags.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затасканном… истрепанном","title":"«затасканный», «истрёпанный» — worn to rags","body":"Both are past passive participles turned adjectives: «затасканный» (dragged about, shabby from use) and «истрёпанный» (frayed, tattered). The intensifying prefixes «за-» and «ис-» push each to the extreme of wear, doubled by «очень» and «порядочно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking халате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пестром","lemma":"пёстрый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халате","gloss":"gaudy"},{"surface":"ватном","lemma":"ватный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халате","gloss":"quilted"},{"surface":"халате","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"dressing gown"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затасканном","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying затасканном","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"затасканном","lemma":"затаскать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies халате, coordinated with пестром","gloss":"threadbare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порядочно","lemma":"порядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истрепанном","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"истрепанном","lemma":"истрепать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies халате, coordinated with затасканном","gloss":"worn to rags"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c7-s21","source":"На носу его были очки, которых Иван Федорович не видывал у него прежде.","translation":"On his nose were spectacles that Ivan Fyodorovich had never before seen on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очки, которых… не видывал","title":"Genitive of negation under «который»","body":"The relative «которых» stands in the genitive because the negated verb «не видывал» pulls its object into the genitive of negation — Ivan 'had not seen' those spectacles. The relative agrees with «очки» in number but takes its own case from its role in the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не видывал","title":"Iterative «видывать» — never used to see","body":"«видывал» is an iterative/frequentative of «видеть», marked by «-ыва-» and almost always negated or in the past: 'had ever seen, used to see'. «не видывал прежде» means he had never once seen them before — a more emphatic, slightly folksy 'never'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"носу","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of На","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"очки","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"spectacles"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of видывал, refers to очки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видывал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"видывал","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on очки","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c7-s22","source":"Это пустейшее обстоятельство вдруг как бы вдвое даже озлило Ивана Федоровича: «Этакая тварь, да еще в очках!»","translation":"This utterly trifling detail suddenly redoubled, as it were, Ivan Fyodorovich's anger: \"A creature like that, and in spectacles, no less!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустейшее","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«пустейшее» is the bookish superlative of «пустой» ('empty, trifling') in «-ейш-»: 'utterly trivial, the emptiest possible'. This synthetic superlative is more emphatic and literary than the everyday «самый пустой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, sort of') softens and qualifies the claim — the trifle 'somehow' redoubled his anger — characteristic of Dostoevsky's hesitant, self-correcting narration. «даже» ('even') then pushes back against the hedge for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тварь","title":"«тварь» — creature / contemptible wretch","body":"«тварь» originally means 'a created being, creature' (from «творить», to create), with a Church-Slavonic colouring. In abuse it becomes 'vile creature, scum' — Ivan's furious inner curse. «Этакая» ('such a, a creature like that') sharpens the contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пустейшее","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"utterly trifling"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of озлило","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies озлило","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"вдвое","lemma":"вдвое","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлило","gloss":"twofold"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдвое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"озлило","lemma":"озлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"angered"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of озлило","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Этакая","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of an elliptical exclamatory clause, subject omitted, referring to Smerdyakov (not in apposition to обстоятельство, which is a different referent)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тварь and очках","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в очках","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"очках","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"complement of в, coordinated with тварь","gloss":"spectacles"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c7-s23","source":"Смердяков медленно поднял голову и пристально посмотрел в очки на вошедшего; затем тихо их снял и сам приподнялся на лавке, но как-то совсем не столь почтительно, как-то даже лениво, единственно чтобы соблюсти только лишь самую необходимейшую учтивость, без которой уже нельзя почти обойтись.","translation":"Smerdyakov slowly raised his head and stared fixedly through the spectacles at the man who had come in; then he quietly took them off and half-rose from the bench himself, but somehow not at all so respectfully — somehow even lazily, solely to observe the barest minimum of courtesy that one can scarcely do without.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял… посмотрел… снял… приподнялся","title":"A chain of perfective verbs","body":"The four perfective pasts each mark a discrete completed gesture, advancing the action step by step: raised, stared, took off, half-rose. Against any imperfective background, this is how Russian narrates a sequence of events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы соблюсти… самую необходимейшую учтивость","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + double superlative","body":"«чтобы» plus the perfective infinitive «соблюсти» states purpose — he rose 'in order to observe' the courtesy. «самую необходимейшую» piles «самый» onto the synthetic superlative «необходимейшую» — an emphatic, almost ironic 'the very barest minimum'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без которой уже нельзя почти обойтись","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive relative","body":"«нельзя обойтись без чего» ('one cannot do without something') is an impersonal, subjectless construction — «нельзя» is invariable and takes no nominative. The preposition «без» governs the genitive relative «которой», pointing back to «учтивость»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очки","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"очки","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"complement of в","gloss":"the spectacles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вошедшего","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"вошедший","morphology":"participle used as noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"the man who had come in"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приподнялся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"приподнялся","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"half-rose"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies совсем не столь почтительно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь почтительно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почтительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial describing приподнялся","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies даже лениво","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лениво","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лениво","lemma":"лениво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with почтительно","gloss":"lazily"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чтобы соблюсти","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of соблюсти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"соблюсти","lemma":"соблюсти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on единственно чтобы","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь самую необходимейшую учтивость","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самую необходимейшую учтивость","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies необходимейшую","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"необходимейшую","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies учтивость","gloss":"barest minimum of"},{"surface":"учтивость","lemma":"учтивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of соблюсти","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of без, refers to учтивость","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the relative clause on учтивость","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обойтись","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"обойтись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"do without"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c7-s24","source":"Всё это мигом мелькнуло Ивану, и всё это он сразу обхватил и заметил, а главное — взгляд Смердякова, решительно злобный, неприветливый и даже надменный: «чего, дескать, шляешься, обо всем ведь тогда сговорились, зачем же опять пришел?»","translation":"All this flashed through Ivan's mind in an instant, and all of it he took in and noticed at once, but above all — Smerdyakov's gaze, decidedly malicious, unwelcoming, and even haughty: \"What are you loitering about for? We settled everything between us back then, so why have you come again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнуло Ивану","title":"Dative experiencer with «мелькнуло»","body":"«всё это мигом мелькнуло Ивану» frames Ivan as a dative experiencer — the perception 'flashed to/through' him, with «всё это» as grammatical subject and Ivan undergoing it. This dative-of-the-affected pattern pervades Dostoevsky's rendering of inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags the words that follow as someone else's imagined or quoted speech — here Ivan's reading of Smerdyakov's contemptuous look: 'as if to say…'. It lets the narrator voice an unspoken thought without committing to it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шляешься","title":"«шляться» — to loaf, loiter about","body":"«шляться» is a coarse, dismissive verb for aimless wandering or hanging about — 'gadding, traipsing'. Put into Smerdyakov's imagined inner voice, it betrays the contempt under his outward servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мелькнуло","gloss":"through Ivan's mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обхватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обхватил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнуло","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обхватил","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, in apposition to взгляд","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical direct object of заметил, parallel to это (not in apposition to это)","gloss":"the gaze"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобный","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"неприветливый","lemma":"неприветливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"unwelcoming"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надменный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надменный","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (why/what for), modifying шляешься (шляться is intransitive and takes no direct object; чего is colloquial for зачем/почему)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported/imagined speech","gloss":"as if to say"},{"surface":"шляешься","lemma":"шляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imagined quoted clause","gloss":"are you loitering"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of обо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сговорились","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сговорились","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"сговорились","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imagined quoted clause","gloss":"we settled everything"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imagined quoted clause","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c7-s25","source":"Иван Федорович едва сдержал себя:","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich could barely contain himself:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдержал себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun, referring back to the subject Ivan: 'restrained himself'. Unlike the bound clitic «-ся», «себя» is an independent word and has no nominative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдержал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c7-s26","source":"— Жарко у тебя, — сказал он, еще стоя, и расстегнул пальто.","translation":"\"It's hot in here,\" he said, still standing, and unbuttoned his overcoat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жарко у тебя","title":"Impersonal «жарко» + «у тебя»","body":"«Жарко» is an invariable impersonal predicate ('[it is] hot'), with no subject; «у тебя» ('at your place') locates the state. The construction is the natural Russian way to say 'it's hot in here / at yours', sidestepping any 'it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще стоя","title":"Gerund «стоя» — still standing","body":"«стоя» is the imperfective present gerund of «стоять» ('standing'), here an adverbial of attendant circumstance: he spoke 'while still on his feet'. With «еще» it stresses that he had not yet sat down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жарко","lemma":"жарко","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it's hot"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing direct speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоя","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расстегнул","lemma":"расстегнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"unbuttoned"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расстегнул","gloss":"his overcoat"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c7-s27","source":"— Снимите-с, — позволил Смердяков.","translation":"\"Take it off, sir,\" Smerdyakov permitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Снимите","title":"Polite imperative in «-те»","body":"«Снимите» is the perfective imperative of «снять» ('take off'), with the «-те» that makes it plural or polite — Smerdyakov keeps the formal «вы» footing even as the «-с» mocks it. The perfective imperative urges a single, complete action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The suffix «-с» (a contraction of «сударь», 'sir') is tacked onto words to sound servile or obsequious. Smerdyakov sprinkles it through his speech («Снимите-с», «уме-с», «невинности») to feign humble politeness even while he is being insolent. It has no real English equivalent; we approximate it here by appending 'sir' where it falls most naturally, but elsewhere it simply cannot be carried across."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снимите","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"take it off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to Снимите","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing direct speech","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позволил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c7-s28","source":"Иван Федорович снял пальто и бросил его на лавку, дрожащими руками взял стул, быстро придвинул его к столу и сел.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich took off his overcoat and tossed it onto the bench, seized a chair with trembling hands, swiftly drew it up to the table, and sat down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снял… бросил… взял… придвинул… сел","title":"Five perfectives in sequence","body":"The volley of perfective pasts — took off, tossed, seized, drew up, sat — renders Ivan's jerky, agitated entry as a rapid chain of completed acts. The aspect itself conveys the staccato, nervous rhythm of his movements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожащими руками","title":"Present active participle in the instrumental","body":"«дрожащими» is the present active participle of «дрожать» ('to tremble'), declined to agree with the instrumental «руками» ('with trembling hands'). The instrumental marks the means, and the participle compresses 'hands that were trembling' into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"his overcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"дрожащими","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"participle, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придвинул","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"придвинул","lemma":"придвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придвинул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c7-s29","source":"Смердяков успел опуститься на свою лавку раньше его.","translation":"Smerdyakov had managed to lower himself onto his own bench before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"успел опуститься","title":"«успеть» — to manage in time","body":"«успеть» (perfective) means 'to have time to, to manage to' do something before a deadline; with the perfective infinitive «опуститься» ('lower oneself') it means Smerdyakov got himself seated 'in time', before Ivan. «раньше его» ('before him') marks the genitive of comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою лавку","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свою» (acc. fem. of «свой») means 'his own', pointing back to the clause's subject Smerdyakov — his own bench, not someone else's. Using «его» instead would suggest a third party's bench; «свой» keeps the possession reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"опуститься","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to lower himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лавку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies опуститься","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of раньше","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c7-s30","source":"— Во-первых, одни ли мы? — строго и стремительно спросил Иван Федорович. — Не услышат нас оттуда?","translation":"\"First of all, are we alone?\" Ivan Fyodorovich asked sternly and impetuously. \"They won't overhear us from in there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни ли мы","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«ли» follows the fronted, focused word «одни» ('alone') to form a neutral yes/no question: 'Are we alone?'. This is the literary, slightly formal alternative to bare question intonation, fitting Ivan's clipped, interrogating manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не услышат нас оттуда?","title":"Perfective future as a worried question","body":"«услышат» is the perfective (simple) future of «услышать» — conjugated like a present but meaning 'will [they] hear'. Negated and questioning, it voices Ivan's anxiety: 'They won't overhear us, will they?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одни","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with строго","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing direct speech","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышат","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"услышат","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overhear"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of услышат","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышат","gloss":"from in there"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c7-s31","source":"— Никто ничего не услышит-с.","translation":"\"No one will hear a thing, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто ничего не услышит","title":"Negative concord: «никто ничего не»","body":"Russian stacks negatives in agreement, not cancellation: «никто» (nobody) + «ничего» (nothing) + «не» on the verb — three negatives for one meaning, 'no one will hear anything'. The verb must keep «не» even with the «ни»-words present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of услышит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of услышит","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышит","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"услышит","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to услышит","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c7-s32","source":"Сами видели: сени.","translation":"You saw for yourself: the entry hall.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами видели","title":"Dropped pronoun with «сами»","body":"The subject «вы» is omitted — the verb ending and the intensifier «сами» ('[you] yourself') carry it: 'You saw for yourself'. Pronoun-drop is routine when the form is unambiguous, and «сами» throws the weight onto Ivan's own observation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies elliptical subject of видели","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition, elaborates on видели","gloss":"the entry hall"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c7-s33","source":"— Слушай, голубчик: что ты такое тогда сморозил, когда я уходил от тебя из больницы, что если я промолчу о том, что ты мастер представляться в падучей, то и ты-де не объявишь всего следователю о нашем разговоре с тобой у ворот?","translation":"\"Listen, my good fellow: what was it you blurted out back then, when I was leaving you at the hospital — that if I held my tongue about your being a master at feigning fits of the falling sickness, then you, for your part, would not reveal to the investigator the whole of our conversation at the gate?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — my dear fellow","body":"«голубчик» (lit. 'little dove', dim. of «голубь») is a tender, coaxing term of address — 'my dear, my good fellow'. In Ivan's mouth here, addressed to the man he loathes, it drips with menacing, false intimacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сморозил","title":"«сморозить» — to blurt out nonsense","body":"«сморозить (глупость)» is a slangy, colloquial verb for blurting out something foolish or absurd. Ivan uses it dismissively — 'what was that you came out with?' — to belittle Smerdyakov's earlier threat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты-де не объявишь","title":"Reportative clitic «-де»","body":"«-де» is a reportative particle, like «дескать», marking the clause as reported speech — 'you, [he said,] would not reveal'. Ivan is paraphrasing Smerdyakov's own earlier words back to him, and «-де» flags them as quotation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, address to the listener","gloss":"my good fellow"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сморозил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сморозил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сморозил","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"сморозил","lemma":"сморозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, complement of Слушай","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уходил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уходил","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сморозил","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"больницы","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining сморозил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of промолчу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of промолчу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"промолчу","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on объявишь","gloss":"held my tongue"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of о","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мастер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мастер","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мастер","lemma":"мастер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of том","gloss":"a master"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мастер","gloss":"at feigning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative resuming если, introduces main clause объявишь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты-де","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech, attached to ты","gloss":"supposedly (reported-speech particle, like дескать/мол)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявишь","gloss":"would not"},{"surface":"объявишь","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reported conditional clause","gloss":"reveal"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявишь","gloss":"to the investigator"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговоре","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"the gate"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c7-s34","source":"Что это такое ''всего?''","translation":"What does it mean, this ''whole''?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что это такое «всего»?","title":"Emphatic «что это такое»","body":"«что это такое» ('what on earth is this / what is this supposed to be') is an intensified demand for clarification, the «такое» adding pressure. Ivan seizes on the single word «всего» ('the whole / everything') and demands its meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate question word","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition, quoted word being questioned","gloss":"this \"whole\""}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c7-s35","source":"Что ты мог тогда разуметь?","translation":"What could you have meant by it then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты мог тогда разуметь?","title":"Modal «мочь» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«мог… разуметь» pairs the past of «мочь» (could) with the imperfective infinitive «разуметь», asking what Ivan was capable of meaning. «что» here is the accusative object of «разуметь» — 'what could you have meant'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разуметь","title":"Archaic «разуметь» — to mean, understand","body":"«разуметь» is an older, bookish verb for 'to understand / to have in mind' (modern «понимать», «иметь в виду»). Its slightly antique flavour recurs through this exchange («я разумел»), giving the duel a formal, weighed quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разуметь (fronted interrogative; not a subordinating conjunction, there is no subordinate clause here)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разуметь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разуметь","lemma":"разуметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have meant"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c7-s36","source":"Угрожал ты мне, что ли?","translation":"Were you threatening me, or what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Угрожал ты мне, что ли?","title":"The tag particle «что ли»","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial sentence-final tag expressing doubt, surprise, or a challenge — 'or what?, were you?'. Tacked onto «угрожал ты мне», it turns the statement into an incredulous, half-aggressive question. «угрожать» governs the dative «мне»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Угрожал","lemma":"угрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were you threatening"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Угрожал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Угрожал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"or what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"[tag particle]"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c7-s37","source":"Что я в союз, что ли, в какой с тобою вступал, боюсь тебя, что ли?","translation":"Have I entered into some alliance with you, or what — am I afraid of you, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в союз… в какой… вступал","title":"Split phrase «в союз… в какой»","body":"The phrase «в какой-нибудь союз» ('into some alliance') is torn apart — «в союз» fronted, «в какой» trailing after «что ли» — repeating the preposition «в» around the interjected tag. The fractured word order conveys Ivan's sputtering, incredulous anger."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вступал в союз","title":"«вступить в союз» — to enter an alliance","body":"«вступать/вступить в союз (с кем)» is the set phrase 'to enter into an alliance/league with'. The imperfective «вступал» here questions whether any such pact was ever in process — 'have I been entering into…?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative particle","role":"opens the rhetorical question","gloss":"What","note":"Rhetorical opener, roughly 'as if I ever...'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вступал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking союз","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"alliance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"with ли (w6), forms the idiom 'что ли'","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"with что (w5), forms the idiom 'что ли'","gloss":"what","note":"'что ли' is a colloquial tag meaning 'or what/or something'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies союз (echoed back after 'что ли')","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вступал","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"did I enter"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"am I afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"with ли (w15), forms the idiom 'что ли'","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"with что (w14), forms the idiom 'что ли'","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c7-s38","source":"Иван Федорович проговорил это совсем в ярости, видимо и нарочно давая знать, что презирает всякий обиняк и всякий подход и играет в открытую.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich said all this in a complete fury, plainly and deliberately making it known that he scorned every evasion and every roundabout approach and was playing his cards face up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давая знать, что презирает","title":"Gerund «давая» + reported «что»","body":"«давая знать» is the imperfective gerund of «давать» ('giving to understand'), simultaneous with «проговорил». It governs a «что»-clause of reported fact — making it known 'that he scorned'. The gerund layers his manner over his speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обиняк","title":"«обиняк» — a roundabout hint","body":"«обиняк» is an evasion, an oblique or roundabout way of speaking; «говорить обиняками» means 'to beat about the bush'. Ivan scorns «всякий обиняк и всякий подход» — every hint and indirect approach — preferring to 'play in the open'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"играет в открытую","title":"Idiom «играть в открытую»","body":"A card-playing metaphor — 'to play with one's cards face up', i.e. to act openly, hiding nothing. It frames the whole confrontation as a high-stakes game between the two men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ярости","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"a fury"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давая","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with видимо","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давая ('давая знать' = making known)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирает, complement of знать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"he scorned"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обиняк","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"обиняк","lemma":"обиняк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"evasion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подход","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"подход","lemma":"подход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обиняк, direct object of презирает","gloss":"roundabout approach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"играет","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирает","gloss":"was playing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking открытую","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"открытую","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играет","gloss":"up","note":"'играть в открытую' is an idiom: to play openly/cards face up."}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c7-s39","source":"Глаза Смердякова злобно сверкнули, левый глазок замигал, и он тотчас же, хотя по обычаю своему сдержанно и мерно, дал и свой ответ: «Хочешь, дескать, начистоту, так вот тебе и эта самая чистота».","translation":"Smerdyakov's eyes glinted malignly, his left eye twitched, and at once — though after his usual manner, restrained and measured — he too gave his answer: \"You want it plain and straight? Very well, then, here is your plain truth for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазок замигал","title":"Diminutive «глазок»","body":"«глазок» is the diminutive of «глаз» (eye); «левый глазок замигал» — 'his little left eye twitched'. The diminutive lends a creeping, faintly grotesque intimacy to the description of Smerdyakov's nervous tic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь, дескать, начистоту","title":"Conditional without «если»","body":"Two clauses are juxtaposed with no «если» — 'You want it straight? then here it is' — a colloquial conditional where the first clause implies 'if'. «дескать» again flags this as Smerdyakov's imagined inner retort, reported by the narrator."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"начистоту","title":"«начистоту» — frankly, plainly","body":"«начистоту» (adverb) means 'frankly, openly, plainly'; «говорить начистоту» is 'to speak straight out'. The narrator then plays on the root «чистота» ('cleanliness/purity') — 'here is that very cleanness for you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Глаза","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкнули","gloss":"malignly"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"glinted"},{"surface":"левый","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"глазок","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замигал","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"замигал","lemma":"замигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"twitched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause attached to дал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обычаю","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"обычаю","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал (within the хотя-clause)","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обычаю","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал (manner, within the хотя-clause)","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мерно","lemma":"мерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сдержанно","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ (emphatic 'too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"You want"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech, modifies Хочешь","gloss":"so to speak","note":"'дескать' flags that the speaker is voicing (or mimicking) someone's words."},{"surface":"начистоту","lemma":"начистоту","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of Хочешь ('want it plain and straight')","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе, forms the idiom 'вот тебе'","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"with вот, forms the idiom 'вот тебе' ('here you go')","gloss":"you","note":"'вот тебе и X' = 'here's X for you, then'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying чистота-phrase","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чистота","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чистота ('эта самая' = 'this very')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чистота","lemma":"чистота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вот тебе (idiom)","gloss":"plain truth"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c7-s40","source":"— А то самое я тогда разумел и для того я тогда это произносил, что вы, знамши наперед про это убивство родного родителя вашего, в жертву его тогда оставили, и чтобы не заключили после сего люди чего дурного об ваших чувствах, а может, и об чем ином прочем, — вот что тогда обещался я начальству не объявлять.","translation":"\"What I meant back then, and what I uttered it for, was this: that you, knowing beforehand about this murder of your own father, left him as a sacrifice at that time, and so that people should not afterward conclude something wicked about your feelings — and perhaps about something else besides — that is what I promised the authorities I would not reveal.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знамши","title":"Dialectal gerund «знамши»","body":"«знамши» is a substandard, peasant-dialect gerund of «знать» (standard «зная»), a mark of Smerdyakov's half-educated, lower-class speech. Such non-standard «-мши» forms, scattered through his careful diction, betray the lackey beneath the would-be gentleman."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убивство","title":"Dialectal «убивство» for «убийство»","body":"«убивство» is a colloquial/dialectal form of «убийство» ('murder'). Like «знамши» and «об ваших» (for «о ваших»), it stamps Smerdyakov's speech with a peasant non-standardness even as he reaches for legal solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не заключили… люди","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы» of purpose takes the past-tense form «заключили» (not an infinitive, since the subject — «люди» — differs): 'so that people should not conclude'. This past-form-after-«чтобы» is the irrealis at work, the same logic as «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после сего","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сего» is the genitive of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), surviving in fixed legal-solemn phrases like «после сего» ('after this'). Smerdyakov reaches for this elevated, quasi-official register to dignify his testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разумел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то ('то самое' = 'that very thing')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разумел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разумел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разумел","lemma":"разуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произносил ('для того' = 'for that reason')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of произносил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произносил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произносил","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разумел","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause (complement of разумел/произносил)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знамши","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставили (dialectal gerund, 'having known')","gloss":"having known","note":"'знамши' is a folk/dialectal past gerund of 'знать', standard would be 'зная'/'узнав'."},{"surface":"наперед","lemma":"наперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знамши","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убивство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убивство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"убивство","lemma":"убивство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знамши","gloss":"murder","note":"'убивство' is Smerdyakov's dialectal form of 'убийство'."},{"surface":"родного","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убивство","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили ('в жертву' = 'as a sacrifice')","gloss":"a sacrifice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of заключили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключили","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключили","gloss":"this","note":"'сей/сего' is an archaic form of 'этот', common in Smerdyakov's stilted speech."},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заключили","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заключили (genitive under negation)","gloss":"something","note":"Genitive object after a negated verb ('не заключили чего' = 'not conclude something')."},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключили","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies об чем ином прочем","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies об чем ином прочем (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключили, coordinated with чувствах","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"прочем","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем, coordinated with ином","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of объявлять","gloss":"is what"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обещался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обещался","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of обещался","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявлять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявлять","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обещался","gloss":"to reveal"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c7-s41","source":"Проговорил Смердяков хоть и не спеша и обладая собою по-видимому, но уж в голосе его даже послышалось нечто твердое и настойчивое, злобное и нагло-вызывающее.","translation":"Smerdyakov spoke without haste and seemingly in command of himself, but already there sounded in his voice something hard and insistent, malicious and brazenly defiant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обладая собою","title":"Gerund «обладая» + instrumental","body":"«обладая собою» is the imperfective gerund of «обладать» ('to possess'), which governs the instrumental — here the reflexive «собою» (older form of «собой»): 'in possession of himself, self-controlled'. The gerund describes the manner attending «проговорил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышалось нечто твердое","title":"Reflexive «послышаться» + genitive-marked «нечто»","body":"«послышалось» is the «-ся» middle of «слышать» — something 'made itself heard' in his voice, impersonally. «нечто» ('something') is modified by a string of adjectives «твердое и настойчивое, злобное и нагло-вызывающее», building the menace by accumulation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"with и (w4), introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша, with хоть forms 'хоть и'","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Проговорил (manner)","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обладая","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спеша (within the хоть-clause)","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of обладая ('обладать собою' governs the instrumental)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"with видимому, modifies обладая","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"with по, modifies обладая","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послышалось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышалось","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосе (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послышалось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"послышалось","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Проговорил","gloss":"there sounded"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of послышалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчивое","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with твердое","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with твердое","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагло","lemma":"нагло","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"with вызывающее, coordinated with твердое","gloss":"brazenly"},{"surface":"вызывающее","lemma":"вызывающий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"with нагло, coordinated with твердое","gloss":"defiant"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c7-s42","source":"Дерзко уставился он в Ивана Федоровича, а у того в первую минуту даже в глазах зарябило:","translation":"He fixed his gaze insolently on Ivan Fyodorovich, who for the first moment even felt the room swim before his eyes:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у того… зарябило","title":"Impersonal «зарябило» with dative/«у» experiencer","body":"«в глазах зарябило» is a subjectless impersonal — literally 'it began to ripple/dazzle in the eyes' — with the experiencer marked by «у того» ('the latter'). Russian routinely renders such bodily sensations with no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у того","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the latter'","body":"«у того» uses «тот» ('that one') to track a referent — here Ivan, 'the latter / the other man' — keeping subject and object distinct as the narration shifts between the two. «тот» is the standard device for this anaphoric tracking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дерзко","lemma":"дерзко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"Insolently"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed his gaze"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарябило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарябило","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зарябило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зарябило","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"зарябило","lemma":"зарябить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уставился (impersonal verb)","gloss":"swam","note":"Impersonal construction: 'у него зарябило в глазах' = 'his eyes/vision swam'."}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c7-s43","source":"— Как? Что? Да ты в уме али нет?","translation":"\"What? What's that? Are you in your right mind or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"Folk «али» for «или»","body":"«али» is a rustic, archaic variant of «или» ('or'), common in peasant and folk speech. «в уме али нет» — 'in your right mind or not' — its dialect colour matching the rough heat of Ivan's outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в уме","title":"Idiom «в уме» — in one's right mind","body":"«быть в уме» means 'to be sane, in one's right mind'; «да ты в уме?» is 'are you out of your mind?'. The phrase recurs in the next line («в полном своем уме»), where Smerdyakov coolly throws the sanity question back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What?!"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What's that?"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause (emphatic opener)","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb ('ты [есть] в уме')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement ('в уме' = of sound mind)","gloss":"your mind"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative нет","gloss":"or","note":"'али' is a dialectal/folk form of 'или' ('or')."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with в уме ('or not')","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c7-s44","source":"— Совершенно в полном своем уме-с.","translation":"\"Entirely in my full and proper mind, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в полном своем уме","title":"Reflexive «свой» + emphatic intensifiers","body":"«своем» ('one's own') refers reflexively to Smerdyakov's own mind, while «совершенно», «полном» pile up to a flat, mock-precise 'entirely in my full and proper mind'. The appended «-с» (see note on s27) makes the whole reply oily and insolent at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полном","gloss":"Entirely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential enclitic)","role":"attaches to уме as a polite suffix","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic '-с' is a servile/polite marker (from 'сударь'), common in Smerdyakov's speech."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c7-s45","source":"— Да разве я ''знал'' тогда про убийство? — вскричал наконец Иван Федорович и крепко стукнул кулаком по столу. — Что значит: «об чем ином прочем»? — говори, подлец!","translation":"\"But did I really ''know'' about the murder then?\" Ivan Fyodorovich cried out at last, and struck the table hard with his fist. \"What does it mean, this 'something else besides'? Speak, you scoundrel!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве я знал тогда","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«разве» opens a rhetorical, disbelieving question expecting the answer 'no' — 'but surely I did not know?'. With the opening «Да» ('why, but') it conveys Ivan's outraged astonishment. «знал» is imperfective: did he 'know', as a state, at the time?"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"«подлец» is a strong term of abuse — 'scoundrel, villain, base wretch' — from «подлый» ('base, mean'). It is one of the recurring insults Ivan hurls at Smerdyakov, escalating through this scene to «смердящая шельма»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стукнул кулаком по столу","title":"Instrumental of instrument + «по» of impact","body":"«кулаком» ('with his fist') is the instrumental of means, while «по столу» (dative after «по») marks the surface struck. «стукнул» is the semelfactive perfective — a single sharp blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic opener, modifies разве","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"did I really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнул","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"стукнул","lemma":"стукнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of стукнул","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнул","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does ... mean"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quoted phrase, subject-complement of значит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"прочем","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем, coordinated with ином","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Smerdyakov","gloss":"you scoundrel"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c7-s46","source":"Смердяков молчал и всё тем же наглым взглядом продолжал осматривать Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"Smerdyakov said nothing and went on surveying Ivan Fyodorovich with the same insolent stare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчал… продолжал осматривать","title":"Imperfectives for sustained inaction","body":"«молчал» (kept silent) and «продолжал осматривать» (went on examining) are imperfective, holding the moment open as a continuing state rather than an event. The aspect makes Smerdyakov's unbroken, insolent stare hang in the air."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё тем же наглым взглядом","title":"Instrumental of manner «взглядом»","body":"«осматривать… взглядом» uses the instrumental «взглядом» as the means/manner of looking — 'survey with a gaze'. «всё тем же» ('still that same') stresses the unchanging insolence; «тем» is the instrumental of «тот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглядом (intensifier, 'still that same')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"наглым","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of осматривать","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"осматривать","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"surveying"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осматривать","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c7-s47","source":"— Говори, смердящая шельма, об чем «ином прочем»? — завопил тот.","translation":"\"Speak, you stinking knave, what is this 'something else besides'?\" the other man bellowed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смердящая шельма","title":"«смердящая шельма» — stinking knave","body":"«шельма» (from German Schelm) is a rogue or knave; «смердящий» is the present active participle of «смердеть» ('to stink'). The phrase puns bitterly on the name Smerdyakov, which itself derives from «смердеть» — 'the stinking knave', the name made into the insult."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил","title":"«завопить» — to bellow, howl","body":"«завопить» is the inceptive perfective of «вопить» ('to wail, yell'); the prefix «за-» marks the bursting-out of the cry. The escalating verbs of utterance — «вскричал», «завопил», «воскликнул» — chart Ivan's mounting frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"смердящая","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies шельма","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to the elided ты (addressee)","gloss":"you knave"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided значит (quoting the phrase)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"прочем","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем, coordinated with ином","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"the other man"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c7-s48","source":"— А об том «ином прочем» я сею минутой разумел, что вы, пожалуй, и сами очень желали тогда смерти родителя вашего.","translation":"\"By that 'something else besides' I meant, this very minute, that you yourself, very likely, also greatly desired your father's death at the time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сею минутой","title":"Archaic «сею минутой» — this very minute","body":"«сею» is the instrumental of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'); «сею минутой» means 'at this very moment, just now'. Smerdyakov's reach for the elevated «сей» amid his dialect forms is part of his unsettling, half-learned register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"желали… смерти родителя","title":"«желать» + genitive object","body":"«желать» governs the genitive, so its object «смерти» (death) stands in the genitive — 'desired the death'; «родителя вашего» is a further genitive of possession. Many verbs of wishing and striving take the genitive in this elevated register."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ином прочем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прочем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"прочем","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разумел, coordinated with ином","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разумел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сею","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутой","gloss":"this","note":"'сею' is the archaic instrumental feminine of 'сей' ('this')."},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разумел","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"разумел","lemma":"разуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies желали","gloss":"very likely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами (emphatic 'too')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы (emphatic 'you yourselves')","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желали","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"желали","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разумел","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желали","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желали (genitive)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c7-s49","source":"Иван Федорович вскочил и изо всей силы ударил его кулаком в плечо, так что тот откачнулся к стене.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich leapt up and struck him on the shoulder with his fist, with all his might, so that the man lurched back against the wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и… ударил","title":"Perfective burst of action","body":"«вскочил» (leapt up) and «ударил» (struck) are paired perfectives, the prefix «вс-» on «скочить» catching the upward jerk of his leap. The aspect renders the blow as one sudden, complete eruption of violence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всей силы","title":"Idiom «изо всей силы»","body":"«изо всей силы» ('with all one's might') uses «из(о)» + genitive «всей силы». The variant «изо» (with the inserted vowel) appears before the consonant cluster «вс-». The phrase is the fixed way to say 'as hard as one can'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что тот откачнулся","title":"Result clause + «тот» tracking the object","body":"«так что» introduces the consequence of the blow; «тот» ('that one') re-identifies Smerdyakov as he 'lurched back', keeping him distinct from Ivan. «откачнулся» is the «-ся» middle — the body swayed back of itself from the impact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of ударил","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"with что (w14), forms the result marker 'так что'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with так (w13), introduces the result clause of откачнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of откачнулся","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"откачнулся","lemma":"откачнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"result clause on ударил (introduced by так что)","gloss":"lurched back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откачнулся","gloss":"the wall"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c7-s50","source":"В один миг всё лицо его облилось слезами, и, проговорив: «Стыдно, сударь, слабого человека бить!», он вдруг закрыл глаза своим бумажным с синими клеточками и совершенно засморканным носовым платком и погрузился в тихий слезный плач.","translation":"In an instant his whole face was bathed in tears, and saying, \"It is shameful, sir, to strike a feeble man!\" he suddenly covered his eyes with his blue-checked paper handkerchief, thoroughly soiled with blowing his nose, and sank into a quiet, tearful weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо его облилось слезами","title":"Reflexive «облиться» + instrumental","body":"«облилось» is the «-ся» middle of «облить» ('to pour over') — his face 'bathed itself' in tears, with «слезами» in the instrumental as the medium. The reflexive turns a transitive drenching into something that happens to the face on its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорив","title":"Perfective gerund «проговорив»","body":"«проговорив» is the perfective past gerund of «проговорить» — 'having said', a prior completed act framing what follows. It sets Smerdyakov's reproach just before he covers his eyes, in the chain of gestures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слабого человека бить","title":"Impersonal «стыдно» + dependent infinitive","body":"«Стыдно… бить» is an impersonal evaluative ('[it is] shameful to strike') with the infinitive «бить» as its logical subject and no nominative. «слабого человека» is its animate-masculine accusative object — 'to strike a feeble man'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с синими клеточками","title":"Diminutive «клеточки»","body":"«клеточки» is the diminutive of «клетка» ('square, check'); 'with little blue checks'. The petty, almost tender precision about a snotty paper handkerchief sharpens the bathos of Smerdyakov's staged weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies миг (idiom 'в один миг')","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of облилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"облилось","lemma":"облиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was bathed"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of облилось","gloss":"in tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закрыл","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"it's shameful"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"слабого","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a feeble"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Стыдно","gloss":"to strike"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закрыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыл","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облилось","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"бумажным","lemma":"бумажный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платком","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клеточками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"синими","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies клеточками","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"клеточками","lemma":"клеточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, modifies платком","gloss":"checks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засморканным","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"засморканным","lemma":"засморкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies платком","gloss":"soiled"},{"surface":"носовым","lemma":"носовой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платком","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрыл","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погрузился","lemma":"погрузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облилось","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плач","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плач","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"слезный","lemma":"слёзный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плач","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"плач","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погрузился","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c7-s51","source":"Прошло с минуту.","translation":"A minute or so passed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прошло с минуту","title":"Approximative «с» + accusative","body":"«с минуту» uses «с» with the accusative to mean 'about a minute, a minute or so' — the approximative «с», distinct from the comitative «с» + instrumental. «Прошло» is a neutral impersonal 'there passed', with no personal subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прошло","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c7-s52","source":"— Довольно! Перестань! — повелительно сказал наконец Иван Федорович, садясь опять на стул. — Не выводи меня из последнего терпения.","translation":"\"Enough! Stop it!\" Ivan Fyodorovich said at last, commandingly, sitting down again on the chair. \"Don't drive me to the last of my patience.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестань! Не выводи","title":"Imperatives: perfective command vs imperfective prohibition","body":"«Перестань» is a perfective imperative — stop, once and for all. «Не выводи» pairs negation with the imperfective imperative, the normal pattern for a prohibition ('don't keep driving me…'); a negated perfective would instead warn against an accident."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садясь опять на стул","title":"Gerund «садясь» of attendant action","body":"«садясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «садиться» ('sitting down'), an action accompanying «сказал»: he spoke 'as he sat down again'. Sharing Ivan's subject, it stages speech and movement together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из последнего терпения","title":"Idiom «вывести из терпения»","body":"«вывести кого из терпения» means 'to exhaust someone's patience, drive them past endurance'. «из последнего терпения» intensifies it — 'out of the very last of my patience'. «из» governs the genitive «терпения»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"Перестань","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Stop it"},{"surface":"повелительно","lemma":"повелительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"commandingly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"садясь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садясь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of садясь","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выводи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"выводи","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"push","note":"Idiom: выводить из терпения = 'to try someone's patience.'"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выводи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking терпения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies терпения","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"терпения","lemma":"терпение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выводи","gloss":"patience"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c7-s53","source":"Смердяков отнял от глаз свою тряпочку.","translation":"Smerdyakov took the rag away from his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тряпочку","title":"Diminutive «тряпочка»","body":"«тряпочка» is the diminutive of «тряпка» ('rag'); the narrator's word for the handkerchief shifts to this dismissive 'little rag', deflating Smerdyakov's grand show of grief into a snivel over a scrap of cloth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнял","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тряпочку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тряпочку","lemma":"тряпочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"rag"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c7-s54","source":"Всякая черточка его сморщенного лица выражала только что перенесенную обиду.","translation":"Every little line of his wrinkled face expressed the affront he had just suffered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточка","title":"Diminutive «черточка»","body":"«черточка» is the diminutive of «черта» ('line, feature'); «всякая черточка» — 'every little line' of his wrinkled face. The diminutive draws the eye to the minute play of features registering the affront."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что перенесенную обиду","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«перенесенную» is the past passive participle of «перенести» ('to endure, undergo'), declined to agree with the accusative «обиду»: 'the affront [just] suffered'. «только что» ('just now') fixes it as fresh — the insult of the blow seconds before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выражала","gloss":"little line"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сморщенного","lemma":"сморщенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"wrinkled"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"выражала","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies перенесенную","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies перенесенную","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"перенесенную","lemma":"перенесённый","morphology":"participle, past, passive, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиду","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выражала","gloss":"affront"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c7-s55","source":"— Так ты, подлец, подумал тогда, что я заодно с Дмитрием хочу отца убить?","translation":"\"So you, you scoundrel, thought back then that I wanted to kill my father in league with Dmitri?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заодно с Дмитрием","title":"«заодно (с)» — in league with","body":"«заодно с кем» means 'in concert with, on the same side as' someone — here 'in league with Dmitri'. The phrase governs the instrumental «Дмитрием» (with «с»), framing the suspected conspiracy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочу отца убить","title":"Animate accusative «отца»","body":"«отца» is the accusative of «отец» ('father'), which — being animate masculine — borrows the genitive form. It is the object of the infinitive «убить» ('to kill') governed by «хочу»: 'I want to kill [my] father'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заодно","lemma":"заодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заодно","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c7-s56","source":"— Мыслей ваших тогдашних не знал-с, — обиженно проговорил Смердяков, — а потому и остановил вас тогда, как вы входили в ворота, чтобы вас на этом самом пункте испытать-с.","translation":"\"Your thoughts at the time I did not know, sir,\" Smerdyakov said in an injured tone, \"and that is why I stopped you then, as you were coming in at the gate, in order to sound you out on that very point, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мыслей ваших… не знал","title":"Genitive of negation, fronted","body":"«мыслей… не знал» puts the object of negated «знать» into the genitive plural «мыслей» (from «мысль») — the genitive of negation — and fronts it for emphasis: 'your thoughts I did not know'. Word order and case together shape the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тогдашних","title":"«тогдашний» — of that time","body":"«тогдашний» is the relative adjective from «тогда» ('then') — 'belonging to that time, of-then'. «мыслей ваших тогдашних» is 'your thoughts of that time', a neat single-word way Russian turns adverbs of time into modifiers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вас… испытать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"Here «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive «испытать» ('to test, sound out'), since subject is unchanged — 'in order to test you'. «вас» is the accusative object, and the appended «-с» keeps the whole answer servilely formal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of Мыслей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тогдашних","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Мыслей","gloss":"at-the-time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite","role":"politeness particle attached to знал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"обиженно","lemma":"обиженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановил (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of входили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of входили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"входили","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on тогда","gloss":"were entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of входили","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испытать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of испытать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пункте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункте","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испытать","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"испытать","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on остановил","gloss":"test"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite","role":"politeness particle attached to испытать","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c7-s57","source":"— Что испытать? Что?","translation":"\"Sound me out on what? What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что испытать?","title":"Clipped infinitive question","body":"Ivan's two-word «Что испытать?» — interrogative «что» plus a bare infinitive — echoes Smerdyakov's «испытать» back at him, demanding its object. Such elliptical infinitive questions are a hallmark of clipped, agitated dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of испытать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"испытать","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"test"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c7-s58","source":"— А вот именно это самое обстоятельство: хочется иль не хочется вам, чтобы ваш родитель был поскорее убит?","translation":"\"Why, on this very circumstance: did you, or did you not, want your father to be killed the sooner?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется иль не хочется вам","title":"Impersonal «хочется» + dative experiencer","body":"«хочется вам» is the «-ся» impersonal of «хотеть»: 'is it wished by you', with the experiencer «вам» in the dative and no nominative subject. It softens raw 'do you want' into something more insinuating — 'do you happen to want…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы… был… убит","title":"«чтобы» + short passive participle","body":"The wish-clause «чтобы ваш родитель был… убит» pairs «чтобы» with «был убит» — the short past passive participle «убит» plus past «был» forming a periphrastic passive in the irrealis: 'that your father be killed'. «поскорее» urges 'the sooner'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это (idiom 'вот именно')","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (explains обстоятельство)","gloss":"did you want"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links хочется and не хочется","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочется","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родитель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of убит","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочется","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c7-s59","source":"Всего более возмущал Ивана Федоровича этот настойчивый наглый тон, от которого упорно не хотел отступить Смердяков.","translation":"What outraged Ivan Fyodorovich most of all was this insistent, insolent tone that Smerdyakov stubbornly refused to drop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всего более возмущал Ивана… этот тон","title":"Inverted word order with fronted comment","body":"The superlative adverbial «всего более» ('most of all') and the verb «возмущал» open the sentence, with the true subject «этот настойчивый наглый тон» held to the end — a marked inversion that lands rhetorical weight on the tone that outraged him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого… не хотел отступить","title":"Relative «который» with «от» + genitive","body":"«от которого… отступить» — 'to retreat from which' — has the relative «которого» in the genitive after «от», agreeing in gender/number with «тон» but taking its case from the preposition. «отступить от тона» means 'to back off from the tone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb (from pronoun)","role":"modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возмущал","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"возмущал","lemma":"возмущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"outraged"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возмущал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настойчивый","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"наглый","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возмущал","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отступить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тон","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"отступить","lemma":"отступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to retreat"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c7-s60","source":"— Это ты его убил! — воскликнул он вдруг.","translation":"\"It was you who killed him!\" he exclaimed suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты его убил!","title":"Cleft emphasis with «это» + fronted «ты»","body":"«Это ты… убил» is a cleft of identification — 'it was you who killed him' — with «это» presenting and «ты» (normally droppable) made explicit and fronted for accusatory stress. «его» is the animate accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул он вдруг","title":"Perfective «воскликнул» closing the chapter","body":"«воскликнул» (perfective, 'exclaimed') marks the single, decisive utterance that ends the exchange — the accusation that has been building through the whole scene. The post-verbal «он вдруг» keeps the manner ('suddenly') in final, climactic position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with убил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c7-s61","source":"Смердяков презрительно усмехнулся.","translation":"Smerdyakov smiled contemptuously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Perfective -ну- of a single gesture","body":"«усмехнуться» is a perfective semelfactive: the -ну- suffix names one momentary act — a single curl of the lip — and the reflexive -ся makes the whole gesture turn back on the smiler. Imperfective «усмехался» would have left him smirking on and on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презрительно усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"Not a warm «улыбнуться» (to smile) but «усмехнуться», a sneer or smirk, here sharpened by «презрительно» (contemptuously). The verb already carries derision; the adverb only names its target."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c7-s62","source":"— Что не я убил, это вы знаете сами доподлинно.","translation":"\"That it was not I who killed him, you know perfectly well yourself, for a certainty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что не я убил, это вы знаете","title":"Fronted что-clause, resumed by «это»","body":"The reported clause «Что не я убил» is hoisted to the front as the topic, then picked up by the resumptive «это» before the verb «знаете». This topic-comment fronting throws the whole weight of the sentence onto the fact denied — and onto «не я», not I."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не я убил","title":"«не» before the pronoun, not the verb","body":"Negation is placed on «я», not on «убил»: not *I didn't kill* but *it was not I who killed*. Russian negates the very word it wants to deny, so «не я» pins the contrast onto the subject — someone killed, only not Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доподлинно","title":"«доподлинно» — for a certainty","body":"A bookish, emphatic adverb meaning 'authentically, beyond all doubt, for a certainty'. In Smerdyakov's mouth it lends a mock-solemn, almost legalistic ring to his insinuation that Ivan knows the truth perfectly well."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, resumed by это","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, resumed by это","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете, resumes the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"emphasizes subject of знаете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"доподлинно","lemma":"доподлинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"for a certainty"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c7-s63","source":"И думал я, что умному человеку и говорить о сем больше нечего.","translation":"And I thought that to an intelligent man there was nothing more to be said about it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умному человеку и говорить о сем больше нечего","title":"Dative experiencer + «нечего» + infinitive","body":"An impersonal construction: «умному человеку» stands in the dative as the one to whom this applies, and the negative «нечего» plus infinitive «говорить» means 'there is nothing to say'. There is no nominative subject at all — a hallmark of Russian's experiencer-first syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о сем","title":"«о сем» — archaic 'about this'","body":"«сем» is the prepositional of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), where ordinary speech would say «об этом». The archaic «сей/сия/сие» belongs to the elevated 19th-century register; Smerdyakov affects it to sound learned."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нечего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умному","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"an intelligent"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нечего","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of нечего","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c7-s64","source":"— Но почему, почему у тебя явилось тогда такое на меня подозрение?","translation":"\"But why, why did such a suspicion of me arise in you back then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тебя явилось тогда такое на меня подозрение","title":"«у тебя» possessor + «явилось» of a feeling arising","body":"Russian locates an emerging emotion not in the person as subject but 'at' them: «у тебя явилось подозрение» — literally 'with you a suspicion arose'. «подозрение» is the grammatical subject (neuter, matching «явилось»), while «у тебя» (genitive after «у») is the possessor in whom it appeared."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему, почему","title":"Reduplication for insistence","body":"Ivan doubles «почему, почему» — an emphatic repetition that English keeps ('why, why'). Such reduplication is a spoken-Russian intensifier, conveying his agitated, almost pleading demand for a reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifies подозрение","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of явилось","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c7-s65","source":"— Как уж известно вам, от единого страху-с.","translation":"\"As you already know, sir, out of sheer fear alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от единого страху-с","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"Cause expressed by «от» plus the genitive: «от страху» = 'out of fear'. Note the old partitive-flavoured genitive «страху» (rather than «страха») — a folk/colloquial ending Dostoevsky keeps in Smerdyakov's speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The lackey's «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» (a worn-down remnant of «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto «страху-с» is Smerdyakov's verbal signature: a servile, deferential particle stuck onto word after word throughout this scene. It marks his class and his oily obsequiousness toward the gentleman Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единого","title":"«единый» — 'sole, sheer'","body":"«единый» is the elevated, near-biblical word for 'one/single/sole' (vs everyday «один»). «от единого страху» = 'from sheer fear alone' — another touch of Smerdyakov's borrowed bookishness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite","role":"politeness particle attached to страху","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c7-s66","source":"Ибо в таком был тогда положении, что, в страхе сотрясаясь, всех подозревал.","translation":"For I was in such a state at the time that, trembling with terror, I suspected everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в страхе сотрясаясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «сотрясаясь»","body":"«сотрясаясь» is an imperfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) in -ясь: 'trembling [while]'. It names an action going on simultaneously with the main verb «подозревал», and must share its subject — the same 'I' both trembles and suspects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, scriptural conjunction for 'for / because', far more elevated than everyday «потому что». Smerdyakov uses it again and again here, mimicking sermon-like or legal solemnity — comic in so menial a man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таком был тогда положении, что","title":"Correlative «в таком… что»","body":"«в таком положении, что…» sets up a result clause: 'in such a state that…'. The demonstrative «такой» (here prepositional «таком») anticipates the «что»-clause that explains what kind of state it was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (causal 'for')","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to положении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подозревал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подозревал","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подозревал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"suspected"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c7-s67","source":"Вас тоже положил испытать-с, ибо если и вы, думаю, того же самого желаете, что и братец ваш, то и конец тогда всякому этому делу, а сам пропаду заодно, как муха.","translation":"I resolved to sound you out too, sir, for if you, I thought, wanted the very same thing your brother did, then that would be the end of this whole business, and I myself would perish along with it, like a fly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вас тоже положил испытать","title":"Object «Вас» fronted before the verb","body":"The object «Вас» (accusative of «вы») is thrown to the front for emphasis — 'You too I resolved to test'. With case marking the object, word order is free to put the new, pointed target first."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"положил испытать","title":"«положил» — 'resolved, determined'","body":"Here «положил» does not mean 'put/laid' but 'resolved, made up my mind' (to do something) — an older, slightly bookish usage. «положил испытать» = 'I resolved to put [you] to the test'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если и вы… того же самого желаете","title":"«желать» governs the genitive","body":"«желать» (to wish, desire) takes its object in the genitive: «того же самого желаете» = 'you desire the very same thing', where «того же самого» is the genitive of «то же самое». Verbs of wishing, fearing, and seeking typically govern the genitive of an abstract goal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пропаду… как муха","title":"«пропасть как муха» — perish like a fly","body":"«пропаду» (perfective future of «пропасть», to perish/be done for) with the simile «как муха», 'like a fly' — to be swatted, worthless, snuffed out without a trace. The lowly image fits Smerdyakov's self-pitying sense of his own expendability."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"испытать","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to test"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite","role":"politeness particle attached to испытать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal если-clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of желаете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of самого, object of желаете","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of желаете","gloss":"same thing"},{"surface":"желаете","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies братец (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided желает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конец (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the то-clause","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of конец","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies elided я, subject of пропаду","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"пропаду","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with конец clause","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"заодно","lemma":"заодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропаду","gloss":"along with it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies пропаду","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"муха","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"comparison complement","gloss":"a fly"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c7-s68","source":"— Слушай, ты две недели назад не то говорил.","translation":"\"Listen, two weeks ago you said something different.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"две недели назад не то говорил","title":"Imperfective «говорил» of what was said","body":"«говорил» (imperfective past) reports the general content of an earlier conversation — 'you were saying / said something different' — rather than a single completed utterance. «не то» = 'not that [same] thing', i.e. something else."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"temporal complement, modifies говорил","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ты-clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c7-s69","source":"— То же самое и в больнице, говоря с вами, разумел, а только полагал, что вы и без лишних слов поймете и прямого разговора не желаете сами, как самый умный человек-с.","translation":"\"The very same thing I meant in the hospital too, when I was speaking with you, only I supposed that you would understand even without any extra words and that you yourself, as the most intelligent of men, wanted no plain talk of it, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говоря с вами, разумел","title":"Gerund «говоря» framing the main verb","body":"«говоря» is the imperfective gerund of «говорить»: 'while speaking [with you]'. It sets the simultaneous circumstance for the main verb «разумел» ('I meant'), both performed by the same speaker — a compact participial frame typical of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы и без лишних слов поймете","title":"Perfective future «поймёте»","body":"«поймёте» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present — which yields future meaning: 'you will [come to] understand'. Smerdyakov reports his past supposition about a future grasp, betting on Ivan's single, completed act of comprehension «без лишних слов» (without superfluous words)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разумел","title":"«разуметь» — to mean, to apprehend","body":"«разуметь» is an older, bookish verb for 'to understand / to mean by something' (modern «иметь в виду», «подразумевать»). It pairs naturally with «ум» (mind) — fitting in a scene obsessed with who is the «умный человек»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый умный человек","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самый умный» forms the superlative periphrastically: «самый» ('most') declines together with the adjective to mean 'the most intelligent'. The recurring tag «умный человек» (intelligent man) is the scene's bitter refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разумел","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies То","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в больнице (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разумел","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разумел","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разумел","lemma":"разуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, То is its object","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полагал","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разумел","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без лишних слов (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"лишних","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"extra"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поймете","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"поймете","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of полагал","gloss":"would understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links поймете and желаете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямого","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of желаете","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желаете","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поймете","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"emphasizes subject of желаете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison (as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the как-comparison, refers to вы","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite","role":"politeness particle, sentence-final","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c7-s70","source":"— Ишь ведь!","translation":"\"Just look at him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь ведь!","title":"«Ишь» — colloquial 'just look at him!'","body":"«Ишь» is an interjection of astonished, often indignant notice — 'just look at that! / would you believe it!' Reinforced by «ведь», it conveys Ivan's grim wonder at Smerdyakov's gall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know, isn't it so'. It carries no dictionary meaning but colours the utterance with the speaker's sense that the point is self-evident; such modal particles are the very texture of Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"just look"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ишь","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c7-s71","source":"Но отвечай, отвечай, я настаиваю: с чего именно, чем именно я мог вселить тогда в твою подлую душу такое низкое для меня подозрение?","translation":"But answer me, answer — I insist: from what exactly, by what exactly, could I have planted such a base suspicion in your vile soul back then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвечай, отвечай","title":"Imperfective imperative, doubled","body":"«отвечай» is the imperfective imperative of «отвечать» (vs perfective «ответь»). The imperfective command urges Ivan to get on with answering, the process itself; the doubling makes it a goading, impatient demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем именно я мог вселить","title":"Instrumental «чем» of means","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что», asking 'by what means': «чем… я мог вселить подозрение» = 'by what could I have instilled a suspicion'. The instrumental is the case of the instrument or cause through which something is done."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вселить… в твою подлую душу","title":"«вселить» — to implant, instil","body":"«вселить» literally means 'to settle/move [someone] into a dwelling'; figuratively, to implant a feeling 'into' someone's soul. The metaphor of a suspicion taking up residence «в душу» is vivid and faintly sinister — fitting Ivan's revulsion at «твою подлую душу» (your vile soul)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with отвечай","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of настаиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"настаиваю","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insist"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вселить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чего, oblique complement of вселить","gloss":"what (by)"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вселить","lemma":"вселить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"instill"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вселить","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"подлую","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вселить","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"низкое","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of низкое","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вселить","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c7-s72","source":"— Чтоб убить — это вы сами ни за что не могли-с, да и не хотели, а чтобы хотеть, чтобы другой кто убил, это вы хотели.","translation":"\"As for the killing itself — that you could never have done with your own hands, sir, nor did you want to; but as for wanting someone else to do the killing — that you did want.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы сами ни за что не могли","title":"«ни за что» with negative concord","body":"«ни за что» ('on no account, for anything') intensifies the negation, and Russian still keeps «не» on the verb: «ни за что не могли» — two negatives, one denial. This obligatory negative concord (an ни-word plus «не») is the rule, not a double-negative error."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы хотеть, чтобы другой кто убил","title":"«чтобы» + past form for the willed outcome","body":"After «хотеть», the embedded wish takes «чтобы» plus a past-tense form: «чтобы другой кто убил» = 'that someone else should kill'. «чтобы» (containing the irrealis «бы») governs the past form to express a willed, not-yet-real outcome — distinct from plain reported «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы хотели","title":"Fronted «это» + emphatic word order","body":"The chiastic structure — «убить… не могли… а чтобы хотеть… это вы хотели» — sets desire against deed by placing each topic first and stranding the verb «хотели» at the end for the damning final stress. Free word order lets Smerdyakov build to that one accusing verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the fronted infinitive clause убить","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Чтоб, resumed by это","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes Чтоб убить, subject complement of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not","note":"ни за что is an idiom meaning \"no way, not for anything.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on могли","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The clitic -с is Smerdyakov's servile deferential particle, roughly \"sir.\""},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the fronted infinitive clause хотеть","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"хотеть","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of чтобы, resumed by это","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of хотеть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of хотеть, introduced by чтобы","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes the чтобы-clause, topic of хотели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c7-s73","source":"— И как спокойно, как спокойно ведь говорит!","translation":"\"And how calmly, how calmly he says it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как спокойно… ведь говорит","title":"Exclamatory «как» + particle «ведь»","body":"«как спокойно говорит» is an exclamation — 'how calmly he speaks!' — with «как» heading the marvelling. «ведь» injects appeal to the listener, and the whole is doubled («как спокойно, как спокойно») for stunned emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, modifies говорит","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c7-s74","source":"Да с чего мне хотеть, на кой ляд мне было хотеть?","translation":"But why should I have wanted it — what the devil would I have wanted it for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чего мне хотеть","title":"Dative «мне» + infinitive of incredulous question","body":"«с чего мне хотеть?» = 'why on earth should I want [it]?' — a dative-experiencer construction with no nominative subject, the bare infinitive «хотеть» carrying the sense of obligation/reason. «с чего» (genitive after «с») asks 'from what grounds'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на кой ляд","title":"«на кой ляд» — 'what the devil for'","body":"A coarse, exasperated idiom: 'what the devil / why on earth for'. «ляд» is an old dialect word for an evil spirit or the devil, surviving almost only in this set phrase — Ivan's rough vernacular bursting through his refinement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотеть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of хотеть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотеть","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ляд","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ляд","lemma":"ляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"devil","note":"на кой ляд is an idiom meaning \"what the devil for.\""},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of хотеть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of хотеть","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хотеть","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of было","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c7-s75","source":"— Как это так на кой ляд-с? — А наследство-то-с? — ядовито и как-то даже отмстительно подхватил Смердяков. — Ведь вам тогда после родителя вашего на каждого из трех братцев без малого по сорока тысяч могло прийтись, а может, и того больше-с, а женись тогда Федор Павлович на этой самой госпоже-с, Аграфене Александровне, так уж та весь бы капитал тотчас же после венца на себя перевела, ибо они очень не глупые-с, так что вам всем троим братцам ни двух рублей не досталось бы после родителя.","translation":"\"What do you mean, what the devil for, sir? And what about the inheritance, then, sir?\" Smerdyakov caught him up venomously and somehow even vindictively. \"After your father, each of the three brothers stood to come into something close to forty thousand apiece, sir, and perhaps even more, sir; but had Fyodor Pavlovich married this very lady then, sir — Agrafena Alexandrovna — she would have signed over the whole capital to herself the moment after the wedding, for she is by no means a foolish woman, sir, so that you three brothers would not have been left even two rubles between you after your father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по сорока тысяч могло прийтись","title":"Distributive «по» + numeral case","body":"«по» here is distributive — 'forty thousand apiece, to each'. With the numeral it pulls «сорока» into an oblique form, and «тысяч» stands in the genitive plural as numbers above four require. The impersonal «могло прийтись» (neuter) means 'there could have come [to fall to each]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а женись тогда Федор Павлович","title":"Imperative form «женись» as a conditional","body":"«женись… Федор Павлович» uses an imperative form for a hypothetical condition: 'had Fyodor Pavlovich [but] married'. This idiomatic 'imperative-as-conditional' replaces «если бы он женился» and lends a brisk, folk-narrative immediacy to Smerdyakov's scenario."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ядовито… отмстительно подхватил","title":"«ядовито» / «отмстительно» — venom and vengeance","body":"«ядовито» ('venomously', from «яд», poison) and the archaic «отмстительно» ('vindictively', from «мстить», to avenge) paint Smerdyakov's tone. «подхватил» ('caught up [the words]') shows him pouncing on Ivan's question with relish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom Как это так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Как это так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom Как это так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ляд","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ляд","lemma":"ляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on ляд","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question (what about the inheritance)","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on наследство","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on наследство-то","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"ядовито","lemma":"ядовито","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"venomously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adverb как-то, modifies отмстительно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the compound adverb как-то","gloss":"(indefinite suffix)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмстительно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отмстительно","lemma":"отмстительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"vindictively"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of прийтись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братцев","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies братцев","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"братцев","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive complement of каждого, object of из","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малого","gloss":"just under"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of без (idiom без малого, \"almost\")","gloss":"almost","note":"без малого is a fixed idiom meaning \"just under, almost.\""},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of preposition по","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"прийтись","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, means \"perhaps\"","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of больше (comparative \"more than that\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прийтись","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on больше","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"женись","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, imperative form used as hypothetical conditional, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (if he had married), subject Федор Павлович","gloss":"had married"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женись","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of госпоже","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпоже","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женись","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on госпоже","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb introducing the main clause (та ... перевела)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перевела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional with перевела","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перевела","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевела","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking венца","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"венца","lemma":"венец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перевела","gloss":"wedding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of на, modifies перевела","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"перевела","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause, apodosis of женись","gloss":"would transfer"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глупые","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глупые","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупые","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупые","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of они","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on глупые","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что, introduces the clause of досталось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of досталось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of троим","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"троим","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies братцам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"братцам","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of досталось","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of досталось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies досталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"досталось","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"would have gone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional with досталось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of досталось","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c7-s76","source":"А много ль тогда до венца-то оставалось?","translation":"And how much was there left, back then, before the wedding?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ль тогда до венца-то оставалось","title":"Enclitic «ль» and topic «-то»","body":"«ль» is the shortened interrogative particle «ли», fused to «много» to mark a question — 'was there much left?'. The clitic «-то» on «венца-то» foregrounds 'the wedding' as the known topic under discussion. Both particles are the fine grain of spoken nuance."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle, modifies много","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking венца","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"венца","lemma":"венец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"wedding"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on венца","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c7-s77","source":"Один волосок-с: стоило этой барыне вот так только мизинчиком пред ними сделать, и они бы тотчас в церковь за ними высуня язык побежали.","translation":"A single hair, sir: that lady had only to crook her little finger at him, just so, and he would have run off to church after her at once, with his tongue hanging out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоило этой барыне… сделать, и они бы… побежали","title":"«стоило… и» — 'one had only to… and'","body":"The construction «стоило [кому] + infinitive, и…» means 'it would have been enough for X to do Y, and…'. The dative «этой барыне» is the one who acts; the result clause uses the conditional «они бы… побежали» — the whole a vivid 'she had only to crook a finger, and he'd have run'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мизинчиком","title":"Diminutive «мизинчик» — little finger","body":"«мизинчик» is the affectionate diminutive of «мизинец» (little finger), the -чик suffix shrinking it tenderly. The image — a flick of her little finger and the old man would run to church — makes Fyodor Pavlovich's lust contemptibly slight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"высуня язык","title":"«высуня язык» — tongue hanging out","body":"«высуня» is an archaic gerund (= modern «высунув», 'having stuck out') of «высунуть»; «высуня язык» is a fixed idiom for running headlong, eagerly, 'with one's tongue hanging out' — like a dog. It degrades Fyodor Pavlovich to a panting animal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыне","title":"«барыня» — lady, mistress","body":"«барыня» is the gentry mistress of a household, the feminine of «барин». Applied by the servant Smerdyakov to Grushenka — herself no born lady — it is faintly ironic, half-deferential and half-mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies волосок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"волосок","lemma":"волосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on волосок","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барыне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of стоило","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать (manner: just like this)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделать (only had to)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мизинчиком","lemma":"мизинчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental adjunct of сделать","gloss":"little finger"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоило","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of побежали","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional with побежали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежали","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of за, modifies побежали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"высуня","lemma":"высунуть","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), past, perfective","role":"adjunct modifying побежали (manner: with tongue hanging out)","gloss":"sticking out"},{"surface":"язык","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высуня","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"would run"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c7-s78","source":"Иван Федорович со страданием сдержал себя.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich restrained himself with anguish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со страданием сдержал себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» vs the -ся verb","body":"«сдержал себя» ('restrained himself') uses the full object pronoun «себя», the reflexive that points back to the subject and has no nominative form. Note the contrast with verbal -ся: «себя» is a standalone object, here the very self Ivan must hold in check «со страданием» (with anguish)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдержал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдержал","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c7-s79","source":"— Хорошо, — проговорил он наконец, — ты видишь, я не вскочил, не избил тебя, не убил тебя.","translation":"\"Very well,\" he said at last, \"you see, I haven't leapt up, I haven't beaten you, I haven't killed you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вскочил, не избил тебя, не убил тебя","title":"Triple perfective negation","body":"Three negated perfectives in a row — «не вскочил, не избил, не убил» — each naming a single completed act that did not occur. The perfective + «не» states the non-happening of a discrete event; the mounting parallel triplet (leapt up / beat / killed) measures Ivan's restraint by the violence he withheld."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb (predicative interjection)","role":"stands alone as an interjection","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c7-s80","source":"Говори дальше: стало быть, я, по-твоему, брата Дмитрия к тому и предназначал, на него и рассчитывал?","translation":"Go on: so I, in your view, was marking out my brother Dmitri for the deed and counting on him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-твоему","title":"«по-твоему» — 'in your view'","body":"The adverb «по-твоему» (по- + possessive + -ему) means 'in your opinion, the way you see it'. Built like «по-моему», «по-русски», it compactly attributes the whole proposition to Smerdyakov's reckoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брата Дмитрия к тому и предназначал, на него и рассчитывал","title":"Animate accusative «брата» and imperfective intent","body":"«брата Дмитрия» shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive ending («брата», not «брат»). The imperfective verbs «предназначал» and «рассчитывал» describe a sustained design — 'was marking out… was counting on' — an ongoing scheme rather than a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"A conversational inferential connector, 'so then, it follows that, consequently'. It frames Ivan's bitter restatement of Smerdyakov's logic and recurs through the chapter as the men trace the chain of inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть (discourse marker)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предназначал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-твоему","morphology":"preposition (part of compound adverb)","role":"part of the phrase по-твоему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"по-твоему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-твоему, modifies предназначал","gloss":"your view"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предназначал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предназначал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies предназначал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"предназначал","lemma":"предназначать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was marking out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предназначал, main verb","gloss":"counting on"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c7-s81","source":"— Как же вам на них не рассчитывать было-с; ведь убей они, то тогда всех прав дворянства лишатся, чинов и имущества, и в ссылку пойдут-с.","translation":"\"How could you not have been counting on him, sir? Why, if he committed the murder, then he would be stripped of all the rights of the nobility, of his rank and his property, and would be sent into exile, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же вам на них не рассчитывать было","title":"Dative «вам» + infinitive rhetorical question","body":"«как же вам… не рассчитывать было?» is a dative-experiencer rhetorical question: 'how could you not have been counting?' The dative «вам» names the one who could not help it, the infinitive carries the action, and «же» sharpens the incredulity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убей они, то… лишатся","title":"Imperative «убей» as conditional + reflexive «лишатся»","body":"«убей они» again uses the imperative form for a condition — 'were they to kill / if they killed'. The result «всех прав… лишатся» uses «лишиться», a -ся verb governing the genitive: 'they will be deprived of all rights' — «всех прав дворянства» in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of рассчитывать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассчитывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассчитывать","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counting"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of рассчитывать","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on было","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"убей","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, imperative form used as hypothetical conditional, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (if he killed), subject они","gloss":"had he killed"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убей","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative \"then\", introduces the main clause лишатся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишатся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of прав","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of лишатся (object of deprivation)","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"дворянства","lemma":"дворянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"of the nobility"},{"surface":"лишатся","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"would be stripped"},{"surface":"чинов","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with прав, complement of лишатся","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имущества","lemma":"имущество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чинов","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссылку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ссылку","lemma":"ссылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"exile"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with лишатся, second main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on пойдут","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c7-s82","source":"Так ведь тогда ихняя часть-с после родителя вам с братцем Алексеем Федоровичем останется, поровну-с, значит, уже не по сороку, а по шестидесяти тысяч вам пришлось бы каждому-с.","translation":"So then his share, sir, after your father, would be left to you and your brother Alexei Fyodorovich, in equal parts, sir — meaning that each of you would have come into not forty thousand but sixty thousand, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихняя часть","title":"«ихний» — substandard 'their'","body":"«ихняя» (here 'their share') is the non-standard, colloquial possessive «ихний» in place of the correct invariable «их». It is a marker of uneducated speech — Smerdyakov's lackey idiom showing through his pretensions to learning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по шестидесяти тысяч вам пришлось бы каждому","title":"Conditional «пришлось бы» + distributive «по»","body":"«вам пришлось бы… каждому» is an impersonal conditional with dative experiencers — 'each of you would have come into'. «бы» plus past «пришлось» makes it hypothetical; distributive «по шестидесяти тысяч» again pulls the numeral oblique and keeps «тысяч» in the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ихняя","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on часть","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of останется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братцем","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вам, complement of preposition с","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братцем","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексеем","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"поровну","lemma":"поровну","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with останется","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on поровну","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по сороку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сороку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сороку","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies elided тысяч, coordinated with шестидесяти","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шестидесяти","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"шестидесяти","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of preposition по","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останется, second main verb","gloss":"would come to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional with пришлось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on каждому","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c7-s83","source":"Это вы на Дмитрия Федоровича беспременно тогда рассчитывали!","translation":"It was on Dmitri Fyodorovich, beyond all doubt, that you were counting back then!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это вы на Дмитрия Федоровича беспременно тогда рассчитывали","title":"Cleft «это… вы» for the accusation","body":"The cleft «Это вы… рассчитывали» throws the focus onto «вы» — 'it was YOU who were counting'. Fronting «это» and stranding the imperfective verb at the end builds the sentence to its accusing climax, with «беспременно» nailing it down."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно","title":"«беспременно» — substandard 'without fail'","body":"A colloquial, uneducated variant of «непременно» ('without fail, certainly') — the negative prefix «не-» reanalyzed and replaced by «без-/бес-» (a folk prefix substitution, not metathesis). It marks the word as folk speech — another flag of Smerdyakov's class beneath his bookish veneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft topic pronoun (it was ...)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассчитывали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывали","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывали","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"рассчитывали","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were counting"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c7-s84","source":"— Ну терплю же я от тебя!","translation":"\"What I have to suffer from you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну терплю же я от тебя","title":"Particles «ну… же» of vexed exclamation","body":"«Ну… же» frames an exasperated outburst — 'what I have to put up with from you!'. «ну» opens the lament, «же» drives the emphasis home; the present «терплю» ('I endure') with «от тебя' makes the suffering vividly ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"терплю","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of терплю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of терплю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c7-s85","source":"Слушай, негодяй: если б я и рассчитывал тогда на кого-нибудь, так уж конечно бы на тебя, а не на Дмитрия, и, клянусь, предчувствовал даже от тебя какой-нибудь мерзости… тогда… я помню мое впечатление!","translation":"Listen, you blackguard: if I had been counting on anyone at all back then, it would of course have been on you, and not on Dmitri, and I swear, I even had a foreboding of some vileness from you… back then… I remember my impression of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я и рассчитывал тогда на кого-нибудь, так уж конечно бы на тебя","title":"Counterfactual with «если б… бы»","body":"A past-form conditional: «если б я и рассчитывал… так… бы на тебя» = 'if I had been counting on anyone, it would of course have been on you'. The particle «бы/б» appears in both clauses; «и» here is concessive ('even, at all')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствовал даже от тебя какой-нибудь мерзости","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» + genitive object","body":"«какой-нибудь мерзости» is non-specific — 'some vileness or other', the -нибудь marking an 'any-at-all' referent. The genitive «мерзости» follows the foreboding verb «предчувствовал» (cf. fearing/expecting verbs that take the genitive of an abstract object)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодяй","title":"«негодяй» — scoundrel, good-for-nothing","body":"A strong term of abuse — 'scoundrel, blackguard, villain' — from «не-годяй», one who is good for nothing (cf. «годиться», to be of use). It is harsher than «подлец» and pitched at someone beneath contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative addressing негодяй","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"негодяй","lemma":"негодяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"you blackguard"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассчитывал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"б","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle with если","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"had counted"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of на, part of кого-нибудь","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle on кого","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on рассчитывал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle, apodosis","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of конечно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тебя","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предчувствовал","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клянусь","gloss":"I had a foreboding"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзости, part of какой-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle on какой","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"мерзости","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатление","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c7-s86","source":"— И я тоже подумал тогда, минутку одну, что и на меня тоже рассчитываете, — насмешливо осклабился Смердяков, — так что тем самым еще более тогда себя предо мной обличили, ибо если предчувствовали на меня и в то же самое время уезжали, значит, мне тем самым точно как бы сказали: это ты можешь убить родителя, а я не препятствую.","translation":"\"And I too thought, back then, for one little moment, that you were counting on me as well,\" Smerdyakov grinned derisively, \"so that by that very thing you laid yourself bare before me all the more at the time, for if you had a foreboding about me and were going away at that very same moment, it meant that by that you were as good as telling me: you may kill my father, and I will not stand in your way.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем самым еще более… себя предо мной обличили","title":"Instrumental «тем самым» — 'by that very thing'","body":"«тем самым» is the instrumental of «то самое», meaning 'by that very means / thereby'. It marks the instrument of self-exposure: by leaving, Ivan «себя… обличили» ('laid himself bare'), with «себя» the reflexive object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо если предчувствовали… и… уезжали, значит","title":"Stacked «ибо… если… значит» reasoning","body":"Smerdyakov chains his logic: «ибо» (for) opens the ground, «если… в то же самое время уезжали» (if… you were leaving at the same time) sets two simultaneous imperfectives, and «значит» (it means) draws the conclusion. The imperfective «уезжали» frames the departure as an unfolding circumstance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сказали: это ты можешь убить родителя, а я не препятствую","title":"Reported imagined speech, present tense","body":"«как бы сказали» ('as if you said') introduces an imagined quotation kept vividly in the present: «ты можешь убить… а я не препятствую». The contrastive «а» pivots between the two voices, and the present tense makes the silent message immediate and damning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«осклабиться» — to grin, bare the teeth","body":"«осклабиться» is to grin broadly, often baring the teeth — a leering, unpleasant smile. With «насмешливо» (derisively) it captures Smerdyakov's relish as he springs the trap of his reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on подумал","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"одну","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of рассчитываете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитываете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитываете","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"рассчитываете","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"you were counting"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осклабился","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обличили, part of так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of тем самым, modifies обличили","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самым","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"intensifier, part of тем самым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обличили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обличили","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обличили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of обличили via предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обличили","lemma":"обличить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"you laid bare"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предчувствовали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"предчувствовали","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you had a foreboding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifier on то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уезжали","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовали","gloss":"were going away"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing the apodosis","gloss":"it meant"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of тем самым, modifies сказали","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самым","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"intensifier, part of тем самым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"as good as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"told me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with можешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сказали","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of препятствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies препятствую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"препятствую","lemma":"препятствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"stand in the way"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c7-s87","source":"— Подлец! Ты так понял!","translation":"\"You scoundrel! So that's how you understood it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подлец!","title":"«подлец» — base wretch","body":"«подлец» ('scoundrel, base creature', from «подлый», low/vile) is one of the novel's recurrent insults. Where «негодяй» stresses worthlessness, «подлец» stresses moral baseness — the very «подлая душа» Ivan named earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты так понял!","title":"Perfective «понял» of a settled grasp","body":"«понял» is the perfective past of «понять»: a single, completed act of understanding — 'so that is how you took it'. The adverb «так» ('thus, in that way') points to the specific damning interpretation Smerdyakov has just spelled out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"You scoundrel"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c7-s88","source":"— А всё чрез эту самую Чермашню-с.","translation":"\"And it was all on account of this very Chermashnya business, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"«чрез» — archaic 'through, on account of'","body":"«чрез» is the bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavoured form of «через» ('through, because of'). Smerdyakov's «всё чрез эту самую Чермашню» = 'it was all on account of this very Chermashnya' — the shortened form lending his speech its faux-solemn tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun, subject of elided было","gloss":"it was all"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Чермашню","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самую","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Чермашню","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашню","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to Чермашню-с","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c7-s89","source":"Помилосердуйте!","translation":"Have mercy on me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилосердуйте!","title":"«помилосердуйте» — 'have mercy!'","body":"An archaic, fawning imperative from «милосердовать» (to show mercy, from «милосердие», compassion). Used as a polite-pleading interjection — 'for pity's sake! / have mercy on me!' — it is part of Smerdyakov's unctuous, deacon-like manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилосердуйте","lemma":"помилосердовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Have mercy"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c7-s90","source":"Собираетесь в Москву и на все просьбы родителя ехать в Чермашню отказались-с!","translation":"You were getting ready to go to Moscow and had refused all your father's pleas to go to Chermashnya, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на все просьбы родителя ехать… отказались","title":"Reflexive «отказаться» of refusal","body":"«отказались» is the perfective past of «отказаться» ('to refuse, decline'), a -ся verb. The dependent infinitive «ехать» ('to go') names what was refused, despite «все просьбы родителя» (all the father's entreaties) in the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"родителя","title":"«родитель» — formal 'father, parent'","body":"«родитель» (literally 'parent', from «родить», to give birth) is a stiff, formal word for one's father, recurrent in Smerdyakov's speech where «отец» would be neutral. Coming from the murdered man's own bastard servant, «ваш родитель» carries a chilling, ceremonious distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собираетесь","lemma":"собираетесь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you were getting ready"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Собираетесь","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of просьбы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отказались","gloss":"the pleas"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of просьбы","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашню","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ехать","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"отказались","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Собираетесь","gloss":"you refused"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to отказались-с","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c7-s91","source":"И по одному только глупому моему слову вдруг согласились-с!","translation":"And then, on a single foolish word of mine, you suddenly agreed, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по одному только глупому моему слову вдруг согласились","title":"«по» + dative 'on a single word'","body":"«по… слову» uses «по» with the dative to mean 'on / according to a word': 'on a single foolish word of mine'. The bunching «по одному только глупому моему слову» stacks modifiers before «слову» for emphasis, and «вдруг» ('suddenly') stresses how abrupt the assent was."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"одному","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies слову","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупому","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"глупому","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласились","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you agreed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to согласились-с","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c7-s92","source":"И на что вам было тогда соглашаться на эту Чермашню?","translation":"And what reason had you, back then, to agree to this Chermashnya at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на что вам было тогда соглашаться","title":"Dative «вам» + «было» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«на что вам было… соглашаться?» is an impersonal past question — 'what reason had you to agree?'. The dative «вам» is the experiencer, the neuter «было» carries past tense, and the imperfective infinitive «соглашаться» frames the agreeing as a (pointless) ongoing act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашаться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of соглашаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of соглашаться","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соглашаться","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"соглашаться","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to agree"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Чермашню","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашню","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашаться","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c7-s93","source":"Коли не в Москву, а поехали в Чермашню без причины, по единому моему слову, то, стало быть, чего-либо от меня ожидали.","translation":"If you went not to Moscow but to Chermashnya, with no reason, on my single word, then it stood to reason you were expecting something of me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли не в Москву, а поехали в Чермашню","title":"«коли» if-clause + motion «поехали»","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, archaic 'if' (= «если»). The contrast «не в Москву, а… в Чермашню» turns on «а» (the topic-shifting 'and/but'), and «поехали» is the prefixed perfective of motion (по-ехать) — 'set off [by vehicle]' on a single completed journey."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, чего-либо от меня ожидали","title":"«ожидать» + genitive «чего-либо»","body":"«ожидать» (to expect, await) governs the genitive of an indefinite object: «чего-либо… ожидали» = 'you were expecting something'. The indefinite «чего-либо» (any-thing) keeps the object vague — Smerdyakov insinuates without naming what Ivan expected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Москву","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided поехали, coordinated with Чермашню","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Москву","gloss":"you went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашню","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехали","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехали","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"единому","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поехали, via по","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ожидали","gloss":"it followed"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of стало быть","gloss":"[to be]"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ожидали, part of чего-либо","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle on чего","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you were expecting"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c7-s94","source":"— Нет, клянусь, нет! — завопил, скрежеща зубами, Иван.","translation":"\"No, I swear, no!\" Ivan bellowed, grinding his teeth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завопил, скрежеща зубами","title":"Gerund «скрежеща» of manner","body":"«скрежеща» is the imperfective gerund of «скрежетать» (to gnash, grind): 'gnashing his teeth'. It runs simultaneously with «завопил» ('bellowed', perfective), painting the manner of Ivan's outburst. «зубами» stands in the instrumental — the teeth as the means of gnashing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to клянусь","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with клянусь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"скрежеща","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, present, converb, active, imperfective","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"grinding"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of скрежеща","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c7-s95","source":"— Как же это нет-с?","translation":"\"What do you mean, no, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же это нет","title":"Incredulous «как же… нет»","body":"«Как же это нет?» — 'what do you mean, no?' — uses «же» to mark astonished objection, with «это» pointing back at Ivan's denial. The whole, capped by the deferential «-с», is Smerdyakov mildly, mockingly refusing to accept the 'no'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to нет-с","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c7-s96","source":"Следовало, напротив, за такие мои тогдашние слова вам, сыну родителя вашего, меня первым делом в часть представить и выдрать-с… по крайности по мордасам тут же на месте отколотить, а вы, помилуйте-с, напротив, нимало не рассердимшись, тотчас дружелюбно исполняете в точности по моему весьма глупому слову-с и едете, что было вовсе нелепо-с, ибо вам следовало оставаться, чтобы хранить жизнь родителя…","translation":"On the contrary, for such words from me back then, you — your father's son — ought first of all to have hauled me off to the police station and had me flogged, sir… or at the very least to have thrashed me about the face right there on the spot; but instead, if you please, sir, you — far from being in the least put out — at once, in a friendly way, carried out my very foolish word to the letter, sir, and went off, which was utterly absurd, sir, for you ought to have stayed in order to guard your father's life…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Следовало… вам… меня… в часть представить и выдрать","title":"Impersonal «следовало» + dative of obligation","body":"«следовало вам… представить и выдрать» is an impersonal obligation construction: 'you ought to have [done]'. The neuter «следовало» (it was fitting) takes the dative «вам» for the one obliged, with infinitives naming the duties unfulfilled."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нимало не рассердимшись","title":"«рассердимшись» — substandard gerund","body":"«рассердимшись» is a non-standard, dialect gerund for 'having got angry' (correct «рассердившись»), with «нимало не» ('not in the least') negating it: 'not in the least put out'. The malformed -мши ending is a vivid marker of Smerdyakov's uneducated speech surfacing through his pretension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по мордасам","title":"«мордасы» — a smack in the chops","body":"«морда» is a beast's muzzle, coarse for a human 'mug/face'; «по мордасам» means 'a smack across the chops'. The crude, demeaning register — repeated through this passage — fits the violence Smerdyakov says he deserved and the contempt the brothers feel for him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You ought to have"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying Следовало","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тогдашние","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Следовало, via за","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вам","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыну","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of первым делом (first of all)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom (первым делом) modifying представить","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Следовало","gloss":"to have hauled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выдрать","lemma":"выдрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with представить","gloss":"to have had me flogged"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to выдрать-с","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайности","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайности","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of по крайности","gloss":"the very least"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мордасам","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мордасам","lemma":"мордасам","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отколотить","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отколотить","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"[intensifier]"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отколотить","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"отколотить","lemma":"отколотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive, complement of Следовало, coordinated with представить/выдрать","gloss":"to have thrashed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исполняете, addressee of parenthetical помилуйте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помилуйте","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"if you please"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to помилуйте-с","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying рассердимшись clause","gloss":"far from it"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердимшись","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердимшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассердимшись","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, middle, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying исполняете","gloss":"having gotten angry"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполняете","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"дружелюбно","lemma":"дружелюбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполняете","gloss":"in a friendly way"},{"surface":"исполняете","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you carry out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of в точности","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"глупому","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исполняете","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to слову-с","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"едете","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассердимшись","gloss":"you go off"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нелепо","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нелепо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нелепо","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of едете","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential particle attached to нелепо-с","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of следовало","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"you ought to have"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"to have stayed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хранить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"хранить","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставаться","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хранить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"father's"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c7-s97","source":"Как же мне было не заключить?","translation":"How was I not to draw my conclusion?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же мне было не заключить","title":"Dative «мне было» + negated infinitive","body":"«Как же мне было не заключить?» — 'how was I not to conclude?' — is an impersonal dative-experiencer construction with past «было» and the negated perfective infinitive «не заключить». It is a rhetorical question asserting the conclusion was inescapable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключить","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заключить","gloss":"was I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of заключить","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to conclude"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c7-s98","source":"Иван сидел насупившись, конвульсивно опершись обоими кулаками в свои колена.","translation":"Ivan sat scowling, his two fists pressed convulsively against his knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"насупившись, конвульсивно опершись обоими кулаками","title":"Two perfective gerunds of posture","body":"Two past gerunds set Ivan's frozen pose: «насупившись» ('having knit his brows / scowling') and «опершись» ('having propped himself'). Perfective -вши-/-шись forms name completed actions resulting in a held state, and «обоими кулаками» stands in the instrumental — the fists as the means of propping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"насупившись","lemma":"насупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"complement of сидел","gloss":"scowling"},{"surface":"конвульсивно","lemma":"конвульсивный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опершись","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"опершись","lemma":"опереться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, middle, perfective","role":"coordinated with насупившись","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"обоими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кулаками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"кулаками","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of опершись","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колена","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of колена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"колена","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of опершись","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c7-s99","source":"— Да, жаль, что не отколотил тебя по мордасам, — горько усмехнулся он. — В часть тогда тебя тащить нельзя было: кто ж бы мне поверил и на что я мог указать, ну а по мордасам… ух, жаль не догадался; хоть и запрещены мордасы, а сделал бы я из твоей хари кашу.","translation":"\"Yes, a pity I didn't thrash you about the face,\" he said with a bitter laugh. \"To haul you off to the station was impossible at the time: who would have believed me, and what could I have pointed to? But to slap your face… ah, a pity it never occurred to me; box on the ear may be forbidden, but I'd have made a pulp of that mug of yours.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В часть тогда тебя тащить нельзя было","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + infinitive","body":"«тащить… нельзя было» is the impersonal modal «нельзя» ('it was impossible / not allowed') with past «было» and an imperfective infinitive — 'it was impossible to haul you off'. No subject; the impossibility itself is predicated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и запрещены мордасы, а сделал бы я… кашу","title":"Short passive participle + conditional «бы»","body":"«запрещены» is the short-form past passive participle of «запретить» ('forbidden'), predicating a result. The concessive «хоть и… а» ('though… yet') pivots to the conditional «сделал бы я… кашу» — 'I would have made a pulp', the irrealis «бы» on a past-form verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из твоей хари кашу","title":"«харя» / «сделать кашу» — beat to a pulp","body":"«харя» is a brutally contemptuous word for a face ('ugly mug'), even lower than «морда». «сделать кашу из…» literally 'to make porridge/mush out of' — i.e. to beat to a pulp. Ivan stoops to Smerdyakov's own gutter idiom in his fury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to жаль","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отколотил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отколотил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отколотил","lemma":"отколотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"I didn't thrash"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отколотил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мордасам","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мордасам","lemma":"мордасам","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отколотил","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to жаль","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часть","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of тащить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тащить","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to haul"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поверил","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мордасам","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"мордасам","lemma":"мордасам","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"elliptical phrase (elided verb), parallel to previous по мордасам","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to жаль","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"complement of жаль","gloss":"it occurred to me"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запрещены","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запрещены","gloss":"[particle]"},{"surface":"запрещены","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on жаль","gloss":"are forbidden"},{"surface":"мордасы","lemma":"мордасы","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive запрещены","gloss":"face-slaps"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жаль","gloss":"I would have made"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сделал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хари","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хари","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"хари","lemma":"харя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"mug"},{"surface":"кашу","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a pulp"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c7-s100","source":"Смердяков почти с наслаждением смотрел на него.","translation":"Smerdyakov gazed at him almost with relish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти с наслаждением смотрел","title":"«с наслаждением» — instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«с наслаждением» ('with relish, delight') is «с» + the instrumental «наслаждением», a common way to form an adverbial of manner. Smerdyakov watches Ivan «почти с наслаждением» — savouring his victim's torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наслаждением","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наслаждением","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c7-s101","source":"— В обыкновенных случаях жизни, — проговорил он тем самодовольно-доктринерским тоном, с которым спорил некогда с Григорием Васильевичем о вере и дразнил его, стоя за столом Федора Павловича, — в обыкновенных случаях жизни мордасы ноне действительно запрещены по закону, и все перестали бить-с, ну, а в отличительных случаях жизни, так не то что у нас, а и на всем свете, будь хоша бы самая полная французская республика, всё одно продолжают бить, как и при Адаме и Еве-с, да и никогда того не перестанут-с, а вы и в отличительном случае тогда не посмели-с.","translation":"\"In the ordinary cases of life,\" he said in that smugly doctrinaire tone with which he had once argued about the faith with Grigory Vasilyevich and teased him, standing at Fyodor Pavlovich's table, \"in the ordinary cases of life, slaps to the face are indeed forbidden nowadays by law, and everyone has left off striking, sir; but in the exceptional cases of life — well, not just here among us, but throughout the whole world, even were it the fullest French republic, they go on striking all the same, just as in the days of Adam and Eve, sir, and never will they leave off, sir; while you, even in an exceptional case, did not dare to back then, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем… тоном, с которым спорил некогда","title":"Relative «с которым» in its own case","body":"«с которым спорил» is a который-relative: «который» agrees with its antecedent «тоном» (masculine), but takes the instrumental after «с» as its own role demands — 'the tone with which he argued'. The clause folds a whole remembered scene into a single modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ноне… хоша… отличительных случаях","title":"Folk and malapropped diction","body":"«ноне» ('nowadays', for «ныне/теперь») and «хоша» ('although') are peasant forms, while «отличительные случаи» misuses «отличительный» ('distinctive') for «исключительные» ('exceptional') — a malapropism. The blend of folk speech and bungled book-words is the comic-sinister signature of Smerdyakov's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обыкновенных","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тоном","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самодовольно","lemma":"самодовольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доктринерским","gloss":"smugly"},{"surface":"доктринерским","lemma":"доктринёрский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"doctrinaire"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"спорил","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тоном","gloss":"argued"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Григорием","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевичем","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорием","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорил","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дразнил","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спорил","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дразнил","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столом","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обыкновенных","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of запрещены","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"мордасы","lemma":"мордасы","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of запрещены","gloss":"slaps to the face","note":"Colloquial/dialectal word for a blow to the face."},{"surface":"ноне","lemma":"ноне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрещены","gloss":"nowadays","note":"Dialectal form of нынче/теперь, 'nowadays.'"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрещены","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"запрещены","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"are forbidden"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закону","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"закону","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запрещены","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of перестали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with запрещены","gloss":"have left off"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to бить","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The servile '-с' Smerdyakov appends to clause after clause; roughly 'sir.'"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing а","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отличительных","lemma":"отличительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"exceptional"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжают","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom не то что (у нас)","gloss":"just","note":"'не то что' is an idiom meaning 'not only/just.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause у нас","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, parallel to нас","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the concessive clause on республика","gloss":"were (it)"},{"surface":"хоша","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies республика","gloss":"even","note":"Dialectal form of хоть, 'even, although.'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies республика","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"французская","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies республика","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"республика","lemma":"республика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"republic"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё одно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of продолжают","gloss":"all the same","note":"'всё одно' is a dialectal idiom meaning 'all the same, regardless.'"},{"surface":"продолжают","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжают","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison и при Адаме","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как и","gloss":"(just) as"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Адаме","gloss":"in the time of"},{"surface":"Адаме","lemma":"адам","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"Adam"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Еве","lemma":"ева","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Адаме","gloss":"Eve"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to Еве","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестанут","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перестанут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестанут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перестанут","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжают","gloss":"will (they) stop"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to перестанут","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of посмели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отличительном","lemma":"отличительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"exceptional"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмели","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмели","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмели","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to посмели","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c7-s102","source":"— Что это ты французские вокабулы учишь? — кивнул Иван на тетрадку, лежавшую на столе.","translation":"\"What's this, are you learning French vocabulary?\" Ivan nodded toward the notebook lying on the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тетрадку, лежавшую на столе","title":"Past active participle «лежавшую»","body":"«лежавшую» is the past active participle of «лежать» ('which was lying'), agreeing with «тетрадку» in feminine accusative. It condenses a который-clause ('the notebook that was lying on the table') into one declined modifier — a bookish economy of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"французские вокабулы","title":"«вокабулы» — vocabulary words","body":"«вокабулы» (from Latin vocabula) are 'vocabulary words' to be drilled — the kind copied into a «тетрадка» (little notebook). The faintly pedantic loan-word, and Smerdyakov's studying of French, mark his pathetic ambition to better himself for the «счастливые места Европы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of учишь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Что","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of учишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"французские","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вокабулы","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"вокабулы","lemma":"вокабула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of учишь","gloss":"vocabulary"},{"surface":"учишь","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are learning"},{"surface":"кивнул","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кивнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тетрадку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"тетрадку","lemma":"тетрадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивнул","gloss":"notebook"},{"surface":"лежавшую","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тетрадку","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшую","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c7-s103","source":"— А почему же бы мне их не учить-с, чтобы тем образованию моему способствовать, думая, что и самому мне когда в тех счастливых местах Европы, может, придется быть.","translation":"\"And why should I not learn it, sir, so as thereby to further my own education, thinking that I myself may one day have occasion to be in those happy regions of Europe.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же бы мне их не учить","title":"Dative «мне» + «бы» + negated infinitive","body":"«почему же бы мне их не учить?» — 'and why should I not learn them?' — is a dative-experiencer rhetorical question softened by «бы». The particle «же» adds defensive emphasis, and the imperfective infinitive «учить» frames learning as an ongoing pursuit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы тем образованию моему способствовать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + dative governed by «способствовать»","body":"«чтобы… способствовать» states purpose ('so as to further'). The verb «способствовать» ('to further, contribute to') governs the dative «образованию моему» — 'to my education'. «тем» (instrumental, 'thereby') points back to the means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самому мне когда… придется быть","title":"Impersonal «придётся» of fated necessity","body":"«мне… придется быть» is impersonal: the dative «мне» plus perfective future «придётся» ('it will fall to me / I shall have occasion') and infinitive «быть» — 'I myself may have occasion to be [there]'. The construction casts the future as something that befalls the experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of учить","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of учить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies учить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to учить","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of способствовать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of образованию","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"образованию","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of способствовать","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образованию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"способствовать","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on учить","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самому","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of придется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of местах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"счастливых","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies местах","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of придется","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"Европы","lemma":"европа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies местах","gloss":"of Europe"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies придется","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause introduced by думая","gloss":"I may happen"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c7-s104","source":"— Слушай, изверг, — засверкал глазами Иван и весь затрясся, — я не боюсь твоих обвинений, показывай на меня что хочешь, и если не избил тебя сейчас до смерти, то единственно потому, что подозреваю тебя в этом преступлении и притяну к суду.","translation":"\"Listen, you monster,\" Ivan's eyes blazed and his whole body began to shake, \"I am not afraid of your accusations, testify against me whatever you please, and if I haven't beaten you to death this very moment, it is solely because I suspect you of this crime and will drag you before the court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"«изверг» is a person utterly cast out of humanity — 'monster, fiend, brute' (literally one 'thrown out', from из-вергнуть). It is among the gravest of insults, fitting Ivan's dawning horror that Smerdyakov is the real murderer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывай на меня что хочешь","title":"Imperfective imperative «показывай»","body":"«показывай на меня» is the imperfective imperative of «показывать» — here in its legal sense 'to testify, give evidence against'. The imperfective licenses the open-ended 'testify whatever you please', and «на меня» marks the target of the accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно потому, что… притяну к суду","title":"Perfective future «притяну» of intent","body":"«притяну к суду» ('I will drag [you] before the court') is a perfective future — a single, resolved future act. Paired with «подозреваю» (present, imperfective) it contrasts Ivan's standing suspicion with the decisive prosecution he now vows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"засверкал","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"blazed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкал","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засверкал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засверкал","gloss":"began to shake"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of обвинений","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обвинений","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"показывай","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to боюсь","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying показывай","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the apodosis","gloss":"it is because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подозреваю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подозреваю","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying потому","gloss":"I suspect"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подозреваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступлении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозреваю","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притяну","lemma":"притянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подозреваю","gloss":"will drag"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притяну","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c7-s105","source":"Я еще тебя обнаружу!","translation":"I'll yet expose you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я еще тебя обнаружу","title":"Perfective future «обнаружу» + emphatic «еще»","body":"«обнаружу» is the perfective future of «обнаружить» ('to expose, bring to light') — a single completed future act. The particle «еще» here means 'yet, still' — 'I'll yet expose you', a defiant promise hurled at the parting Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обнаружу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружу","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнаружу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обнаружу","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will expose"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c7-s106","source":"— А по-моему, лучше молчите-с.","translation":"\"And in my opinion, you had better hold your tongue, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-моему, лучше молчите","title":"Comparative «лучше» + imperfective imperative","body":"«лучше молчите» pairs the suppletive comparative «лучше» ('better', from «хороший») with the imperfective imperative «молчите» ('be silent') — 'you had better hold your tongue'. The imperfective command counsels an ongoing state of silence, and «по-моему» frames it as Smerdyakov's smooth advice."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по-моему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom по-моему","gloss":"my (opinion)"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчите","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"молчите","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold your tongue"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to молчите","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c7-s107","source":"Ибо что можете вы на меня объявить в моей совершенной невинности и кто вам поверит?","translation":"For what can you testify against me, in my perfect innocence, and who would believe you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что можете вы на меня объявить в моей совершенной невинности","title":"Modal «можете» + perfective infinitive","body":"«что можете вы… объявить?» pairs «мочь» (can) with the perfective infinitive «объявить» ('to declare, denounce') — 'what can you declare against me?'. «в моей совершенной невинности» ('in my perfect innocence') is the prepositional after «в», naming the state from which he speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто вам поверит","title":"«поверить» + dative + perfective future","body":"«поверить» (to believe someone) governs the dative: «кто вам поверит?» = 'who will believe YOU?' (dative «вам»). The perfective future «поверит» projects a single decisive act of belief — which Smerdyakov is certain will not come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невинности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невинности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"совершенной","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невинности","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявить","gloss":"would believe"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c7-s108","source":"А только если начнете, то и я всё расскажу-с, ибо как же бы мне не защитить себя?","translation":"But if you do start, then I shall tell everything too, sir, for how should I not defend myself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если начнете, то и я всё расскажу","title":"Perfective futures in a real condition","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если начнете… то… я всё расскажу» — both verbs perfective futures ('if you start… then I will tell everything'). With no «бы», this is a genuine threat about what will happen, not a counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же бы мне не защитить себя","title":"Dative «мне» + «бы» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«как же бы мне не защитить себя?» — 'how should I not defend myself?' — a dative-experiencer rhetorical question with softening «бы», negated perfective infinitive «не защитить», and the reflexive object «себя». Smerdyakov frames self-betrayal as mere self-defence."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начнете","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"начнете","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расскажу","gloss":"you begin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to расскажу","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защитить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как же бы","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of защитить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защитить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of защитить","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c7-s109","source":"— Ты думаешь, я тебя теперь боюсь?","translation":"\"Do you think I'm afraid of you now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебя теперь боюсь","title":"«бояться» + genitive, a -ся-only verb","body":"«бояться» (to fear) exists only in the -ся form and governs the genitive of its object — here «тебя», the genitive/accusative of «ты». 'Do you think I'm afraid of you now?': Ivan throws Smerdyakov's own logic of fear back at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of думаешь","gloss":"am afraid"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c7-s110","source":"— Пусть этим всем моим словам, что вам теперь говорил, в суде не поверят-с, зато в публике поверят-с, и вам стыдно станет-с.","translation":"\"Suppose all these words of mine that I've just been telling you are not believed in court, sir — yet they will be believed by the public, sir, and you will be put to shame, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть… не поверят, зато… поверят","title":"«пусть» concessive + contrastive «зато»","body":"«Пусть… не поверят» uses «пусть» to grant a hypothesis — 'suppose / even if they don't believe', with perfective future «поверят». «зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') pivots to the consoling counter-fact: the public will believe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам стыдно станет","title":"Dative «вам» + «стыдно» + «станет»","body":"«вам стыдно станет» is an impersonal feeling-construction: the dative «вам» is the experiencer, «стыдно» the invariable predicative ('shameful'), and «станет» ('will become') the perfective future — 'you will be put to shame'. The self is the one shame happens to, not the doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause, modifies поверят","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поверят","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of словам","gloss":"I was saying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверят","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"are believed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to поверят","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверят","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, parallel to поверят","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to поверят","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of станет","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, forms predicate with стыдно","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to станет","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c7-s111","source":"— Это значит опять-таки что: «с умным человеком и поговорить любопытно» — а? — проскрежетал Иван.","translation":"\"That means once again the same thing: 'with an intelligent man it's worth having a chat' — eh?\" Ivan ground out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с умным человеком и поговорить любопытно","title":"«с» + instrumental + impersonal «любопытно»","body":"«с умным человеком… поговорить любопытно» is impersonal: «любопытно» ('it is interesting/worth it') predicates of the infinitive «поговорить», with «с умным человеком» (instrumental of accompaniment after «с») as the company. The perfective «поговорить» means 'to have a little chat'. This recurring tag is the scene's leitmotif."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out","body":"«проскрежетал» (perfective of «скрежетать», to gnash) means he 'ground out' the words through clenched teeth. The verb of teeth-grinding recurs as the physical sign of Ivan's barely-contained rage throughout this confrontation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of значит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поговорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject infinitive of любопытно","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is worthwhile"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"tag interjection closing the quote","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c7-s112","source":"— В самую точку изволили-с.","translation":"\"You've hit the nail right on the head, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В самую точку изволили","title":"«в самую точку» / «изволили»","body":"«в самую точку» is the idiom 'right on the mark / nail on the head'. «изволили» (from «изволить», 'to deign, be pleased to') is an ultra-deferential auxiliary — 'you were pleased to [hit the mark]'. Smerdyakov's servile courtliness drips with mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точку","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изволили","gloss":"the mark"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have hit"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to изволили","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c7-s113","source":"Умным и будьте-с.","translation":"An intelligent man you should be, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умным и будьте","title":"«будьте» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Умным… будьте» is an imperative of «быть» with the predicate adjective in the instrumental: «умным» rather than nominative «умный». After «быть», «стать», and the like, the predicate goes instrumental — here a curt, taunting 'so be an intelligent man, then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будьте","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific particle attached to будьте","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c7-s114","source":"Иван Федорович встал, весь дрожа от негодования, надел пальто и, не отвечая более Смердякову, даже не глядя на него, быстро вышел из избы.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich rose, trembling all over with indignation, put on his overcoat, and, without answering Smerdyakov further, without so much as glancing at him, walked swiftly out of the cottage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отвечая… даже не глядя на него, быстро вышел","title":"Two imperfective gerunds + perfective «вышел»","body":"«не отвечая» and «не глядя» are negated imperfective gerunds ('without answering… without glancing'), naming what Ivan refrained from while the main perfective «вышел» ('walked out', prefixed motion вы-йти) drives the action to its close. The participial frame holds the manner of his exit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избы","title":"«изба» — peasant cottage","body":"«изба» is the traditional Russian peasant log cottage. That Smerdyakov, fallen ill, is lodged in an «изба» rather than the manor house quietly marks his place — a servant's dwelling — even as he lords his secret over the gentleman Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дрожа","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожа","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодования","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дрожа","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечая","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечая","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"cottage"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c7-s115","source":"Свежий вечерний воздух освежил его.","translation":"The fresh evening air refreshed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свежий… воздух освежил его","title":"Figura etymologica: «свежий… освежил»","body":"The sentence chimes on one root: «свежий» (fresh) air «освежил» (freshened) him — adjective and verb sharing «свеж-». This deliberate etymological echo gives the line of release a brief, cooling music after the suffocating dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"вечерний","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of освежил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"освежил","lemma":"освежить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refreshed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of освежил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c7-s116","source":"На небе ярко светила луна.","translation":"Overhead the moon shone brightly in the sky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На небе ярко светила луна","title":"Inverted word order: «светила луна»","body":"The subject «луна» follows its verb «светила», and the locative «на небе» opens the sentence: 'In the sky shone the moon'. This verb-before-subject inversion, with the new element «луна» landing last, is the natural Russian way to present a scene — the moon as the fresh, stressed information."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of светила","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светила","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"светила","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"луна","lemma":"луна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of светила","gloss":"the moon"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c7-s117","source":"Страшный кошмар мыслей и ощущений кипел в его душе.","translation":"A fearful nightmare of thoughts and sensations seethed in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кошмар… кипел в его душе","title":"«кипеть» of seething emotion, prepositional «в душе»","body":"«кипел» (imperfective of «кипеть», to boil/seethe) renders the inner turmoil as an ongoing boiling. «в его душе» ('in his soul') is the prepositional after «в» marking location — the soul as the vessel where the «страшный кошмар мыслей и ощущений» seethes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кошмар","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"кошмар","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кипел","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies кошмар","gloss":"of thoughts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ощущений","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with мыслей","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"кипел","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seethed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипел","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c7-s118","source":"«Идти объявить сейчас на Смердякова?","translation":"\"Go and inform on Smerdyakov this very moment?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идти объявить сейчас на Смердякова?","title":"Bare infinitives of deliberation","body":"Ivan's interior monologue opens with bare infinitives — «Идти объявить… на Смердякова?» ('To go and inform on Smerdyakov?'). The subjectless infinitive question is Russian's natural form for self-deliberation, weighing a course of action with no 'should I' spelled out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объявить на Смердякова","title":"«объявить на» — to inform/denounce","body":"«объявить на кого-то» (with «на» + accusative) is to denounce or lay information against someone — to go to the authorities. It carries the moral weight of informing, which Ivan's tormented conscience turns over in the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Идти","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявить","gloss":"this very moment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c7-s119","source":"Но что же объявить: он все-таки невинен.","translation":"But what is there to inform: he is innocent after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же объявить: он все-таки невинен","title":"Short adjective «невинен» as predicate","body":"«невинен» is the short form of «невинный» ('innocent') used predicatively — 'he is innocent'. The short adjective, more bookish and absolute than the long «невинный», states a flat condition, here laced with bitter irony: legally innocent, since no proof exists."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then","note":"Emphatic particle here; roughly \"what, then, is there to inform\"."},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невинен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"adverb (first part)","role":"modifies невинен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"adverb (second part)","role":"modifies невинен","gloss":"after all","note":"весь-таки/все-таки is one idiomatic adverb meaning \"nevertheless, after all\"; split across two tokens."},{"surface":"невинен","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to объявить","gloss":"is innocent"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c7-s120","source":"Он, напротив, меня же обвинит.","translation":"He would, on the contrary, only accuse me in turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он, напротив, меня же обвинит","title":"Emphatic «же» + perfective future «обвинит»","body":"«меня же обвинит» — 'he would, on the contrary, accuse ME in turn'. The particle «же» stresses the reversal (it is Ivan who would stand accused), «напротив» marks the contrast, and the perfective future «обвинит» projects the single damning counter-accusation Ivan foresees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвинит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвинит","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обвинит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"обвинит","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will accuse"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c7-s121","source":"В самом деле, для чего я тогда поехал в Чермашню?","translation":"Truly, why did I set off for Chermashnya that day?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего","title":"«Для чего» — 'for what / why'","body":"The preposition «для» governs the genitive, and «что» here stands in its genitive form «чего». Literally 'for the sake of what', it is a slightly weightier, more searching 'why' than the bare «почему» — fitting Ivan's tormented self-interrogation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поехал в Чермашню","title":"«Поехал» — perfective of a single trip","body":"«Поехал» is the perfective of «ехать» (to go by vehicle), prefixed with «по-» to mark the single completed setting-off. With «в» + accusative «Чермашню» it names motion toward the place, a one-time departure rather than habitual travel."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase «в самом деле»","gloss":"truth","note":"«в самом деле» is a fixed idiom meaning \"truly, indeed\", not a complement of поехал."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"what","note":"«для чего» is idiomatic for \"why\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"that day"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c7-s122","source":"Для чего, для чего? — спрашивал Иван Федорович.","translation":"Why, why? — Ivan Fyodorovich kept asking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивал","title":"Imperfective «спрашивал» — kept asking","body":"The imperfective past «спрашивал» (from «спрашивать») renders a repeated, ongoing action — Ivan asked this question again and again. A perfective «спросил» would mark one finished query; the imperfective captures the obsessive looping our 'kept asking' brings out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the preposition для (first «для чего»)","gloss":"what","note":"«для чего» is idiomatic for \"why\"."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the preposition для (second «для чего»)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept asking"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c7-s123","source":"— Да, конечно, я чего-то ожидал, и он прав…»","translation":"\"Yes, of course, I was waiting for something, and he is right…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего-то ожидал","title":"«Чего-то» — a specific but unnamed something","body":"The clitic «-то» on the genitive «чего» marks a definite but unidentified thing: Ivan was waiting for *something* he could not (or would not) name. «Ожидать» governs the genitive, so the object stands as «чего-то», not «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он прав","title":"Short adjective «прав» — 'he is right'","body":"«Прав» is the short (predicative) form of «правый». Short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute, and carry the bookish, categorical ring typical of 19th-century prose — 'he is right' as a flat verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to ожидал","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ожидал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (first part)","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"indefinite particle (second part)","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"something","note":"чего-то is a single indefinite pronoun \"something\", split across two tokens."},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ожидал","gloss":"is right"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c7-s124","source":"И ему опять в сотый раз припомнилось, как он в последнюю ночь у отца подслушивал к нему с лестницы, но с таким уже страданием теперь припомнилось, что он даже остановился на месте как пронзенный: «Да, я этого тогда ждал, это правда!","translation":"And once again, for the hundredth time, he recalled how on that last night at his father's he had stood eavesdropping from the staircase, listening down toward him — but now he recalled it with such anguish that he even stopped where he stood, as though run through: \"Yes, that is what I was waiting for then, it is the truth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"припомнилось","title":"Impersonal «припомнилось» — it came back to him","body":"The reflexive «-ся/-сь» turns 'recall' into an impersonal middle: the memory 'recalled itself' to him, with «ему» (dative) as the experiencer rather than a nominative subject. Russian frames involuntary mental events this way, draining Ivan of agency over his own conscience."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подслушивал","title":"«Подслушивал» — eavesdropped","body":"From «слушать» (to listen) with «под-» ('from under, stealthily'): «подслушивать» is to listen in secret, to eavesdrop. The imperfective stresses the drawn-out, furtive act of standing on the stairs straining to hear his father below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как пронзенный","title":"«Пронзенный» — past passive participle, 'as if run through'","body":"«Пронзённый» is the past passive participle of «пронзить» (to pierce, run through), used here predicatively after «как» ('as if'). The image — a man transfixed as by a blade — turns his physical stopping into the stab of conscience."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сотый раз","title":"«В сотый раз» — for the hundredth time","body":"An idiomatic ordinal phrase, «в сотый раз» means 'for the hundredth time' — i.e. yet again, wearisomely repeated. It underscores how the memory torments Ivan over and over."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of припомнилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнилось","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сотый","lemma":"сотый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"hundredth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнилось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"припомнилось","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he recalled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подслушивал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подслушивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивал","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"подслушивал","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнилось","gloss":"stood eavesdropping"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лестницы","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивал","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страданием","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнилось","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"припомнилось","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the earlier припомнилось (w7)","gloss":"he recalled"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнилось","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пронзенный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"пронзенный","lemma":"пронзенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"run through"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to ждал","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"is the truth"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c7-s125","source":"Я хотел, я именно хотел убийства!","translation":"I wanted it, I deliberately wanted the murder!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел убийства","title":"Genitive object «убийства» after «хотеть»","body":"«Хотеть» characteristically takes a genitive object when the thing wanted is abstract or non-specific: 'I wanted *of* the murder'. The genitive «убийства» (not accusative «убийство») marks the killing as a desired abstraction — the very thing Ivan recoils from having craved."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"именно","title":"«Именно» — precisely, deliberately","body":"«Именно» means 'exactly, precisely, namely'. Repeated here for force — «я именно хотел» — it sharpens the confession from a vague wish into a pointed, deliberate willing of the deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"the murder"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c7-s126","source":"Хотел ли я убийства, хотел ли?..","translation":"Did I want the murder, did I?..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотел ли я убийства, хотел ли?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» fronts the focused word — the verb «хотел» — to form a literary yes/no question: 'Did I want it?' More formal than mere question intonation, its doubling here («хотел ли… хотел ли») dramatizes Ivan interrogating his own buried will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Хотел","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Хотел","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"did want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c7-s127","source":"Надо убить Смердякова!..","translation":"Smerdyakov must be killed!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо убить Смердякова","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо» ('it is necessary') is an invariable impersonal predicate taking an infinitive; there is no nominative subject. The implied experiencer would stand in the dative («мне надо»). Here it bursts out subjectless, a compulsion seizing Ivan rather than a reasoned choice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убить Смердякова","title":"Animate accusative «Смердякова»","body":"Because Smerdyakov is animate and masculine, the accusative object borrows the genitive ending «-а»: «Смердякова». This is how Russian keeps subject and object distinct once word order is free."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c7-s128","source":"Если я не смею теперь убить Смердякова, то не стоит и жить!..»","translation":"If I dare not kill Smerdyakov now, then there is no point in living!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я не смею… то не стоит и жить","title":"«Если… то» conditional frame","body":"The subordinating «если» ('if') paired with the resumptive «то' ('then') frames a real condition. Both clauses are negated, and the apodosis «не стоит и жить» ('it isn't even worth living') is impersonal, with «и» here meaning 'even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не смею","title":"«Сметь» — to dare","body":"«Сметь» means 'to dare, to presume'; «не смею» is 'I dare not'. It is a more morally charged verb than mere ability — Ivan frames the killing as a test of nerve and right, not just possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смею","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоит","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стоит","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c7-s129","source":"Иван Федорович, не заходя домой, прошел тогда прямо к Катерине Ивановне и испугал ее своим появлением: он был как безумный.","translation":"Without going home, Ivan Fyodorovich went straight to Katerina Ivanovna then and frightened her by his appearance: he was like a man out of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заходя домой","title":"Negated gerund «не заходя»","body":"«Заходя» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «заходить» (to drop in). Negated, «не заходя домой» means 'without dropping in at home' — a backgrounded, simultaneous circumstance sharing Ivan's subject, compressing a whole clause into one verb-adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугал ее своим появлением","title":"Instrumental of means «своим появлением»","body":"«Своим появлением» ('by his appearance') is the instrumental of means, naming what frightened her. The reflexive possessive «свой» points back to the clause's own subject, Ivan, and the instrumental answers 'by what means'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходя","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испугал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of появлением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"появлением","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of испугал","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to безумный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of безумный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"безумный","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"a madman"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c7-s130","source":"Он передал ей весь свой разговор со Смердяковым, весь до черточки.","translation":"He related to her his whole conversation with Smerdyakov, every last detail of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передал ей весь свой разговор","title":"Dative recipient + «свой»","body":"«Передал» (perfective 'related, conveyed') takes a dative indirect object «ей» ('to her') and an accusative direct object «весь свой разговор». «Свой» again binds the conversation to its possessor-subject, Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до черточки","title":"«До черточки» — down to the last little stroke","body":"«Чёрточка» is a diminutive of «черта» (a line, dash); «до черточки» idiomatically means 'down to the smallest detail', literally 'to the little stroke'. The diminutive lends an intimate, exhaustive precision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"every","note":"«весь до черточки» is an idiom, \"down to the last detail\"."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передал","gloss":"the last detail"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c7-s131","source":"Он не мог успокоиться, сколько та ни уговаривала его, всё ходил по комнате и говорил отрывисто, странно.","translation":"He could not calm himself, however much she tried to soothe him; he kept pacing the room and speaking in broken, strange phrases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько та ни уговаривала","title":"Concessive «сколько… ни» — however much","body":"The pattern «сколько… ни» + verb means 'however much (one) did X'; the «ни» here is concessive, not a second negator. «Та» is the demonstrative «тот» used pronominally for 'she (the other one)', tracking Katerina Ivanovna as a distinct referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ходил по комнате","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» — pacing","body":"«Ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb (going to and fro, not one straight trajectory), perfect for pacing; «по комнате» (dative after «по») means 'about the room'. The particle «всё» here means 'kept on', stressing the restless repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"успокоиться","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"calm himself"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of уговаривала","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уговаривала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уговаривала","gloss":"no matter","note":"«сколько ни» is a concessive construction, \"however much\"."},{"surface":"уговаривала","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of успокоиться","gloss":"tried to soothe"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговаривала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"отрывисто","lemma":"отрывисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"in broken phrases"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with отрывисто","gloss":"strangely"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c7-s132","source":"Наконец сел, облокотился на стол, упер голову в обе руки и вымолвил странный афоризм:","translation":"At last he sat down, set his elbows on the table, propped his head in both hands, and uttered a strange aphorism:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сел, облокотился… упер… вымолвил","title":"Chain of perfectives — staged actions","body":"A string of perfective past verbs («сел, облокотился, упёр, вымолвил») moves the scene forward step by step: each is a single completed act laid end to end, the perfective's narrative job against any imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымолвил","title":"«Вымолвить» — to utter, get out (a word)","body":"«Вымолвить» is a bookish, somewhat solemn perfective meaning to manage to say or pronounce — often a single weighty word. It dignifies the 'strange aphorism' Ivan is about to deliver."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"облокотился","lemma":"облокотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"set his elbows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облокотился","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"упер","lemma":"упереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of упер","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упер","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вымолвил","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies афоризм","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"афоризм","lemma":"афоризм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвил","gloss":"aphorism"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c7-s133","source":"— Если б убил не Дмитрий, а Смердяков, то, конечно, я тогда с ним солидарен, ибо я подбивал его.","translation":"— If it was not Dmitri who did the killing but Smerdyakov, then, of course, I am in league with him, for I egged him on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б убил не Дмитрий, а Смердяков","title":"Conditional «если б» + contrastive «не… а»","body":"«Если б» is «если бы», the irrealis particle «бы» making a hypothetical condition with the past-form verb «убил». «Не Дмитрий, а Смердяков» is the corrective «not X but Y» construction — the contrastive «а» replacing one agent with the other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«Ибо» — for, because (archaic)","body":"«Ибо» is a bookish, period-elevated conjunction for 'for, because', already archaic in Dostoevsky's day and steeped in Scriptural and legalistic gravity. It lends Ivan's confession the cadence of a formal proposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подбивал","title":"«Подбивать» — to put up to, egg on","body":"«Подбивать (на что-то)» means to incite or egg someone on to a deed, with a colloquial tang of secret instigation. It is Ivan's word for his own moral complicity in the murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on солидарен","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дмитрий","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солидарен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to солидарен","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солидарен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солидарен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of солидарен","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"солидарен","lemma":"солидарный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"am in league"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подбивал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подбивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подбивал","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of солидарен","gloss":"egged on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подбивал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c7-s134","source":"Подбивал ли я его — еще не знаю.","translation":"Whether I egged him on — that I still do not know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подбивал ли я его","title":"«Ли» fronting the verb again","body":"Ivan reopens his own question with the interrogative «ли» after the fronted verb «подбивал»: 'Whether I egged him on'. The same particle that asks a yes/no question also means 'whether' in an embedded clause — here hovering between the two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подбивал","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did egg on"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Подбивал","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Подбивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Подбивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Подбивал","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c7-s135","source":"Но если только он убил, а не Дмитрий, то, конечно, убийца и я.","translation":"But if it was indeed he who killed, and not Dmitri, then, of course, I too am the murderer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только он убил","title":"«Если только» — if indeed","body":"«Если только» intensifies the condition to 'if only / if indeed', focusing the whole weight on whether *he* (Smerdyakov) did it. Word order puts «он» before the verb for emphasis, set against «не Дмитрий»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийца и я","title":"Zero copula + «и я» — 'I too am the murderer'","body":"There is no verb 'to be' in the present: «убийца и я» is a bare nominative predicate, 'the murderer is also I'. The particle «и» before «я» means 'too, also', folding Ivan into the guilt, and word order throws «я» last for full stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убийца","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to убийца","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c7-s136","source":"Выслушав это, Катерина Ивановна молча встала с места, пошла к своему письменному столу, отперла стоявшую на нем шкатулку, вынула какую-то бумажку и положила ее пред Иваном.","translation":"Having heard this out, Katerina Ivanovna rose from her seat without a word, went over to her writing desk, unlocked a small casket that stood upon it, took out a scrap of paper, and laid it before Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушав это","title":"Perfective gerund «выслушав» — having heard out","body":"«Выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать» (to hear out fully). It marks a prior completed action — 'having heard this' — before the main chain of verbs, and shares the subject Katerina Ivanovna."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявшую на нем шкатулку","title":"Past active participle «стоявшую»","body":"«Стоявшую» is the past active participle of «стоять» (to stand), agreeing in the feminine accusative with «шкатулку»: 'the casket that was standing on it'. The participle condenses a «который»-clause into a single modifier — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шкатулку","title":"«Шкатулка» — a small casket / jewel-box","body":"A «шкатулка» is a small ornamental box or casket, often for valuables, letters, or jewelry. That Katerina keeps the damning letter locked in one underscores how precious — and dangerous — she has held this evidence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«Пред» — archaic 'before'","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental. It carries a bookish, slightly solemn register, recurring through Mitya's letter as well («пред тобой подлец»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встала","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Выслушав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встала","gloss":"without a word"},{"surface":"встала","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встала","gloss":"her seat"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of столу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"письменному","lemma":"письменный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столу","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"desk"},{"surface":"отперла","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"стоявшую","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying шкатулку","gloss":"that stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшую","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"шкатулку","lemma":"шкатулка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отперла","gloss":"casket"},{"surface":"вынула","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular (first part)","role":"determiner of бумажку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"indefinite particle (second part)","role":"determiner of бумажку","gloss":"some","note":"какую-то is a single indefinite determiner, split across two tokens."},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынула","gloss":"scrap of paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"положила","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положила","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c7-s137","source":"Эта бумажка была тот самый документ, о котором Иван Федорович потом объявил Алеше как о «математическом доказательстве», что убил отца брат Дмитрий.","translation":"This scrap of paper was that very document of which Ivan Fyodorovich later spoke to Alyosha as the \"mathematical proof\" that it was his brother Dmitri who had killed their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот самый документ, о котором","title":"«Тот самый» + relative «который»","body":"«Тот самый» means 'that very, the selfsame'. The relative «который» here takes the prepositional case after «о» ('about which'), while agreeing in gender and number with «документ» — the case set by its own role in the clause, not the antecedent's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бумажка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бумажка","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"scrap of paper"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to документ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of документ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after была","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on документ","gloss":"spoke of"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking доказательстве","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательстве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"математическом","lemma":"математический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательстве","gloss":"mathematical"},{"surface":"доказательстве","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c7-s138","source":"Это было письмо, написанное Митей в пьяном виде к Катерине Ивановне, в тот самый вечер, когда он встретился в поле с Алешей, уходившим в монастырь, после сцены в доме Катерины Ивановны, когда ее оскорбила Грушенька.","translation":"It was a letter Mitya had written while drunk to Katerina Ivanovna, on the very evening he met Alyosha in the field as Alyosha was on his way to the monastery, after the scene at Katerina Ivanovna's house when Grushenka had insulted her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"письмо, написанное Митей","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Написанное» is the past passive participle of «написать», agreeing with neuter «письмо». Its agent — the one who wrote it — stands in the instrumental, «Митей»: 'a letter written by Mitya'. This is the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходившим в монастырь","title":"Participle «уходившим» agreeing with Alyosha","body":"«Уходившим» is the past active participle of «уходить» (to be leaving), in the instrumental to agree with «Алёшей»: 'Alyosha, who was on his way to the monastery'. The imperfective stem keeps the leaving in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to письмо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"написанное","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письмо","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of написанное","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написанное","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написанное","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написанное","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встретился","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вечер","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"the field"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уходившим","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алешей","gloss":"who was leaving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходившим","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"оскорбила","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сцены","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оскорбила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c7-s139","source":"Тогда, расставшись с Алешей, Митя бросился было к Грушеньке; неизвестно, видел ли ее, но к ночи очутился в трактире «Столичный город», где как следует и напился.","translation":"That evening, having parted from Alyosha, Mitya had rushed off, it seems, to Grushenka's; it is not known whether he saw her, but by nightfall he had landed at the tavern \"The Capital City,\" where he duly got drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расставшись с Алешей","title":"Perfective gerund «расставшись»","body":"«Расставшись» is the perfective past gerund of the reflexive «расстаться» (to part). The «-вшись» ending marks a prior completed action sharing the subject — 'having parted from Alyosha' — and «с» governs the instrumental «Алёшей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился было","title":"Particle «было» — an action begun but cut short","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action that was started or about to happen but did not fully come off: «бросился было к Грушеньке» — 'set off / made to dash to Grushenka's' (but it came to nothing certain). It is a fine, hard-to-translate nuance of arrested intention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел ли ее","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether he saw her'","body":"After «неизвестно» ('it is not known'), «видел ли её» is an indirect yes/no question: «ли» means 'whether'. The fronted verb «видел» carries the focus of the uncertainty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трактире","title":"«Трактир» — a tavern / inn","body":"A «трактир» was a Russian tavern or eating-house serving food and drink, often with rooms, a step rougher and more public than a private home. «Столичный город» ('Capital City') is the establishment's grandiose name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расставшись","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"расставшись","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"having parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расставшись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (marks an interrupted or incipient action)","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"started to","note":"«было» here signals an action begun (or about to begin) — 'started to rush, but...'."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is unknown"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"depends on неизвестно","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"nightfall"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted with неизвестно","gloss":"landed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Capital"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактире","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of напился","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следует","gloss":"as","note":"Idiom «как следует» = 'properly, duly'."},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom как следует, modifies напился","gloss":"is fitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links как следует to напился","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напился","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on трактире","gloss":"got drunk"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c7-s140","source":"Пьяный, он потребовал перо и бумагу и начертал важный на себя документ.","translation":"Drunk, he called for pen and paper and drew up this document so damning to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"начертал","title":"«Начертать» — to inscribe (lofty)","body":"«Начертать» is an elevated, archaic-flavored perfective for 'to write, trace, inscribe', the verb of inscriptions and solemn pronouncements. Applied to a drunken scrawl it carries a deliberate ironic grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"важный на себя документ","title":"Reflexive «себя» — damning to himself","body":"«На себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which always points back to the clause's subject (Mitya): the document is weighty/incriminating 'against himself'. «Себя» has no nominative and serves any person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to потребовал","gloss":"Drunk"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потребовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"перо","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потребовал","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with перо","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начертал","lemma":"начертать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потребовал","gloss":"wrote out"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"damning"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of важный","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начертал","gloss":"a document"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c7-s141","source":"Это было исступленное, многоречивое и бессвязное письмо, именно «пьяное».","translation":"It was a frenzied, rambling, and incoherent letter — \"drunken\" indeed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленное","title":"«Исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«Исступлённый» means frenzied, frantic, in a state of «исступление» — a loss of self-possession through extreme passion. It is a key Dostoevskian register-word for emotional extremity, here describing the letter's whole pitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"многоречивое","title":"«Многоречивый» — verbose, many-worded","body":"A compound of «много» (much) + «речь» (speech), «многоречивый» means 'verbose, long-winded'. The bookish compound mirrors the rambling letter it names."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to письмо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"исступленное","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"многоречивое","lemma":"многоречивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with исступленное","gloss":"rambling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессвязное","lemma":"бессвязный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with исступленное","gloss":"incoherent"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьяное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"drunken"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c7-s142","source":"Похоже было на то, когда пьяный человек, воротясь домой, начинает с необычайным жаром рассказывать жене или кому из домашних, как его сейчас оскорбили, какой подлец его оскорбитель, какой он сам, напротив, прекрасный человек и как он тому подлецу задаст, — и всё это длинно-длинно, бессвязно и возбужденно, со стуком кулаками по столу, с пьяными слезами.","translation":"It was like the way a drunken man, on coming home, begins to tell his wife or whoever else of the household, with extraordinary heat, how he has just been insulted, what a scoundrel the man who insulted him is, what a fine fellow he himself is on the contrary, and how he will pay that scoundrel back — and all of it long, long-winded, incoherent, and overwrought, with fists pounding on the table and drunken tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воротясь домой","title":"Archaic gerund «воротясь»","body":"«Воротясь» is the perfective past gerund of the colloquial-archaic «воротиться» (to return) — a folk doublet of «возвратиться». The «-ясь» form marks a prior action, 'having come home', sharing the drunken man's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как его сейчас оскорбили","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural — 'how he was just insulted'","body":"The bare third-person-plural verb «оскорбили», with no stated subject, is Russian's regular impersonal-passive way of saying 'they insulted him / he was insulted' without naming an agent. «Сейчас» here means 'just now'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он тому подлецу задаст","title":"Perfective future «задаст» + dative","body":"«Задаст» is the simple (perfective) future of «задать» — here in the idiom «задать кому-то» ('to give it to someone, let them have it'), with «тому подлецу» in the dative. The conjugated perfective form carries future meaning with no auxiliary."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«Подлец» — scoundrel, blackguard","body":"«Подлец» is a strong term of moral contempt — a base, vile man, 'scoundrel' or 'blackguard'. It runs as a refrain through Mitya's letter, where he hurls it at his rival and, with anguished honesty, at himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"It seemed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to то","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинает","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a drunken"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"воротясь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начинает","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротясь","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необычайным","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жаром","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинает","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывать","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with жене","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домашних","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"домашних","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"the household"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"оскорбили","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"object clause of рассказывать","gloss":"was insulted"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подлец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical clause), coordinated with оскорбили","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оскорбитель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"оскорбитель","lemma":"оскорбитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (predicate подлец)","gloss":"insulter"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (predicate человек)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он ('he himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он (elliptical copula)","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of задаст","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задаст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подлецу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подлецу","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задаст","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"задаст","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оскорбили","gloss":"will pay back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of длинно (elided было)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (elided было)","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats длинно (intensifier)","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязный","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with длинно","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возбужденно","lemma":"возбуждённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with длинно","gloss":"overwrought"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стуком","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of длинно","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"кулаками","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies стуком","gloss":"of fists"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стуком","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пьяными","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with стуком","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c7-s143","source":"Бумага для письма, которую ему подали в трактире, была грязненький клочок обыкновенной письменной бумаги, плохого сорта и на обратной стороне которого был написан какой-то счет.","translation":"The writing paper they handed him at the tavern was a grubby scrap of ordinary letter paper of poor quality, with some sort of bill written out on the reverse side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую ему подали","title":"Relative «которую» + subjectless «подали»","body":"«Которую» is the relative pronoun in the feminine accusative, its case fixed by being the object of «подали» ('which they handed him'). The third-plural «подали» again names no agent — 'they handed', i.e. it was handed to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грязненький клочок","title":"«Грязненький клочок» — a grubby little scrap","body":"«Грязненький» is the diminutive-expressive of «грязный» (dirty), and «клочок» a diminutive of «клок» (a tuft, scrap). The piled-up diminutives convey a contemptuous, pitying smallness — a wretched little grubby scrap of paper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"The paper"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Бумага","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подали","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Бумага","gloss":"was handed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подали","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to клочок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"грязненький","lemma":"грязненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies клочок","gloss":"grubby"},{"surface":"клочок","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a scrap"},{"surface":"обыкновенной","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"письменной","lemma":"письменный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies клочок","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"плохого","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сорта","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"сорта","lemma":"сорт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бумаги","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обратной","lemma":"обратный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"the reverse"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написан","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"написан","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on клочок","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive написан","gloss":"bill"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c7-s144","source":"Пьяному многоречию, очевидно, недостало места, и Митя уписал не только все поля, но даже последние строчки были написаны накрест уже по написанному.","translation":"His drunken loquacity, evidently, had run short of room, and Mitya had covered not only every margin but had even written the last lines crosswise over what was already written.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недостало места","title":"Genitive of negation: «недостало места»","body":"«Недостать» ('to be insufficient, run short') is impersonal and takes a genitive of what is lacking: «места» (genitive of «место', 'room'). The experiencer-thing «пьяному многоречию» stands in the dative. No nominative subject — the room itself 'was not enough'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"написаны накрест уже по написанному","title":"Substantivized participle «по написанному»","body":"«Написанному» is the past passive participle of «написать» used as a noun in the dative after «по»: 'over what had already been written'. Russian freely turns participles into nouns this way. «Накрест» means 'crosswise'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уписал","title":"«Уписать» — to cover with writing","body":"Here «уписать» (perfective) means to fill up a surface completely with writing — Mitya 'wrote over' every margin. The «у-» prefix conveys exhaustive covering of the whole space."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьяному","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies многоречию","gloss":"Drunken"},{"surface":"многоречию","lemma":"многоречие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недостало","gloss":"loquacity"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to недостало","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"недостало","lemma":"недостать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran short"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of недостало","gloss":"of room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уписал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уписал","lemma":"уписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with недостало","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of поля","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"поля","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of уписал","gloss":"the margins"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies последние","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies строчки","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"строчки","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive написаны","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написаны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"написаны","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уписал","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"накрест","lemma":"накрест","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написаны","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написанному","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"написанному","lemma":"написать","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написаны","gloss":"what was written"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c7-s145","source":"Письмо было следующего содержания: «Роковая Катя!","translation":"The letter ran as follows: \"Fateful Katya!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следующего содержания","title":"Genitive of description: «следующего содержания»","body":"«Следующего содержания» ('of the following content') is a genitive of quality describing the letter — a bookish formula meaning 'ran as follows'. The adjective and noun agree in the genitive singular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Роковая Катя","title":"«Роковая» — fateful, fatal","body":"«Роковой» derives from «рок» (fate, doom) and means 'fateful, fatal, ill-starred'. Pairing it with the affectionate diminutive «Катя» (for Katerina) captures Mitya's whole torn feeling — she is at once his doom and his darling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"The letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"следующего","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies содержания","gloss":"of the following"},{"surface":"содержания","lemma":"содержание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive predicate complement of было","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"Роковая","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катя","gloss":"Fateful"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, opens the quoted letter","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c7-s146","source":"Завтра достану деньги и отдам тебе твои три тысячи, и прощай — великого гнева женщина, но прощай и любовь моя!","translation":"Tomorrow I will get the money and pay you back your three thousand, and farewell — woman of mighty wrath, but farewell too, my love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"достану… и отдам","title":"Perfective futures — single completed promises","body":"«Достану» (I'll get) and «отдам» (I'll give back) are perfective verbs conjugated as simple futures: each names one completed future act, with no auxiliary. The aspect makes them vows of a single finished deed, not ongoing effort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великого гнева женщина","title":"«Великого гнева женщина» — woman of mighty wrath","body":"A genitive-of-quality phrase, «женщина великого гнева» (here inverted for rhetorical weight), 'woman of great wrath'. The elevated, almost Biblical cadence dignifies Katerina's anger — Mitya's drunken grandeur reaching for Scripture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достану","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"достану","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will get"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of достану","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with достану","gloss":"will give back"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдам","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with достану","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнева","gloss":"of great"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе (vocative)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with достану","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе (vocative)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c7-s147","source":"Кончим!","translation":"Let us make an end of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончим!","title":"Hortative «кончим» — let us make an end","body":"«Кончим» is the perfective 1st-person plural future of «кончить», used hortatively: 'let us finish / make an end of it'. Russian regularly uses the bare perfective future-form as a 'let's…' exhortation without «давайте»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончим","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's finish"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c7-s148","source":"Завтра буду доставать у всех людей, а не достану у людей, то даю тебе честное слово, пойду к отцу и проломлю ему голову и возьму у него под подушкой, только бы уехал Иван.","translation":"Tomorrow I will try to raise it from everyone, and if I cannot raise it from people, then I give you my word of honor, I will go to my father and break his head open and take it from under his pillow, only let Ivan be gone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду доставать","title":"Compound future «буду доставать» vs perfective","body":"«Буду доставать» is the imperfective compound future — «буду» + imperfective infinitive — naming ongoing, repeated effort ('I'll keep trying to raise it'). It contrasts deliberately with the perfective «не достану» ('if I don't [manage to] get it'), process versus result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы уехал Иван","title":"«Только бы» + past form — 'if only Ivan would be gone'","body":"«Только бы» with the past-tense verb «уехал» is the wish/irrealis construction built on the particle «бы»: 'if only Ivan would leave / let Ivan only be gone'. It voices Mitya's chilling condition for the crime."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проломлю ему голову","title":"«Проломить голову» — to break someone's head open","body":"«Проломить» (perfective) is to smash or break through; «проломлю ему голову» — 'I'll crack his skull open', with «ему» dative of the possessor. The brutal physical promise is exactly what later damns Mitya as the «mathematical proof»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доставать","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of доставать","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"доставать","lemma":"доставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be raising"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доставать","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достану","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доставать","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of достану","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with доставать","gloss":"I give"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"честное","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of даю (implicit «что»)","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проломлю","lemma":"проломить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"break open"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проломлю","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проломлю","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только бы ('if only')","gloss":"if only","note":"«только бы» = 'if only', expressing an urgent wish."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on даю","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c7-s149","source":"В каторгу пойду, а три тысячи отдам.","translation":"I will go to penal servitude, but I will pay back the three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В каторгу пойду, а три тысячи отдам","title":"Contrastive «а» + fronted goal","body":"The hinge «а» here is the mild adversative 'and yet / but', setting the ruin of «в каторгу пойду» against the vow «три тысячи отдам». Both clauses front their key phrase before a perfective future verb, throwing emphasis onto the penance and the repayment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каторга","title":"Каторга — penal servitude","body":"«Каторга» was hard-labour penal exile, typically in Siberia, the standard punishment for serious crimes in tsarist Russia. Because каторга convicts were sent to Siberia, the phrase «в каторгу пойду» is sometimes loosely rendered 'I will go to Siberia,' but the word names the sentence itself — hard labour — so we render it 'I will go to penal servitude.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on отдам","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"I will give back"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c7-s150","source":"А сама прощай.","translation":"And to you yourself, farewell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А сама прощай","title":"«Сама» — you yourself","body":"«Сама» is the feminine intensifier 'oneself, herself', here addressed to Katerina: 'and you yourself, farewell'. It singles her out personally against the things and people just listed."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes the addressee (Katya)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c7-s151","source":"Кланяюсь до земли, ибо пред тобой подлец.","translation":"I bow down to the ground, for before you I am a scoundrel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кланяюсь","title":"Reflexive «кланяться» — to bow","body":"«Кланяюсь» is the 1st-person present of the reflexive verb «кланяться» (to bow). The «-ся/-сь» here marks an intransitive, self-directed action; the verb exists only in this reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кланяюсь","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I bow"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кланяюсь","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause (пред тобой [я] подлец)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical copula","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elided subject я","gloss":"a scoundrel","note":"The copula 'I am' is elided; understood from context."}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c7-s152","source":"Прости меня.","translation":"Forgive me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прости меня","title":"Imperative «прости» — forgive me","body":"«Прости» is the singular imperative of the perfective «простить» (to forgive), formed with stressed «-и» on a consonant stem. The perfective asks for one decisive act of forgiveness; «меня» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прости","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c7-s153","source":"Нет, лучше не прощай: легче и мне и тебе!","translation":"No — better do not forgive: it will be easier both for me and for you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"легче и мне и тебе","title":"Dative experiencers + comparative «легче»","body":"«Легче» is the comparative of «легко' ('easy, light'), used impersonally; the people for whom it will be easier stand in the dative, «мне» and «тебе», with no nominative subject. «И… и…» means 'both… and…'. A classic Dostoevskian inner-state construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to прощай","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощай","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"parallel clause to прощай","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with легче","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with легче","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c7-s154","source":"Лучше в каторгу, чем твоя любовь, ибо другую люблю, а ее слишком сегодня узнала, как же ты можешь простить?","translation":"Better penal servitude than your love, for I love another, and her you have come to know all too well today, so how can you forgive?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше в каторгу, чем твоя любовь","title":"Comparative «лучше… чем» — better X than Y","body":"«Лучше… чем…» ('better… than…') is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» governing a «чем»-clause of comparison. Mitya weighs penal servitude against Katerina's love and chooses the chains."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо другую люблю","title":"Substantivized «другую» — 'another (woman)'","body":"«Другую» is the feminine accusative of «другая» ('another, a different one'), here used as a noun for 'another woman' — Grushenka. Russian readily drops the noun and lets the agreeing adjective carry it. «Ибо» again gives a bookish 'for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же ты можешь простить","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"«Же» after «как» intensifies the rhetorical question: 'how *can* you possibly forgive?'. These tiny modal particles carry the speaker's emotional pressure that English renders only with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with любовь","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"compared item introduced by чем","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject 'ты' elided)","gloss":"you came to know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the final clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c7-s155","source":"Убью вора моего!","translation":"I will kill the man who robbed me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убью вора моего","title":"Animate accusative «вора» + fronted verb","body":"«Вора» is the animate-accusative of «вор» (thief), borrowing the genitive ending «-а». The verb «убью» (perfective future, 'I'll kill') is thrown to the front for vehement emphasis, the object trailing after — a sentence built for a shout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вора моего","title":"«Вор» — the thief who robbed me","body":"By «вор моего» / «вора моего» Mitya means old Fyodor, whom he sees as having robbed him of his inheritance and his Grushenka. The whole letter turns on his insistence that he is «не вор, а убийца» — not a thief, but (would-be) killer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will kill"},{"surface":"вора","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убью","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вора","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c7-s156","source":"От всех вас уйду на Восток, чтоб никого не знать.","translation":"I will go away from you all, to the East, so as to know no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уйду на Восток, чтоб никого не знать","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + negative concord","body":"«Чтоб» (= «чтобы») introduces a purpose clause with the infinitive «знать»: 'so as to know no one'. The negative pronoun «никого» still requires «не» on the verb — Russian's obligatory negative concord, two negatives for one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will go away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Восток","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Восток","lemma":"восток","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"the East"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of знать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on уйду","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c7-s157","source":"''Ее'' тоже, ибо не ты одна мучительница, а и она.","translation":"''Her'' too, for it is not you alone who torment me, but she as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ты одна мучительница, а и она","title":"«Не… а и…» — not you alone, but she too","body":"«Не ты одна… а и она» plays the contrastive «а» against an additive «и» ('also'): 'not you alone are my tormentor, but she too'. The zero-copula predicate «мучительница» stands in the nominative with no verb 'to be'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мучительница","title":"«Мучительница» — tormentress","body":"«Мучительница» is the feminine of «мучитель» (tormentor), from «мучить» (to torment). The «-ница» suffix names a female agent. It belongs to the heightened lexicon of love-as-suffering that pervades Mitya's and Dostoevsky's emotional world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Her"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ее","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучительница","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мучительница","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ты","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"мучительница","lemma":"мучительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (elided copula)","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мучительница","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c7-s158","source":"Прощай!","translation":"Farewell!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c7-s159","source":"P. S. Проклятие пишу, а тебя обожаю!","translation":"P. S. I write a curse, and yet I adore you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проклятие пишу, а тебя обожаю","title":"Contrastive «а» — curse and adoration","body":"The adversative «а» yokes the two opposed clauses: 'I write a curse, *and yet* I adore you'. «Проклятие» (object) is fronted before «пишу» for stress, the typical topic-first ordering, while «тебя» is the accusative object of «обожаю»."}],"words":[{"surface":"P.","lemma":"p.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation (postscript marker)","gloss":"P."},{"surface":"Проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пишу","gloss":"a curse"},{"surface":"пишу","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I write"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обожаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обожаю","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пишу","gloss":"I adore"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c7-s160","source":"Слышу в груди моей.","translation":"I hear it in my breast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышу в груди моей","title":"Locative «в груди» + dropped subject","body":"The subject pronoun «я» is dropped — the ending of «слышу» already shows 1st-person singular. «В груди» is the prepositional of «грудь' (breast), a feminine soft-sign noun, marking location after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hear it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слышу","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of груди","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c7-s161","source":"Осталась струна и звенит.","translation":"A string is left, and it rings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Осталась струна и звенит","title":"Reflexive «остаться» + word order","body":"«Осталась» is the perfective past of the reflexive «остаться» (to remain), feminine to agree with «струна' (string). Verb-first order — «Осталась струна» rather than «струна осталась» — lends the line its abrupt, lyric weight: 'there is left a string'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"струна","title":"«Струна» — a (musical) string","body":"«Струна» is the string of an instrument; «звенит» is 'rings, vibrates'. The image of one surviving string still sounding in the breast is a Romantic figure for the last living note of feeling — Mitya at his most lyrical and self-pitying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"струна","lemma":"струна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Осталась","gloss":"a string"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звенит","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Осталась","gloss":"rings"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c7-s162","source":"Лучше сердце пополам!","translation":"Better my heart in two!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше сердце пополам","title":"Elliptical comparative «лучше»","body":"«Лучше» ('better') heads a verbless exclamation — 'better [to have] my heart in two!' Russian readily drops the verb in such heightened, elliptical cries, leaving the comparative to carry the whole emotional charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Лучше","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"пополам","lemma":"пополам","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лучше","gloss":"in two"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c7-s163","source":"Убью себя, а сначала все-таки пса.","translation":"I will kill myself, but first of all the dog all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убью себя, а сначала… пса","title":"Reflexive «себя» + contrastive «а»","body":"«Себя» is the reflexive object of «убью' ('I'll kill myself'), pointing back to the subject Mitya. The «а» then pivots — 'but first of all the dog' — with «всё-таки» ('all the same') marking grim resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пса","title":"«Пёс» — the dog (i.e. his father)","body":"«Пса» is the animate accusative of «пёс» (dog, cur). Throughout the letter Mitya calls old Fyodor «пёс» — a savage insult, the father reduced to a beast. The contempt foreshadows the murder and Mitya's later cry that he is no thief but stands ready to kill the 'dog'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Убью","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided убью (second instance)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"пса","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided убью (second instance)","gloss":"the dog"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c7-s164","source":"Вырву у него три и брошу тебе.","translation":"I will tear the three thousand out of him and fling it to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вырву у него три и брошу тебе","title":"Perfective futures + «у него» / «тебе»","body":"Two perfective futures drive the vow: «вырву» ('I'll tear out') with «у него» (genitive after «у», 'from him'), and «брошу» ('I'll fling') with the dative «тебе» ('to you'). The case-marked phrases show the money's path from father to Katerina."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вырву","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will tear out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вырву","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of Вырву","gloss":"the three thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брошу","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вырву","gloss":"I will fling"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of брошу","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c7-s165","source":"Хоть подлец пред тобой, а не вор!","translation":"Before you I may be a scoundrel, but I am no thief!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть подлец пред тобой, а не вор","title":"Concessive «хоть… а» — though X, yet not Y","body":"«Хоть» here is the concessive 'though, even if', answered by «а' ('yet, but'): 'though a scoundrel before you, yet no thief'. Both predicate nouns stand in the bare nominative with no copula. «Пред» is the archaic 'before'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied subject 'я')","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of подлец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c7-s166","source":"Жди трех тысяч.","translation":"Expect the three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жди трех тысяч","title":"Imperative «жди» + genitive object","body":"«Жди» is the imperative of «ждать» (to wait/expect), which governs the genitive of the thing awaited: «трёх тысяч» (genitive of «три тысячи»). After numerals the noun «тысяч» itself takes the genitive plural — 'expect the three thousand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жди","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Жди","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c7-s167","source":"У пса под тюфяком, розовая ленточка.","translation":"It is at the dog's, under his mattress, tied with a pink ribbon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под тюфяком","title":"Instrumental «под тюфяком» — location","body":"«Под» governing the instrumental «тюфяком» marks static location: 'under the mattress'. (With the accusative «под» would mean motion *under*.) This is the preposition's two-case split at work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"розовая ленточка","title":"«Ленточка» — the little pink ribbon","body":"«Ленточка» is the diminutive of «лента» (ribbon). The tender diminutive for the ribbon binding the cursed money («розовая ленточка») gives a strange, almost loving particularity to the object that fuels the whole plot — the 3,000 roubles."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пса","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пса","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"the dog's"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пса","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"розовая","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточка","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"ленточка","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (elided copula 'is')","gloss":"a ribbon"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c7-s168","source":"Не я вор, а вора моего убью.","translation":"It is not I who am the thief — I will kill the one who robbed me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не я вор, а вора моего убью","title":"Contrastive «не… а» — not I the thief","body":"The corrective «не… а» first denies and then asserts: 'not I am the thief, but the thief himself I'll kill'. «Не я вор» is a zero-copula nominative predicate; the second clause fronts «вора моего» (animate accusative) before «убью» for the hammering emphasis of Mitya's refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я (elided copula)","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вора","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вора","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will kill"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c7-s169","source":"Катя, не гляди презрительно: Димитрий не вор, а убийца!","translation":"Katya, do not look on me with scorn: Dmitri is no thief, but a murderer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не гляди презрительно","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не гляди»","body":"A negated command in Russian normally takes the imperfective imperative: «не гляди» ('do not look'), from «глядеть». Imperfective is the regular aspect for prohibitions, where a perfective negative imperative would instead warn against an accidental act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Димитрий не вор, а убийца","title":"«Не вор, а убийца» — the central antithesis","body":"Two bare nominative predicates joined by corrective «а»: 'Dmitri is no thief, but a murderer'. This zero-copula antithesis is the letter's, and Mitya's, whole moral self-definition — and the very line Ivan reads as a 'mathematical proof'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гляди","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"гляди","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гляди","gloss":"with scorn"},{"surface":"Димитрий","lemma":"Димитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вор (elided copula)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Димитрий","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"a murderer"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c7-s170","source":"Отца убил и себя погубил, чтобы стоять и гордости твоей не выносить.","translation":"He has killed his father and ruined himself, so as to stand firm and not endure your pride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы стоять и… не выносить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitives","body":"«Чтобы» here governs infinitives («стоять… не выносить») to express purpose: 'so as to stand firm and not endure'. With a same-subject purpose, Russian uses the infinitive after «чтобы» rather than the past-form irrealis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордости твоей не выносить","title":"Genitive of negation: «гордости… не выносить»","body":"Under negation the object of «выносить» (to endure) shifts from accusative to genitive: «гордости твоей не выносить» — 'not to endure your pride'. The genitive of negation is especially regular with abstract objects like 'pride'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of погубил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"погубил","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of стоять","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on погубил","gloss":"to stand firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выносить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоять, complement of чтобы","gloss":"to endure"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c7-s171","source":"И тебя не любить.","translation":"And so as not to love you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И тебя не любить","title":"Negated infinitive of purpose","body":"An elliptical continuation of the «чтобы» chain: '[so as] not to love you'. The negated infinitive «не любить» hangs on the same purpose clause; «тебя» is its accusative object, kept (not shifted to genitive) for the personal pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause continuing from previous sentence (чтобы)","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c7-s172","source":"PP. S. Ноги твои целую, прощай!","translation":"PP. S. I kiss your feet, farewell!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ноги твои целую","title":"Object-first order: «ноги твои целую»","body":"The accusative object «ноги твои» ('your feet') is fronted before the verb «целую' ('I kiss'), the dropped subject «я» recoverable from the ending. The topic-first order throws the emotional weight onto the feet he kisses — a gesture of utter abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"PP","lemma":"pp.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation (postscript marker)","gloss":"PP."},{"surface":"Ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целую (fronted)","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of Ноги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I kiss"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целую","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c7-s173","source":"PP. SS. Катя, моли бога, чтобы дали люди деньги.","translation":"PP. SS. Katya, pray to God that people give me the money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"моли бога, чтобы дали люди деньги","title":"Imperative «моли» + «чтобы» + past-form","body":"«Моли» is the imperative of «молить» (to pray, entreat). The «чтобы»-clause of indirect command takes the past-form verb «дали» (the irrealis required after «чтобы»): 'pray that people *should* give the money'."}],"words":[{"surface":"PP","lemma":"pp.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation (postscript marker)","gloss":"PP."},{"surface":"SS","lemma":"ss.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation (postscript marker)","gloss":"SS."},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"моли","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of моли","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of моли","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c7-s174","source":"Тогда не буду в крови, а не дадут — в крови!","translation":"Then I shall not be in blood, but if they do not give it — in blood!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не буду в крови, а не дадут — в крови","title":"Compound future «не буду» + elliptical condition","body":"«Не буду в крови» is the imperfective compound future of «быть» ('I shall not be in blood'). The second clause is a bare conditional — «а не дадут — в крови» ('but [if] they don't give it — in blood') — with both the 'if' and the verb 'be' left to the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula with в крови)","gloss":"I will be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause","gloss":"they don't give it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of elided буду (second clause)","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c7-s175","source":"Убей меня!","translation":"Kill me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убей меня","title":"Imperative «убей» — kill me","body":"«Убей» is the singular imperative of the perfective «убить' (to kill), the «-й» ending following the stem. The perfective demands one decisive act — Mitya's anguished plea flipped from killer to victim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убей","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Kill"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Убей","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c7-s176","source":"Раб и враг ''Д. Карамазов».''","translation":"Your slave and enemy, ''D. Karamazov.''","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раб и враг Д. Карамазов","title":"Appositive nominatives — 'slave and enemy'","body":"Mitya signs himself with two bare nominatives in apposition, «раб и враг» ('slave and enemy'), before the name. The zero-copula nominative epithet is a flourish of self-dramatizing signature, fusing devotion and defiance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раб","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"враг","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Раб","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"Д.","lemma":"д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"signature, in apposition to speaker (elided я)","gloss":"D."},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Д.","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c7-s177","source":"Когда Иван прочел «документ», то встал убежденный.","translation":"When Ivan had read the \"document\" through, he rose convinced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал убежденный","title":"Participle «убеждённый» as predicate complement","body":"«Убеждённый» is the past passive participle of «убедить' (to convince), here standing as a predicate complement to the verb «встал»: 'he rose [as a] convinced [man]'. The participle agrees in the nominative masculine with the implied subject, Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"had read"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"the document"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he rose"},{"surface":"убежденный","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying the subject of встал (elided он)","gloss":"convinced"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c7-s178","source":"Значит, убил брат, а не Смердяков.","translation":"So it was his brother who had killed, and not Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, убил брат, а не Смердяков","title":"Verb-first «убил брат» + corrective «а не»","body":"«Убил брат» fronts the verb before the subject «брат», throwing focus onto the act, then «а не Смердяков» corrects who did it. «Значит» ('so, it means') opens the sentence as Ivan's chilling deduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the main clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with брат","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c7-s179","source":"Не Смердяков, то, стало быть, и не он, Иван.","translation":"If not Smerdyakov, then it followed that he, Ivan, had not done it either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не Смердяков, то, стало быть, и не он, Иван","title":"Resumptive «то» + «стало быть»","body":"The conditional is compressed: '[if] not Smerdyakov, then it follows it was not he either'. «То» resumes the missing 'if'-clause, «стало быть» ('hence, it follows') marks the inference, and «и… не» means 'not… either'. Ivan's logic-chain laid out in clipped clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the conditional (elided убил)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical 'стало быть')","gloss":"it followed"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom 'стало быть')","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не он","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided убил, parallel to Смердяков","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c7-s180","source":"Письмо это вдруг получило в глазах его смысл математический.","translation":"This letter suddenly took on, in his eyes, a mathematical meaning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получило… смысл математический","title":"Inverted adjective «смысл математический»","body":"Putting the adjective after its noun — «смысл математический» rather than «математический смысл» — is a marked, rhetorically weighted order that throws stress onto 'mathematical'. The perfective «получило» ('took on, acquired') marks the sudden, single change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глазах его","title":"«В глазах его» — in his eyes (figurative)","body":"«В глазах» (prepositional after «в») plus the frozen genitive possessive «его» means 'in his eyes' in the figurative sense of 'in his estimation'. Word order «глазах его» (rather than «его глазах») gives the bookish, slightly archaic cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of получило","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"получило","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of получило","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получило","gloss":"a meaning"},{"surface":"математический","lemma":"математический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"mathematical"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c7-s181","source":"Никаких сомнений в виновности Мити быть для него не могло уже более.","translation":"There could no longer be any doubt for him of Mitya's guilt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никаких сомнений… не могло","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"With the negated existential «не могло… быть» the subject «сомнений» (doubts) stands in the genitive plural rather than the nominative, and «никаких» agrees with it. Russian frames 'there could be no doubt' as 'of no doubts there could be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в виновности Мити","title":"Prepositional «в» + genitive «Мити»","body":"«в виновности» is prepositional (location/respect after «в»), while «Мити» is genitive — 'of Mitya's guilt'. The diminutive «Митя» (for Дмитрий) declines like a feminine -я noun, so its genitive is «Мити»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже более","title":"«уже… более» — no longer","body":"«уже… не… более» wraps the negated verb to mean 'no longer, not any more'. «более» is the bookish comparative of «много», here adverbial; spoken Russian would more often say «больше»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сомнений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of могло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сомнений","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"longer"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c7-s182","source":"Кстати, подозрения о том, что Митя мог убить вместе со Смердяковым, у Ивана никогда не было, да это не вязалось и с фактами.","translation":"Incidentally, the suspicion that Mitya might have killed together with Smerdyakov had never occurred to Ivan, and besides it did not square with the facts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кстати","title":"«Кстати» — incidentally","body":"A discourse adverb meaning 'by the way, incidentally', literally 'to the place/point'. Dostoevsky's narrator uses it to slot in a parenthetical clarification, exactly as the English 'incidentally' does here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Ивана никогда не было","title":"Possessive «у» + genitive of absence","body":"Russian has no verb 'to have': possession is «у кого-то есть/было что-то». Negated, the thing possessed goes genitive and the verb is the invariable neuter «не было» — here «подозрения… не было», 'Ivan never had the suspicion'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не вязалось","title":"«вязаться» — to square with","body":"From «вязать» (to tie/knit) plus reflexive -ся; «не вязалось с фактами» means 'did not tie up / did not square with the facts'. A vivid, slightly colloquial metaphor of things failing to knit together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"incidentally"},{"surface":"подозрения","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the suspicion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрения","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вязалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вязалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вязалось","lemma":"вязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"did square"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фактами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фактами","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вязалось","gloss":"the facts"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c7-s183","source":"Иван был вполне успокоен.","translation":"Ivan was wholly set at ease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был вполне успокоен","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«успокоен» is the short-form past passive participle of «успокоить» (to set at ease), joined to «был» to state a result — 'was set at ease'. The short form predicates only; the long form «успокоенный» would attribute."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вполне","title":"«вполне» — fully, wholly","body":"A bookish adverb of completeness, 'entirely, perfectly'. It recurs as one of Ivan's keynotes in this passage (cf. «вполне» in s197), marking the deceptive completeness of his calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive успокоен","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of успокоен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоен","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"успокоен","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set at ease"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c7-s184","source":"На другое утро он лишь с презрением вспоминал о Смердякове и о насмешках его.","translation":"The next morning he thought of Smerdyakov and his sneers only with contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь с презрением вспоминал","title":"Instrumental of manner; imperfective recall","body":"«с презрением» (with contempt) is «с» + instrumental, the standard way to form an adverbial of manner. The imperfective «вспоминал» views the remembering as a recurring state over that morning, not a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"насмешках","title":"«насмешка» — a sneer, gibe","body":"From «насмехаться» (to mock); a 'mockery, jibe, sneer'. The plural «насмешки его» captures Smerdyakov's repeated needling, the very thing Ivan now affects to dismiss."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утро","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешках","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"насмешках","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Смердякове","gloss":"sneers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies насмешках","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c7-s185","source":"Чрез несколько дней даже удивлялся, как мог он так мучительно обидеться его подозрениями.","translation":"Within a few days he even wondered how he could have taken such painful offense at the man's suspicions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чрез","title":"«Чрез» — archaic «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the older, non-pleophonic (Church-Slavonic-flavoured) form of «через» ('through, after [a span of time]'). Dostoevsky keeps it for its slightly elevated, literary ring; modern Russian writes «через»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мог он так мучительно обидеться","title":"Past potential + perfective «обидеться»","body":"«как мог он… обидеться» is 'how he could have taken offense', the modal «мог» (past of «мочь») plus a perfective reflexive infinitive naming the single completed reaction. The -ся makes «обидеть» (to offend someone) into «обидеться» (to take offense)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его подозрениями","title":"Instrumental of cause after «обидеться»","body":"«обидеться» governs the instrumental for the thing one is offended by: «обидеться его подозрениями» — 'to take offense at his suspicions'. The instrumental here names the cause/stimulus, not an instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Чрез","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject 'он' elided)","gloss":"wondered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивлялся","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидеться","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"обидеться","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подозрениями","gloss":"the man's"},{"surface":"подозрениями","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обидеться","gloss":"suspicions"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c7-s186","source":"Он решился презреть его и забыть.","translation":"He resolved to despise him and to forget him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился презреть его и забыть","title":"Perfective resolve + paired infinitives","body":"«решился» (perfective reflexive, 'he resolved') governs two perfective infinitives «презреть… и забыть» — a single firm decision to despise and forget. The pair of perfectives frames each as a clean, completed intention."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презреть","title":"«презреть» — to despise (bookish)","body":"The perfective of «презирать», 'to scorn, hold in contempt'. It is markedly literary and elevated next to plainer synonyms, fitting Ivan's haughty, willed dismissal of Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"презреть","lemma":"презреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to despise"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презреть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with презреть","gloss":"to forget"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c7-s187","source":"Так прошел месяц.","translation":"So a month went by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так прошел месяц","title":"Verb-first narration; «прошёл» perfective","body":"Inverting to verb-subject order («прошёл месяц», not «месяц прошёл») throws the new information — the month's passing — into relief and gives the line a closing, summarizing rhythm. The perfective «прошёл» marks the whole month as one completed span."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went by"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"a month"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c7-s188","source":"О Смердякове он не расспрашивал больше ни у кого, но слышал мельком, раза два, что тот очень болен и не в своем рассудке.","translation":"About Smerdyakov he asked no one anything further, but he heard in passing, once or twice, that the man was very ill and out of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не расспрашивал больше ни у кого","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"«ни у кого… не расспрашивал» stacks the ни-pronoun with the verbal «не» — 'he asked no one'. Russian requires this negative concord: the «не» stays even when «ни у кого» already negates. «у кого» is genitive after «у»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мельком","title":"«мельком» — in passing, fleetingly","body":"An adverb meaning 'in passing, with a fleeting glance/ear'. Here it conveys that Ivan caught the news only half-attentively — 'he heard in passing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в своем рассудке","title":"«не в своём рассудке» — out of one's mind","body":"Idiom: literally 'not in one's reason', i.e. mad, deranged. «рассудок» is the faculty of reason; the phrase foreshadows Smerdyakov's coming collapse and 'madness' (cf. «сумасшествием» next)."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links with кого (negative polarity)","gloss":"not...any"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расспрашивал","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the numeral phrase раза два","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies слышал (adverbial 'a couple of times')","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of тот (clausal complement of что)","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассудке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассудке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассудке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рассудке","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with болен","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c7-s189","source":"«Кончит сумасшествием», — сказал раз про него молодой врач Варвинский, и Иван это запомнил.","translation":"\"He will end in madness,\" the young doctor Varvinsky said of him once, and Ivan remembered it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончит сумасшествием","title":"Perfective future + instrumental","body":"«Кончит» is the perfective future of «кончить» ('he will end / finish'), and «сумасшествием» is the instrumental — 'will end in/with madness'. The instrumental names the outcome the action ends in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал раз про него молодой врач Варвинский","title":"Quotative inversion; «про» + accusative","body":"After the quoted speech the order is verb–subject («сказал… молодой врач Варвинский»), the normal pattern for attribution. «про него» ('about him') uses «про» + accusative, a more colloquial alternative to «о нём»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (subject 'он' elided)","gloss":"he will end"},{"surface":"сумасшествием","lemma":"сумасшествие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончит","gloss":"in madness"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introducing the quoted clause Кончит сумасшествием","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал ('про него' = about him)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"Варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c7-s190","source":"В последнюю неделю этого месяца Иван сам начал чувствовать себя очень худо.","translation":"In the last week of that month Ivan himself began to feel very unwell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам начал чувствовать себя очень худо","title":"Intensifier «сам» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«сам» ('himself, of his own') intensifies the subject, while «чувствовать себя» ('to feel [a certain way]') takes the reflexive object pronoun «себя». «начал чувствовать» pairs an ingressive perfective with an imperfective infinitive — 'began to feel'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"худо","title":"«худо» — unwell, badly (archaic)","body":"An old adverb for 'badly, ill', here 'to feel very unwell'. Modern Russian prefers «плохо»; «худо» survives in set phrases and lends a 19th-century, folk colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"чувствовать","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствовать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of чувствовать","gloss":"unwell"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c7-s191","source":"С приехавшим пред самым судом доктором из Москвы, которого выписала Катерина Ивановна, он уже ходил советоваться.","translation":"He had already gone to consult the doctor from Moscow, summoned by Katerina Ivanovna, who had arrived just before the trial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С приехавшим… доктором","title":"Past active participle modifying the doctor","body":"«приехавшим» is the past active participle of «приехать» ('having arrived'), agreeing with «доктором» in instrumental after «с». The participial phrase «приехавшим пред самым судом» packs a whole который-clause ('who had arrived just before the trial') into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого выписала Катерина Ивановна","title":"Relative «которого» in the accusative","body":"«которого» agrees with «доктором» in masculine gender but takes the accusative its own clause needs as object of «выписала» — 'whom Katerina Ivanovna summoned'. «выписать» here is 'to send for / summon (a specialist)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред самым судом","title":"«пред» + «самым» — just before","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before'), here + instrumental «судом». «самым» ('the very') intensifies: 'right before the trial'. «суд» is the upcoming court trial that dominates this book."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приехавшим","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying доктором","gloss":"who had arrived"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"just before"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехавшим","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доктором","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выписала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"выписала","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on доктором","gloss":"had summoned"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выписала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"советоваться","lemma":"советоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ходил","gloss":"to consult"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c7-s192","source":"И именно в это же время отношения его к Катерине Ивановне обострились до крайней степени.","translation":"And it was at this very time that his relations with Katerina Ivanovna grew strained to the utmost degree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в это же время","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"«же» here fastens onto «это» to insist on the coincidence — 'at this very same time'. The particle adds an emphatic 'precisely this' that English must render with stress or an added word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отношения его… обострились","title":"Reflexive «обостриться» (intransitive)","body":"«обострились» (perfective reflexive past, plural agreeing with «отношения») is the middle/intransitive 'grew acute, became strained'. The -ся turns transitive «обострить» (to sharpen) into 'to sharpen of itself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обострились","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of обострились","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"обострились","lemma":"обостриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew strained"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обострились","gloss":"degree"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c7-s193","source":"Это были какие-то два влюбленные друг в друга врага.","translation":"They were two enemies somehow in love with each other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие-то два влюбленные друг в друга врага","title":"«два» + genitive singular «врага»","body":"After «два» the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «два… врага» ('two enemies'). The participle «влюблённые» ('in love') keeps a plural attributive ending, a 19th-century usage where modern Russian would say «влюблённых»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"друг в друга","title":"«друг в друга» — into each other","body":"The reciprocal expression «друг друга» ('one another') splits to take a preposition: «друг в друга» — 'in love with one another'. The first «друг» is frozen; only the second part declines/governs the case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of врага","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какие","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies врага","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"влюбленные","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies врага","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase влюбленные","gloss":"each","note":"друг в друга is a fixed idiom meaning \"each other\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"врага","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of были","gloss":"enemies"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c7-s194","source":"Возвраты Катерины Ивановны к Мите, мгновенные, но сильные, уже приводили Ивана в совершенное исступление.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna's returns toward Mitya — momentary, but intense — drove Ivan into a state of utter frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приводили Ивана в совершенное исступление","title":"Idiom «приводить в» + accusative state","body":"«приводить кого-то в [что-то]» means 'to bring/drive someone into a state' — here «в исступление» (accusative) 'into a frenzy'. The imperfective «приводили» marks these episodes as recurrent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"A strong, literary word for a state of being beside oneself — rapture, fury, or delirium. It is one of Dostoevsky's signature emotional registers, the pitch at which his characters lose self-command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Возвраты","title":"«возвраты» — 'returns' (here in scare-quotes)","body":"Literally 'returns, reversions'; Dostoevsky uses it for Katerina Ivanovna's recurrent lurches of feeling back toward Mitya. The narrator flags it as a special, almost technical coinage by later putting it in quotation marks («возвраты», s195, s196)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвраты","lemma":"возврат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приводили","gloss":"The returns"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Возвраты","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Возвраты","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мгновенные","lemma":"мгновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Возвраты","gloss":"momentary"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сильные","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with мгновенные","gloss":"intense"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приводили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"приводили","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приводили","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"совершенное","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступление","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приводили","gloss":"frenzy"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c7-s195","source":"Странно, что до самой последней сцены, описанной нами у Катерины Ивановны, когда пришел к ней от Мити Алеша, он, Иван, не слыхал от нее ни разу во весь месяц сомнений в виновности Мити, несмотря на все ее «возвраты» к нему, которые он так ненавидел.","translation":"Strangely, up to the very last scene we have described at Katerina Ivanovna's, when Alyosha came to her from Mitya, he, Ivan, had not heard her express even once in the whole month any doubt of Mitya's guilt, in spite of all those \"returns\" of hers toward him, which he so hated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"описанной нами у Катерины Ивановны","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«описанной» is the past passive participle of «описать», agreeing with «сцены» (feminine genitive), and «нами» is the instrumental of the agent — 'the scene described by us'. The instrumental is the standard way Russian names the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не слыхал от нее ни разу… сомнений","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Negated «не слыхал» takes its object «сомнений» in the genitive plural ('did not hear any doubt'), reinforced by «ни разу» ('not once'). The whole sentence chains negation, partitive genitive, and the ни-intensifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слыхал","title":"«слыхал» — colloquial 'heard'","body":"An iterative/colloquial variant of «слышал», suggesting 'used to hear, ever heard'. The form lends the narrator's voice an oral, conversational tinge appropriate to recounting hearsay over a month."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые он так ненавидел","title":"Relative «которые» picking up «возвраты»","body":"«которые» is accusative plural, agreeing with its antecedent «возвраты» in number but taking the case of its object role under «ненавидел». It closes the long sentence by looping back to Ivan's hatred of those 'returns'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate, governs что-clause","gloss":"It is strange"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies последней","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"описанной","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying сцены","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of описанной","gloss":"by us"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описанной","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сцены","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"once","note":"ни разу is a fixed idiom meaning \"not once\"."},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of слыхал","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сомнений","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of слыхал","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of возвраты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of возвраты","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"возвраты","lemma":"возврат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возвраты","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on возвраты","gloss":"hated"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c7-s196","source":"Замечательно еще и то, что он, чувствуя, что ненавидит Митю с каждым днем всё больше и больше, понимал в то же время, что не за «возвраты» к нему Кати ненавидел его, а именно ''за то, что он убил отца!''","translation":"It is also remarkable that, while feeling he hated Mitya more and more with each passing day, he understood at the same time that it was not for Katya's \"returns\" toward him that he hated him, but precisely ''for having killed their father!''","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствуя, что ненавидит Митю","title":"Imperfective present gerund «чувствуя»","body":"«чувствуя» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «чувствовать», 'feeling / while feeling', sharing Ivan as subject with the main verb. It compresses a simultaneous inner state into a single adverbial form — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё больше и больше","title":"«всё больше и больше» — more and more","body":"The intensifier «всё» before a doubled comparative «больше и больше» expresses steadily increasing degree. It is the idiomatic Russian for an action mounting with time — here Ivan's swelling hatred 'with each passing day'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не за «возвраты»… а именно за то, что","title":"Contrastive «не… а» with «за» + accusative","body":"«не за X, а за Y» ('not for X, but for Y') uses «а» — the contrastive 'but/while' — to correct, and «за» + accusative gives the cause/reason one is hated 'for'. «именно» ('precisely') sharpens the corrected term to its emotional climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"modifies то","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Замечательно","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понимал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненавидит","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствуя","gloss":"he hates"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of днем","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидит","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause modifying то","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвраты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"возвраты","lemma":"возврат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ненавидел","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возвраты","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возвраты","gloss":"Katya's"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of понимал)","gloss":"he hated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возвраты","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"their father"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c7-s197","source":"Он чувствовал и сознавал это сам вполне.","translation":"He felt this and was fully aware of it himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствовал и сознавал это сам вполне","title":"Paired imperfectives + intensifier «сам»","body":"Two imperfectives «чувствовал и сознавал» ('felt and was aware') describe a sustained dual state, and «сам… вполне» ('he himself… fully') drives home that Ivan owned this knowledge consciously. The doubling of near-synonyms is a Dostoevskian insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"was aware of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознавал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавал","gloss":"fully"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c7-s198","source":"Тем не менее дней за десять пред судом он ходил к Мите и предложил ему план бегства, — план, очевидно, еще задолго задуманный.","translation":"Nevertheless, some ten days before the trial he had gone to Mitya and proposed to him a plan of escape — a plan, evidently, conceived long beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тем не менее","title":"«Тем не менее» — nevertheless","body":"A fixed concessive connector, literally 'by that no less', i.e. 'nonetheless, all the same'. It pivots the narration from Ivan's hatred to the contradictory fact that he still tried to save Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дней за десять пред судом","title":"Approximation by inversion «дней за десять»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral («дней за десять» instead of «за десять дней») turns a precise count into an approximation — 'some ten days or so'. «за… пред судом» = 'about ten days before the trial'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще задолго задуманный","title":"Past passive participle «задуманный»","body":"«задуманный» is the past passive participle of «задумать» ('conceived, planned'), here in the long attributive form modifying the dashed-off «план» — 'a plan… conceived long beforehand'. «задолго» means 'long in advance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"less","note":"тем не менее is a fixed phrase meaning \"nevertheless\"."},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks approximation, modifies десять","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предложил","gloss":"a plan"},{"surface":"бегства","lemma":"бегство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"of escape"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to план (w16)","gloss":"a plan"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задуманный","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задолго","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"задолго","lemma":"задолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задуманный","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"задуманный","lemma":"задуманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies план (w18)","gloss":"conceived"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c7-s199","source":"Тут, кроме главной причины, побудившей его к такому шагу, виновата была и некоторая незаживавшая в сердце его царапина от одного словечка Смердякова, что будто бы ему, Ивану, выгодно, чтоб обвинили брата, ибо сумма по наследству от отца возвысится тогда для него с Алешей с сорока на шестьдесят тысяч.","translation":"Here, apart from the chief reason that had prompted him to such a step, there was also at fault a certain scratch in his heart that would not heal, left by a little word of Smerdyakov's — that it would supposedly be to his, Ivan's, advantage that the brother be convicted, since the sum inherited from their father would then rise, for him and Alyosha, from forty to sixty thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"виновата была и некоторая… царапина","title":"Short adjective predicate «виновата»","body":"«виновата» is the short-form feminine adjective ('was at fault'), agreeing with «царапина» and joined to «была» as predicate. The short form is the bookish, predicative norm here — 'a certain scratch was also to blame'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"незаживавшая в сердце его царапина","title":"Past active participle «незаживавшая»","body":"«незаживавшая» is a negated imperfective past active participle of «заживать» ('that would not heal'), declined to agree with «царапина». The imperfective stem gives an ongoing, unhealing quality — a wound still open."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечка","title":"«словечко» — a little word (diminutive)","body":"The diminutive of «слово», here in the genitive after «от». Far from meaning 'small', it conveys how a mere 'little word' of Smerdyakov's could lodge and fester — affection's suffix turned to barb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы… выгодно… чтоб обвинили","title":"Reported irrealis: «будто бы» + «чтоб» + past","body":"«будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags reported, doubted speech; the impersonal «ему выгодно» ('it is to his advantage') is a dative-experiencer construction; and «чтоб обвинили» uses «чтоб(ы)» + past-form verb for the willed/hypothetical outcome — 'that the brother be convicted'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"A solemn, archaic causal conjunction, 'for, since', much weightier than plain «потому что». It belongs to the elevated, almost scriptural register Dostoevsky reaches for in legal and moral reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновата","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"главной","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"the chief"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"побудившей","lemma":"побудить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying причины","gloss":"that had prompted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of побудившей","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шагу","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шагу","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побудившей","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at fault"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновата","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторая","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of царапина","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"незаживавшая","lemma":"незаживавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying царапина","gloss":"unhealing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of незаживавшая","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of царапина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"царапина","lemma":"царапина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"scratch"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies словечка","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"словечка","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царапина","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словечка","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выгодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгодно","gloss":"supposedly","note":"будто бы marks reported or alleged information, like English \"supposedly\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выгодно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"выгодно","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обвинили","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"subject clause of выгодно","gloss":"be convicted"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинили","gloss":"the brother"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвысится","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возвысится","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сумма","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наследству","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"возвысится","lemma":"возвыситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"would rise"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвысится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвысится","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сорока","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of возвысится","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвысится","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c7-s200","source":"Он решился пожертвовать тридцатью тысячами с одной своей стороны, чтоб устроить побег Мити.","translation":"He resolved to sacrifice thirty thousand out of his own share to arrange Mitya's escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожертвовать тридцатью тысячами","title":"«пожертвовать» + instrumental","body":"The verb «пожертвовать» ('to sacrifice, give up') governs the instrumental of what is sacrificed: «тридцатью тысячами» — 'to sacrifice thirty thousand'. The numeral and noun both decline into the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб устроить побег","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб» + infinitive","body":"When the purpose clause shares the main subject, «чтоб(ы)» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form verb: «чтоб устроить побег» — 'in order to arrange the escape'. «чтоб» is the colloquially clipped «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"пожертвовать","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to sacrifice"},{"surface":"тридцатью","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пожертвовать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожертвовать","gloss":"arrange"},{"surface":"побег","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"the escape"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies побег","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c7-s201","source":"Возвращаясь тогда от него, он был страшно грустен и смущен: ему вдруг начало чувствоваться, что он хочет побега не для того только, чтобы пожертвовать на это тридцать тысяч и заживить царапину, а и почему-то другому.","translation":"Returning from him that time, he was dreadfully downcast and troubled: it suddenly began to seem to him that he wanted the escape not only in order to sacrifice the thirty thousand to it and heal the scratch, but for some other reason as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возвращаясь тогда от него","title":"Present gerund of attendant circumstance","body":"«Возвращаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «возвращаться» ('returning, while returning'), setting the temporal frame for the main clause and sharing Ivan as subject. «от него» ('from him', i.e. Mitya) uses «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг начало чувствоваться","title":"Impersonal reflexive: dative experiencer","body":"«ему… начало чувствоваться» is a subjectless, dative-experiencer construction: the neuter «начало» plus the reflexive «чувствоваться» ('it began to seem/feel to him'). Ivan is not the grammatical subject but the dative one feels happen to him — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не для того только, чтобы… а и почему-то другому","title":"Correlative purpose «не для того… чтобы… а»","body":"«не для того… чтобы» ('not for the purpose of… that') sets up a purpose that «а» then contrasts and supplements — 'but also for some other reason'. The «-то» on «почему-то» marks a specific but unidentified reason Ivan cannot name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвращаясь","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on грустен","gloss":"Returning"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Возвращаясь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Возвращаясь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of грустен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грустен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустен","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"грустен","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смущен","lemma":"смущённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грустен","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of начало","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"чувствоваться","lemma":"чувствоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начало","gloss":"to seem"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствоваться","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"побега","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"the escape"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожертвовать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"пожертвовать","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пожертвовать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заживить","lemma":"заживить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пожертвовать","gloss":"heal"},{"surface":"царапину","lemma":"царапина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заживить","gloss":"the scratch"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другому","gloss":"some","note":"почему-то is an indefinite adverb meaning \"for some reason\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"other reason"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c7-s202","source":"«Потому ли, что в душе и я такой же убийца?» — спросил было он себя.","translation":"\"Is it because at heart I too am just such a murderer?\" he asked himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому ли, что… я такой же убийца?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Потому ли, что…» fronts the focused «потому» and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form the question — 'Is it because…?'. «такой же» means 'just such a, the same kind of': Ivan asks if he is a murderer of the very same kind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил было он себя","title":"The particle «было»","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or done but then checked or reversed — 'he started to ask himself'. This subtle 'было' suggests Ivan put the terrible question to himself and recoiled from it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Is it because"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Потому","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of убийца","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"(as it were)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c7-s203","source":"Что-то отдаленное, но жгучее язвило его душу.","translation":"Something distant, but burning, was gnawing at his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то отдаленное, но жгучее","title":"Indefinite «что-то» with neuter agreement","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific but unidentified) takes neuter adjective agreement: «отдалённое… жгучее». The «-то» marks a real but unnamed thing gnawing at Ivan, mirroring the «почему-то» of the previous sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"язвило","title":"«язвить» — to sting, gnaw","body":"From «язва» (ulcer, sore); «язвило его душу» means 'was stinging/gnawing at his soul'. A vivid, bookish verb of wounding that keeps alive the earlier image of the unhealing 'scratch' («царапина»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of язвило","gloss":"Something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Что","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"отдаленное","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жгучее","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"язвило","lemma":"язвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gnawing at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of язвило","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c7-s204","source":"Главное же, во весь этот месяц страшно страдала его гордость, но об этом потом…","translation":"Above all, throughout that whole month his pride had suffered terribly — but of that, later…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное же","title":"«Главное же» — but the main thing","body":"«Главное» ('the main thing') as a sentence adverb is given extra weight by the emphatic particle «же», marking the decisive point. The pairing means roughly 'and the chief thing of all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно страдала его гордость","title":"Verb-subject inversion; «страшно» as intensifier","body":"Placing «страдала» before «его гордость» foregrounds the suffering itself; «страшно» ('terribly') is a colloquial intensifier rather than 'frighteningly'. The narrator's 'но об этом потом…' ('but of that, later') is a teasing forward reference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adjective used substantively, nominative, neuter, singular, functioning as parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Главное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of страдала","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдала","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"страдала","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had suffered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гордость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of страдала","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical oblique complement, parallel to страдала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the parenthetical clause об этом","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c7-s205","source":"Взявшись за звонок своей квартиры после разговора с Алешей и порешив вдруг идти к Смердякову, Иван Федорович повиновался одному особливому, внезапно вскипевшему в груди его негодованию.","translation":"When Ivan Fyodorovich had taken hold of the bell-pull of his lodgings after the conversation with Alyosha and, deciding suddenly to go to Smerdyakov, he was obeying a peculiar indignation that had flared up all at once in his breast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взявшись за звонок… и порешив вдруг идти","title":"Two perfective past gerunds in a chain","body":"«Взявшись» and «порешив» are perfective past gerunds (деепричастия) of «взяться» and «порешить», naming prior, completed acts ('having taken hold of… and having decided…') before the main clause. Chaining gerunds to set the scene is classic 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повиновался одному… негодованию","title":"«повиноваться» + dative","body":"The verb «повиноваться» ('to obey, yield to') governs the dative: «повиновался… негодованию» — 'he obeyed an indignation'. Here Ivan is grammatically subordinate to his own surging feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливому","title":"«особливый» — archaic «особый»","body":"An old-fashioned variant of «особый» ('special, peculiar'), inflected in the dative to agree with «негодованию». It gives the sentence a period flavour, marking the indignation as singular and uncanny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"внезапно вскипевшему в груди его","title":"Past active participle «вскипевшему»","body":"«вскипевшему» is the past active participle of «вскипеть» ('having boiled up'), agreeing in dative with «негодованию». The metaphor — indignation that 'boiled up suddenly in his breast' — condenses a который-clause into one charged modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взявшись","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повиновался","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звонок","gloss":"hold of"},{"surface":"звонок","lemma":"звонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взявшись","gloss":"bell-pull"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of квартиры","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"квартиры","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies звонок","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взявшись","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порешив","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взявшись","gloss":"deciding"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of порешив","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повиновался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"повиновался","lemma":"повиноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was obeying"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодованию","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"особливому","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies негодованию","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипевшему","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскипевшему","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying негодованию","gloss":"that had flared up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскипевшему","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of негодованию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"негодованию","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of повиновался","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c7-s206","source":"Он вдруг вспомнил, как Катерина Ивановна сейчас только воскликнула ему при Алеше: «Это ты, только ты один уверил меня, что он (то есть Митя) убийца!»","translation":"He suddenly remembered how Katerina Ivanovna had just exclaimed to him in front of Alyosha: \"It was you, you alone, who convinced me that he\" (that is, Mitya) \"is the murderer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас только воскликнула","title":"«сейчас только» — only just now","body":"«сейчас только» ('just now, only a moment ago') pins the perfective «воскликнула» ('exclaimed') to the immediate past. Russian relies on such adverbs to locate a perfective event in time relative to the narrative present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты, только ты один уверил меня","title":"Emphatic «это ты… ты один»","body":"Cleft-like emphasis: «Это ты… ты один» ('It was you… you alone') isolates and accuses. Repeating the pronoun «ты» with «только… один» heaps the whole blame on Ivan — the grammar dramatizes Katerina's outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при Алеше","title":"«при» + prepositional — in the presence of","body":"«при Алёше» means 'in Alyosha's presence', «при» governing the prepositional. The detail underlines Katerina's public, witnessed accusation, which is what so stings Ivan's pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воскликнула","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспомнил","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнула","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (Это ты)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that","note":"«то есть» is a fixed phrase meaning \"that is.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of он, in the что-clause complement of уверил","gloss":"murderer"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c7-s207","source":"Вспомнив это, Иван даже остолбенел: никогда в жизни не уверял он ее, что убийца Митя, напротив, еще себя подозревал тогда пред нею, когда воротился от Смердякова.","translation":"Recalling this, Ivan was positively dumbfounded: never in his life had he assured her that Mitya was the murderer; on the contrary, he had still suspected himself before her then, when he returned from Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомнив это","title":"Perfective past gerund «Вспомнив»","body":"«Вспомнив» ('having recalled') is the perfective past gerund of «вспомнить», marking the completed act that triggers the main clause — 'recalling this, Ivan was dumbfounded'. It shares Ivan as subject with «остолбенел»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда в жизни не уверял он ее","title":"Negative concord + emphatic fronting","body":"«никогда… не уверял» stacks the ни-adverb with «не» ('never… did he assure'), and fronting «никогда в жизни» before the verb gives it heavy emphasis. The inversion «уверял он» is the literary norm after a fronted adverbial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел","title":"«остолбенеть» — to be dumbfounded","body":"Literally 'to turn into a pillar/post' (from «столб», a post), 'to be petrified, struck dumb'. A vivid perfective of sudden, frozen astonishment fitting Ivan's shock."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротился","title":"«воротиться» — archaic 'to return'","body":"An older, folk-tinged variant of «возвратиться/вернуться» ('to come back'). Dostoevsky favours it for its homely, period ring; here 'when he returned from Smerdyakov'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомнив","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остолбенел","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Вспомнив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остолбенел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остолбенел","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dumbfounded"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверял","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to остолбенел","gloss":"had assured"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уверял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the copular clause убийца Митя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, copular clause with Митя","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (убийца Митя)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подозревал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of подозревал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to уверял, contrasted by напротив","gloss":"had suspected"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозревал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подозревал","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c7-s208","source":"Напротив, это ''она'', она ему выложила тогда «документ» и доказала виновность брата!","translation":"On the contrary, it was ''she,'' she who had laid the \"document\" before him then and proved his brother's guilt!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это она, она ему выложила… и доказала","title":"Emphatic repetition + perfective pair","body":"The doubled «она, она» drives the accusatory emphasis ('it was she, she who…'), and the perfective pair «выложила… и доказала» ('laid out… and proved') narrates two completed, decisive acts. The repetition mirrors Ivan's stunned recoil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выложила «документ»","title":"«выложить» — to lay out, produce","body":"«выложить» means 'to lay out, set down (decisively)' — here to produce the incriminating «документ» (Mitya's drunken letter). The verb has a blunt, conclusive force, and the quotation marks flag «документ» as a loaded courtroom term."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to она","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of она","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выложила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выложила","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"выложила","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with она","gloss":"laid before"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выложила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выложила","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доказала","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with она","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доказала","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновность","gloss":"brother's"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c7-s209","source":"И вдруг она же теперь восклицает: «Я сама была у Смердякова!»","translation":"And now suddenly that very woman exclaims: \"I have been to Smerdyakov's myself!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она же теперь восклицает","title":"Particle «же» of indignant contrast","body":"Here «же» on «она» («она же») carries an exasperated 'and yet she…!' — pointing to the contradiction between her earlier proof and her present words. «восклицает» is a vivid historic present for the remembered outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сама была у Смердякова","title":"«сама» + «у» + genitive","body":"«сама» ('myself', feminine intensifier) stresses that Katerina went in person; «у Смердякова» ('at Smerdyakov's place') uses «у» + genitive of the surname. The ellipsis of 'place' is normal — «быть у кого-то» = to have been at someone's."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at","note":"«у + genitive» is a location/possession idiom: «у Смердякова» = \"at Smerdyakov's.\""},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c7-s210","source":"Когда была?","translation":"When had she been?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда была?","title":"Elliptical question; gendered past","body":"A clipped free-indirect question — subject «она» dropped, the feminine «была» alone carrying it ('When had she been?'). The -ла ending shows gender and number, not person, a relic of the old participial past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c7-s211","source":"Иван ничего не знал об этом.","translation":"Ivan had known nothing of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не знал об этом","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего не знал» ('knew nothing') pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with the obligatory «не». «об этом» ('about this') is «о» → «об» before a vowel + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c7-s212","source":"Значит, она совсем не так уверена в виновности Мити!","translation":"So she was not nearly so certain of Mitya's guilt after all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она совсем не так уверена","title":"Short adjective «уверена» under negation","body":"«уверена» is the short-form feminine of «уверенный» ('certain'), predicating a state — 'she is not so certain'. «совсем не так» ('not nearly so') modulates the degree of her conviction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Значит","title":"«Значит» — so, it means","body":"A discourse word, 'so then, that means', drawing an inference. It marks Ivan's free-indirect reasoning as he deduces Katerina's wavering certainty — the narration slips inside his head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, used as discourse particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверена","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверена","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c7-s213","source":"И что мог ей сказать Смердяков?","translation":"And what could Smerdyakov have told her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что мог ей сказать Смердяков?","title":"Modal «мог» + perfective; dative «ей»","body":"«что мог… сказать» ('what could he have told') uses past «мог» + perfective infinitive for a completed possibility, and «ей» is the dative indirect object ('to her'). The verb-final inversion suits the anxious question."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c7-s214","source":"Что, что именно он ей сказал?","translation":"What, what exactly had he told her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что, что именно он ей сказал?","title":"Repetition + «именно» for urgency","body":"The stammered repetition «Что, что…» and the intensifier «именно» ('exactly') render Ivan's mounting agitation. «именно» pins the question to the precise content of Smerdyakov's words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had told"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c7-s215","source":"Страшный гнев загорелся в его сердце.","translation":"A terrible rage kindled in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшный гнев загорелся в его сердце","title":"Reflexive «загореться» (inchoative)","body":"«загорелся» (perfective reflexive of «загореться», 'to catch fire, flare up') is intransitive/middle — the rage 'kindled of itself'. The -ся here marks a change of state, not a true reflexive. Note the metaphor of fire, picked up again as «вскипевшему» earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загорелся","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"загорелся","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорелся","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c7-s216","source":"Он не понимал, как мог он полчаса назад пропустить ей эти слова и не закричать тогда же.","translation":"He could not understand how, half an hour earlier, he had let those words of hers pass and not cried out at her then and there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мог он… пропустить ей эти слова и не закричать","title":"Modal «мог» + paired perfective infinitives","body":"«как мог он… пропустить… и не закричать» asks 'how could he have let pass… and not cried out', the past «мог» governing two perfective infinitives, one positive one negated. «ей эти слова» — 'these words of hers', dative «ей» of the source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда же","title":"«тогда же» — then and there","body":"The particle «же» on «тогда» ('then') tightens it to 'at that very moment, then and there'. It sharpens Ivan's self-reproach at not having reacted instantly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of пропустить","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полчаса","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"пропустить","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"let pass"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies слова","gloss":"of hers"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of пропустить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"закричать","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропустить","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right then"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c7-s217","source":"Он бросил звонок и пустился к Смердякову.","translation":"He let go of the bell-pull and set off for Smerdyakov's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросил звонок и пустился к Смердякову","title":"Perfective pair driving the action forward","body":"Two perfectives «бросил… и пустился» ('let go… and set off') narrate consecutive completed events, advancing the story sharply. «пуститься» ('to dash, set off') governs «к» + dative for direction — 'toward Smerdyakov's'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go of"},{"surface":"звонок","lemma":"звонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"bell-pull"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустился","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c7-s218","source":"«Я убью его, может быть, в этот раз», — подумал он дорогой.","translation":"\"I will kill him, perhaps, this time,\" he thought along the way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я убью его… в этот раз","title":"Perfective future «убью»","body":"«убью» is the perfective future of «убить» — a conjugated form with present endings but future, completed meaning: 'I will kill (and finish) him'. The chilling resolve is carried entirely by the aspect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дорогой","title":"«дорогой» — 'along the way' (instrumental)","body":"Here «дорогой» is not 'dear' but the instrumental of «дорога» (road) used adverbially: 'on the way, as he went'. The instrumental of route/path is a common 19th-century turn — 'he thought along the way'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» is a fixed phrase meaning \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убью","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of подумал (along the way)","gloss":"along the way"}]}]}