{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. Третье, и последнее, свидание со Смердяковым","translated":"The Third and Last Interview with Smerdyakov"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c8","lines":257},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c9","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c8-s1","source":"Еще на полпути поднялся острый, сухой ветер, такой же, как был в этот день рано утром, и посыпал мелкий, густой, сухой снег.","translation":"While he was still only halfway there, a sharp, dry wind sprang up, the same that had blown early that morning, and a fine, dense, dry snow began to fall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся… ветер… и посыпал… снег","title":"Perfectives that launch the storm","body":"Both verbs are perfective past — «поднялся» (rose up) and «посыпал» (began to scatter down) — each marking a single bounded onset. They push the narrative forward event by event, against the descriptive background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"острый, сухой ветер, такой же, как был","title":"Word order: subject held to the end","body":"The adjectives «острый, сухой» precede their delayed noun «ветер», which itself comes after the verb «поднялся». Russian's free word order lets the new information — the wind and its qualities — fall as the rhythmic weight of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посыпал","title":"«посыпать» — to strew, sprinkle down","body":"Literally 'to strew/sprinkle', here of snow beginning to come down thickly. The dry, granular «мелкий, густой, сухой снег» it scatters is the fine powder snow of a hard Russian frost, not soft flakes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полпути","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полпути","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полпути","lemma":"полпути","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"halfway"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"острый","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ветер","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"сухой","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with острый, modifies ветер","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ветер, correlative with как","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, subject elided (ветер)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of был","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of был","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посыпал","lemma":"посыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"began to fall"},{"surface":"мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies снег","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"густой","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мелкий","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"сухой","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мелкий","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посыпал","gloss":"snow"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c8-s2","source":"Он падал на землю, не прилипая к ней, ветер крутил его, и вскоре поднялась совершенная метель.","translation":"It struck the ground without clinging to it, the wind whirled it about, and before long an outright blizzard had set in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прилипая к ней","title":"Gerund «деепричастие»: 'without clinging'","body":"«прилипая» is an imperfective present gerund (-я), expressing a simultaneous attendant circumstance — the snow falls and at the same time does not stick. Negated with «не», it shares the subject of «падал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялась совершенная метель","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a change of state","body":"«поднялась» (from «подняться») uses the reflexive clitic «-ся» in its intransitive, middle sense: the blizzard 'rose up' of itself, with no external agent. The same root «подня-» recurs from the previous sentence's «поднялся ветер»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"метель","title":"«метель» — snowstorm, blizzard","body":"A driving blizzard of wind-whipped snow. The word, and the snowstorm motif itself, carries deep literary resonance in Russian (Pushkin, Tolstoy); here «совершенная метель» — 'an outright blizzard' — sets the disordered, fevered mood of Ivan's last walk to Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of падал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"падал","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падал","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прилипая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прилипая","lemma":"прилипать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on падал","gloss":"clinging"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилипая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крутил","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"крутил","lemma":"крутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падал","gloss":"whirled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of крутил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялась","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with падал","gloss":"set in"},{"surface":"совершенная","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies метель","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"метель","lemma":"метель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"blizzard"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c8-s3","source":"В той части города, где жил Смердяков, у нас почти и нет фонарей.","translation":"In that quarter of the town where Smerdyakov lived we have hardly any street-lamps at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В той части города, где жил Смердяков","title":"Demonstrative «тот» with a relative clause","body":"«В той части» uses «тот» (that, farther) in the prepositional, agreeing with «части», and sets up the relative clause «где жил Смердяков». This correlative pairing of «тот»-phrase + relative is the spine of the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти и нет фонарей","title":"Genitive after «нет»","body":"Existential «нет» ('there is no…') governs the genitive plural «фонарей» — the absent thing stands in the genitive, not the nominative. The particle «и» here intensifies: 'hardly any street-lamps at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking части","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of части","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"части","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies части","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on части","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at","note":"«у нас» = \"we (have)\", literally \"at us\"."},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"фонарей","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"street-lamps"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c8-s4","source":"Иван Федорович шагал во мраке, не замечая метели, инстинктивно разбирая дорогу.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich strode through the darkness, not noticing the storm, instinctively picking out his way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не замечая метели, инстинктивно разбирая дорогу","title":"Two gerunds painting the walk","body":"A pair of imperfective present gerunds — «не замечая» (not noticing) and «разбирая» (making out) — hang adverbially off «шагал», describing how Ivan strides. Note that negated «замечать» takes the genitive «метели»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шагал во мраке","title":"«шагать» — to stride; «мрак» — gloom","body":"«шагал» is the imperfective of measured, deliberate striding (one «шаг» = a step). «мрак» is a bookish, weightier word for darkness than «темнота» — a poetic 'gloom' fitting the scene's foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечая","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шагал","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"метели","lemma":"метель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of замечая","gloss":"the storm"},{"surface":"инстинктивно","lemma":"инстинктивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбирая","gloss":"instinctively"},{"surface":"разбирая","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шагал","gloss":"picking out"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разбирая","gloss":"his way"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c8-s5","source":"У него болела голова и мучительно стучало в висках.","translation":"His head ached, and there was an agonizing pounding in his temples.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него болела голова","title":"«у него» possession for bodily states","body":"Russian frames 'his head ached' not with a possessive but with «у» + genitive «него» plus a nominative «голова»: literally 'at him the head ached'. This «у + genitive» construction is the standard way to say someone 'has' a symptom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучительно стучало в висках","title":"Impersonal «стучало» — a pounding with no subject","body":"«стучало» is a subjectless neuter verb: there is no nominative doer, only the sensation of pounding 'in the temples'. Such impersonal neuter predicates are Russian's idiom for unbidden physical and mental states."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of болела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"болела","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болела","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучало","gloss":"agonizingly"},{"surface":"стучало","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with болела","gloss":"pounded"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking висках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стучало","gloss":"temples"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c8-s6","source":"В кистях рук, он чувствовал это, были судороги.","translation":"In his wrists, he could feel it, there were spasms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В кистях рук, он чувствовал это, были судороги","title":"Fronted location, inserted clause","body":"The locative phrase «В кистях рук» is fronted for emphasis, the main clause is «были судороги» ('there were spasms'), and «он чувствовал это» is dropped in mid-sentence as a parenthetical. The order foregrounds the body before the sensation is named."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кисти рук","title":"«кисть руки» — the wrist/hand","body":"«кисть» literally is a brush or cluster; «кисть руки» names the hand from the wrist down. «судороги» are cramps or convulsive spasms — part of the cluster of physical symptoms (headache, yellow eyes) signalling Ivan's oncoming brain-fever."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кистях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кистях","lemma":"кисть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"wrists"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies кистях","gloss":"of hands"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"could feel"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"судороги","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"spasms"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c8-s7","source":"Несколько не доходя до домишка Марьи Кондратьевны, Иван Федорович вдруг повстречал одинокого пьяного, маленького ростом мужичонка, в заплатанном зипунишке, шагавшего зигзагами, ворчавшего и бранившегося и вдруг бросавшего браниться и начинавшего сиплым пьяным голосом песню:","translation":"A little before he reached Marya Kondratyevna's small house, Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly came upon a solitary drunk, a little peasant of small stature in a patched homespun coat, who was walking in zigzags, grumbling and cursing, and then suddenly broke off his cursing to strike up a song in a hoarse, drunken voice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагавшего… ворчавшего и бранившегося и вдруг бросавшего… и начинавшего","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"The little peasant is buried under a string of imperfective past active participles in -вший (-шего), all in the genitive to agree with «мужичонка»: «шагавшего», «ворчавшего», «бранившегося», «бросавшего», «начинавшего». This dense participial chain is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's bookish narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужичонка… в заплатанном зипунишке","title":"Pejorative diminutives: «мужичонко» and «зипунишко»","body":"Both nouns carry the belittling suffix «-онк-/-ишк-»: «мужичонко» is a wretched little peasant (from «мужик»), «зипунишко» a shabby little «зипун» (a coarse peasant homespun coat). The suffixes drip contempt and pity at once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зипун","title":"«зипун» — peasant's homespun coat","body":"A «зипун» was a long, collarless coat of coarse undyed homespun cloth worn by peasants. The patched («заплатанный») diminutive «зипунишко» marks the man as poor even by village standards."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"маленького ростом","title":"Instrumental of respect: «ростом»","body":"«ростом» (instrumental of «рост», height) means 'in respect of height' — 'small in stature'. The instrumental routinely marks the dimension along which a quality holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies доходя","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доходя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доходя","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повстречал","gloss":"reaching"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домишка","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"домишка","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходя","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"Марьи","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies домишка","gloss":"Marya's"},{"surface":"Кондратьевны","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марьи","gloss":"Kondratyevna's"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повстречал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повстречал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"повстречал","lemma":"повстречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came upon"},{"surface":"одинокого","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужичонка","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with одинокого, modifies мужичонка","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьяного, modifies мужичонка","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of маленького","gloss":"in stature"},{"surface":"мужичонка","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повстречал","gloss":"little peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зипунишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заплатанном","lemma":"заплатанный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зипунишке","gloss":"patched"},{"surface":"зипунишке","lemma":"зипунишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повстречал","gloss":"homespun coat"},{"surface":"шагавшего","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мужичонка","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"зигзагами","lemma":"зигзаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шагавшего","gloss":"in zigzags"},{"surface":"ворчавшего","lemma":"ворчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шагавшего, modifies мужичонка","gloss":"grumbling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бранившегося","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ворчавшего","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросавшего","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бросавшего","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ворчавшего","gloss":"breaking off"},{"surface":"браниться","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросавшего","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начинавшего","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ворчавшего","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"сиплым","lemma":"сиплый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"hoarse"},{"surface":"пьяным","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сиплым, modifies голосом","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинавшего","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"песню","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начинавшего","gloss":"song"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c8-s8","source":"Ах поехал Ванька в Питер, Я не буду его ждать!","translation":"Ah, Vanka's gone off to Piter, And I shan't wait for him at all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не буду его ждать","title":"Compound (imperfective) future with «буду»","body":"«не буду ждать» is the analytic imperfective future: «буду» (future of «быть») + the imperfective infinitive «ждать». It names an ongoing, drawn-out 'I shan't be waiting for him', fitting the song's mournful refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the line","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has gone off"},{"surface":"Ванька","lemma":"ванька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"Vanka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Питер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Питер","lemma":"питер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Piter"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c8-s9","source":"Но он всё прерывал на этой второй строчке и опять начинал кого-то бранить, затем опять вдруг затягивал ту же песню.","translation":"But each time he broke off at this second line and again began to curse somebody, then again would suddenly take up the same song.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё прерывал… опять начинал… опять вдруг затягивал","title":"Imperfective past for repeated action","body":"The imperfectives «прерывал», «начинал», «затягивал», reinforced by «всё» ('keep on') and «опять» ('again'), depict a cyclic, repeated pattern of breaking off and starting again — exactly the work the imperfective does against perfective single events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затягивал… песню","title":"«затягивать песню» — to strike up a song","body":"«затянуть/затягивать песню» is the idiomatic phrase for drawing out the first long notes of a song — 'to strike up'. It evokes the dragging, drawn-out delivery of a drunken folk tune."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прерывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерывал","gloss":"each time"},{"surface":"прерывал","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строчке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of строчке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies строчке","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"строчке","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прерывал","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прерывал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бранить","gloss":"someone","note":"Part of the indefinite pronoun кого-то, split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кого","gloss":"-то (indef.)"},{"surface":"бранить","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затягивал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затягивал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затягивал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"затягивал","lemma":"затягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прерывал","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of песню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"песню","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of затягивал","gloss":"song"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c8-s10","source":"Иван Федорович давно уже чувствовал страшную к нему ненависть, об нем еще совсем не думая, и вдруг его осмыслил.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich had long since been feeling a dreadful hatred toward him, without yet giving him a single thought, and now he was suddenly conscious of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об нем еще совсем не думая","title":"Gerund with genitive: 'without yet thinking of him'","body":"«не думая» is an imperfective present gerund; «об нем» is the prepositional after «о/об» ('about him'). The phrase folds a whole concessive clause — 'though he was not yet even thinking of him' — into one adverbial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"его осмыслил","title":"«осмыслить» — to become conscious of","body":"Here «осмыслил» does not mean 'comprehended' abstractly but 'suddenly became aware of, registered to himself' the hatred he had long been feeling unawares — a precise Dostoevskian psychological verb for a feeling surfacing into consciousness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже чувствовал… и вдруг… осмыслил","title":"Imperfective duration vs. perfective flash","body":"«давно уже чувствовал» (imperfective) marks a long-standing background feeling; «вдруг… осмыслил» (perfective) marks the sudden instant of realizing it. The aspect contrast itself stages the psychology: a buried emotion abruptly grasped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been feeling"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненависть","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшную","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ненависть","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on чувствовал","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмыслил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмыслил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"осмыслил","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"grasped clearly"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c8-s11","source":"Тотчас же ему неотразимо захотелось пришибить сверху кулаком мужичонку.","translation":"At once he felt an irresistible urge to bring his fist down on the little peasant from above.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему неотразимо захотелось пришибить","title":"Dative subject of «захотелось»","body":"The impersonal reflexive «захотелось» takes its experiencer in the dative — «ему» — with no nominative subject: 'there came over him an urge'. This dative-of-the-affected, with «хотеться», is exactly how Russian renders an involuntary impulse welling up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пришибить сверху кулаком","title":"«пришибить» — to strike down dead","body":"«пришибить» is a blunt, violent colloquial verb: to fell with a blow, to club down (often to the point of killing). «сверху кулаком» — 'down from above with his fist' — makes the murderous gesture vivid and foreshadows Ivan's nearness to violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"At once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer subject of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt an urge"},{"surface":"пришибить","lemma":"пришибить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on захотелось","gloss":"to strike"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришибить","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришибить","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"мужичонку","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришибить","gloss":"the little peasant"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c8-s12","source":"Как раз в это мгновение они поверстались рядом, и мужичонко, сильно качнувшись, вдруг ударился изо всей силы об Ивана.","translation":"Just at that moment they drew level with each other, and the little peasant, lurching violently, suddenly bumped into Ivan with all his weight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они поверстались рядом","title":"Reciprocal «-ся»: drawing level together","body":"«поверстались» carries reciprocal «-ся» — the two men 'drew level with each other'. The archaic verb «поверстаться» (to come abreast, to match up) is itself a period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно качнувшись, вдруг ударился","title":"Perfective past gerund of prior action","body":"«качнувшись» is a perfective past gerund (-вшись): the lurch happens, and then — its consequence — «ударился» ('bumped'). The -вши(сь) form marks the action as completed just before the main verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужичонко","title":"«мужичонко» as nominative — a pejorative form","body":"Dostoevsky writes the subject as «мужичонко» (and «мужичонка» when oblique), a dialectal/pejorative diminutive of «мужик» in -онко. The form itself signals the narrator's (and Ivan's) contemptuous, distancing view of the wretched little man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies мгновение","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверстались","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверстались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"поверстались","lemma":"поверстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew level"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверстались","gloss":"alongside each other"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мужичонко","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударился","gloss":"the little peasant"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies качнувшись","gloss":"violently"},{"surface":"качнувшись","lemma":"качнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударился","gloss":"lurching"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ударился","lemma":"удариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверстались","gloss":"bumped"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударился","gloss":"his strength"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударился","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c8-s13","source":"Тот бешено оттолкнул его.","translation":"Ivan shoved him off furiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот бешено оттолкнул его","title":"«Тот» as referent-tracker","body":"«Тот» ('that one') here picks out Ivan — the more distant of the two just-mentioned men — keeping subjects straight without a name. This referent-tracking use of «тот»/«этот» is how free word order stays unambiguous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оттолкнул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"бешено","lemma":"бешено","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оттолкнул","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"оттолкнул","lemma":"оттолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoved off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттолкнул","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c8-s14","source":"Мужичонко отлетел и шлепнулся, как колода, об мерзлую землю, болезненно простонав только один раз: о-о! и замолк.","translation":"The little peasant went flying and flopped down like a log on the frozen ground, moaning painfully just once — o-oh! — and fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезненно простонав только один раз","title":"Perfective past gerund «простонав»","body":"«простонав» (-в, perfective past gerund of «простонать», to groan out) names a single completed groan accompanying the fall. The prefix «про-» plus «один раз» bounds it as one brief utterance — 'o-oh!'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шлепнулся, как колода","title":"«шлёпнуться» / «как колода»","body":"«шлёпнуться» is an expressive, slightly comic verb — to flop or plop down heavily. The simile «как колода» ('like a log/block') stresses the man's dead, senseless weight as he hits the «мерзлую землю», the frozen ground."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужичонко","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отлетел","gloss":"The little peasant"},{"surface":"отлетел","lemma":"отлететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шлепнулся","lemma":"шлёпнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отлетел","gloss":"flopped down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction marking колода","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"колода","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шлепнулся","gloss":"a log"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"мерзлую","lemma":"мёрзлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies землю","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шлепнулся","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонав","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"простонав","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шлепнулся","gloss":"moaning"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простонав","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолк","lemma":"замолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отлетел","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c8-s15","source":"Иван шагнул к нему.","translation":"Ivan stepped toward him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван шагнул к нему","title":"Perfective «шагнул» — one single step","body":"«шагнул» is the perfective of «шагать»/«шагнуть»: a single, bounded step toward the man, contrasting with the durative «шагал» (strode) used earlier. The dative-governing «к» («к нему») marks direction toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c8-s16","source":"Тот лежал навзничь, совсем неподвижно, без чувств.","translation":"He lay on his back, completely motionless, unconscious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лежал навзничь… без чувств","title":"«навзничь» and «без чувств»","body":"«навзничь» is the adverb for lying flat on one's back (its opposite is «ничком», face-down). «без чувств» — literally 'without senses' — is the set phrase for 'unconscious'. Both are crisp, slightly literary touches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без чувств","title":"Genitive after «без»","body":"The preposition «без» ('without') always governs the genitive — here «чувств», genitive plural of «чувство». «без чувств» is one of many fixed «без + genitive» idioms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"навзничь","lemma":"навзничь","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of лежал","gloss":"on his back"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподвижно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of неподвижно","gloss":"consciousness"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c8-s17","source":"«Замерзнет!» — подумал Иван и зашагал опять к Смердякову.","translation":"\"He'll freeze!\" thought Ivan, and he set off again toward Smerdyakov's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замерзнет!","title":"Perfective present-form = future","body":"«Замерзнет» is the conjugated form of the perfective «замёрзнуть», and a perfective so conjugated means the future: 'He'll freeze (to death)!' There is no auxiliary — the single completed future sits in the ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашагал опять к Смердякову","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»: 'set off striding'","body":"«зашагал» (perfective) uses the prefix «за-» in its inceptive sense — to begin an action — so it means 'set off walking', not merely 'walked'. Russian builds many 'began to…' perfectives this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замерзнет!»","lemma":"замёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will freeze"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Замерзнет!»","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашагал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашагал","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c8-s18","source":"Еще в сенях Марья Кондратьевна, выбежавшая отворить со свечкой в руках, зашептала ему, что Павел Федорович (то есть Смердяков) оченно больны-с, не то что лежат-с, а почти как не в своем уме-с и даже чай велели убрать, пить не захотели.","translation":"While they were still in the entryway, Marya Kondratyevna, who had run out to open the door with a candle in her hands, whispered to him that Pavel Fyodorovich (that is, Smerdyakov) was very poorly, sir, not so much that he was bedridden, sir, but almost as if he were out of his mind, sir, and had even ordered the tea taken away, refusing to drink it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"больны-с… лежат-с… велели… не захотели","title":"Deferential plural for a single person","body":"Marya speaks of Smerdyakov in the polite/respectful plural — «больны», «лежат», «велели», «не захотели» are all plural verbs for one man — the servant's register of deference. It mirrors the way servants refer to a master."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно… как не в своем уме","title":"«оченно» and «не в своём уме»","body":"«оченно» is the substandard, rustic variant of «очень» ('very'), placed in Marya's mouth as folk speech. «не в своём уме» — 'not in his own mind' — is the idiom for being out of one's senses, deranged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сенях","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"oblique complement of зашептала","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зашептала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"выбежавшая","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Марья","gloss":"who had run out"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of выбежавшая","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свечкой","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворить","gloss":"a candle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свечкой","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"зашептала","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зашептала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported-speech clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Павел","lemma":"павел","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of больны","gloss":"Pavel"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Павел","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical, identifies Павел Федорович","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больны","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больны","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, describes Павел Федорович","gloss":"unwell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to больны as a polite marker","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic -с is an old deferential particle a servant tacks onto words when addressing/speaking of a social superior; it has no independent meaning and is rendered as \"sir\" in translation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что, introduces лежат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate verb, describes Павел Федорович","gloss":"bedridden"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to лежат as a polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison modifying уме","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в своем уме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate phrase, describes Павел Федорович","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to уме as a polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of велели","gloss":"the tea"},{"surface":"велели","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зашептала","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"убрать","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велели","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотели","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотели","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with велели","gloss":"refused"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c8-s19","source":"— Что ж он, буянит, что ли? — грубо спросил Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"What, is he raving, or what?\" Ivan Fyodorovich asked rudely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж он, буянит, что ли?","title":"Particles «ж» and «что ли»","body":"«ж» (= «же») adds insistent impatience to «Что» ('what on earth?'), while the tag «что ли» appended to a question softens it into a guess — 'is he raving, or what?'. Together they carry Ivan's rough, irritated tone where English needs added phrasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"буянит","title":"«буянить» — to act up violently","body":"«буянить» means to make a violent, rowdy scene — to rage, brawl, kick up a row, as a drunk or a madman might. Ivan asks whether the sick Smerdyakov has become unmanageable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative opening the question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of буянит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"буянит","lemma":"буянить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"raving"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли?","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли, forms the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"грубо","lemma":"грубо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"rudely"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to буянит","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c8-s20","source":"— Какое, напротив, совсем тихие-с, только вы с ними не очень долго разговаривайте… — попросила Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"\"Nothing of the kind, on the contrary, he's quite calm, sir, only don't you talk with him too long…\" Marya Kondratyevna begged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем тихие-с… вы с ними не очень долго разговаривайте","title":"Respectful plural and the imperative","body":"Again Marya uses the deferential plural for Smerdyakov («тихие-с… с ними») and addresses Ivan with the imperative «разговаривайте» (плюс the polite plural «вы»). «разговаривайте» is the imperfective imperative — 'don't be talking with him too long'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Какое, напротив","title":"«Какое!» — 'nothing of the kind!'","body":"Exclamatory «Какое!» (literally 'what [a thing]!') is a colloquial way of brushing aside what was just said — 'far from it', 'nothing of the kind'. Marya uses it to deny that Smerdyakov is raving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, exclamatory, neuter, singular","role":"exclamation denying the premise","gloss":"Not at all"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to тихие","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихие","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"тихие","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, describes Смердяков","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to тихие as a polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговаривайте","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разговаривайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разговаривайте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривайте","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"разговаривайте","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to разговаривайте","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of попросила","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c8-s21","source":"Иван Федорович отворил дверь и шагнул в избу.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich opened the door and stepped into the cottage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шагнул в избу","title":"«изба» — peasant cottage","body":"An «изба» is the traditional Russian peasant log house. Calling Marya Kondratyevna's dwelling an «изба» quietly fixes its humble, rustic class — the world Smerdyakov has retreated into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворил дверь и шагнул в избу","title":"«в избу»: accusative of motion","body":"«в избу» is accusative (not prepositional «в избе») because «в» here expresses motion into — stepping into the cottage. The two perfectives «отворил» and «шагнул» chain two completed actions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"the cottage"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c8-s22","source":"Натоплено было так же, как и в прежний раз, но в комнате заметны были некоторые перемены: одна из боковых лавок была вынесена, и на место ее явился большой старый кожаный диван под красное дерево.","translation":"It was heated just as it had been the time before, but some changes were noticeable in the room: one of the side benches had been carried out, and in its place there now stood a large old leather sofa, mahogany-stained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Натоплено было… заметны были… была вынесена","title":"Short-form passives stating a result","body":"The passage is built on short-form passive participles plus «было/были»: «натоплено было» (it had been heated), «была вынесена» (had been carried out), «была постлана» (later). Each states a resulting condition of the room, the agent left unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на место ее явился большой старый кожаный диван","title":"Verb-first presentation of the new thing","body":"The clause opens with «на место ее явился» and only then names «диван» — the sofa, the new element, lands at the end. This verb-before-subject order spotlights the appearance of the object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лавок… под красное дерево","title":"«лавка» and «под красное дерево»","body":"A «лавка» is a fixed wooden bench along the wall, standard furniture of the peasant «изба». «под красное дерево» means 'mahogany-stained' — finished to imitate mahogany; the cheap imitation of a fine wood is a telling social detail."}],"words":[{"surface":"Натоплено","lemma":"натопить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, short form, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heated"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Натоплено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Натоплено","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of так","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметны","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"заметны","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with Натоплено","gloss":"noticeable"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заметны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of перемены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"перемены","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заметны","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вынесена","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавок","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"боковых","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лавок","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"лавок","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of одна","gloss":"benches"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вынесена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"вынесена","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive determiner of место","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынесена","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диван","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диван","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"кожаный","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диван","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерево","gloss":"colored like"},{"surface":"красное","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерево","gloss":"mahogany"},{"surface":"дерево","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies диван","gloss":"wood"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c8-s23","source":"На нем была постлана постель с довольно чистыми белыми подушками.","translation":"A bed had been made up on it, with fairly clean white pillows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была постлана постель","title":"Short-form passive «постлана»","body":"«была постлана» is the past passive of «постлать» (to make up a bed), short-form feminine agreeing with «постель», joined to «была» to state a result: 'a bed had been made up'. The bed-on-a-sofa, with fairly clean pillows, marks Smerdyakov's invalid state."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постлана","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of постлана","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"постлана","lemma":"постлать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of постлана","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чистыми","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"чистыми","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подушками","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"белыми","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подушками","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"подушками","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постель","gloss":"pillows"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c8-s24","source":"На постели сидел Смердяков всё в том же своем халате.","translation":"On the bed sat Smerdyakov, still in that same dressing gown of his.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На постели сидел Смердяков","title":"Locative-first, subject last","body":"The location «На постели» opens and the subject «Смердяков» closes — the standard topic-first, new-information-last flow that lets the eye settle first on the bed, then on the man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё в том же своем халате","title":"«тот же» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«в том же своем халате» stacks «тот же» ('that same') with the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own'): the dressing-gown belongs to Smerdyakov, the clause's subject. «всё» adds 'still'. «свой» here, not «его», keeps the reference firmly to Smerdyakov himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies халате","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking халате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of халате","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of халате","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"халате","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"dressing gown"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c8-s25","source":"Стол перенесен был пред диван, так что в комнате стало очень тесно.","translation":"The table had been moved up in front of the sofa, so that the room had grown very cramped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стол перенесен был… стало очень тесно","title":"Short-form passive + impersonal «стало»","body":"«перенесен был» is a short-form past passive (the table 'had been moved'); «стало тесно» is an impersonal 'it became cramped', with the neuter «стало» and no subject. Russian narrates the room's transformation through these subjectless, result-stating forms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред диван","title":"«пред» — archaic 'before'","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед» ('in front of'). With the accusative «диван» it signals motion to a position before the sofa. The short form is a small period-literary touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перенесен","gloss":"The table"},{"surface":"перенесен","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of перенесен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесен","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перенесен","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тесно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тесно","lemma":"тесно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"cramped"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c8-s26","source":"На столе лежала какая-то толстая в желтой обертке книга, но Смердяков не читал ее, он, кажется, сидел и ничего не делал.","translation":"On the table lay some thick book in a yellow wrapper, but Smerdyakov was not reading it; he seemed to be sitting there doing nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая-то толстая… книга","title":"Indefinite «-то»: «какая-то»","body":"«какая-то» (with the clitic «-то») marks a specific but unidentified book — 'some thick book or other'. The «-то» series flags a real referent the narrator cannot or will not name."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не читал ее… ничего не делал","title":"Negated imperfectives; «ничего не»","body":"«не читал ее» negates the imperfective process (he was-not reading it), and «ничего не делал» shows negative concord — «ничего» plus «не» together mean 'was doing nothing at all', two negatives for one negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книга","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with какая","gloss":"-то (indef.)"},{"surface":"толстая","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книга","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обертке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"желтой","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обертке","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"обертке","lemma":"обёртка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книга","gloss":"wrapper"},{"surface":"книга","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"was reading"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies сидел","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"doing"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c8-s27","source":"Длинным, молчаливым взглядом встретил он Ивана Федоровича и, по-видимому, нисколько не удивился его прибытию.","translation":"With a long, silent gaze he met Ivan Fyodorovich and, to all appearances, was not in the least surprised by his coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Длинным, молчаливым взглядом встретил он","title":"Instrumental of means, fronted for weight","body":"«Длинным, молчаливым взглядом» is the instrumental of means ('with a long, silent gaze') and is pushed to the front for rhetorical emphasis, before the verb «встретил» and subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не удивился его прибытию","title":"Dative object of «удивиться»","body":"«удивиться» governs the dative of the thing surprised at — «его прибытию» ('at his coming'). «нисколько не» ('not in the least') stacks an intensifier with «не» in negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"молчаливым","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-видимому, parenthetical modifying удивился","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-видимому, parenthetical modifying удивился","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретил","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive, masculine","role":"possessive determiner of прибытию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытию","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивился","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c8-s28","source":"Он очень изменился в лице, очень похудел и пожелтел.","translation":"His face had changed greatly; he had grown very thin and sallow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень изменился в лице, очень похудел и пожелтел","title":"Perfective verbs of change with «по-»","body":"«похудел» (grew thin) and «пожелтел» (turned yellow) are perfectives with the inceptive/result prefix «по-», each marking a completed change of state. «изменился» adds reflexive «-ся» for the intransitive 'changed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожелтел","title":"«пожелтеть» — to turn yellow/sallow","body":"The yellowing of Smerdyakov's face (and, soon, Ivan's eyes) is clinically suggestive — jaundice, decline — and thematically marks the sickness pervading the scene. Russian forms such 'turn [colour]' verbs freely with «по-» + colour root."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменился","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"изменился","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменился","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похудел","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"похудел","lemma":"похудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменился","gloss":"grown thin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожелтел","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменился","gloss":"grown sallow"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c8-s29","source":"Глаза впали, нижние веки посинели.","translation":"His eyes had sunk, the lower lids had turned blue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза впали, нижние веки посинели","title":"Two perfectives, no conjunction","body":"«впали» (sank) and «посинели» (turned blue) are perfectives set side by side without a connective, a clipped paratactic rhythm. «по-» again marks the completed colour-change of «посинеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of впали","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"впали","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sunk"},{"surface":"нижние","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"веко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of посинели","gloss":"lids"},{"surface":"посинели","lemma":"посинеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with впали","gloss":"had turned blue"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c8-s30","source":"— Да ты и впрямь болен? — остановился Иван Федорович. — Я тебя долго не задержу и пальто даже не сниму. Где у тебя сесть-то?","translation":"\"So you really are ill?\" Ivan Fyodorovich stopped short. \"I won't keep you long, and I won't even take off my coat. Where can one sit down here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ты и впрямь болен?","title":"Short adjective «болен» and particles «да… и»","body":"«болен» is the short-form (predicative) adjective 'ill', the bookish predicate form. The opening «Да» and the «и впрямь» ('really, truly') are emphatic particles voicing Ivan's surprise — 'So you really are ill?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не задержу… не сниму","title":"Perfective future in the negative","body":"«не задержу» and «не сниму» are perfective verbs in present-form endings, i.e. the simple future: 'I won't keep (you)', 'I won't take off'. The perfective stresses a single, definite non-occurrence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где у тебя сесть-то?","title":"Topic-emphasising clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «сесть-то» is the emphatic topic particle (distinct from the indefinite «-то»): it underscores the given action 'sitting down' — 'where is one even to sit here?'. «у тебя» is the familiar 'at your place'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и впрямь","gloss":"indeed","note":"«и впрямь» is a fixed idiom meaning \"really/truly\"."},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"болен?","lemma":"болен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович.","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задержу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of задержу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задержу","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задержу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задержу","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will keep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сниму","gloss":"my coat"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сниму","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сниму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сниму","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержу","gloss":"will take off"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сесть","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at","note":"«у тебя сесть» is idiomatic for \"a place at yours to sit\"."},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сесть","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"сесть","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to сесть","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c8-s31","source":"Он зашел с другого конца стола, придвинул к столу стул и сел.","translation":"He went around to the other end of the table, drew a chair up to it, and sat down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашел… придвинул… и сел","title":"Three perfectives moving the action","body":"«зашел» (went round), «придвинул» (drew up), «сел» (sat down) are three perfectives in a row, each a single completed step, narrating the action crisply forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придвинул к столу стул","title":"Prefix «при-» of bringing near","body":"«придвинуть» = «при-» ('toward, up to') + «двинуть» ('to move'): to move something up close. The matching «к столу» (dative after «к») reinforces 'up to the table'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went around"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашел","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"of the table"},{"surface":"придвинул","lemma":"придвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зашел","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придвинул","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придвинул","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придвинул","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c8-s32","source":"— Что смотришь и молчишь? Я с одним только вопросом, и клянусь, не уйду от тебя без ответа: была у тебя барыня, Катерина Ивановна?","translation":"\"Why do you stare and say nothing? I've come with just one question, and I swear I won't leave you without an answer: did the young lady, Katerina Ivanovna, come to see you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не уйду от тебя без ответа","title":"«не уйду» — perfective future of resolve","body":"«уйду» is the perfective future of «уйти» (to leave); negated, it states a firm single intention — 'I will not leave'. «от тебя» (genitive after «от») and «без ответа» (genitive after «без») both follow genitive-governing prepositions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"была у тебя барыня, Катерина Ивановна","title":"«барыня» — the lady, the mistress","body":"«барыня» is the gentry mistress, the lady of standing — from «барин», the master. From the servant-world Smerdyakov inhabits, Katerina Ivanovna is naturally 'the barynya'; Ivan adopts the word in asking whether she came."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что смотришь и молчишь?","title":"Present-tense imperfectives, pronoun dropped","body":"«смотришь» and «молчишь» are 2nd-person present imperfectives; the subject «ты» is dropped because the -ишь ending already shows person. «Что» here is adverbial — 'why do you stare and stay silent?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you stare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчишь","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотришь","gloss":"say nothing"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I","note":"An elided verb of coming is implied: \"I've come with just one question.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Я (elided verb)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of клянусь","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"to see you","note":"«была у тебя» idiomatically means \"came to see you\"."},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the young lady"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to барыня","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c8-s33","source":"Смердяков длинно помолчал, по-прежнему всё тихо смотря на Ивана, но вдруг махнул рукой и отвернул от него лицо.","translation":"Smerdyakov was silent a long while, still looking quietly at Ivan as before, but suddenly he waved his hand and turned his face away from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-прежнему всё тихо смотря на Ивана","title":"Present gerund «смотря» of simultaneity","body":"«смотря» is an imperfective present gerund: while he was silent he was at the same time 'looking quietly at Ivan'. «по-прежнему» ('as before') and «всё» ('still') stress continuity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал… махнул… отвернул","title":"Perfective «по-» of brief duration","body":"«помолчал» uses «по-» in its 'do-for-a-while' sense — 'was silent for a while' — bounding the silence; then the perfectives «махнул рукой» (waved his hand) and «отвернул лицо» (turned his face away) deliver two decisive gestures."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"махнул рукой","title":"«махнуть рукой» — a gesture of dismissal","body":"«махнуть рукой (на кого/что)» idiomatically means to give up on, to wave away as hopeless. Smerdyakov's wave is contemptuous resignation toward Ivan and his questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помолчал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies махнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"махнул","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of махнул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвернул","lemma":"отвернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвернул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвернул","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c8-s34","source":"— Чего ты? — воскликнул Иван.","translation":"\"What's the matter with you?\" Ivan exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чего ты?","title":"«Чего?» — colloquial genitive of «что»","body":"«Чего» is the genitive of «что», used colloquially where standard speech might say «что» — here an abrupt 'what's the matter with you?'. The genitive form lends a rougher, more spoken tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (idiomatic)","gloss":"what's wrong"},{"surface":"ты?","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Чего","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c8-s35","source":"— Ничего.","translation":"\"Nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c8-s36","source":"— Что ничего?","translation":"\"What do you mean, nothing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ничего?","title":"Elliptical echo question","body":"Ivan's «Что ничего?» echoes Smerdyakov's «Ничего», compressing 'what do you mean by nothing?' into a bare two-word retort. Such verbless, elliptical comebacks are the natural texture of clipped Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c8-s37","source":"— Ну, была, ну и всё вам равно. Отстаньте-с.","translation":"\"Well, she came, and what of it — it's all the same to you. Leave me be, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну и всё вам равно","title":"Dative in «всё равно»","body":"«вам всё равно» ('it's all the same to you') puts the experiencer in the dative «вам» — the indifference is felt by you. The «ну… ну и» framing is dismissive: 'well, she came, and what of it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отстаньте-с","title":"«отстать» + the servile «-с»","body":"«Отстаньте» is the imperative 'leave me alone, get off me'. The clipped «-с» tacked on keeps the formal-deferential register even as Smerdyakov pushes Ivan away — a chilling mix of servility and insolence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she came"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of равно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adjective, predicate, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"Отстаньте","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave me be"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to Отстаньте","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c8-s38","source":"— Нет, не отстану! Говори, когда была?","translation":"\"No, I won't leave you be! Tell me, when did she come?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отстану! Говори, когда была?","title":"Perfective future vs. imperfective imperative","body":"«не отстану» is the perfective future ('I will not leave you be'); «Говори» is the imperfective imperative of urging — 'come on, tell me'. The imperfective imperative presses for the act itself, more insistent than a polite perfective would be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отстану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отстану","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leave you be"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Говори","gloss":"did she come"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c8-s39","source":"— Да я и помнить об ней забыл, — презрительно усмехнулся Смердяков и вдруг опять, оборотя лицо к Ивану, уставился на него с каким-то исступленно-ненавистным взглядом, тем самым взглядом, каким глядел на него в то свидание, месяц назад.","translation":"\"Why, I'd quite forgotten even to remember her,\" Smerdyakov smiled contemptuously, and then suddenly, turning his face back toward Ivan, fixed him with a kind of frenzied, hate-filled look, the very same look with which he had gazed at him during that interview a month before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и помнить об ней забыл","title":"«забыл» + infinitive: 'forgot even to remember'","body":"«помнить… забыл» pairs the imperfective infinitive «помнить» with the perfective «забыл»: literally 'I even forgot to remember about her' — a contemptuous hyperbole. «и» here means 'even'; «об ней» is the colloquial variant of «о ней»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборотя лицо к Ивану, уставился","title":"Archaic perfective gerund «оборотя»","body":"«оборотя» is an old-fashioned perfective past gerund (from «оборотить», to turn) — modern Russian would say «оборотив» or «повернув». The archaic -я form is a period-literary flavour; it marks the completed turn just before «уставился» ('fixed his stare')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно-ненавистным взглядом","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«исступление» is a state of frenzy, of being beside oneself; «исступлённо-ненавистный» fuses it with hatred — a 'frenzied, hate-filled' look. The word belongs to Dostoevsky's vocabulary of extreme, ecstatic psychological states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем самым взглядом, каким глядел","title":"Instrumental antecedent + relative «каким»","body":"«тем самым взглядом» is instrumental ('with that very look'), and the relative «каким» picks up the instrumental in its own clause ('with which he had gazed'). The case is governed independently in each clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"забыл,","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забыл","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"оборотя","lemma":"оборотить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уставился","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оборотя","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборотя","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"fixed his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взглядом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to каким","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective (first part of compound)","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"ненавистным","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"hate-filled"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to взглядом (w26)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause of глядел","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on взглядом","gloss":"had gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидание","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of глядел","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c8-s40","source":"— Сами, кажись, больны, ишь осунулись, лица на вас нет, — проговорил он Ивану.","translation":"\"It's you yourself who seem to be ill — look how drawn you are, there's no face left on you,\" he said to Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами, кажись, больны","title":"Emphatic «сами»; short adjective «больны»","body":"«Сами» is the intensifier «сам» ('[you] yourself') in the polite plural, throwing the illness back on Ivan; «больны» is again the short predicative 'ill', here plural to match «вы». «кажись» is the folk variant of «кажется» ('it seems')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ишь осунулись, лица на вас нет","title":"«ишь» and «лица на вас нет»","body":"«ишь» is a folksy exclamatory particle ('look at that!', 'why,'). «осунуться» means to grow drawn and haggard in the face. «лица на вас нет» — literally 'there's no face on you' — is the vivid idiom for looking utterly stricken or ghastly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of больны","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"кажись","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical modifying больны","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"больны","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are ill"},{"surface":"ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker modifying осунулись","gloss":"look how"},{"surface":"осунулись","lemma":"осунуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with больны","gloss":"you've grown drawn"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject-genitive of нет","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет,","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (existential negation)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нет","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to Ivan"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c8-s41","source":"— Оставь мое здоровье, говори, об чем спрашивают.","translation":"\"Never mind my health — answer what you're asked.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставь мое здоровье, говори, об чем спрашивают","title":"Imperatives + impersonal «спрашивают»","body":"«Оставь» and «говори» are imperatives (perfective and imperfective). «спрашивают» is the 3rd-person-plural impersonal — 'they ask' = 'what one is being asked', a subjectless 'they' that names no agent. «об чем» is colloquial for «о чём»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Оставь","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Оставь","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивают","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"you're asked"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c8-s42","source":"— А чего у вас глаза пожелтели, совсем белки желтые. Мучаетесь, что ли, очень?","translation":"\"And why have your eyes turned yellow — the whites are entirely yellow. Are you in great torment, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего у вас глаза пожелтели","title":"«Чего» = 'why'; «у вас» of bodily possession","body":"Colloquial «чего» here means 'why' (not 'what'). «у вас глаза пожелтели» again uses «у» + genitive «вас» for the possessor of the symptom: 'your eyes have turned yellow'. «пожелтели» is the perfective completed change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мучаетесь, что ли, очень?","title":"Reflexive «мучаться» and tag «что ли»","body":"«Мучаетесь» is the reflexive «мучиться» (to be in torment, to suffer) in the present — the «-ся» turns 'torment' into 'be tormented'. The tag «что ли» makes it a probing guess: 'are you in great torment, then?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пожелтели","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive complement of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пожелтели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"пожелтели","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have turned yellow"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желтые","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"белки","lemma":"белок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of желтые","gloss":"the whites"},{"surface":"желтые","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of белки","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"Мучаетесь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you in torment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle (first part of idiom)","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle (second part of idiom)","role":"modifies Мучаетесь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мучаетесь","gloss":"greatly"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c8-s43","source":"Он презрительно усмехнулся и вдруг совсем уж рассмеялся.","translation":"He smiled contemptuously and then suddenly burst out laughing outright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся… рассмеялся","title":"Reflexive perfectives of laughter","body":"«усмехнулся» (smirked, gave a sneer) and «рассмеялся» (burst out laughing) are perfective «-ся» verbs. «рас-» here is the inceptive 'break into', so «рассмеяться» = to start laughing outright — note «совсем уж» ('quite, by now') heightening the shift from sneer to full laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c8-s44","source":"— Слушай, я сказал, что не уйду от тебя без ответа! — в страшном раздражении крикнул Иван.","translation":"\"Listen, I've said I won't leave you without an answer!\" Ivan shouted in terrible irritation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сказал, что не уйду от тебя без ответа","title":"Reported clause with «что»","body":"«что» introduces the reported content of what Ivan said — a subordinate fact-clause set off by a comma. Inside it, «не уйду» is the perfective future of firm intent (cf. s32). «в страшном раздражении» is «в» + the prepositional case (раздражении) — a prepositional phrase of state, not instrumental (the instrumental would be «страшным раздражением»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа!","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ответа!","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражении","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c8-s45","source":"— Чего вы ко мне пристаете-с? Чего меня мучите? — со страданием проговорил Смердяков.","translation":"\"Why do you keep badgering me, sir? Why do you torment me?\" Smerdyakov said with suffering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вы ко мне пристаете-с? Чего меня мучите?","title":"«Чего» = 'why'; verbs of pestering","body":"Twice «Чего» means 'why'. «пристаёте» (from «приставать», to pester, badger — «ко мне», dative after «к») and «мучите» (torment) are present imperfectives of repeated annoyance. The «-с» on «пристаете-с» keeps Smerdyakov's deferential mask even in complaint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пристаете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пристаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пристаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пристаете","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"badgering"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches to пристаете","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучите?","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you torment"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мучите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c8-s46","source":"— Э, черт! Мне до тебя нет и дела. Ответь на вопрос, и я тотчас уйду.","translation":"\"Eh, the devil! You're no concern of mine. Answer the question, and I'll leave at once.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне до тебя нет и дела","title":"«нет дела» + dative + «до»","body":"The idiom «мне до тебя нет дела» = 'you are no concern of mine': dative «мне» of the person, genitive «дела» under «нет» (genitive of negation), «до тебя» (genitive after «до») naming what one has no concern with. «и» intensifies the dismissal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ответь на вопрос, и я тотчас уйду","title":"Imperative + perfective future","body":"«Ответь» is a perfective imperative (answer, once); «уйду» is the perfective future 'I'll leave'. The pairing — 'answer, and I'll leave at once' — is a conditional bargain expressed by simple coordination with «и»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нет дела","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of дела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (existential negation)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject-genitive of нет","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"Ответь","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ответь","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ответь","gloss":"will leave"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c8-s47","source":"— Нечего мне вам отвечать! — опять потупился Смердяков.","translation":"\"I've nothing to answer you!\" Smerdyakov dropped his eyes again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нечего мне вам отвечать!","title":"Negative «нечего» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Нечего… отвечать» is the negative impersonal construction 'there is nothing to answer'; «нечего» is the fused negative of «что» governing an infinitive, and the person stands in the dative («мне… вам»). These «не́чего/не́где/не́когда» + infinitive patterns are a core Russian idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потупился","title":"«потупиться» — to cast down one's eyes","body":"«потупиться» (to drop one's gaze, lower the eyes) is a slightly literary verb for averting the eyes downward — here in sullen refusal, 'dropped his eyes again'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, impersonal","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"subject-dative of Нечего","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечать!","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Нечего","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потупился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"потупился","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Нечего","gloss":"dropped his eyes"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потупился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c8-s48","source":"— Уверяю тебя, что я заставлю тебя отвечать!","translation":"\"I assure you I'll make you answer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я заставлю тебя отвечать","title":"«заставить» + infinitive: causative","body":"«заставлю» (perfective future of «заставить») means 'I will make/compel', and it takes the accusative person «тебя» plus an imperfective infinitive «отвечать» — 'I'll make you answer'. This causative «заставить + infinitive» is the standard 'force someone to do' frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставлю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заставлю","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Уверяю","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заставлю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставлю","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c8-s49","source":"— Чего вы всё беспокоитесь? — вдруг уставился на него Смердяков, но не то что с презрением, а почти с какою-то уже гадливостью, — это что суд-то завтра начнется? Так ведь ничего вам не будет, уверьтесь же наконец! Ступайте домой, ложитесь спокойно спать, ничего не опасайтесь.","translation":"\"Why do you keep fretting so?\" Smerdyakov suddenly fixed his eyes on him, not so much with scorn now as with something almost like loathing. \"Is it because the trial begins tomorrow? Why, nothing will come of it for you — be assured of that at last! Go on home, lie down and sleep in peace, and fear nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вы всё беспокоитесь?","title":"Reflexive «беспокоиться»; «всё» = 'keep on'","body":"«беспокоитесь» is the reflexive «беспокоиться» (to worry, fret) — «-ся» makes it intransitive 'be anxious'. «всё» here is the adverb 'continually, keep on'; «Чего» = 'why'. Together: 'why do you keep fretting?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ведь ничего вам не будет","title":"Particle «ведь»; impersonal «ничего не будет»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'why, after all'. «ничего вам не будет» is impersonal ('nothing will come to you'), with «ничего… не» in negative concord and the dative «вам» of the affected. It is Smerdyakov's chilling reassurance that the trial will not touch Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверьтесь… Ступайте… ложитесь… ничего не опасайтесь","title":"A volley of imperatives","body":"Four imperatives pile up: «уверьтесь» (be assured), «Ступайте» (go on — an old, slightly elevated 'go'), «ложитесь спать» (lie down to sleep), «не опасайтесь» (fear nothing — «опасаться» governs the genitive «ничего»). The mock-soothing string mimics consoling a child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с какою-то уже гадливостью","title":"«гадливость» — disgust, loathing","body":"«гадливость» is physical revulsion, the loathing one feels at something repugnant (from «гад», a vile creature). That Smerdyakov now looks at Ivan with «гадливость» rather than mere «презрение» (scorn) marks a sharp escalation. «какою-то» is the older instrumental of «какая-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспокоитесь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of беспокоитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоитесь","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"беспокоитесь?","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fretting"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to беспокоитесь","gloss":"fixed his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, correlative","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom не то что)","role":"part of the idiom не то что...а","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of то","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гадливостью","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гадливостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to какою","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гадливостью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гадливостью,","lemma":"гадливость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (w18)","gloss":"loathing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of начнется","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнется","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнется","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to суд","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to беспокоитесь","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of будет","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come of it"},{"surface":"уверьтесь","lemma":"увериться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"be assured"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверьтесь","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверьтесь","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ступайте","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ложитесь","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступайте","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спать","gloss":"in peace"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ложитесь","gloss":"and sleep"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of опасайтесь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опасайтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опасайтесь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступайте","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c8-s50","source":"— Не понимаю я тебя… чего мне бояться завтра? — удивленно выговорил Иван, и вдруг в самом деле какой-то испуг холодом пахнул на его душу. Смердяков обмерил его глазами.","translation":"\"I don't understand you… what have I to fear tomorrow?\" Ivan brought out in astonishment, and suddenly a kind of dread really did breathe cold upon his soul. Smerdyakov measured him with his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего мне бояться завтра?","title":"Dative + infinitive of obligation; «бояться» + genitive","body":"«чего мне бояться» fuses two things: the dative «мне» of the person under a modal infinitive ('what have I to fear'), and «бояться» governing the genitive «чего» (one fears 'of' something). «бояться» is also a verb that exists only in the «-ся» form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какой-то испуг холодом пахнул на его душу","title":"«пахнуть холодом на душу»","body":"«пахнуть» (perfective, a single waft) with the instrumental «холодом» ('with cold') gives the haunting image 'a dread breathed cold upon his soul'. The instrumental of means turns an abstract fear into a physical draught of cold air."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обмерил его глазами","title":"«обмерить глазами» — to measure with one's eyes","body":"«обмерить» literally is to measure all round; «обмерить глазами» is the idiom for sizing someone up with a slow, appraising stare. Smerdyakov coolly takes Ivan's measure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бояться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of бояться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"завтра?","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бояться","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"удивленно","lemma":"удивленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"in astonishment"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнул","gloss":"fact","note":"idiom \"в самом деле\" = \"really/indeed\"."},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуг, part of какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of какой-то","role":"part of какой-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пахнул","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"холодом","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнул","gloss":"with cold"},{"surface":"пахнул","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выговорил","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнул","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обмерил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"обмерил","lemma":"обмерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмерил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обмерил","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c8-s51","source":"— Не по-ни-маете? — протянул он укоризненно. — Охота же умному человеку этакую комедь из себя представлять!","translation":"\"You don't un-der-stand?\" he drawled reproachfully. \"What a thing it is, for a clever man to want to put on such a farce!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не по-ни-маете?","title":"Drawled present tense for mockery","body":"The syllable-by-syllable «по-ни-ма-ете?» is the present imperfective «понимать» stretched out in print to render Smerdyakov's slow, taunting drawl — «протянул… укоризненно» ('drawled reproachfully'). The same device returns in «Зна-е-те?» below."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Охота же умному человеку этакую комедь из себя представлять!","title":"«охота», «этакий», «комедь»","body":"«Охота (же) + dative + infinitive» is the colloquial 'what makes one want to…!' ('the idea, that a clever man should…'). «этакую» is the folksy form of «такую» ('such'). «комедь» is a substandard, mocking variant of «комедия» — 'this farce'. «из себя представлять» = to put on, act out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по-ни-маете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment, drawled syllable","role":"part of по-ни-маете (drawled 'understand')","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment, drawled syllable","role":"part of по-ни-маете (drawled 'understand')","gloss":"-der-"},{"surface":"маете?","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (final syllable of drawled понимаете)","gloss":"-stand?","note":"Smerdyakov drags the word out syllable by syllable, mocking Ivan."},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"укоризненно.","lemma":"укоризненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"reproachfully"},{"surface":"Охота","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"what an urge"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Охота","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"умному","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of представлять, complement of Охота","gloss":"for a man"},{"surface":"этакую","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комедь","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"комедь","lemma":"комедь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of представлять","gloss":"farce"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of представлять","gloss":"himself","note":"idiom \"представлять из себя\" = \"to make oneself out to be\"."},{"surface":"представлять","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject clause, complement of Охота","gloss":"to put on"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c8-s52","source":"Иван молча глядел на него.","translation":"Ivan looked at him in silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван молча глядел на него","title":"Adverb «молча» from a gerund","body":"«молча» ('in silence, silently') began life as the present gerund of «молчать» but has frozen into a plain adverb. «глядел» is the imperfective of steady looking — Ivan goes on gazing in silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c8-s53","source":"Один уже этот неожиданный тон, совсем какой-то небывало высокомерный, с которым этот бывший его лакей обращался теперь к нему, был необычен.","translation":"This unexpected tone alone, an unprecedentedly haughty one with which this former lackey of his now addressed him, was extraordinary in itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тон… с которым этот бывший его лакей обращался теперь к нему","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"The relative «с которым» is «с» + the instrumental of manner ('the tone with which…'), referring back to «тон»; it agrees with «тон» in masculine singular but takes its own clause's case. (Note the verb here is construed with «к нему» — «обращаться к кому-то» + dative — so «с которым» is an instrumental-of-manner adjunct, not the complement of «обращаться с».) This is a textbook «который»-clause embedded in a heavy literary sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"небывало высокомерный… был необычен","title":"Short adjective «необычен» as predicate","body":"«необычен» is the short-form predicative adjective ('was extraordinary'), the bookish way to state the quality of the subject «тон». «небывало высокомерный» ('unprecedentedly haughty') stacks adverb + long adjective in the attributive slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Один","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был необычен","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies высокомерный, part of какой-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of какой-то","role":"part of какой-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"небывало","lemma":"небывало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокомерный","gloss":"unprecedentedly"},{"surface":"высокомерный","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тон","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакей","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лакей","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обращался","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"обращался","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying тон","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращался","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to необычен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"необычен","lemma":"необычный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"unusual"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c8-s54","source":"Такого тона все-таки не было даже и в прошлый раз.","translation":"Such a tone there had not been even the last time, after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такого тона все-таки не было","title":"Genitive subject of negated «не было»","body":"«Такого тона… не было» puts the subject in the genitive «тона» because the existence is negated — 'there had not been such a tone'. This obligatory genitive with «не было» is the genitive of negation at work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тона","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"тона","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"modifies было","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"modifies было","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз, intensifying даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c8-s55","source":"— Говорю вам, нечего вам бояться. Ничего на вас не покажу, нет улик. Ишь руки трясутся. С чего у вас пальцы-то ходят? Идите домой, ''не вы убили''.","translation":"\"I tell you, you've nothing to fear. I'll give no testimony against you, there's no evidence. Look how your hands are shaking. Why are your fingers twitching like that? Go on home — ''it was not you who killed him''.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего вам бояться… нет улик","title":"Two negatives: «нечего» and genitive «нет улик»","body":"«нечего вам бояться» repeats the negative-infinitive idiom (dative «вам» + 'there is nothing to fear'). «нет улик» again negates existence, forcing the genitive plural «улик» — 'there is no evidence'. Both lean on Russia's negation-genitive machinery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего на вас не покажу","title":"Legal «показать» + negative concord","body":"«показать (на кого-то)» here is the courtroom sense 'to give testimony / depose against someone'. «Ничего… не покажу» is the perfective future with negative concord — 'I'll give no testimony against you'. The line is Smerdyakov's pledge of silence at the trial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С чего у вас пальцы-то ходят?","title":"«с чего» and «пальцы ходят»","body":"«С чего?» is colloquial 'what for / why on earth?'. «пальцы ходят» literally 'the fingers move/go' — i.e. twitch and tremble. The emphatic «-то» foregrounds the trembling fingers as the telling sign of Ivan's guilt-stricken nerves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вы убили","title":"Emphatic subject pronoun: «не вы»","body":"Normally a Russian subject pronoun is dropped, but here «вы» is kept and negated — «не вы убили» — precisely to contrast and stress: 'it was not YOU who killed him'. The retained, fronted pronoun throws the whole weight of the accusation onto its implied opposite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, negative pronoun","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of бояться, complement of нечего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to fear"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will inform against"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative particle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"улик","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трясутся","gloss":"look how"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of трясутся","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"трясутся","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are shaking"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходят (possessive)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ходят","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached to пальцы)","role":"modifies пальцы","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twitching"},{"surface":"Идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Идите","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"killed him"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c8-s56","source":"Иван вздрогнул, ему вспомнился Алеша.","translation":"Ivan gave a start; he remembered Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вспомнился Алеша","title":"Dative experiencer of «вспомниться»","body":"«вспомнился» (reflexive «вспомниться») is the involuntary 'came to mind': the rememberer stands in the dative «ему», and the thing remembered — «Алеша» — is the nominative subject. Russian frames an unbidden memory as something that 'recalls itself to' a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспомнился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вспомнился","lemma":"вспомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"came to mind"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c8-s57","source":"— Я знаю, что не я… — пролепетал было он.","translation":"\"I know it wasn't I…\" he began to stammer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетал было он","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«было» (here a frozen particle, not the verb) after a perfective marks an action begun but checked or undone: «пролепетал было» = 'he began to stammer (but...)'. It signals an intention nipped off — Ivan starts to speak and is at once cut short."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to babble, stammer out","body":"«лепетать» is to babble like a child or a flustered speaker; the perfective «пролепетать» means to stammer something out. Against his confident words ('I know it wasn't I'), the verb betrays Ivan's faltering, frightened delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to stammer"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an aborted/interrupted action)","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"started to","note":"\"было\" here signals an action begun but cut off, not the verb \"to be\"."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c8-s58","source":"— Зна-е-те? — опять подхватил Смердяков.","translation":"\"You know?\" Smerdyakov caught him up again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зна-е-те?","title":"Drawled present, echoing the question back","body":"Again the present «знаете» is stretched syllabically to render Smerdyakov's mocking drawl as he throws Ivan's own «знаю» back at him. «подхватил» — 'caught (it) up' — names exactly this seizing on the other's word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зна","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb fragment, drawled syllable","role":"part of Зна-е-те (drawled 'do you know')","gloss":"d'you"},{"surface":"е","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb fragment, drawled syllable","role":"part of Зна-е-те","gloss":"kn-"},{"surface":"те?","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (final syllable of drawled знаете)","gloss":"-ow?"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c8-s59","source":"Иван вскочил и схватил его за плечо:","translation":"Ivan leapt up and seized him by the shoulder:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и схватил его за плечо","title":"Perfectives «вскочил… схватил»; «за плечо»","body":"Two abrupt perfectives — «вскочил» (leapt up) and «схватил» (seized) — drive the action. The idiom «схватить за плечо» uses «за» + accusative «плечо» to name the body-part grabbed; Russian regularly marks 'by the [part]' this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c8-s60","source":"— Говори всё, гадина! Говори всё!","translation":"\"Tell me everything, you reptile! Tell me everything!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори всё, гадина! Говори всё!","title":"Imperfective imperative of urgent demand","body":"«Говори» is the imperfective imperative — it commands the very act, urgently and impatiently ('out with it, tell it all!'), where a perfective «Скажи» would ask for one finished utterance. The doubled, imperfective command conveys Ivan's frenzy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадина","title":"«гадина» — reptile, vile creature","body":"«гадина» (from «гад», a reptile/vermin) is a strong term of abuse — 'reptile, loathsome creature'. It belongs to the same root as the «гадливость» (loathing) of s49, binding Ivan's curse to the disgust the whole scene exudes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говори","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"гадина","lemma":"гадина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you reptile"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говори","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c8-s61","source":"Смердяков нисколько не испугался.","translation":"Smerdyakov was not frightened in the least.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не испугался","title":"«нисколько не» — negative concord","body":"«нисколько» ('not at all') is an «ни»-word and so demands the verbal «не» alongside it: literally 'not-at-all not-was-frightened', two negatives building one emphatic denial. This obligatory negative concord is a fixed rule of Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугался","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as change of state","body":"«испугаться» (perfective of «пугаться») is a middle/inchoative «-ся» verb: not 'frightened himself' but 'became frightened'. The «-ся» turns the transitive «испугать» (to frighten someone) into an intransitive verb of inner change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was frightened"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c8-s62","source":"Он только с безумною ненавистью приковался к нему глазами.","translation":"He only riveted his eyes upon him with a senseless hatred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с безумною ненавистью","title":"Instrumental of manner; archaic ending «-ою»","body":"«с … ненавистью» pairs «с» + instrumental to give the manner ('with hatred'). The adjective «безумною» carries the old bookish feminine-instrumental ending «-ою» for modern «-ой» — a 19th-century literary flavour Dostoevsky uses constantly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приковался к нему глазами","title":"«приковаться глазами» — to rivet one's eyes","body":"«приковаться» literally means 'to be chained/riveted' (from «ковать», to forge); with «глазами» (instrumental, 'by means of his eyes') it is the vivid idiom 'to fix one's gaze immovably on'. The metaphor of being shackled in place gives the stare its intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приковался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приковался","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"безумною","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"приковался","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"riveted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c8-s63","source":"— Ан вот вы-то и убили, коль так, — яростно прошептал он ему.","translation":"\"Well then, if that's how it is, it was you yourself who killed him,\" he whispered to him furiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ан","title":"«Ан» — colloquial 'but then, on the contrary'","body":"«Ан» is a folksy, peasant-speech particle introducing a rebuttal: 'ah but', 'well then, contrary to what you say'. It instantly marks Smerdyakov's lower-class, sly register against Ivan's educated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «вы»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» pins the stress on «вы»: 'it was YOU who…'. Distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», this clitic singles out a known topic for contrastive emphasis — Smerdyakov throwing the guilt back onto Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль так","title":"«коль» — archaic 'if'","body":"«коль» (also «коли») is an old, folk-poetic conditional conjunction for «если», 'if'. «коль так» = 'if that's how it is'. Like «Ан», it colours the line as rustic, deliberately archaic speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ан","lemma":"ан","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached to вы)","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так,","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of коль","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептал","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c8-s64","source":"Иван опустился на стул, как бы что рассудив. Он злобно усмехнулся.","translation":"Ivan sank down onto the chair, as if he had worked something out. He gave a malicious smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что рассудив","title":"Perfective gerund «рассудив» — a prior, completed act","body":"«рассудив» is the perfective past «деепричастие» of «рассудить» (to reason out, decide): 'having worked something out'. It names an action finished just before the main verb «опустился», all packed into one indeclinable form. «как бы» ('as if') hedges it into Ivan's surmised inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Reflexive «-ся» on «усмехнуться»","body":"«усмехнуться» exists only in the «-ся» form: a perfective, semelfactive 'to give one smirk'. The «-ну-» suffix marks a single, momentary act, against the drawn-out «усмехаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"modifies рассудив","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассудив","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"рассудив","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустился","gloss":"having worked out"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a smile"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c8-s65","source":"— Это ты всё про тогдашнее? Про то, что и в прошлый раз?","translation":"\"Is this all still about that other time? About the same thing as last time?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про тогдашнее","title":"«тогдашнее» — 'that time's business'","body":"«тогдашний» is the adjective from «тогда» ('then'), 'pertaining to that earlier time'; neutered into «тогдашнее» it stands as a noun, 'the matter of back then'. «про» + accusative ('about') is the colloquial counterpart of «о» + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominative, identifies Это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies про тогдашнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тогдашнее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тогдашнее","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of про, head of the phrase","gloss":"that old business"},{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the same thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c8-s66","source":"— Да и в прошлый раз стояли предо мной и всё понимали, понимаете и теперь.","translation":"\"Yes, last time too you stood before me and understood it all, and you understand it now as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояли предо мной","title":"«предо» and the polite plural «стояли»","body":"«предо» is the archaic/euphonic variant of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «мной». The verb «стояли» is plural because Smerdyakov addresses Ivan with the deferential «вы», which always takes plural agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимаете и теперь","title":"Imperfective present: 'and you understand even now'","body":"«понимаете» is imperfective present, framing comprehension as an ongoing state Ivan cannot escape. Set against the past «понимали», the verb pair traces the same knowing carried from 'then' into 'now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"предо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понимали","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c8-s67","source":"— Понимаю только, что ты сумасшедший.","translation":"\"I understand only that you're out of your mind.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты сумасшедший","title":"Zero copula: 'that you [are] mad'","body":"«ты сумасшедший» has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent, the subject and predicate noun set side by side in the nominative. «что» here is the subordinator 'that', opening the reported clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Понимаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of Понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедший","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Понимаю","gloss":"crazy"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c8-s68","source":"— Не надоест же человеку! С глазу на глаз сидим, чего бы, кажется, друг-то друга морочить, комедь играть? Али всё еще свалить на одного меня хотите, мне же в глаза? Вы убили, вы главный убивец и есть, а я только вашим приспешником был, слугой Личардой верным, и по слову вашему дело это и совершил.","translation":"\"Doesn't a man ever tire of it! We sit here face to face — what would be the point, one would think, of fooling each other and playing out a farce? Or do you still want to lay it all on me alone, to my very face? You killed him, you are the chief murderer, and I was only your accomplice, your faithful servant Lichard, and it was at your word that I carried out the deed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не надоест же человеку!","title":"Dative experiencer + insistent «же»","body":"Impersonal construction: «надоесть» ('to grow tiresome') takes the dative «человеку» ('to a man'), with no nominative subject — 'doesn't a man ever get sick of it'. The particle «же» adds exasperated insistence, the texture of spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего бы … морочить","title":"Hypothetical «бы»: 'what would be the point of fooling'","body":"«бы» + the infinitives «морочить» / «играть» builds an irrealis rhetorical question — 'why on earth would one fool each other'. «чего» is the colloquial genitive standing for 'why / what for'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"комедь играть","title":"«комедь» — dialectal 'comedy', i.e. play-acting","body":"«комедь» is the folk, vulgar form of «комедия»; «комедь играть» = 'to put on an act, play a farce'. The clipped form keeps Smerdyakov's speech earthy and ironic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Али","title":"«Али» — folk 'or, or else'","body":"«Али» is the archaic/dialectal variant of «или» ('or'), used to open an alternative question. Like «Ан» and «коль», it stamps the line as peasant speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приспешником … слугой Личардой верным","title":"«приспешник» and «верный Личарда»","body":"«приспешник» is a contemptuous 'henchman, accomplice'. «Личарда» alludes to the faithful servant Licharda in the popular old Russian tale of Bova Korolevich — Smerdyakov bitterly casts himself as Ivan's loyal lackey, a literary self-mockery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы главный убивец и есть","title":"Emphatic «и есть» — 'are the very one'","body":"The rare surviving copula «есть» plus emphatic «и» asserts identity flatly: 'you ARE the chief murderer, and that's that'. «убивец» is a coarse, dialectal form of «убийца» (murderer)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надоест","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надоест","lemma":"надоесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tire"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надоест","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надоест","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глазу","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидим","gloss":"eye","note":"idiom \"с глазу на глаз\" = \"face to face\"."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom с глазу на глаз","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"сидим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we sit"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of морочить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the hypothetical мood of морочить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of друг друга","role":"part of друг-то друга (each other)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached to друг)","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part of друг друга","role":"direct object of морочить, part of друг-то друга","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"морочить","lemma":"морочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of чего бы...кажется","gloss":"to fool"},{"surface":"комедь","lemma":"комедь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with морочить","gloss":"farce"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on комедь","gloss":"to play out"},{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of свалить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свалить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"pin it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies в глаза (idiom: to my face)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хотите","gloss":"face","note":"idiom \"в глаза\" (to one's face)."},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убивец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убивец","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"убивец","lemma":"убивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приспешником","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приспешником","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приспешником","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"приспешником","lemma":"приспешник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"accomplice"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to приспешником","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Личардой","lemma":"личарда","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слугой","gloss":"Lichard","note":"Lichard, the byword for a devoted servant, from a Russian folk tale."},{"surface":"верным","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугой","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies совершил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"carried out"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c8-s69","source":"— Совершил? Да разве ты убил? — похолодел Иван.","translation":"\"Carried out? Why, did you really kill him?\" Ivan went cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве ты убил?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«разве» introduces a question of disbelief: 'you mean to say you actually killed him?'. Paired with the opening «Да» (here 'why, but') it conveys Ivan's stunned refusal to credit what he hears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похолодел","title":"Inchoative «по-…» : 'went cold'","body":"«похолодеть» is a perfective formed with the inchoative prefix «по-», 'to grow cold (all over)'. Used of Ivan it is figurative — a sudden chill of dread — and stands as the dialogue tag in place of 'said'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried it out"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да разве","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил?","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил?","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"похолодел","lemma":"похолодеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went cold"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похолодел","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c8-s70","source":"Что-то как бы сотряслось в его мозгу, и весь он задрожал мелкою холодною дрожью.","translation":"Something seemed to give way in his brain, and his whole body began to tremble with a fine, cold shudder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то как бы сотряслось","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + reflexive «сотряслось»","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific but unknown) is the subject; «сотряслось» is the middle «-ся» of «сотрясти» ('to convulse'), here intransitive 'something shuddered/gave way'. «как бы» softens it to 'something seemed to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задрожал мелкою холодною дрожью","title":"Cognate instrumental: 'trembled with a … shudder'","body":"«дрожью» (instrumental of «дрожь») is a cognate object naming the manner of «задрожал» — 'trembled with a fine, cold trembling'. The adjectives carry the archaic «-ою» instrumental endings, an elevated 19th-century touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, part of что-то","role":"part of что-то, subject of сотряслось","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of что-то","role":"part of что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"modifies сотряслось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сотряслось","lemma":"сотрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мозгу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотряслось","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задрожал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сотряслось","gloss":"began to tremble"},{"surface":"мелкою","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"холодною","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"дрожью","lemma":"дрожь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задрожал","gloss":"shudder"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c8-s71","source":"Тут уж Смердяков сам удивленно посмотрел на него: вероятно, его, наконец, поразил своею искренностью испуг Ивана.","translation":"Now Smerdyakov himself looked at him in surprise: probably Ivan's fright, by its very sincerity, had at last struck him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут уж … сам","title":"«уж» and intensive «сам»","body":"«уж» (a worn-down «уже») adds insistent emphasis, 'now at this point'; «сам» ('himself') stresses that even Smerdyakov, normally unmoved, was startled. Both are small focusing words that steer the reader's attention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразил своею искренностью испуг Ивана","title":"Instrumental of means + free word order","body":"The subject is «испуг» (Ivan's fright), the object «его» (Smerdyakov), and «своею искренностью» (instrumental, 'by its very sincerity') the means. Russian's case endings let the subject sit last for emphasis — the news is what finally struck him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"удивленно","lemma":"удивленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"in surprise"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of искренностью","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"искренностью","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of испуг","gloss":"Ivan's"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c8-s72","source":"— Да неужто ж вы вправду ничего не знали? — пролепетал он недоверчиво, криво усмехаясь ему в глаза.","translation":"\"Can it really be that you truly knew nothing?\" he stammered mistrustfully, grinning crookedly into his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто ж … ничего не знали","title":"«неужто» + genitive of negation «ничего»","body":"«неужто» (folk «неужели») marks astonished disbelief, 'can it really be'. The object «ничего» stands in the genitive because the verb is negated — the genitive of negation, here with the negative pronoun 'nothing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"криво усмехаясь ему в глаза","title":"Imperfective gerund «усмехаясь» — simultaneous action","body":"«усмехаясь» is the present «деепричастие» of «усмехаться», an imperfective adverbial naming what Smerdyakov does while speaking: 'grinning crookedly'. It shares the subject of «пролепетал» and adds attendant manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies неужто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали?","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали?","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знали?","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали?","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали?","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"недоверчиво","lemma":"недоверчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"mistrustfully"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехаясь","gloss":"crookedly"},{"surface":"усмехаясь","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал","gloss":"grinning"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаза (possessive dative)","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усмехаясь","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c8-s73","source":"Иван всё глядел на него, у него как бы отнялся язык.","translation":"Ivan went on staring at him; it was as though his tongue had failed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него как бы отнялся язык","title":"«у него» possessive + reflexive «отнялся»","body":"Literally 'by him the tongue as if was taken away' — the «у» + genitive «у него» frames Ivan as the affected possessor, while «отнялся» is the middle «-ся» of «отнять», 'went numb / failed'. A very Russian way to say 'his tongue failed him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at (idiom: у него = he had)"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отнялся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"«как бы» together means \"as though.\""},{"surface":"отнялся","lemma":"отняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"язык","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнялся","gloss":"tongue"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c8-s74","source":"Ах поехал Ванька в Питер, Я не буду его ждать, — прозвенело вдруг в его голове.","translation":"Ah, Vanka's gone off to Piter, And I shan't wait for him — rang out suddenly in his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не буду его ждать","title":"Compound imperfective future «буду ждать»","body":"«не буду ждать» is the analytic imperfective future: «буду» (future of «быть») + imperfective infinitive «ждать», 'I shall (not) wait'. It names ongoing, durative waiting, as a perfective simple future could not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the song line","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"Ванька","lemma":"ванька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"Vanka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Питер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Питер","lemma":"питер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Petersburg","note":"«Питер» is the folk nickname for St. Petersburg."},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду ждать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать,","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждать,","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ждать,","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of буду","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"прозвенело","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозвенело","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвенело","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c8-s75","source":"— Знаешь что: я боюсь, что ты сон, что ты призрак предо мной сидишь? — пролепетал он.","translation":"\"Do you know what: I'm afraid you're a dream, that you're a phantom sitting there before me?\" he stammered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сон, что ты призрак … сидишь","title":"Zero copula vs. a finite verb","body":"«ты сон» ('you [are] a dream') has no copula — predicate noun in the nominative beside the subject. But the parallel «ты призрак … сидишь» recasts the image with a real verb «сидишь» ('you sit'), making the phantom unnervingly present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the introductory clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сон","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты, clausal complement of боюсь","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of призрак","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призрак","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"призрак","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты","gloss":"a phantom"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сидишь?","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, describing ты/призрак","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"he stammered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c8-s76","source":"— Никакого тут призрака нет-с, кроме нас обоих-с, да еще некоторого третьего. Без сумления, тут он теперь, третий этот, находится, между нами двумя.","translation":"\"There's no phantom here, sir, except the two of us, sir, and a certain third one besides. Without a doubt he is here now, this third one, between the two of us.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакого тут призрака нет-с","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"Negated existence «нет» ('there is no') forces its subject into the genitive: «никакого … призрака» ('no phantom whatever'). «никакого» also triggers negative concord, intensifying the denial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"«-с» — the deferential «словоерс»","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to words (нет-с, обоих-с) is the «словоерс», a shrunken «сударь» ('sir'). It signals servile politeness and is Smerdyakov's verbal tic throughout this scene — a lackey's deference laid thickly, almost mockingly, over menace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Без сумления","title":"«сумление» — illiterate 'doubt'","body":"«сумление» is Smerdyakov's malapropism for «сомнение» ('doubt'); «без сумления» = 'without a doubt'. Dostoevsky uses such half-educated distortions to fix the character's social and intellectual standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of призрака","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"призрака","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, present, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to нет","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an old-fashioned deferential suffix (\"sir\"/\"ma'am\"), attached to the previous word."},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to обоих","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некоторого","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of третьего","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective (substantive use), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нас, object of кроме","gloss":"a third one"},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Без","gloss":"doubt","note":"«сумление» is a dialectal/colloquial form of «сомнение» (doubt)."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of между","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"modifies нами","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c8-s77","source":"— Кто он? Кто находится? Кто третий? — испуганно проговорил Иван Федорович, озираясь кругом и поспешно ища глазами кого-то по всем углам","translation":"\"Who is he? Who is here? Who is the third?\" Ivan Fyodorovich said in fright, looking about him and hurriedly searching with his eyes for someone in every corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озираясь кругом и поспешно ища глазами кого-то","title":"Chained imperfective gerunds","body":"Two present «деепричастия» — «озираясь» ('looking about') and «ища» ('searching') — hang off «проговорил», stacking simultaneous actions in the literary manner. «ища» is the irregular gerund of «искать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ища глазами кого-то","title":"Indefinite «кого-то» in the accusative","body":"«кого-то» is the accusative of «кто-то» ('someone', a definite but unidentified person). The animate accusative borrows the genitive form «кого». Ivan searches for some real but unnamed presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (Кто is predicate)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of третий?","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"третий?","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective (substantive use), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (Кто is predicate)","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"испуганно","lemma":"испуганно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"in fright"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"озираясь","lemma":"озираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"looking around"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озираясь","gloss":"about him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ища","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"ища","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with озираясь, adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ища","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ища (part of кого-то)","gloss":"someone","note":"«кого-то» (\"someone\") is split across this token and «то»."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого-то","gloss":"someone (cont.)"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of углам","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"углам","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ища","gloss":"corner"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c8-s78","source":"— Третий этот — бог-с, самое это провидение-с, тут оно теперь подле нас-с, только вы не ищите его, не найдете.","translation":"\"This third one is God, sir, Providence itself, sir; it is here beside us now, sir, only you won't look for it, you won't find it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только вы не ищите его, не найдете","title":"Imperfective imperative vs. perfective future","body":"«не ищите» is the negated imperfective imperative ('don't [bother to] look'); «не найдете» is the perfective simple future ('you won't find [it]'). The aspect contrast is exact: the searching is a process, the finding a single unattainable result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject (predicate: бог)","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of этот","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to бог","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an old-fashioned deferential suffix (\"sir\")."},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun (intensifier), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (predicate: провидение)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"провидение","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with бог","gloss":"Providence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to провидение","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to нас","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ищите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ищите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ищите","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you look for","note":"Smerdyakov's dialectal speech: «ищите» is used here as a plain indicative (\"you look for\"), not an imperative."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдете","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ищите","gloss":"you'll find"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c8-s79","source":"— Ты солгал, что ты убил! — бешено завопил Иван. Ты или сумасшедший, или дразнишь меня, как и в прошлый раз!","translation":"\"You've lied, that you killed him!\" Ivan bellowed in a frenzy. \"Either you're out of your mind, or you're teasing me, the same as last time!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты или сумасшедший, или дразнишь меня","title":"Correlative «или … или» — 'either … or'","body":"The paired «или … или» offers two alternatives: a zero-copula predicate noun («сумасшедший») against a finite verb («дразнишь», 'you tease'). Russian readily yokes a noun-predicate and a verb under one disjunction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бешено завопил","title":"«бешено» / «завопить» — frenzied outcry","body":"«бешено» ('frenziedly', from «бешеный», rabid/mad) and «завопить» ('to start bawling, shriek') together render Ivan's loss of control. The «за-» prefix marks the sudden onset of the cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил!","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил!","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил!","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of солгал","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"бешено","lemma":"бешено","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедший and дразнишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective (substantive use), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Ты","gloss":"crazy"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"дразнишь","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, second disjunct predicate of Ты","gloss":"teasing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразнишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison в прошлый раз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как, modifying дразнишь","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c8-s80","source":"Смердяков, как и давеча, совсем не пугаясь, всё пытливо следил за ним.","translation":"Smerdyakov, as before, not in the least afraid, kept watching him searchingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не пугаясь","title":"Negated imperfective gerund «не пугаясь»","body":"«не пугаясь» ('not [being] frightened') is a present «деепричастие» describing Smerdyakov's enduring composure while «следил» ('watched'). The imperfective fits an ongoing, unbroken state of calm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — colloquial 'a short while ago'","body":"«давеча» is an old, homely adverb meaning 'earlier today, a little while back'. Like Smerdyakov's other folk words it tints the narration with everyday peasant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison давеча","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"compared item modifying Смердяков's manner","gloss":"before","note":"«давеча» is a colloquial/dialectal adverb meaning \"a while ago, earlier.\""},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугаясь","lemma":"пугаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следил","gloss":"being afraid"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следил","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"пытливо","lemma":"пытливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следил","gloss":"searchingly"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c8-s81","source":"Всё еще он никак не мог победить своей недоверчивости, всё еще казалось ему, что Иван «всё знает», а только так представляется, чтоб «ему же в глаза на него одного свалить».","translation":"He still could not somehow overcome his mistrust; it still seemed to him that Ivan \"knew everything\" and was only pretending otherwise, so as \"to lay it all on him alone, to his very face.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не мог победить своей недоверчивости","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Under the negated «не мог победить», the object «недоверчивости» ('his mistrust') takes the genitive rather than accusative — the genitive of negation, natural with such abstract nouns. «никак не» reinforces the failure with negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось ему, что Иван «всё знает»","title":"Impersonal «казалось ему» — dative experiencer","body":"«казалось» ('it seemed') is impersonal, with the experiencer in the dative «ему» and no nominative subject — 'it seemed to him'. The «что»-clause then reports the content of the impression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб … свалить","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб(ы)» + infinitive","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») with the infinitive «свалить» ('to dump, pin') states purpose: 'so as to lay it all on him alone'. The phrase, in quotation marks, echoes Smerdyakov's own suspicious inner words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of недоверчивости","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"недоверчивости","lemma":"недоверчивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of победить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"mistrust"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with мог","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает, under что","gloss":"is pretending"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of свалить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of свалить","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies него","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтоб","gloss":"to dump"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c8-s82","source":"— Подождите-с, — проговорил он наконец слабым голосом и вдруг, вытащив из-под стола свою левую ногу, начал завертывать на ней наверх панталоны.","translation":"\"Wait a moment, sir,\" he said at last in a weak voice, and suddenly, drawing his left leg out from under the table, he began rolling his trouser leg up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытащив из-под стола свою левую ногу","title":"Perfective gerund + reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«вытащив» (perfective «деепричастие» of «вытащить») marks a completed action just before «начал». «свою» is the reflexive possessive — 'his own' leg, referring back to the clause's subject, where «его» would point to someone else's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-под стола","title":"Compound preposition «из-под» + genitive","body":"«из-под» ('out from under') is a doubled preposition governing the genitive «стола». Such compounds (из-за, из-под) name motion away from beneath or behind something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"панталоны","title":"«панталоны» — trousers (period word)","body":"«панталоны», from French pantalon, was the ordinary 19th-century word for men's trousers. Always plural, like English 'trousers', it dates the garment to its era."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"attaches to Подождите","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an old-fashioned deferential suffix (\"sir\")."},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вытащив","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"having pulled out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащив","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащив","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"завертывать","lemma":"завёртывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to roll up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завертывать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завертывать","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"панталоны","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of завертывать","gloss":"trousers"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c8-s83","source":"Нога оказалась в длинном белом чулке и обута в туфлю.","translation":"The leg turned out to be in a long white stocking and shod in a slipper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалась в … чулке и обута в туфлю","title":"Short passive participle «обута»","body":"«обута» is the short-form past passive participle of «обуть» ('to shoe'), agreeing feminine with «нога»: 'shod'. The short passive states a result — the leg's settled condition — and is markedly bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чулке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"длинном","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чулке","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"белом","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чулке","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"чулке","lemma":"чулок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалась","gloss":"stocking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обута","lemma":"обуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказалась","gloss":"shod"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking туфлю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"туфлю","lemma":"туфля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обута","gloss":"a slipper"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c8-s84","source":"Не торопясь, Смердяков снял подвязку и запустил в чулок глубоко свои пальцы.","translation":"Without hurrying, Smerdyakov removed the garter and thrust his fingers deep down into the stocking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не торопясь","title":"Negated gerund «не торопясь» — 'without hurrying'","body":"«не торопясь» is a fixed adverbial use of the present «деепричастие» of «торопиться» ('to hurry'): 'unhurriedly, taking his time'. Smerdyakov's deliberate calm is the point of the phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запустил … глубоко свои пальцы","title":"«запустить пальцы» — to thrust one's fingers in","body":"«запустить» here means not 'launch' but 'to plunge/thrust (a hand) into' — «запустить пальцы в чулок» = to dig one's fingers deep into the stocking. A vivid, slightly coarse physical idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торопясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on снял","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"подвязку","lemma":"подвязка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"garter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запустил","lemma":"запустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чулок","lemma":"чулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запустил","gloss":"the stocking"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запустил","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пальцы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of запустил","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c8-s85","source":"Иван Федорович глядел на него и вдруг затрясся в конвульсивном испуге","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich watched him, and suddenly he began to shake in a convulsive fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"затрясся в конвульсивном испуге","title":"Inchoative «за-» + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«затрясся» combines the onset prefix «за-» ('began to') with reflexive «-ся» on «трясти»: 'he started shaking'. The «-ся» makes the shaking intransitive — happening to Ivan rather than done by him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"began to shake"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конвульсивном","lemma":"конвульсивный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"convulsive"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрясся","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c8-s86","source":"— Сумасшедший! — завопил он и, быстро вскочив с места, откачнулся назад, так что стукнулся спиной об стену и как будто прилип к стене, весь вытянувшись в нитку.","translation":"\"Madman!\" he yelled, and springing up quickly from his place, he recoiled backward, so that he struck his back against the wall and seemed to stick to it, his whole body drawn taut as a string.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро вскочив с места, откачнулся назад","title":"Perfective gerund leading a chain of action","body":"«вскочив» (perfective «деепричастие», 'having sprung up') sets the prior act, then the finite verbs «откачнулся … стукнулся … прилип» roll forward event by event — the staccato of perfective narration capturing Ivan's recoil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь вытянувшись в нитку","title":"Past active participle «вытянувшись»? — gerund of result","body":"«вытянувшись» is the perfective past «деепричастие» of «вытянуться» ('to stretch out'): 'having drawn himself taut'. With «весь» ('his whole self') and the idiom «в нитку» ('into a thread') it paints him pressed flat as a string against the wall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сумасшедший!","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective (substantive use), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, standalone predicate","gloss":"madman"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yelled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочив","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"вскочив","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on откачнулся","gloss":"having jumped up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочив","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"откачнулся","lemma":"откачнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"recoiled"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откачнулся","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause стукнулся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стукнулся","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on откачнулся","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнулся","gloss":"with his back"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнулся","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прилип","lemma":"прилипнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стукнулся","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилип","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытянувшись, describes он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вытянувшись","lemma":"вытянуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прилип, describing он","gloss":"stretched taut"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нитку","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"нитку","lemma":"нитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянувшись","gloss":"a thread"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c8-s87","source":"Он в безумном ужасе смотрел на Смердякова.","translation":"He stared at Smerdyakov in mad horror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в безумном ужасе","title":"«в» + prepositional for an emotional state","body":"«в безумном ужасе» ('in mad horror') uses «в» + the prepositional to locate the action within a state of mind — a common way Russian frames the emotion accompanying a verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"безумном","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужасе","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"ужасе","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c8-s88","source":"Тот, нимало не смутившись его испугом, всё еще копался в чулке, как будто всё силясь пальцами что-то в нем ухватить и вытащить.","translation":"The other, not in the least disconcerted by his fright, went on fumbling in the stocking, as though still straining with his fingers to catch hold of something in it and pull it out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот, нимало не смутившись его испугом","title":"«Тот» as 'the other' + perfective gerund","body":"«Тот» ('that one') tracks the topic from afar — here 'the other man', Smerdyakov, as opposed to the nearer Ivan. «не смутившись» is a perfective past gerund, 'not having been disconcerted', with the cause «его испугом» in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"силясь пальцами что-то … ухватить","title":"Imperfective gerund «силясь» — straining effort","body":"«силясь» (present «деепричастие» of «силиться», 'to strain') names the ongoing effort framing «копался». «пальцами» is the instrumental of means ('with his fingers'), «что-то» the indefinite object he gropes for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of копался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутившись","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смутившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смутившись","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on копался","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of испугом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"испугом","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смутившись","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"копался","lemma":"копаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fumbling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чулке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чулке","lemma":"чулок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of копался","gloss":"the stocking"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"силясь","lemma":"силиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on копался","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of силясь","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ухватить (part of что-то)","gloss":"something","note":"«что-то» (\"something\") is split across this token and «то»."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something (cont.)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухватить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ухватить","lemma":"ухватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силясь","gloss":"to catch hold of"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вытащить","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ухватить","gloss":"pull it out"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c8-s89","source":"Наконец ухватил и стал тащить.","translation":"At last he caught hold of it and began to draw it out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухватил и стал тащить","title":"Perfective grasp, then «стал» + imperfective","body":"«ухватил» (perfective) marks the single completed catch; «стал тащить» ('began to pull') uses the phasal «стать» + imperfective infinitive to launch a drawn-out process. The aspects mark a point-event giving way to ongoing action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ухватил","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"ухватил","lemma":"ухватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught hold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ухватил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"тащить","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to pull"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c8-s90","source":"Иван Федорович видел, что это были какие-то бумаги или какая-то пачка бумаг Смердяков вытащил ее и положил на стол.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich saw that it was some papers, or some packet of papers; Smerdyakov drew it out and laid it on the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие-то бумаги или какая-то пачка","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» — 'some … or other'","body":"«какой-то» ('some kind of', specific but unidentified) twice marks Ivan's blurred perception: 'some papers, or some packet'. The pronoun agrees as an adjective with «бумаги» (plural) and «пачка» (feminine)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бумаги","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какие-то, determiner of бумаги","gloss":"some","note":"какие-то ('some') is one indefinite determiner split by the tagger into two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какие-то, determiner of бумаги","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of были","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какая-то, determiner of пачка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какая-то, determiner of пачка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"пачка","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бумаги, complement of были","gloss":"a packet"},{"surface":"бумаг","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачка","gloss":"of papers"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"drew it out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытащил","gloss":"laid it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c8-s91","source":"— Вот-с! — сказал он тихо.","translation":"\"There, sir!\" he said quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вот-с!","title":"«Вот-с!» — 'There, sir!'","body":"«Вот» is the presentative 'here / there it is', and the deferential «-с» clings even to this one-word exclamation. The whole utterance is Smerdyakov laying his evidence — and his servility — before Ivan in a single breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"interjection","role":"main utterance","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с!","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to Вот","gloss":"sir","note":"-с is an archaic deferential clitic (servant's speech), roughly 'sir/ma'am'."},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"quietly"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c8-s92","source":"— Что? — ответил трясясь Иван.","translation":"\"What?\" Ivan answered, trembling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил трясясь Иван","title":"Imperfective gerund «трясясь» inside the tag","body":"«трясясь» (present «деепричастие» of «трястись», reflexive 'to shake') is wedged between verb and subject — 'answered, trembling, Ivan'. Russian's free order lets the gerund sit mid-clause for vividness."}],"words":[{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"трясясь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c8-s93","source":"— Извольте взглянуть-с, — так же тихо произнес Смердяков.","translation":"\"Be so good as to look, sir,\" Smerdyakov pronounced just as quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извольте взглянуть-с","title":"«Извольте» — formal 'be so good as to'","body":"«извольте» (imperative of «изволить») is an ornate, deferential way to invite an action: 'kindly look, deign to look'. With «взглянуть» ('to take a glance') and «-с» it piles courtesy on courtesy — Smerdyakov's mock-servile politeness at its richest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Извольте","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to взглянуть","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихо (так же = 'just as')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c8-s94","source":"Иван шагнул к столу, взялся было за пачку и стал ее развертывать, но вдруг отдернул пальцы как будто от прикосновения какого-то отвратительного, страшного гада.","translation":"Ivan stepped up to the table, took hold of the packet and began to unwrap it, but suddenly jerked back his fingers as though from the touch of some loathsome, dreadful reptile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взялся было … стал … но вдруг отдернул","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted intention","body":"«было» after a perfective verb signals an action begun but checked or undone: «взялся было» = 'he had just taken hold (but…)'. It sets up the reversal «но вдруг отдернул» ('but suddenly jerked back'). A subtle, very Russian aspectual nuance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто от прикосновения какого-то отвратительного, страшного гада","title":"Genitive after «от»; simile of the reptile","body":"«от» governs the genitive «прикосновения» ('touch'), itself heading a genitive chain «какого-то … гада» ('of some loathsome reptile'). «как будто» frames the whole as simile — Ivan recoils as if from a snake."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"взялся","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"took hold"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun (взялся было = 'started to')","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачку","gloss":"hold of"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взялся","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развертывать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"развертывать","lemma":"развёртывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to unwrap"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдернул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отдернул","lemma":"отдёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"jerked back"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отдернул","gloss":"his fingers"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как будто ('as though')","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как будто","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прикосновения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прикосновения","lemma":"прикосновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдернул","gloss":"the touch"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какого-то, determiner of гада","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какого-то, determiner of гада","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"отвратительного","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гада","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отвратительного","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"гада","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прикосновения","gloss":"reptile"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c8-s95","source":"— Пальцы-то у вас всё дрожат-с, в судороге, — заметил Смердяков и сам не спеша развернул бумагу.","translation":"\"Your fingers keep trembling, sir, in a spasm,\" Smerdyakov observed, and himself unhurriedly unwrapped the paper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пальцы-то у вас всё дрожат","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + «у вас» possession","body":"«Пальцы-то» foregrounds the fingers as topic ('your fingers, now'); «у вас» ('by you') is the possessive frame — 'your fingers'. «всё» here is adverbial, 'keep on', stressing the unbroken trembling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спеша развернул","title":"«не спеша» — 'unhurriedly'","body":"«не спеша» is the fixed adverbial gerund of «спешить» ('to hurry'), 'without haste'. Set against Ivan's spasm, Smerdyakov's deliberate «развернул» ('unwrapped', perfective, one decisive act) sharpens the contrast in nerve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дрожат","gloss":"your fingers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches emphatic particle to Пальцы","gloss":"indeed","note":"colloquial emphatic/topicalizing '-то', not the pronoun 'that'."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у (idiom 'у вас' = 'your')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожат","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"дрожат","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are trembling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to дрожат","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судороге,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судороге,","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожат","gloss":"a spasm"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on развернул","gloss":"hurrying","note":"'не спеша' is a fixed idiom meaning 'unhurriedly'."},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"unwrapped"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"the paper"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c8-s96","source":"Под оберткой оказались три пачки сторублевых радужных кредиток.","translation":"Under the wrapper there proved to be three bundles of hundred-rouble rainbow notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказались три пачки сторублевых … кредиток","title":"Numeral «три» + genitive singular «пачки»","body":"«три» governs the genitive singular «пачки» ('bundles'), and the counted notes «кредиток» stand in the genitive plural after «пачки». The chained genitives are exactly how Russian counts and measures."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оберткой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"оберткой","lemma":"обёртка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказались","gloss":"the wrapper"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there proved to be"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пачки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"пачки","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"bundles"},{"surface":"сторублевых","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кредиток","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кредиток","gloss":"rainbow"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачки","gloss":"notes"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c8-s97","source":"— Все здесь-с, все три тысячи, хоть не считайте. Примите-с, — пригласил он Ивана, кивая на деньги.","translation":"\"It's all here, sir, all three thousand, you needn't even count it. Take it, sir,\" he invited Ivan, nodding toward the money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть не считайте","title":"Concessive «хоть» + imperfective imperative","body":"«хоть» here means 'even, you needn't even'; «не считайте» is the negated imperfective imperative ('don't [bother to] count'). The imperfective fits a dismissed, unnecessary process — counting is pointless, it's all there."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кивая на деньги","title":"Imperfective gerund «кивая» of attendant action","body":"«кивая» (present «деепричастие» of «кивать», 'to nod') describes the gesture accompanying «пригласил» ('invited'). «на деньги» — «на» + accusative — points the nod toward the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Все","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to здесь","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Все","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of считайте","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"считайте","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"count it"},{"surface":"Примите","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to Примите","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пригласил","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пригласил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"кивая","lemma":"кивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пригласил","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кивая","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c8-s98","source":"Иван опустился на стул. Он был бледен как платок.","translation":"Ivan sank onto the chair. He was pale as a sheet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был бледен как платок","title":"Short adjective «бледен» as predicate","body":"«бледен» is the masculine short form of «бледный» ('pale'), used predicatively with «был» to state Ivan's condition. The short adjective, more bookish than the long form, suits the narrator's measured description. «как платок» ('like a kerchief') is the set Russian simile for paleness (English 'as a sheet')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бледен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бледен","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking платок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледен","gloss":"a sheet"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c8-s99","source":"— Ты меня испугал… с этим чулком… — проговорил он, как-то странно ухмыляясь.","translation":"\"You frightened me… with that stocking…\" he said, smirking somehow strangely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то странно ухмыляясь","title":"Indefinite adverb «как-то» + gerund","body":"«как-то» ('somehow', the indefinite of «как») hedges the manner — 'smirking somehow strangely'. «ухмыляясь» is the imperfective gerund of «ухмыляться», the attendant manner of his speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испугал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of испугал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чулком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чулком","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чулком","lemma":"чулок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испугал","gloss":"stocking"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как-то, modifies странно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ухмыляясь","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"ухмыляясь","lemma":"ухмыляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"smirking"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c8-s100","source":"— Неужто же, неужто вы до сих пор не знали? — спросил еще раз Смердяков.","translation":"\"Can it really be, can it really be that until now you knew nothing?\" Smerdyakov asked once again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто же, неужто вы до сих пор не знали?","title":"Repeated «неужто» of mounting disbelief","body":"«неужто» (folk «неужели») marks incredulous astonishment; its doubling, the second with «же» for insistence, conveys Smerdyakov's growing amazement that Ivan truly did not know. «до сих пор» = 'up to now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats Неужто for emphasis","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали?","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom 'до сих пор' = 'until now')","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали?","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали?","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by Неужто","gloss":"did you know"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c8-s101","source":"— Нет, не знал. Я всё на Дмитрия думал. Брат! Брат! Ах! — Он вдруг схватил себя за голову обеими руками. — Слушай: ты один убил? Без брата или с братом?","translation":"\"No, I didn't know. I kept thinking it was Dmitri. Brother! Brother! Ah!\" He suddenly clutched his head with both hands. \"Listen: did you kill him alone? Without my brother, or together with him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё на Дмитрия думал","title":"«думать на» (кого) — to suspect","body":"«думать на кого-то» (with «на» + accusative animate «на Дмитрия») is the colloquial idiom 'to suspect someone'. The adverbial «всё» means 'all along, kept'. So: 'I kept suspecting Dmitri'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил себя за голову обеими руками","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» + body-part «за голову»","body":"«схватил себя за голову» follows the Russian body-part pattern: «себя» (the reflexive object, 'himself') plus «за» + accusative naming the part seized ('by the head'). «обеими руками» is the instrumental of means, 'with both hands'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты один убил? Без брата или с братом?","title":"«один» 'alone'; «без» vs «с» governing case","body":"«один» here means 'alone, by yourself'. The contrasting prepositions show their cases: «без» + genitive «брата» ('without [my] brother'), «с» + instrumental «братом» ('with [my] brother') — the very opposition the case system exists to mark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as the negative answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия (idiom 'думать на' = 'suspect')","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Brother!"},{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, repeats the previous","gloss":"Brother!"},{"surface":"Ах!","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah!"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками.","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками.","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"my brother"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with брата","gloss":"my brother"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c8-s102","source":"— Всего только вместе с вами-с; с вами вместе убил-с, а Дмитрий Федорович как есть безвинны-с.","translation":"\"Only together with you, sir; it was together with you that I killed him, sir, and Dmitri Fyodorovich is as innocent as can be, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вами вместе убил-с","title":"«с вами вместе» — instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«с вами» («с» + instrumental «вами») plus «вместе» ('together') doubly stresses joint action: 'together with you'. Smerdyakov reorders it («только вместе с вами … с вами вместе») to hammer Ivan's complicity home."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как есть безвинны","title":"«как есть» — 'utterly, completely'","body":"«как есть» is a folk intensifier, 'just as he is, utterly'. «безвинны» is the short plural of «безвинный» ('guiltless') — plural because of the respectful «вы»-style address to Dmitri Fyodorovich. So: 'is as innocent as can be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase с вами","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to вами","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I killed him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to убил","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как есть","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, part of the idiom как есть","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"безвинны","lemma":"безвинный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate adjective of есть","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to безвинны","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c8-s103","source":"— Хорошо, хорошо… Обо мне потом. Чего это я всё дрожу… Слова не могу выговорить.","translation":"\"All right, all right… About me later. Why is it I keep trembling so… I can't get a word out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слова не могу выговорить","title":"Genitive of negation: «слова не могу выговорить»","body":"Under negated «не могу выговорить», the object «слово» appears as genitive «слова» — 'I can't get out [even] a word'. The genitive of negation here lends a sense of 'not so much as one word'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего это я всё дрожу","title":"Colloquial «чего» for 'why'; emphatic «это»","body":"«Чего» (genitive of «что») colloquially stands for 'why'; «это» is an untranslatable focusing particle, 'why is it that…'. «всё дрожу» — imperfective present with adverbial «всё», 'I keep trembling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone as agreement","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats Хорошо for emphasis","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"Обо","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the elliptical clause","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дрожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожу","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"дрожу","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выговорить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"выговорить","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"get out"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c8-s104","source":"— Всё тогда смелы были-с, «всё, дескать, позволено», говорили-с, а теперь вот так испугались! — пролепетал, дивясь, Смердяков. — Лимонаду не хотите ли, сейчас прикажу-с. Очень освежить может. Только вот это бы прежде накрыть-с.","translation":"\"You were so bold back then, sir — 'everything is permitted,' you used to say, sir — and now look how frightened you are!\" Smerdyakov stammered, marveling. \"Wouldn't you care for some lemonade, I'll have it brought at once, sir. It can be very refreshing. Only this had best be covered up first, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'so to say'","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging that the speaker is quoting someone else's words, often with irony: 'as he put it', 'supposedly'. Smerdyakov uses it to mark Ivan's old phrase as Ivan's own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смелы были-с … испугались","title":"Short adjective «смелы» + reflexive «испугались»","body":"«смелы» is the short plural of «смелый» ('bold'), predicative with «были» (polite plural for «вы»): 'you were bold'. Against it stands «испугались» ('got frightened'), the «-ся» perfective of change of state — the reversal Smerdyakov mocks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лимонаду не хотите ли","title":"Partitive genitive + question particle «ли»","body":"«лимонаду» is a partitive genitive ('some lemonade'), the old «-у» partitive form. «не хотите ли» fronts the verb with «ли» for a polite, tentative offer — 'wouldn't you care for…?'. A courtly, bookish turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это бы прежде накрыть-с","title":"«бы» + infinitive — a softened 'ought to'","body":"«бы» with the infinitive «накрыть» expresses a gentle suggestion or 'ought': 'this had best be covered up first'. The mobile «бы» leans here on the topic «это», a typical placement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смелы","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смелы","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"смелы","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to смелы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to были","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical within the quote","gloss":"so they say"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"you used to say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to говорили","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались!","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались!","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"испугались!","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"you got frightened"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"дивясь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал","gloss":"marveling"},{"surface":"Смердяков.","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Лимонаду","lemma":"лимонад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"some lemonade"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикажу","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"прикажу","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll have it brought"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to прикажу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освежить","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"освежить","lemma":"освежить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"refresh"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of накрыть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional/suggestive накрыть","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыть","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"накрыть","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cover it"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential particle to накрыть","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c8-s105","source":"И он опять кивнул на пачки.","translation":"And he nodded again toward the bundles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кивнул на пачки","title":"«кивнуть на» + accusative — a single nod","body":"«кивнул» is the perfective semelfactive ('gave one nod'), against the imperfective «кивая» of s97; «на пачки» («на» + accusative) directs the gesture. «опять» ('again') links it back to that earlier nod."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кивнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кивнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"кивнул","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачки","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"пачки","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кивнул","gloss":"the bundles"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c8-s106","source":"Он двинулся было встать кликнуть в дверь Марью Кондратьевну, чтобы та сделала и принесла лимонаду, но, отыскивая чем бы накрыть деньги, чтобы та не увидела их, вынул было сперва платок, но так как тот опять оказался совсем засморканным, то взял со стола ту единственную лежавшую на нем толстую желтую книгу, которую заметил, войдя, Иван, и придавил ею деньги.","translation":"He made a move to get up and call Marya Kondratyevna through the door, to have her make and bring some lemonade, but, casting about for something to cover the money with so that she should not see it, he first drew out his handkerchief, yet since that proved once again to be thoroughly blown into, he took from the table the one solitary thick yellow book lying on it, the one Ivan had noticed on coming in, and pressed it down on the money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"двинулся было встать кликнуть","title":"Interrupted «было» + stacked infinitives","body":"«двинулся было» ('he made as if to move, but…') again uses «было» for an action begun and abandoned. The bare infinitives «встать кликнуть» ('to get up [and] call') stack purpose without a conjunction, a compressed colloquial chain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы та сделала и принесла … чтобы та не увидела","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы» twice opens a purpose clause whose verbs take the past form (the irrealis behind «чтобы»): «сделала … принесла … не увидела». «та» ('that one') is the demonstrative tracking Marya Kondratyevna as topic across the long sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отыскивая чем бы накрыть деньги","title":"Gerund + «чем бы» indirect deliberation","body":"«отыскивая» is an imperfective gerund ('casting about'); «чем бы накрыть» is an embedded deliberative — 'for something to cover [it] with', «чем» the instrumental 'with what', «бы» the hypothetical. A neat compression of 'looking for a thing to cover it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту единственную … книгу, которую заметил, войдя, Иван","title":"Relative «которую» + gerund «войдя»","body":"«которую» ('which', accusative as object of «заметил») opens the relative clause modifying «книгу». Nested inside is the perfective gerund «войдя» ('on entering'), a prior act — Ivan had noticed the book as he came in. Layered subordination is the hallmark of this dense literary sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засморканным","title":"«засморканный» — 'blown into', soiled","body":"«засморканный», a past passive participle from «сморкаться» ('to blow one's nose'), means a handkerchief thoroughly used and soiled. The earthy, slightly repellent detail is pure Dostoevskian realism — even the murderer's props are squalid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of двинулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"двинулся","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made a move"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun (двинулся было = 'made a move to')","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of двинулся","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"кликнуть","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of встать","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кликнуть","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"Марью","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кликнуть","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевну","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марью","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on кликнуть","gloss":"would make it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделала","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"лимонаду","lemma":"лимонад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"some lemonade"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отыскивая","lemma":"отыскивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынул","gloss":"searching for"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрыть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase чем","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"накрыть","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отыскивая","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of накрыть","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидела","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of увидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увидела","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on накрыть","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидела","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулся","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun (вынул было = 'started to draw out')","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"his handkerchief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так как ('since')","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засморканным","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"засморканным","lemma":"засморканный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оказался","gloss":"blown into"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause взял (correlate of так как)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулся","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книгу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"единственную","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"one solitary"},{"surface":"лежавшую","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying книгу","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшую","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"толстую","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"желтую","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on книгу","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придавил","lemma":"придавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулся","gloss":"pressed down"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придавил","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of придавил","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c8-s107","source":"Название книги было: «Святого отца нашего Исаака Сирина слова».","translation":"The title of the book was: \"The Homilies of Our Holy Father Isaac the Syrian.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Святого отца нашего Исаака Сирина слова","title":"A heaped genitive title; Church-Slavonic word order","body":"The title is one long genitive phrase modifying «слова» ('the words/homilies of…'): «Святого отца нашего Исаака Сирина» all in the genitive. The possessor-before-noun order and the form «Сирина» ('the Syrian') echo Church-Slavonic liturgical titling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Название","lemma":"название","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the title"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Название","gloss":"of the book"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Исаака","lemma":"исаак","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"Isaac"},{"surface":"Сирина","lemma":"сирин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Исаака","gloss":"the Syrian"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate nominal of было","gloss":"the homilies"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c8-s108","source":"Иван Федорович успел машинально прочесть заглавие.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich managed mechanically to read the title.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел машинально прочесть заглавие","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive «прочесть»","body":"«успел … прочесть» means 'managed/had time to read'. «прочесть» is a perfective (variant of «прочитать»), so the reading is a single completed glance at the «заглавие» (title). «машинально» — 'mechanically', without intending to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочесть","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"прочесть","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"заглавие","lemma":"заглавие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочесть","gloss":"the title"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c8-s109","source":"— Не хочу лимонаду, — сказал он. — Обо мне потом. Садись и говори: как ты это сделал? Всё говори…","translation":"\"I don't want any lemonade,\" he said. \"About me later. Sit down and tell me: how did you do it? Tell me everything…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садись и говори … Всё говори","title":"Imperfective imperatives «садись», «говори»","body":"«садись» and «говори» are imperfective («-и/-ь») imperatives — fitting for inviting someone into an open, ongoing activity ('sit down and talk; tell it all'). A perfective «скажи» would demand one finished utterance; here Ivan wants the whole unfolding account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"лимонаду,","lemma":"лимонад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"lemonade"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он.","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Обо","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of Обо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Садись","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говори","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c8-s110","source":"— Вы бы пальто хоть сняли-с, а то весь взопреете.","translation":"\"You'd do well at least to take off your coat, sir, or else you'll be drenched in sweat.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы бы пальто хоть сняли-с","title":"«бы» + past form: a polite suggestion","body":"«вы бы … сняли» — past-tense «сняли» plus «бы» — softens a command into advice: 'you'd do well to take off [your coat]'. «хоть» ('at least') makes the suggestion gentler still. This «бы» + past 'you might…' is the courteous register of the conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взопреете","title":"«взопреть» — to break into a sweat","body":"«взопреть» is a homely, slightly coarse verb meaning 'to get all sweaty, drenched in sweat'. The everyday physicality keeps Smerdyakov's solicitude grounded and faintly insolent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сняли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with сняли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сняли","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сняли","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"сняли","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to сняли","gloss":"sir","note":"The colloquial \"-с\" (from сударь, \"sir/madam\") is a servile particle tacked onto words, marking deference to the addressee — here used constantly by Smerdyakov."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of а то","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided subject of взопреете","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"взопреете","lemma":"взопреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll sweat"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c8-s111","source":"Иван Федорович, будто теперь только догадавшись, сорвал пальто и бросил его, не сходя со стула, на лавку.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, as though only now realizing it, tore off his coat and, without rising from the chair, threw it onto the bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто теперь только догадавшись","title":"Perfective gerund «догадавшись» + «будто»","body":"«догадавшись» is the perfective past gerund of «догадаться» ('to realize, guess'): 'as though having only now realized it'. «будто» ('as if') frames the appearance, and «теперь только» ('only now') the belatedness — Ivan acting on the suggestion in a daze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сходя со стула","title":"Negated gerund «не сходя» — 'without rising'","body":"«не сходя со стула» ('not getting up from the chair') is an imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance, «со стула» being «с» + genitive 'off the chair'. It tells how Ivan threw the coat — still seated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догадавшись","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадавшись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадавшись","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"догадавшись","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сорвал","gloss":"realizing"},{"surface":"сорвал","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore off"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сорвал","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвал","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates сходя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сходя","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросил","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходя","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the bench"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c8-s112","source":"— Говори же, пожалуйста, говори!","translation":"\"Speak, then, please, speak!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори же, пожалуйста, говори!","title":"Imperative «говори» + urging «же»","body":"The imperfective imperative «говори» ('speak, keep talking') is doubled and stitched with the urging particle «же» — 'do speak, won't you!'. «же» on an imperative conveys impatient insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говори","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c8-s113","source":"Он как бы утих. Он уверенно ждал, что Смердяков ''всё'' теперь скажет.","translation":"He seemed to grow calmer. He waited confidently for Smerdyakov to tell him ''everything'' now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он уверенно ждал, что Смердяков «всё» теперь скажет","title":"«что»-clause + perfective future «скажет»","body":"«ждал, что … скажет» — the verb of expectation governs a «что»-clause whose verb «скажет» is the perfective simple future ('will tell [it all out]'). The perfective frames the awaited telling as one complete revelation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утих","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying утих","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"утих","lemma":"утихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew calm"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уверенно","lemma":"уверенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"confidently"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждал","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c8-s114","source":"— Об том, как это было сделано-с? — вздохнул Смердяков. — Самым естественным манером сделано было-с, с ваших тех самых слов…","translation":"\"About how it was done, sir?\" Smerdyakov sighed. \"It was done in the most natural manner, sir, on those very words of yours…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Самым естественным манером сделано было-с","title":"Short passive «сделано было» + instrumental of manner","body":"«сделано было» is the short past passive participle of «сделать» with «было» — the periphrastic passive, 'it was done'. The manner stands in the instrumental: «самым естественным манером» ('in the most natural way'), the agent left unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ваших тех самых слов","title":"«с» + genitive: 'on / from your very words'","body":"«с ваших … слов» («с» + genitive) means 'acting on your words, at your prompting'. The genitive «тех самых» ('those very') pins it to specific remembered words of Ivan's — the licence Smerdyakov keeps invoking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Об","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделано, modifying том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сделано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"Смердяков.","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies естественным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"естественным","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies манером","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделано","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to было","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of preposition с","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c8-s115","source":"— Об моих словах потом, — прервал опять Иван, но уже не крича, как прежде, твердо выговаривая слова и как бы совсем овладев собою. — Расскажи только в подробности, как ты это сделал. Всё по порядку. Ничего не забудь. Подробности, главное подробности. Прошу.","translation":"\"About my words later,\" Ivan interrupted again, but no longer shouting as before, enunciating his words firmly and as though he had wholly mastered himself. \"Only tell me in detail how you did it. Everything in order. Don't forget anything. The details, above all the details. I beg you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но уже не крича … твердо выговаривая слова","title":"Contrasting gerunds: «не крича» vs «выговаривая»","body":"Two imperfective gerunds frame Ivan's new manner: the negated «не крича» ('no longer shouting') and the positive «твердо выговаривая» ('firmly enunciating'). Both describe the ongoing way he «прервал» — his recovered composure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы совсем овладев собою","title":"Perfective gerund «овладев» + reflexive «собою»","body":"«овладев» is the perfective past gerund of «овладеть» ('to master'), a completed prior act; its object «собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» (the verb «овладеть» governs the instrumental): 'as though having wholly mastered himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Расскажи … Не забудь … Прошу","title":"Perfective imperatives for a single full account","body":"Now Ivan switches to perfective imperatives — «расскажи» ('tell out'), «не забудь» ('don't [leave] forget[ten]') — demanding one complete, finished narration, against the open imperfectives «говори»/«садись» of before. The aspect shift mirrors his hardened resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of Об","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"потом,","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb of the quoted clause (\"[we'll talk] about my words later\")","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крича, with не = no longer","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates крича","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прервал","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of крича","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговаривая","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"выговаривая","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прервал, coordinated with крича","gloss":"enunciating"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выговаривая","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying овладев","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладев","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"овладев","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прервал, coordinated with выговаривая","gloss":"mastering"},{"surface":"собою.","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладев","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Расскажи","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Расскажи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Расскажи","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Расскажи","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase, modified by по порядку","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядку","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of по, modifying Всё","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of забудь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates забудь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"Подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second подробности","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Подробности","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"Прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c8-s116","source":"— Вы уехали, я упал тогда в погреб-с…","translation":"\"You went off, and then I fell into the cellar, sir…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы уехали, я упал тогда в погреб","title":"Perfective past narration; «в погреб» motion","body":"«уехали» and «упал» are perfective pasts moving the story event by event ('you drove off; I fell'). «в погреб» is «в» + accusative for motion into a place (the cellar) — contrast «в погребе» which would mean location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уехали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уехали","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехали","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"cellar"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to погреб","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c8-s117","source":"— В падучей или притворился?","translation":"\"In a fit, or did you pretend?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"или притворился?","title":"Reflexive «притвориться» — to feign","body":"«притвориться» (perfective, «-ся» only) means 'to pretend, sham'. The «-ся» here is lexical — the verb simply does not exist without it — naming an act done to deceive."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of В","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"pretended"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c8-s118","source":"— Понятно, что притворился-с. Во всем притворился. С лестницы спокойно сошел-с, в самый низ-с, и спокойно лег-с, а как лег, тут и завопил. И бился, пока вынесли.","translation":"\"I pretended, of course, sir. I pretended in everything. I went calmly down the stairs, sir, right to the very bottom, sir, and lay down calmly, sir, and the moment I lay down I set up a screaming. And I thrashed about until they carried me out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С лестницы спокойно сошел … спокойно лег, а как лег, тут и завопил","title":"Perfective chain + «как … тут и»","body":"A string of perfectives narrates the staged fit step by step: «сошел … лег … завопил». «как лег, тут и завопил» is the colloquial 'no sooner had I lain down than I started screaming' — «как» 'the moment', «тут и» 'right then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бился, пока вынесли","title":"Imperfective «бился» + «пока» until-clause","body":"«бился» (imperfective past of «биться», reflexive 'to thrash') gives the durative writhing; «пока вынесли» ('until they carried [me] out') sets its endpoint, the perfective «вынесли» marking the completing event. Process against terminus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понятно","lemma":"понятно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate, introduces the clause of притворился","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притворился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Понятно","gloss":"I pretended"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to притворился","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the second притворился","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I pretended"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лестницы","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to сошел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низ","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies низ","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"низ","lemma":"низ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to низ","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лег","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошел","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to лег","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лег","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бился","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrashed about"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынесли","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вынесли","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бился","gloss":"they carried me out"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c8-s119","source":"— Стой! И всё время, и потом, и в больнице всё притворялся?","translation":"\"Stop! And the whole time, and afterward too, and in the hospital, you were pretending all along?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и всё время, и потом, и в больнице всё притворялся?","title":"Imperfective «притворялся» for sustained pretence","body":"Here the imperfective «притворялся» ('kept pretending') replaces the perfective «притворился» of s117–118: Ivan now asks about pretence sustained over a whole stretch of time — process, not a single act. The triple «и … и … и» ('and … and …') piles up the spans."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial complement of притворялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притворялся","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворялся","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворялся","gloss":"all along"},{"surface":"притворялся","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pretending"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c8-s120","source":"— Никак нет-с. На другой же день, наутро, до больницы еще, ударила настоящая, и столь сильная, что уже много лет таковой не бывало. Два дня был в совершенном беспамятстве.","translation":"\"By no means, sir. The very next day, in the morning, before the hospital even, a real one struck me, and so violent a one that there hadn't been the like in many years. For two days I lay in utter unconsciousness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Никак нет-с","title":"«Никак нет» — emphatic formal 'no'","body":"«никак нет» is a deferential, almost military negative reply, 'by no means, certainly not', the polite counterpart of «так точно» ('yes indeed'). With «-с» it fits Smerdyakov's servant's diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь сильная, что … таковой не бывало","title":"«столь … что» + bookish «таковой»","body":"«столь … что» ('so … that') is the bookish correlative of «так … что», introducing a result clause. «таковой» ('such a one') is an archaic, literary demonstrative for «такой» — elevated diction oddly in Smerdyakov's mouth. «не бывало» (imperfective) negates habitual past existence: 'there had not been the like'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в совершенном беспамятстве","title":"«беспамятство» — total unconsciousness","body":"«беспамятство» (from «без» + «память», 'without memory/senses') is 'a swoon, complete loss of consciousness'. «в совершенном беспамятстве» ('in utter unconsciousness') describes the real epileptic aftermath, sharpening the question of his feigned fit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударила","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"больницы","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of до","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударила","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ударила","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ударила","gloss":"a real one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильная","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сильная","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоящая","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"quantifier of лет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of много","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of бывало","gloss":"the like"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of что","gloss":"there had been"},{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial complement of был","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking subject (я) to беспамятстве","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенном","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспамятстве","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"unconsciousness"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c8-s121","source":"— Хорошо, хорошо. Продолжай дальше.","translation":"— Good, good. Go on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Продолжай дальше","title":"Imperfective command «продолжай»","body":"«Продолжай» is the imperfective imperative of «продолжать» — a command to keep an action going rather than to perform a single completed act. With «дальше» (further) it means 'go on, keep going'; the imperfective is the natural choice for telling someone to continue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with Хорошо","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Продолжай","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Продолжай","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c8-s122","source":"— Положили меня на эту койку-с, я так и знал, что за перегородку-с, потому Марфа Игнатьевна во все разы, как я болен, всегда меня на ночь за эту самую перегородку у себя в помещении клали-с. Нежные они всегда ко мне были с самого моего рождения-с. Ночью стонал-с, только тихо. Всё ожидал Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"— They laid me down on that cot, sir, and I knew it would be behind the partition, sir, for every time I fell ill Marfa Ignatyevna always put me to bed for the night behind that very partition, in her own quarters. They had always been gentle with me, ever since the day I was born, sir. In the night I groaned, sir, only softly. All the while I was waiting for Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"койку-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «койку», «перегородку», «стонал» and so on is the obsequious «словоерс», a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') once added by inferiors addressing superiors. Smerdyakov sprays it through his confession; it is the verbal cringe of a lackey, and Dostoevsky uses it to mark his servile, self-abasing register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нежные они всегда ко мне были","title":"Plural «они» of deferential respect","body":"Smerdyakov speaks of Marfa Ignatyevna with plural «они… были» and «клали-с» though she is one person. Servants used the plural to refer respectfully to a master or mistress — the same honorific plural that runs through his whole account («они прибудут», «доверяли»). Here it also forces plural agreement on the short adjective «нежные» and the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во все разы, как я болен","title":"Short adjective «болен» for a passing state","body":"«Болен» is the short (predicative) form of «больной», used for the temporary condition 'be ill' rather than the attributive 'a sick man'. Short adjectives can only predicate, and this one carries exactly the sense of an occasional bout of illness that recurs «во все разы» (every time)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё ожидал Дмитрия Федоровича","title":"Imperfective «ожидал» of drawn-out waiting","body":"The imperfective past «ожидал», reinforced by «всё» ('all the while'), frames the waiting as a continuous, unresolved process through the night. Russian likes the imperfective for this kind of standing background against which the night's events will later break."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laid"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Положили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking койку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of койку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"койку","lemma":"койка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Положили","gloss":"cot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to койку","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of так и","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, part of так и","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородку","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородку","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of за, within the что-clause","gloss":"the partition"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to перегородку","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause with клали","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of клали","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of разы","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"разы","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"temporal adverbial complement of клали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of clause modifying разы","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клали","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of клали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клали","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородку","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перегородку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перегородку","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"перегородку","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клали","gloss":"partition"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of у","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"помещении","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition в, modifying у себя","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"клали","lemma":"класть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to клали","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Нежные","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of ко, modifying Нежные","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождения","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рождения","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рождения","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to рождения","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стонал","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I groaned"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to стонал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонал","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c8-s123","source":"— Как ждал, к себе?","translation":"— Waiting how — for him to come to you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ждал, к себе?","title":"Reflexive «к себе» — 'to your own place'","body":"«К себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the dative after «к», meaning 'to one's own self/place' — here Ivan asks whether Smerdyakov was waiting for Dmitri to come to him. «Себя» always points back to the clause subject and has no nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c8-s124","source":"— Зачем ко мне. В дом их ждал, потому сумления для меня уже не было никакого в том, что они в эту самую ночь прибудут, ибо им, меня лишимшись и никаких сведений не имемши, беспременно приходилось самим в дом влезть через забор-с, как они умели-с, и что ни есть совершить.","translation":"— Why would he come to me. I waited for him to come to the house, sir, for I no longer had the slightest doubt that he would turn up that very night, since, having lost me and having no word of anything, he would inevitably be obliged to climb into the house himself over the fence, sir, as he knew how to do, and to carry out whatever he meant to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумления","title":"Folk «сумление» for «сомнение»","body":"«Сумления» is Smerdyakov's substandard pronunciation of «сомнения» ('doubt'). Such folk distortions — also «отлепартую», «оченно», «убивство» below — mark his half-educated, lower-class speech and are a deliberate stylization on Dostoevsky's part."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумления для меня уже не было никакого","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"After «не было» the thing that is absent stands in the genitive: «сумления… никакого» (no doubt at all). This obligatory genitive of negation, with the negative «никакого» agreeing in case, is one of the genitive's most pervasive jobs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня лишимшись и никаких сведений не имемши","title":"Archaic gerunds «лишимшись», «имемши»","body":"These are Smerdyakov's malformed perfective past gerunds (деепричастия) for 'having lost [me]' and 'having no [news]'. The correct forms would be «лишившись» and «не имея»; his folksy «-мши» endings are a vulgar archaism that pepper his speech («женимшись», «избимши», «знамши» below). The construction names a prior circumstance sharing the main subject — Dmitri."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» ('for, because')","body":"«Ибо» is an elevated, archaic-literary conjunction for 'for, because', incongruously grand in the mouth of a lackey. Smerdyakov mixes such bookish connectives («ибо», «беспременно») with crude folk forms, a clash that defines his half-learned voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно","title":"Folk «беспременно» for «непременно»","body":"«Беспременно» ('without fail, certainly') is the colloquial, substandard variant of «непременно». It recurs through his account and belongs to the same lower-class layer as «сумления» and «оченно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"main word of the fragment","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зачем","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"him","note":"Respectful plural for a single person (Dmitri), old servant-speech convention."},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I waited"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"doubt","note":"Dialectal/misspelled form of сомнения (\"doubt\"); genitive because negated."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies сумления","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибудут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибудут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибудут","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"прибудут","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause explaining том","gloss":"would turn up"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходилось","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of приходилось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of лишимшись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лишимшись","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"gerund, past, perfective, reflexive","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying приходилось","gloss":"having lost","note":"Dialectal gerund form of лишившись."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links лишимшись and имемши","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сведений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сведений","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имемши (genitive under negation)","gloss":"word/news"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имемши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имемши","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"gerund, past, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лишимшись","gloss":"having","note":"Archaic/dialectal gerund of иметь (\"to have\")."},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходилось","gloss":"inevitably","note":"Dialectal for непременно (\"certainly\")."},{"surface":"приходилось","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"he had to"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural, emphatic","role":"complement of приходилось","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влезть","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"влезть","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приходилось","gloss":"to climb in"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влезть","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to забор","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The \"-с\" suffix is old deferential servant-speech, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умели","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умели","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умели","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying влезть","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to умели","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершить","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ни есть","gloss":"-ever","note":"Idiom что ни есть = \"whatever there might be\"."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase что ни есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with влезть","gloss":"to carry out"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c8-s125","source":"— А если бы не пришел?","translation":"— And if he had not come?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если бы не пришел?","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… пришёл»","body":"«Если бы» plus the past-tense «пришёл» forms the irrealis conditional: 'and if he had not come?'. Russian builds all hypotheticals from past form + the particle «бы», whatever the real-world time; only context tells us this is a past counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous line","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of пришел","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c8-s126","source":"— Тогда ничего бы и не было-с. Без них не решился бы.","translation":"— Then nothing at all would have happened, sir. Without him I would never have brought myself to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда ничего бы и не было-с","title":"Conditional in the apodosis: «ничего бы… не было»","body":"The «бы» here answers the previous «если бы»: 'then nothing would have happened'. Note the negative concord «ничего… не было» (genitive of negation under «не было») and how «бы» leans on the early word «ничего» rather than the verb, as the mobile particle often does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без них не решился бы","title":"Reflexive «решиться» + conditional","body":"«Решился бы» is the conditional of «решиться» ('to bring oneself to, resolve'), a -ся verb of inner resolve. The deferential plural «них» again stands for Dmitri alone, governed by «без» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of было","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have happened"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to было","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The \"-с\" suffix is old deferential servant-speech, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of решился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"would have brought myself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of решился","gloss":"(conditional)"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c8-s127","source":"— Хорошо, хорошо… говори понятнее, не торопись, главное — ничего не пропускай!","translation":"— Good, good… speak more plainly, don't hurry, and above all — leave nothing out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори понятнее, не торопись, ничего не пропускай","title":"Imperfective imperatives, including negated ones","body":"Ivan strings imperfective commands: «говори» (keep speaking), «не торопись» (don't hurry — reflexive), «не пропускай» (leave nothing out). Negated commands take the imperfective almost automatically, and «понятнее» is the comparative 'more plainly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, depends on &","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated exclamation coordinated with w1","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"понятнее","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"more clearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торопись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"торопись","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective, reflexive","role":"coordinated with говори","gloss":"hurry"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with the clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of пропускай","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропускай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пропускай","lemma":"пропускать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говори","gloss":"leave out"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c8-s128","source":"— Я ждал, что они Федора Павловича убьют-с… это наверно-с. Потому я их уже так приготовил… в последние дни-с… а главное — те знаки им стали известны. При ихней мнительности и ярости, что в них за эти дни накопилась, беспременно через знаки в самый дом должны были проникнуть-с. Это беспременно. Я так их и ожидал-с.","translation":"— I was waiting for them to kill Fyodor Pavlovich, sir… that much was certain, sir. Because I had already worked them up to it so… in those last days, sir… and the main thing was — by then they knew the signals. With their suspicious nature and the fury that had built up in them over those days, they were bound to get into the house itself by means of the signals, sir. That was certain. And so I waited for them, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"те знаки","title":"«знаки» — the prearranged signals","body":"«Знаки» here are the secret knocks on the window agreed between Fyodor Pavlovich and his sons/servant to signal a visitor (especially Grushenka). They are the pivot of the whole murder plot and return repeatedly («через знаки», «знаки я простучал»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"При ихней мнительности и ярости","title":"Substandard possessive «ихней»; «при» + prepositional","body":"«Ихней» is the nonstandard, declined form of «их» ('their'), which in correct Russian is invariable — another mark of Smerdyakov's speech. «При» governs the prepositional «мнительности… ярости» to mean 'given / with their suspiciousness and fury'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны были проникнуть-с","title":"«должны были» + perfective infinitive of inevitability","body":"«Должны были проникнуть» ('were bound to get in') pairs the modal «должны были» with the perfective infinitive «проникнуть», presenting the break-in as a single, foregone, completed event. The perfective here voices Smerdyakov's certainty that it had to happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убьют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьют","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"убьют","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждал","gloss":"would kill"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to убьют","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The \"-с\" suffix is old deferential servant-speech, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наверно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to наверно","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приготовил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приготовил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had worked up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приготовил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to дни","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with the clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стали","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"ихней","lemma":"их","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мнительности","gloss":"their","note":"Dialectal possessive ихней for их."},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должны","gloss":"suspicious nature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мнительности","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накопилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of накопилась","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of накопилась","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"накопилась","lemma":"накопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying ярости","gloss":"had built up"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"by means of"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проникнуть","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникнуть","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"were bound to"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"проникнуть","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"to get in"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to проникнуть","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of беспременно","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to ожидал","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c8-s129","source":"— Стой, — прервал Иван, — ведь если б он убил, то взял бы деньги и унес; ведь ты именно так должен был рассуждать? Что ж тебе-то досталось бы после него? Я не вижу.","translation":"— Wait, — Ivan broke in, — but if he had killed him, he would have taken the money and carried it off; surely that is exactly how you had to reason it out? What, then, would have been left for you, after him? I don't see it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь если б он убил, то взял бы деньги и унес","title":"Particle «ведь» framing a counterfactual chain","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared reasoning ('but surely, after all'), softening Ivan's challenge. The clause is a past counterfactual: «если б он убил, то взял бы… и унёс» — 'if he had killed, he would have taken the money and carried it off', the «бы» shared across both perfective verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж тебе-то досталось бы после него?","title":"Dative «тебе» + the topic clitic «-то»","body":"«Досталось бы тебе» is a dative-experiencer construction: 'what would have been left to you'. The emphatic clitic «-то» on «тебе-то» foregrounds the contrast — 'to you, of all people' — while «ж» («же») adds insistence to the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Иван,","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the reasoning that follows","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of убил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взял","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote","gloss":"would have taken"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of взял","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the rhetorical question","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to reason"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of досталось","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of досталось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тебе","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The suffix -то here is a topicalizing emphatic particle, not the word \"that\"."},{"surface":"досталось","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have fallen to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of досталось","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of досталось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c8-s130","source":"— Так ведь деньги-то бы они никогда и не нашли-с. Это ведь их только я научил, что деньги под тюфяком. Только это была неправда-с. Прежде в шкатунке лежали, вот как было-с.","translation":"— But the money they would never have found, sir. It was only from me that they had it the money was under the mattress. Only that wasn't the truth, sir. It used to lie in the strongbox, that's how it really was, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги-то бы они никогда и не нашли-с","title":"Stacked particles «-то… бы… и» with negation","body":"The topic clitic «-то» marks «деньги» as the known theme; «бы» makes the clause counterfactual ('would never have found'); «никогда… не» is negative concord. The whole is Smerdyakov insisting that the money would never have been found — note the deferential plural «они» for Dmitri."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"под тюфяком","title":"«тюфяк» — the mattress","body":"A «тюфяк» is a stuffed mattress or pallet. The false rumour that the money lay «под тюфяком» (under the mattress) versus its true hiding place is central to Smerdyakov's clinching proof of his own cunning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в шкатунке","title":"Folk «шкатунка» for «шкатулка»","body":"«Шкатунка» is Smerdyakov's distortion of «шкатулка», a small casket or strongbox for valuables. The garbled form belongs to his characteristic mispronunciations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to деньги","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of нашли","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have found"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to нашли","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The \"-с\" suffix is old deferential servant-speech, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft/resumptive pronoun anticipating the что-clause (deньги под тюфяком), not itself a direct object — их (w14) is the direct object of научил","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научил","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb \"were\"","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неправда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to неправда","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежали","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкатунке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкатунке","lemma":"шкатулка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the strongbox","note":"Dialectal spelling of шкатулке."},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to lie"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause completing вот как","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to было","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c8-s131","source":"А потом я Федора Павловича, так как они мне единственно во всем человечестве одному доверяли, научил пакет этот самый с деньгами в угол за образа перенесть, потому что там совсем никто не догадается особенно коли спеша придет.","translation":"And afterward I, since they trusted me alone of all the human race, taught Fyodor Pavlovich to move that same packet with the money into the corner behind the icons, because nobody at all would ever guess to look there, especially someone coming in a hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли спеша придет","title":"Folk «коли» + the gerund «спеша»","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial/archaic 'if, when' for «если/когда». «Спеша» is the imperfective present gerund of «спешить» ('hurrying'), describing the manner of someone «придёт» in a rush. The gerund shares the subject of «придёт»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies научил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of доверяли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доверяли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of человечестве","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доверяли","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мне","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"доверяли","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on научил","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесть","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесть","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образа","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"the icons","note":"Colloquial plural образа for иконы (\"icons\")."},{"surface":"перенесть","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of научил","gloss":"to move","note":"Dialectal infinitive form of перенести."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадается","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of догадается","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадается","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on научил","gloss":"would guess"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal for если/когда (\"if/when\")."},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"gerund, imperfective","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"in a hurry"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c8-s132","source":"Так он там, пакет этот, у них в углу за образами и лежал-с.","translation":"And so it lay there, that packet, in their corner behind the icons, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так он там, пакет этот, у них в углу за образами и лежал-с","title":"Topic dislocation and emphatic «и»","body":"The sentence loops back on its topic: pronoun «он» is restated as «пакет этот», and the locatives «там… у них в углу за образами» pile up before the verb «лежал». The particle «и» before «лежал» emphasizes 'and so it did lie there' — the loose, additive word order of spoken narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"образами","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"the icons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to лежал","gloss":"(sir)","note":"The \"-с\" suffix is old deferential servant-speech, roughly \"sir\"."}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c8-s133","source":"А под тюфяком так и смешно бы их было держать вовсе, в шкатунке по крайней мере под ключом. А здесь все теперь поверили, что будто бы под тюфяком лежали. Глупое рассуждение-с.","translation":"Under the mattress it would have been downright absurd to keep it at all; in the strongbox it was at least under lock and key. But now everyone here believes it supposedly lay under the mattress. A foolish line of reasoning, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смешно бы их было держать вовсе","title":"Impersonal predicate «смешно… было» + «бы»","body":"«Смешно бы было держать» is an impersonal construction: the neuter predicative «смешно» ('absurd') plus «было» and the infinitive, made hypothetical by «бы» — 'it would have been absurd to keep'. There is no nominative subject; «их» is the object of «держать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы под тюфяком лежали","title":"«будто бы» — reported falsehood","body":"«Будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags the claim as hearsay Smerdyakov knows to be untrue: everyone believes the money 'supposedly lay' under the mattress. The «бы» here is fused into the comparative particle, not a separate conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Глупое рассуждение-с","title":"«рассуждение» — line of reasoning","body":"«Рассуждение» is reasoning, argument, a 'line of thought'. Smerdyakov's contemptuous «глупое рассуждение-с» — dismissing the mattress story as a 'foolish line of reasoning' — shows his pride in his own superior calculation, a recurring note in the confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держать","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of смешно","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смешно","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on смешно","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держать","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкатунке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкатунке","lemma":"шкатулка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel predicate to тюфяком","gloss":"the strongbox","note":"Dialectal spelling of шкатулке."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ключом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ключом","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided было","gloss":"lock and key"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверили","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"Глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"Foolish"},{"surface":"рассуждение","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to рассуждение","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c8-s134","source":"Так вот если бы Дмитрий Федорович совершили это самое убивство, то, ничего не найдя, или бы убежали-с поспешно, всякого шороху боясь, как и всегда бывает с убивцами, или бы арестованы были-с.","translation":"So then, if Dmitri Fyodorovich had committed that very murder, he would either, finding nothing, have fled in haste, sir, starting at every rustle, the way murderers always do, or else he would have been arrested, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы Дмитрий Федорович совершили это самое убивство, то… или бы убежали… или бы арестованы были","title":"Branching counterfactual with paired «или бы»","body":"A complex past conditional: the «если бы» protasis ('had he committed the murder') opens two hypothetical outcomes, each carrying its own «бы» — «или бы убежали… или бы арестованы были» ('would either have fled… or have been arrested'). The deferential plural again governs «совершили… убежали… были»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не найдя","title":"Negated gerund «не найдя»","body":"«Не найдя» is the perfective past gerund of «найти» ('having found nothing'), with negation and the genitive-of-negation object «ничего». It compresses 'since he found nothing' into a single adverbial sharing the subject of «убежали»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убивцами","title":"Folk «убивец» for «убийца»","body":"«Убивец» (here instrumental plural «убивцами») is the dialectal/colloquial word for 'murderer', beside standard «убийца». With «убивство» for «убийство», it stamps the whole confession with Smerdyakov's peasant diction — and Dostoevsky reuses «убивец» pointedly for the moral charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse opener, correlates with то","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with Так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of совершили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершили","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"совершили","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если бы-clause (protasis)","gloss":"had committed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убивство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убивство","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"убивство","lemma":"убивство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершили","gloss":"murder","note":"Archaic/dialectal spelling of убийство."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of найдя","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдя","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying убежали","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убежали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"убежали","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (first disjunct)","gloss":"have fled"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to убежали as politeness marker","gloss":"sir","note":"The -с suffix (from сударь) is a servile politeness tag attached to words in Smerdyakov's speech."},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежали","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шороху","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"шороху","lemma":"шорох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of боясь","gloss":"rustle","note":"Archaic genitive singular in -у instead of -а."},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying убежали, coordinated with найдя","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying боясь","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убивцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"убивцами","lemma":"убивец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"murderers"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of арестованы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"арестованы","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"second main verb of the sentence, coordinated with убежали","gloss":"arrested"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of арестованы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to были as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c8-s135","source":"Так я тогда всегда мог-с, на другой день али даже в ту же самую ночь-с за образа слазить и деньги эти самые унести-с, всё бы на Дмитрия Федоровича и свалилось. Это я всегда мог надеяться.","translation":"And so I could always, sir — the next day, or even that very same night, sir — climb behind the icons and carry off that money, sir, and the whole thing would have fallen on Dmitri Fyodorovich. That I could always count on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"Folk «али» for «или»","body":"«Али» is a peasant/colloquial 'or' for «или» ('на другой день али даже в ту же самую ночь'). It recurs in his speech («женимшись… вышел бы», «поехали бы али остались») and is a clear marker of the lower-class oral register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё бы на Дмитрия Федоровича и свалилось","title":"Conditional «свалилось бы» — 'would have fallen on'","body":"«Свалилось бы… на Дмитрия Федоровича» is the conditional of «свалиться» ('to fall, be pinned on'), with «всё» as subject — 'the whole thing would have fallen on Dmitri'. The «бы» leans on «всё», and the «и» emphasizes the inevitability of the outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to мог as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of слазить","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (день / ночь)","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal variant of или ('or')."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of слазить, coordinated with день","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to ночь as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образа","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слазить","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"слазить","lemma":"слазить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"climb"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of унести","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"унести","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог, coordinated with слазить","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to унести as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свалилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of свалилось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалилось","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свалилось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"свалилось","lemma":"свалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"would fall"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized object of надеяться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"надеяться","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"count on"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c8-s136","source":"— Ну, а если б он не убил, а только избил?","translation":"— Well, and what if he hadn't killed him, but only beaten him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он не убил, а только избил","title":"Counterfactual with contrastive «а»","body":"Ivan poses another past hypothetical: «если б… не убил, а только избил» ('if he hadn't killed but only beaten'). The conjunction «а» marks the mild contrast/correction between the two perfectives, and a single «б» governs both."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker opening the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, coordinated with избил","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил in the если-clause","gloss":"beaten"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c8-s137","source":"— Если бы не убил, то я бы денег, конечно, взять не посмел и осталось бы втуне. Но был и такой расчет, что изобьют до бесчувствия, а я в то время и поспею взять, а там потом Федору-то Павловичу отлепартую, что это никто как Дмитрий Федорович, их избимши, деньги похитили.","translation":"— If he hadn't killed him, then of course I wouldn't have dared take the money, and it would have come to nothing. But there was this calculation too: that he would beat him senseless, and meanwhile I would have time to take it, and then later I'd report to Fyodor Pavlovich that it was none other than Dmitri Fyodorovich who, having beaten him, made off with the money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взять не посмел и осталось бы втуне","title":"Conditional «не посмел… осталось бы»","body":"Both clauses are counterfactual: «не посмел [бы] взять» ('would not have dared to take') and «осталось бы втуне» ('would have come to nothing'). Note the single «бы» doing double duty and the impersonal «осталось» with no subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"втуне","title":"Archaic «втуне» — 'in vain'","body":"«Втуне» is a bookish-archaic adverb meaning 'in vain, to no purpose, idly'. It sits oddly beside Smerdyakov's folk forms, again revealing the magpie literacy of a self-taught lackey."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отлепартую","title":"Garbled «отрапортую» → «отлепартую»","body":"«Отлепартую» is Smerdyakov's mangling of «отрапортую» ('I'll report'), itself from the military/bureaucratic «рапорт». The comically distorted officialese caps his pretension to clerkly competence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их избимши, деньги похитили","title":"Folk gerund «избимши» of attendant action","body":"«Избимши» is his substandard perfective gerund of «избить» ('having beaten'), describing the circumstance under which Dmitri supposedly «похитили» the money. The correct form is «избив»; the «-мши» ending is the same vulgar archaism as «лишимшись»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis) of посмел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посмел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмел","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of осталось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"втуне","lemma":"втуне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изобьют (complement of расчет)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изобьют","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of расчет","gloss":"would beat"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчувствия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"бесчувствия","lemma":"бесчувствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобьют","gloss":"senselessness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поспею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal modifier of поспею","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поспею","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспею","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"will manage in time"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспею","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлепартую","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлепартую, coordinated with там","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отлепартую","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to Федору (emphatic/topic marker)","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The suffixed -то here is an emphatic/topic particle, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"отлепартую","lemma":"отрапортовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with поспею","gloss":"report","note":"Smerdyakov's malapropism for отрапортую ('I'll report')."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of никто (complement of отлепартую)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of никто","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, links никто and Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (identifies никто)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of избимши","gloss":"him","note":"Deferential plural pronoun used for a single person (Fyodor Pavlovich)."},{"surface":"избимши","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying похитили","gloss":"having beaten","note":"Dialectal converb form, standard would be избив."},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of похитили","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"похитили","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (predicate of Дмитрий Федорович)","gloss":"stole"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c8-s138","source":"— Стой… я путаюсь. Стало быть, всё же Дмитрий убил, а ты только деньги взял?","translation":"— Wait… I'm getting confused. So it turns out that Dmitri did the killing after all, and you only took the money?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, всё же Дмитрий убил, а ты только деньги взял?","title":"Perfectives «убил»/«взял»; «стало быть»","body":"Ivan reconstructs the sequence in perfective past — «убил» (did the killing), «взял» (took the money) — each a single completed event. «Стало быть» ('so, it turns out') draws the inference, and «а» contrasts the two roles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of путаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"путаюсь","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am getting confused"},{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало","gloss":"turns out","note":"Стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'so, it follows that.'"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил (part of всё же)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Стало быть","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил (second clausal complement of Стало быть)","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c8-s139","source":"— Нет, это не они убили-с. Что ж, я бы мог вам и теперь сказать, что убивцы они… да не хочу я теперь пред вами лгать, потому… потому что если вы действительно, как сам вижу, не понимали ничего доселева и не притворялись предо мной, чтоб явную вину свою на меня же в глаза свалить, то всё же вы виновны во всем-с, ибо про убивство вы знали-с и мне убить поручили-с, а сами, всё знамши, уехали.","translation":"— No, it wasn't he who did the killing, sir. Of course, I could tell you even now that they were the murderers… but I don't want to lie to you now, because… because if you really, as I see for myself, understood nothing of all this until now and were not merely feigning before me, so as to throw your own plain guilt onto me to my face, then all the same you are guilty in the whole thing, sir, for you knew about the murder, sir, and entrusted the killing to me, sir, and yourself, knowing everything, went away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы действительно… не понимали ничего доселева и не притворялись… то всё же вы виновны во всем-с","title":"Real (open) conditional with «если… то»","body":"Unlike the earlier counterfactuals, this «если… то» has no «бы»: it is a real condition about the present situation — 'if you really understood nothing… then all the same you are guilty'. «Виновны» is the short adjective predicate 'guilty'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселева","title":"Archaic «доселе(ва)» — 'until now'","body":"«Доселева» (for «доселе») is an archaic 'hitherto, until now', with a folk «-ва» tail. It belongs to the elevated-bookish layer Smerdyakov reaches for at his most rhetorical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне убить поручили-с, а сами, всё знамши, уехали","title":"Dative «мне» + gerund «знамши»","body":"«Мне… поручили» is the dative of the person entrusted ('entrusted the killing to me'). «Знамши» is again a substandard past gerund ('knowing everything') describing Ivan's state as he «уехали» — the deferential plural for Ivan. «Сами» intensifies: 'you yourself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker opening the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, cleft with они","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"he","note":"Deferential plural pronoun used for a single person (Dmitri)."},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to убили as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom Что ж (discourse marker)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убивцы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убивцы","lemma":"убивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"the murderers"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убивцы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лгать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of лгать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker (trails off)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces the reason for виновны","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause как сам вижу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject of вижу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying понимали","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимали","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis), coordinated with притворялись","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"доселева","lemma":"доселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"until now","note":"Archaic/dialectal for до сих пор ('until now')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворялись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"притворялись","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимали (protasis verb)","gloss":"were pretending"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворялись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of свалить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"явную","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вину","gloss":"obvious"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of свалить","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить (via на)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"face","note":"Idiom в глаза = 'to (my) face.'"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of чтоб (purpose infinitive)","gloss":"dump"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis) of виновны","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновны","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виновны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"виновны","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence (apodosis)","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновны","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to виновны as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убивство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"убивство","lemma":"убивство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ибо, coordinated with поручили","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to знали as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поручили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручили","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"поручили","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with знали (second reason clause)","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to поручили as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уехали, in apposition to вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знамши","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знамши","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying уехали","gloss":"knowing","note":"Dialectal converb form, standard would be зная/узнав."},{"surface":"уехали","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with знали/поручили","gloss":"went away"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c8-s140","source":"Потому и хочу вам в сей вечер это в глаза доказать, что главный убивец во всем здесь единый вы-с, а я только самый не главный, хоть это и я убил. А вы самый законный убивец и есть!","translation":"And that is why I want to prove it to your face this very evening, that the chief murderer in all this is you alone, sir, and I am only the lesser one, though it was I who did the killing. And you are the lawful murderer, and that's the truth of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сей вечер","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«Сей» ('this') is the bookish-archaic demonstrative for «этот», surviving in fixed phrases and elevated style. «В сей вечер» ('this very evening') lends Smerdyakov's accusation a solemn, almost liturgical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"главный убивец во всем здесь единый вы-с","title":"Zero copula with marked word order","body":"There is no verb 'to be': in the present Russian simply juxtaposes subject and predicate — 'the chief murderer… is you alone'. The nominatives «убивец… единый вы» stand bare, and the emphatic placement of «вы-с» at the end drives the indictment home."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единый","title":"Elevated «единый» — 'sole, one'","body":"«Единый» means 'one and only, sole' in a heightened, almost scriptural register (cf. 'единый Бог'). Calling Ivan the «единый» murderer raises the charge above mere fact to a moral verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказать","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доказать","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убивец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убивец","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"убивец","lemma":"убивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of доказать","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивец","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убивец","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement identifying убивец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to вы as politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of главный (predicate adjective)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"the main one"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of убил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, cleft with я","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the хоть-clause (concessive)","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate убивец)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies законный","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"законный","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убивец","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"убивец","lemma":"убивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of вы","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c8-s141","source":"— Почему, почему я убийца? О боже! — не выдержал наконец Иван, забыв, что всё о себе отложил под конец разговора. — Это всё та же Чермашня-то? Стой, говори, зачем тебе было надо мое согласие, если уж ты принял Чермашню за согласие? Как ты теперь-то растолкуешь?","translation":"— Why, why am I a murderer? Oh God! — Ivan finally lost his composure, forgetting that he had put off everything concerning himself until the end of the conversation. — Is it that same Chermashnya again? Wait, tell me, why did you need my consent, if you took Chermashnya for consent? How do you account for that now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"забыв, что всё о себе отложил под конец разговора","title":"Gerund «забыв» + reflexive «о себе»","body":"«Забыв» is the perfective past gerund of «забыть» ('having forgotten'), describing Ivan as he loses control. «О себе» is the reflexive «себя» in the prepositional after «о» — 'everything concerning himself', pointing back to Ivan the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ты теперь-то растолкуешь?","title":"Perfective future «растолкуешь»","body":"«Растолкуешь» is the perfective future ('how will you now account for / explain it') — a conjugated perfective with future meaning, demanding a single, finished explanation. The clitic «-то» on «теперь-то» sharpens the challenge: 'now, of all times'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убийца (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, main clause","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before боже","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже!","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"couldn't bear it"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выдержал","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отложил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of забыв","gloss":"had put off"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"разговора.","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of the conversation"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate Чермашня)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та же (part of всё та же)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Чермашня","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Чермашня","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это (main clause)","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to Чермашня (topic/emphatic marker)","gloss":"again","note":"The suffixed -то here is a topic/emphatic particle, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell (me)"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the было надо construction (past necessity)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (conditional)","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of растолкуешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of растолкуешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растолкуешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to теперь (emphatic marker)","gloss":"then","note":"The suffixed -то here is an emphatic particle, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"растолкуешь","lemma":"растолковать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explain"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c8-s142","source":"— Уверенный в вашем согласии, я уж знал бы, что вы за потерянные эти три тысячи, возвратясь, вопля не подымете, если бы почему-нибудь меня вместо Дмитрия Федоровича начальство заподозрило али с Дмитрием Федоровичем в товарищах; напротив, от других защитили бы… А наследство получив, так и потом когда могли меня наградить, во всю следующую жизнь, потому что всё же вы через меня наследство это получить изволили, а то, женимшись на Аграфене Александровне, вышел бы вам один только шиш.","translation":"— Once I was sure of your consent, I knew you would not raise an outcry over those three thousand once they were lost, even should the authorities for some reason suspect me instead of Dmitri Fyodorovich, or suspect me of being in league with Dmitri Fyodorovich; on the contrary, you would have shielded me from the others… And once you had come into your inheritance, you could even reward me afterward, all the rest of my life, for it was through me, after all, that you were graciously able to receive that inheritance — whereas, had he married Agrafena Alexandrovna, you'd have been left with nothing but a fig.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уверенный в вашем согласии, я уж знал бы","title":"Past passive participle «уверенный» as predicate","body":"«Уверенный» is the past passive participle of «уверить» ('made sure, certain'), here a fronted participial phrase 'being sure of your consent'. Smerdyakov uses the participle (with «в» + prepositional) to compress his whole calculation into an opening modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А наследство получив… женимшись на Аграфене Александровне","title":"Gerunds «получив» / «женимшись» of condition","body":"Two gerunds frame hypothetical conditions: «наследство получив» ('having received the inheritance') and the folk «женимшись» ('had he married') for «женившись». Each sets up a consequence — reward for Smerdyakov, or nothing for Ivan — sharing the clause's subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вышел бы вам один только шиш","title":"Idiom «шиш» — 'nothing, a fig'","body":"«Шиш» is the fig-gesture (thumb between two fingers) and, idiomatically, 'nothing at all'. «Вышел бы вам один только шиш» means 'you'd have been left with nothing whatever' — a crude, vivid folk turn closing Smerdyakov's coldly mercenary reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверенный","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective/participle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"participial phrase modifying я (subject of знал)","gloss":"confident"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласии","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"согласии","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Уверенный","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подымете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подымете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"потерянные","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подымете","gloss":"having come back"},{"surface":"вопля","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымете (genitive under negation)","gloss":"outcry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подымете","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заподозрило","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заподозрило","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase почему-нибудь, modifies заподозрило","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"почему-нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-нибудь","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заподозрило","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"заподозрило","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"coordinating conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the two possibilities of заподозрило","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"товарищах","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заподозрило","gloss":"cahoots"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying защитили","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of защитили","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"защитили","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подымете","gloss":"would have shielded"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of защитили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получив","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"получив","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могли","gloss":"having received"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of наградить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наградить","lemma":"наградить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"следующую","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of наградить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of изволили, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition через","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner (postposed), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наследство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"were graciously pleased"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"а то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"женимшись","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, singular, perfective (dialectal)","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"having married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would have turned out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вышел","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies шиш","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шиш","lemma":"шиш","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"a fig (nothing)"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c8-s143","source":"— А! Так ты намеревался меня и потом мучить, всю жизнь! — проскрежетал Иван. — А что, если б я тогда не уехал, а на тебя заявил?","translation":"— Ah! So you meant to torment me afterward as well, all my life! — Ivan ground out. — And what if I hadn't gone away then, but had informed on you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out through teeth","body":"«Проскрежетал» (от «скрежетать зубами», to gnash one's teeth) means he 'ground out' the words through clenched teeth. Dostoevsky uses it twice for Ivan in this scene to convey suppressed, grinding fury beneath a controlled surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я тогда не уехал, а на тебя заявил","title":"Counterfactual + «заявить на» (denounce)","body":"Another past counterfactual: «если б… не уехал, а… заявил» ('if I hadn't left but had informed on you'). «Заявить на кого-то» means to denounce or lodge a complaint against someone; «на тебя» is the accusative of the person denounced."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намеревался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намеревался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"намеревался","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом, emphatic","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намеревался","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь!","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь!","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of мучить","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to намеревался","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Иван.","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"opens the rhetorical question with если","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of уехал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"had gone away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехал","gloss":"had informed"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c8-s144","source":"— А что же бы вы могли тогда заявить? Что я вас в Чермашню подговаривал? Так ведь это глупости-с. К тому же вы после разговора нашего поехали бы али остались. Если б остались, то тогда бы ничего не произошло, я бы так и знал-с, что вы дела этого не хотите, и ничего бы не предпринимал.","translation":"— And what could you have informed about then? That I had egged you on to go to Chermashnya? Why, that's all nonsense, sir. Besides, after our conversation you would either have gone or stayed. If you had stayed, then nothing would have happened, I'd have known, sir, that you didn't want the thing done, and I would have undertaken nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что же бы вы могли тогда заявить?","title":"Conditional «могли бы» + insistent «же»","body":"«Что же бы вы могли… заявить?» — 'and what, then, could you have informed about?' The particle «же» presses the rhetorical challenge, and «бы» with past «могли» makes it counterfactual. Smerdyakov calmly dismantles Ivan's hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы после разговора нашего поехали бы али остались","title":"Conditional pair «поехали бы… остались»","body":"Two branching outcomes again share one «бы»: 'you would either have gone or stayed'. «Поехали» (perfective of motion, set out) versus «остались» (stayed) — and the folk «али» links them. The deferential plural agrees with «вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего бы не произошло… ничего бы не предпринимал","title":"Negative concord under the conditional","body":"Both clauses combine «бы» with the negative concord «ничего… не»: 'nothing would have happened' / 'I would have undertaken nothing'. The genitive «ничего» pairs with «не произошло»; the imperfective «предпринимал» frames the (non-)action as ongoing intent."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заявить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause of подговаривал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подговаривал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подговаривал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подговаривал","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"подговаривал","lemma":"подговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause","gloss":"was urging"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate глупости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir', contraction of сударь)","role":"attached to глупости","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же, modifies поехали","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поехали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with остались","gloss":"would have gone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поехали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"coordinating conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links поехали and остались","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поехали","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of остались","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произошло","gloss":"had stayed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of произошло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have happened"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так и знал","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и знал","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"так и знал","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to произошло","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir')","role":"attached to знал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотите (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of предпринимал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of предпринимал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предпринимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предпринимал","lemma":"предпринимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"would have undertaken"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c8-s145","source":"А если уж поехали, то уж меня, значит, заверили в том, что на меня в суд заявить не посмеете и три эти тысячи мне простите.","translation":"But if you did go, it meant you had assured me that you wouldn't dare bring me before the court and that you'd forgive me those three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если уж поехали, то уж меня, значит, заверили","title":"Real conditional + intensifying «уж»","body":"Here the «если… то» carries no «бы»: a real inference from the fact that Ivan did leave — 'but if you did go, then it meant you assured me…'. The particle «уж» (a clipped «уже») adds finality and insistence twice over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три эти тысячи мне простите","title":"Dative «мне» with «простить»","body":"«Простить» governs the dative of the person forgiven and the accusative of the thing: «три эти тысячи мне простите» — 'you would forgive me those three thousand'. The word order foregrounds the sum as the known topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поехали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поехали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заверили","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative of если, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заверили","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заверили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it meant"},{"surface":"заверили","lemma":"заверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had assured"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заверили","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посмеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявить","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмеете","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмеете","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"would dare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative used as future, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмеете","gloss":"would forgive"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c8-s146","source":"Да и не могли вы меня потом преследовать вовсе, потому что я тогда всё и рассказал бы на суде-с, то есть не то, что я украл аль убил, — этого бы я не сказал-с, — а то, что вы меня сами подбивали к тому, чтоб украсть и убить, а я только не согласился.","translation":"And besides, you couldn't have pursued me afterward at all, because then I'd have told everything in court, sir — that is, not that I stole or killed — that I wouldn't have said, sir — but that you yourself had urged me to steal and to kill, and only I had refused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могли вы меня потом преследовать вовсе","title":"Imperfective infinitive «преследовать» of sustained action","body":"«Преследовать» ('to pursue, persecute') is imperfective, framing the pursuit as an ongoing process Ivan could not have kept up. With «не могли… вовсе» ('couldn't at all'), it states a flat impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то, что я украл аль убил… а то, что вы меня сами подбивали","title":"Correlative «не то… а то, что»","body":"The structure «не то, что… а то, что…» ('not that… but that…') sets the false confession against the true accusation. «То, что» is the correlative «то» plus subordinating «что» introducing each reported content clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подбивали","title":"«подбивать» — to put up to, incite","body":"«Подбивать (кого-то к чему-то / на что-то)» colloquially means 'to egg on, instigate, put up to'. Smerdyakov's whole defence rests on recasting himself as the one merely «подбивали» by Ivan — the instigated, not the instigator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of преследовать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовать","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"преследовать","lemma":"преследовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"pursue"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовать","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would have told"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of рассказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir')","role":"attached to суде","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"или","morphology":"coordinating conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links украл and убил","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"убил,","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with украл","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to рассказал","gloss":"would have said"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir')","role":"attached to сказал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подбивали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подбивали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подбивали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"подбивали","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"were egging on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подбивали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украсть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"украсть","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тому","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with украсть","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбивали","gloss":"refused"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c8-s147","source":"Потому-то мне и надо было тогда ваше согласие, чтобы вы меня ничем не могли припереть-с, потому что где же у вас к тому доказательство, я же вас всегда мог припереть-с, обнаружив, какую вы жажду имели к смерти родителя, и вот вам слово — в публике все бы тому поверили и вам было бы стыдно на всю вашу жизнь.","translation":"That's just why I needed your consent then, so that you'd have nothing to corner me with, sir, for where would you have found proof of it; whereas I could always corner you, sir, by exposing what a thirst you'd had for your father's death — and there's my word for it: the public would all have believed it, and you'd have been ashamed your whole life long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы меня ничем не могли припереть-с","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + irrealis past","body":"«Чтобы… не могли припереть» expresses purpose with «чтобы» plus the past-form (irrealis) verb — 'so that you could not corner me'. «Чтобы» is the fusion of «что» + «бы», and «ничем… не» is negative concord with the instrumental of means."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припереть","title":"Idiom «припереть (к стене)» — to corner","body":"«Припереть» literally 'to press, prop shut'; colloquially «припереть к стене» means to corner someone, leave them no way out. Smerdyakov twice plays on it — Ivan can't «припереть» him, but he can always «припереть» Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнаружив, какую вы жажду имели","title":"Gerund «обнаружив» + embedded «какую»","body":"«Обнаружив» is the perfective past gerund of «обнаружить» ('having exposed/revealed'), naming the means by which Smerdyakov could corner Ivan. It governs the embedded exclamatory clause «какую вы жажду имели» — 'what a thirst you had', the interrogative «какую» agreeing with «жажду» in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Потому-то, modifies надо","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"part of the phrase Потому-то","gloss":"exactly why"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicative)","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of припереть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of припереть","gloss":"with nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"припереть","lemma":"припереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir')","role":"attached to припереть","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of где, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of где (у вас = 'you have')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of доказательство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of где (rhetorical 'where's the proof')","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я, contrastive","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of припереть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"припереть","lemma":"припереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle (colloquial 'sir')","role":"attached to припереть","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"обнаружив","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"by exposing"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имели","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имели","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"имели","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обнаружив","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имели","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"your father's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of слово","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal in the idiom вот вам слово","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверили","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поверили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would have believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдно","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стыдно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"coordinated with поверили","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c8-s148","source":"— Так имел, так имел я эту жажду, имел? — проскрежетал опять Иван.","translation":"— So I had it, then, I had this thirst, I had it? — Ivan ground out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так имел, так имел я эту жажду, имел?","title":"Emphatic repetition and topicalized «так имел»","body":"Ivan's anguished triple «имел… имел… имел» throws the verb to the front for stress — 'so I had it, then, I had it'. Russian's free word order lets the repeated comment ('had') frame the line, while «эту жажду» (this thirst) is the known topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"имел?","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to имел","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проскрежетал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c8-s149","source":"— Несомненно имели-с и согласием своим мне это дело молча тогда разрешили-с, — твердо поглядел Смердяков на Ивана.","translation":"— Beyond all doubt you had it, sir, and by your consent you silently sanctioned the whole business for me then, sir, — Smerdyakov gave Ivan a steady look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"согласием своим мне это дело молча тогда разрешили-с","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive «своим»","body":"«Согласием своим» is the instrumental of means — 'by your own consent' — with the reflexive possessive «своим» pointing back to Ivan. «Мне… разрешили» adds the dative 'sanctioned [it] for me'; «молча» is the adverbial 'silently'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо поглядел Смердяков на Ивана","title":"Verb-first narration «поглядел Смердяков»","body":"In the narrative tag the verb «поглядел» precedes the subject «Смердяков» — the inverted, verb-first order typical of dialogue attributions and reported action in Russian prose. The perfective «поглядел» marks a single, deliberate glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имели","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"имели","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you had"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to имели","gloss":"sir","note":"The archaic servant's particle \"-с\" (from \"сударь\") is a fused suffix that spaCy split off as a separate token; it marks deferential speech, not a noun."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согласием","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешили","gloss":"by consent"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласием","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разрешили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разрешили","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешили","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разрешили","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with имели","gloss":"you sanctioned"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to разрешили","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"steadily"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a look"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c8-s150","source":"Он был очень слаб и говорил тихо и устало, но что-то внутреннее и затаенное поджигало его, у него, очевидно, было какое-то намерение. Иван это предчувствовал.","translation":"He was very weak and spoke quietly and wearily, but something inward and hidden was goading him; he plainly had some purpose of his own. Ivan sensed it coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то внутреннее и затаенное поджигало его","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + participle «затаённое»","body":"«Что-то» ('something') with the «-то» suffix marks a specific-but-unnamed force. «Затаённое» is a past passive participle ('hidden, pent-up') used adjectivally; the imperfective «поджигало» ('was goading') frames the inner pressure as ongoing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван это предчувствовал","title":"Imperfective «предчувствовал» of dawning sense","body":"«Предчувствовал» (imperfective of «предчувствовать», to have a foreboding) presents Ivan's sense of something coming as a continuing inner state, not a single realization — the imperfective suits this lingering apprehension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слаб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слаб","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устало","lemma":"устало","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо, modifies говорил","gloss":"wearily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поджигало (part of что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite (part of что-то)","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"внутреннее","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with затаенное, modifies что-то","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затаенное","lemma":"затаённый","morphology":"adjective (verbal), nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with внутреннее","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"поджигало","lemma":"поджигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was goading"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поджигало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him","note":"\"у него было\" is the standard possessive construction, literally \"at him was\" = \"he had.\""},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies было","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение (part of какое-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite (part of какое-то)","role":"part of the phrase какое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c8-s151","source":"— Продолжай дальше, — сказал он ему, — продолжай про ту ночь.","translation":"— Go on, — he said to him, — go on about that night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжай про ту ночь","title":"Colloquial «про» + accusative","body":"«Про ту ночь» ('about that night') uses «про» + accusative, the more colloquial counterpart of «о» + prepositional. The repeated imperfective imperative «продолжай» keeps the command to 'go on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Продолжай","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"дальше,","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Продолжай","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to Продолжай","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"продолжай","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжай","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c8-s152","source":"— Дальше что же-с! Вот я лежу и слышу, как будто вскрикнул барин. А Григорий Васильич пред тем вдруг поднялись и вышли и вдруг завопили, потом всё тихо, мрак.","translation":"— What more is there, sir! There I lie, and I hear the master cry out, it seemed. And just before that Grigory Vasilyich had suddenly got up and gone out and suddenly given a great shout, and then everything went quiet, dark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот я лежу и слышу","title":"Historic present «лежу… слышу»","body":"Smerdyakov switches into the present tense — «лежу», «слышу» — to narrate past events vividly, the 'historic present' that pulls the listener into the moment. The imperfectives suit the durative 'I lie and hear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to что же","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежу","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"adverb (part of как будто)","role":"introduces the clause of вскрикнул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышу","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялись","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильич","lemma":"васильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyich"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялись","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялись","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопили","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"завопили","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялись","gloss":"gave a shout"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тихо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to поднялись","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to поднялись","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c8-s153","source":"Лежу это я, жду, сердце бьется, вытерпеть не могу. Встал наконец и пошел-с — вижу налево окно в сад у них отперто, я и еще шагнул налево-то-с, чтобы прислушаться, живы ли они там сидят или нет, и слышу, что барин мечется и охает, стало быть, жив-с.","translation":"So there I lie, waiting, my heart pounding, I can bear it no longer. At last I got up and went out, sir — I see the window onto the garden standing open on the left, and I took another step to the left, sir, to listen whether they were alive and sitting there or not, and I hear the master tossing about and moaning, so he was alive, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вижу налево окно в сад у них отперто","title":"Short passive participle «отперто»","body":"«Отперто» is the short-form past passive participle of «отпереть» ('unlocked, standing open'), agreeing in neuter with «окно» — a result-state predicate ('the window [was] open'). The historic present «вижу» keeps the narration immediate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышать… живы ли они там сидят или нет","title":"Embedded yes/no with «ли»","body":"«Живы ли они… или нет» is an indirect yes/no question introduced by the particle «ли»: 'whether they were alive or not'. «Ли» follows the focused word «живы» (short adjective 'alive'), and the deferential plural again stands for Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и еще шагнул налево-то-с","title":"Topic clitic «-то» stacked with «-с»","body":"«Налево-то-с» piles the emphatic «-то» (foregrounding 'to the left') onto the servile «-с» — a vivid sample of how spoken Russian loads a single word with particles. «Шагнул» is a perfective single step (one-time «-ну-» verb)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lie"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Лежу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лежу","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бьется","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"бьется","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лежу","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"вытерпеть","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to endure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лежу","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"Встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Встал","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to пошел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Встал","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"on the left"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сад","gloss":"theirs"},{"surface":"отперто","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, short-form participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of окно, clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагнул","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагнул","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic/filler","role":"part of the phrase налево","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to шагнул","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прислушаться","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"прислушаться","lemma":"прислушаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шагнул","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"живы","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, coordinated with сидят","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies живы","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живы","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with сидят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мечется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечется","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"мечется","lemma":"метаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышу","gloss":"tossing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охает","lemma":"охать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мечется","gloss":"moaning"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb (part of idiom стало быть)","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to Встал","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"infinitive (part of idiom стало быть)","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with стало быть","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to жив","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c8-s154","source":"Эх, думаю! Подошел к окну, крикнул барину: «Это я, дескать». А он мне: «Был, был, убежал!» То есть Дмитрий Федорович, значит, были-с. «Григория убил!» — «Где?» — шепчу ему. «Там, в углу», — указывает, сам тоже шепчет. «Подождите», — говорю.","translation":"Ah, I think! I went up to the window and called to the master: \"It's me, you know.\" And he says to me: \"He was here, he was, he's run off!\" Meaning Dmitri Fyodorovich, that is, sir. \"He killed Grigory!\" — \"Where?\" — I whisper to him. \"There, in the corner,\" — he points, whispering too. \"Wait,\" — I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative «дескать»","body":"«Дескать» is a particle of reported speech ('he says, so to speak, you know'), flagging words as quoted or hearsay. Smerdyakov drops it into his own quoted line «Это я, дескать» to color the retelling — a hallmark of folk narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был, был, убежал!","title":"Perfectives of sudden event «был… убежал»","body":"Fyodor's gasped «Был, был, убежал!» ('he was here, he was, he's run off') uses perfective past for the abrupt, completed actions — the repetition conveying his agitation. «Убежал» is the perfective of «убежать», a single completed flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подошел","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to the master"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause, complement of крикнул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"modifies \"Это я\"","gloss":"so to speak","note":"\"дескать\" here marks Smerdyakov's own quoted words (first person, self-report), not a third party's speech; \"he says\" wrongly assigns a third-person subject that isn't in this sentence."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (говорит)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the implied verb (говорит)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"То","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom то есть)","role":"introduces the clause of Дмитрий","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase То","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate verb referring to Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"it was him","note":"Smerdyakov's deferential plural \"были\" for a singular referent (Dmitri) is the servile register he uses throughout."},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to были","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the implied verb (убил)","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Где?»","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"main word of the quoted question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I whisper"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of шепчу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"main word of the quoted answer","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу»,","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Там","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шепчет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепчет","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"шепчет","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with указывает","gloss":"whispers"},{"surface":"Подождите»,","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Подождите","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c8-s155","source":"Пошел я в угол искать и у стены на Григория Васильевича лежащего и наткнулся, весь в крови лежит, в бесчувствии.","translation":"I went into the corner to look, and by the wall I stumbled right onto Grigory Vasilyevich, lying there, all covered in blood, senseless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на Григория Васильевича лежащего и наткнулся","title":"Present active participle «лежащего»","body":"«Лежащего» is the present active participle of «лежать» ('lying'), agreeing with «Григория Васильевича» in the animate accusative-genitive. It condenses 'who was lying' into a single modifier; «наткнулся на» ('stumbled onto') is a reflexive perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь в крови лежит, в бесчувствии","title":"«в крови», «в бесчувствии» — prepositional of state","body":"«В крови» ('covered in blood') and «в бесчувствии» ('senseless') are «в» + prepositional describing condition, not location. Russian readily uses this locative-of-state to paint the body's appearance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пошел","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement, depends on Пошел","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наткнулся","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наткнулся","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевича","lemma":"василиевич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"лежащего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies Григория","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наткнулся","lemma":"наткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пошел","gloss":"stumbled upon"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Григорий","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наткнулся","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчувствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесчувствии","lemma":"бесчувствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"senselessness"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c8-s156","source":"Стало быть, верно, что был Дмитрий Федорович, вскочило мне тотчас в голову и тотчас тут же порешил всё это покончить внезапно-с, так как Григорий Васильевич если и живы еще, то, лежа в бесчувствии, пока ничего не увидят.","translation":"So it was true that Dmitri Fyodorovich had been here, it flashed through my head at once, and at that same instant I resolved to finish the whole thing then and there, all of a sudden, sir, since Grigory Vasilyevich, even if he were still alive, lying senseless, would see nothing for the time being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочило мне тотчас в голову","title":"Impersonal «вскочило мне в голову»","body":"An impersonal idiom: «вскочило мне в голову» ('it leapt into my head'), with neuter «вскочило» (no nominative subject) and the dative experiencer «мне». It is a vivid variant of «пришло в голову» — a thought seizing him from outside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если и живы еще… пока ничего не увидят","title":"Concessive «если и» + negative concord","body":"«Если и живы еще» means 'even if [he] is still alive' — «если и» grants the concession. The result «пока ничего не увидят» pairs «пока» ('for the time being, as long as') with the negative concord «ничего… не увидят». «Живы» is the short adjective with deferential plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb (part of idiom стало быть)","role":"parenthetical, introduces the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"infinitive (part of idiom стало быть)","role":"complement of Стало","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with Стало","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вскочило","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стало","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вскочило","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочило","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочило","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут же","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom тут же)","role":"modifies порешил","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"тут же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom тут же)","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"порешил","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стало","gloss":"I resolved"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of порешил","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to покончить","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of так как)","role":"introduces the clause of живы","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of так как)","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живы","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"василиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies живы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"живы","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"adverbial clause on увидят","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живы","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the clause of увидят","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лежа","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидят","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчувствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесчувствии","lemma":"бесчувствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежа","gloss":"unconsciousness"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидят","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of увидят","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увидят","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would see"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c8-s157","source":"Один только риск и был-с, что вдруг проснется Марфа Игнатьевна. Почувствовал я это в ту минуту, только уж жажда эта меня всего захватила, ажно дух занялся.","translation":"The only risk, sir, was that Marfa Ignatyevna might suddenly wake. I felt that in that minute, only by then the thirst had taken hold of my whole being, so that my breath caught.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг проснется Марфа Игнатьевна","title":"Perfective future «проснётся» of feared event","body":"«Проснётся» is the perfective future of «проснуться» ('would suddenly wake') — a conjugated perfective expressing a single feared future occurrence within the past narration. «Вдруг» ('suddenly') heightens the dread."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ажно дух занялся","title":"Folk «ажно»; idiom «дух занялся»","body":"«Ажно» is a peasant intensifier 'so much that, even'. «Дух занялся» is the idiom 'my breath caught', from «заняться» of the breath stopping with emotion. Together they render the murderous 'thirst' physically gripping him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies риск","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies риск","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"риск","lemma":"риск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"links риск to был","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to был","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проснется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проснется","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of риск","gloss":"might wake"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проснется","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатиевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"Почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I felt"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Почувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Почувствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Почувствовал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захватила","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of захватила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"захватила","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Почувствовал","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"ажно","lemma":"ажно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занялся","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занялся","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"занялся","lemma":"заняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Почувствовал","gloss":"caught","note":"\"дух занялся\" is idiomatic for \"my breath caught\" (from excitement/tension)."}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c8-s158","source":"Пришел опять под окно к барину и говорю: «Она здесь, пришла, Аграфена Александровна пришла, просится». Так ведь и вздрогнул весь, как младенец: «Где здесь? Где?» — так и охает, а сам еще не верит.","translation":"I came back under the window to the master and say: \"She's here, she's come, Agrafena Alexandrovna has come, she's asking to see you.\" And he gave a great start, all over, like a baby: \"Where here? Where?\" — and he keeps moaning, but still doesn't believe it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ведь и вздрогнул весь, как младенец","title":"Particles «так… ведь… и» of vivid narration","body":"The cluster «так ведь и вздрогнул» layers «так» (just so), «ведь» (you know, after all), and emphatic «и» onto the perfective «вздрогнул» ('gave a start') — the dense particle texture of excited oral storytelling. «Весь» = 'all over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пришел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пришел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пришел","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пришел","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Она","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"просится","lemma":"проситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"is asking"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing the subject","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition, comparative","role":"preposition marking младенец","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of как","gloss":"a baby"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"main word of the quoted question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Где?»","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"repeated question, parallel to Где","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так и","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom так и)","role":"modifies охает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"так и","morphology":"particle, emphatic (part of idiom так и)","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охает","lemma":"охать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"keeps moaning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with охает","gloss":"believes"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c8-s159","source":"«Там, говорю, стоит, отоприте!» Глядит на меня в окно-то и верит и не верит, а отпереть боится, это уж меня-то боится, думаю.","translation":"\"There,\" I say, \"she's standing right there, open up!\" He looks at me through the window, half believing and half not, and afraid to open up — afraid of me, that is, I think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верит и не верит","title":"Imperfective present «верит и не верит»","body":"The paradox «верит и не верит» ('half believes and half doesn't') uses the imperfective present for a wavering, ongoing state of mind — exactly what the imperfective is for. The historic present keeps the scene live."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уж меня-то боится, думаю","title":"Reflexive «бояться» + genitive object","body":"«Боится меня» — «бояться» is a -ся verb existing only in reflexive form and governing the genitive of what is feared ('afraid of me'). The clitic «-то» on «меня-то» and «уж» sharpen the realization: 'it's me he's afraid of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"main word of the quoted clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Там","gloss":"she's standing"},{"surface":"отоприте","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"open up"},{"surface":"Глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Глядит","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic/filler","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Глядит","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верит","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Глядит","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic/filler","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боится","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to Глядит","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c8-s160","source":"И смешно же: вдруг я эти самые знаки вздумал им тогда по раме простучать, что Грушенька, дескать, пришла, при них же в глазах: словам-то как бы не верил, а как знаки я простучал, так тотчас же и побежали дверь отворить.","translation":"And here's the funny part: I suddenly took it into my head to tap out those very signals to him on the window frame, that Grushenka, you see, had come — right there before his eyes; the words he seemed not to believe, but the moment I tapped out the signals he ran at once to open the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я эти самые знаки вздумал им тогда по раме простучать","title":"«вздумать» + perfective infinitive «простучать»","body":"«Вздумал… простучать» means 'took it into my head to tap out'; «вздумать» governs a perfective infinitive for the single completed act of tapping the signals «по раме» ('along the frame', «по» + dative). The deferential plural «им» = Fyodor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словам-то как бы не верил, а как знаки я простучал, так тотчас же и побежали","title":"Contrastive «а» with topic clitic «-то»","body":"«Словам-то… не верил, а… побежали» pivots on «а» ('whereas') between disbelief in words and instant action at the signals. «-то» foregrounds «слова» as topic, and «как бы» softens to 'seemed not to'. Dative «словам» after «верить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the sentence","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of простучать","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it into my head"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of простучать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простучать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"раме","lemma":"рама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простучать","gloss":"the frame"},{"surface":"простучать","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to tap out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle in the clause of пришла","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of простучать","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of при, modifies пришла","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies них","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of верил","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted with простучал","gloss":"he believed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простучал","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of простучал","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простучал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"простучал","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"tapped out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative of как, modifies побежали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"he ran"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побежали","gloss":"to open"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c8-s161","source":"Отворили. Я вошел было, а он стоит, телом-то меня и не пускает всего. «Где она, где она?» — смотрит на меня и трепещет.","translation":"He opened it. I was about to step in, but he stands there, blocking my way with his whole body. \"Where is she, where is she?\" — he looks at me and trembles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вошел было, а он стоит","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«Вошёл было» uses the particle «было», which marks an action begun but checked or undone — 'I was just about to step in / had started to'. The contrastive «а» then shows what blocked it: Fyodor standing in the way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"телом-то меня и не пускает всего","title":"Instrumental «телом» of means","body":"«Телом» is the instrumental of means — blocking 'with his body'. «Не пускает… всего» ('won't let me [in] at all') with «-то» topicalizing «тело»; the historic present «пускает» keeps the standoff immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отворили","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he opened it"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"step in"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action, modifies вошел","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускает","gloss":"with his body"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies телом","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пускает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускает","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"let... in"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject in the quoted question","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она?»","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject in the quoted question","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трепещет","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"trembles"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c8-s162","source":"Ну, думаю: уж коль меня так боится — плохо! и тут у меня даже ноги ослабели от страху у самого, что не пустит он меня в комнаты-то, или крикнет, али Марфа Игнатьевна прибежит, али что ни есть выйдет, я уж не помню тогда, сам, должно быть, бледен пред ним стоял.","translation":"Well, I think, if he's that afraid of me — this is bad! and at that my own legs went weak with fear that he wouldn't let me into the rooms, or would cry out, or Marfa Ignatyevna would come running, or something else would happen; I no longer remember it, but I must have stood there pale before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня даже ноги ослабели от страху","title":"Possessive «у меня» + «от страху» (cause)","body":"«У меня… ноги ослабели» frames the body part as belonging to the experiencer via «у» + genitive ('my legs went weak'). «От страху» is «от» + genitive of cause ('from fear'), with the old partitive-flavored «-у» ending «страху» typical of such phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пустит он меня… или крикнет, али… прибежит, али что ни есть выйдет","title":"Chain of perfective futures of dreaded outcomes","body":"A run of perfective futures lists what he feared might happen: «не пустит», «крикнет», «прибежит», «выйдет» — each a single completed event. «Что ни есть» is the folk indefinite 'anything at all', and «али» the peasant 'or'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам, должно быть, бледен пред ним стоял","title":"Short adjective «бледен»; archaic «пред»","body":"«Бледен» is the short predicative adjective 'pale', describing his temporary state as he stood. «Пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед» ('before') governing the instrumental «ним» — a faintly elevated touch amid the folk speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коль","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боится","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate exclamation, parallel to думаю","gloss":"bad!"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ослабели","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ослабели","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ослабели","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"ослабели","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went weak"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ослабели","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"my very own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустит","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"explains the fear named by страху","gloss":"wouldn't let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пустит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пустит","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"крикнет","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустит","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежит","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"прибежит","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустит","gloss":"come running"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ни есть","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom что ни есть","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнет","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бледен","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom должно быть, modifies стоял","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"бледен","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стоял","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c8-s163","source":"Шепчу ему: «Да там, там она под окном, как же вы, говорю, не видели?» — «А ты ее приведи, а ты ее приведи!» — «Да боится, говорю, крику испугалась, в куст спряталась, подите крикните, говорю, сами из кабинета».","translation":"I whisper to him: \"Why, there, there she is under the window, how is it,\" I say, \"that you didn't see her?\" — \"Then bring her in, you bring her in!\" — \"But she's afraid,\" I say, \"the shouting frightened her, she's hidden in a bush, go and call to her yourself,\" I say, \"from the study.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты ее приведи, а ты ее приведи!","title":"Perfective imperative «приведи»","body":"«Приведи» is the perfective imperative of «привести» ('bring her [in]') — a command for one decisive, completed act, fittingly perfective. Fyodor's doubled cry and the topicalizing «а ты» convey his frantic eagerness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в куст спряталась","title":"«спрятаться в куст» — hid in a bush","body":"«Спряталась в куст» ('hid in a bush'), reflexive «спрятаться», is part of Smerdyakov's improvised lie to coax Fyodor to the window. «Подите» (below) is the polite/plural imperative of «пойти», 'go'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I whisper"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Шепчу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the second там (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, subject она","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of там","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окном","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"окном","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies видели?»","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели?»","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to видели?»","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели?»","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видели?»","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приведи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приведи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative sentence","gloss":"bring her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the repeated приведи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the repeated приведи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to испугалась","gloss":"she's afraid"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боится","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"крику","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (cause) of испугалась","gloss":"the shouting"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got frightened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking куст","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"куст","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спряталась","gloss":"the bush"},{"surface":"спряталась","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугалась","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"подите","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"крикните","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подите","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with испугалась","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крикните (emphatic subject)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабинета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кабинета","lemma":"кабинет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикните","gloss":"the study"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c8-s164","source":"Побежал он, подошел к окну, свечку на окно поставил. «Грушенька, кричит, Грушенька, здесь ты?» Сам-то это кричит, а в окно-то нагнуться не хочет, от меня отойти не хочет, от самого этого страху, потому забоялся меня уж очень, а потому отойти от меня не смеет.","translation":"He ran over, went up to the window, set the candle on the sill. \"Grushenka,\" he cries, \"Grushenka, are you there?\" He himself is shouting it, but he won't lean out the window, won't move away from me, out of that very fear, because he'd grown terribly afraid of me, and so doesn't dare leave my side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в окно-то нагнуться не хочет, от меня отойти не хочет","title":"Perfective infinitives of reluctance + «не хочет»","body":"«Не хочет нагнуться… отойти» pairs «не хочет» with perfective infinitives of single acts he refuses — to lean out, to move away. The parallel repetition and «-то» on «окно-то» dramatize Fyodor's frozen fear of Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от самого этого страху… забоялся меня уж очень","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-» in «забоялся»","body":"«Забоялся» («за-» + «бояться») is the perfective 'grew/took fright', the prefix «за-» marking the onset of the state. «От… страху» again gives the cause in the genitive, and «меня» is the genitive object of fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran over"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Побежал","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"the sill"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Побежал","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted name, object of кричит","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he cries"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address in the quote","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb of the quoted question","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кричит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is shouting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"нагнуться","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"lean out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отойти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отойти","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"move away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the preceding clause (cause)","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забоялся","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"забоялся","lemma":"забояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"grew afraid"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забоялся","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забоялся","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отойти","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отойти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"dare"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c8-s165","source":"«Да вон она, говорю (подошел я к окну, сам весь высунулся), вон она в кусте-то, смеется вам, видите?» Поверил вдруг он, так и затрясся, больно уж они влюблены в нее были-с, да весь и высунулся в окно.","translation":"\"Why, there she is,\" I say (I went up to the window myself and leaned all the way out), \"there she is in the bush, laughing at you, do you see?\" He believed it all at once, started shaking all over — terribly in love with her he was, sir — and leaned right out the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам весь высунулся","title":"Reflexive «высунуться» + intensifier «сам весь»","body":"«Высунулся» is the perfective reflexive of «высунуться» ('leaned/stuck oneself out'), the -ся marking the self-directed motion. «Сам весь» ('I myself, all the way') stresses how far Smerdyakov leaned out to bait the trap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больно уж они влюблены в нее были-с","title":"Short participle «влюблены»; folk «больно»","body":"«Влюблены» is the short past passive participle 'in love' (predicate), with deferential plural «они… были» for Fyodor. «Больно» here is the folk intensifier 'terribly, awfully' (not 'painfully'), and «уж» adds emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вон","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вон","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вон","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial intensifier of высунулся","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"высунулся","lemma":"высунуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"leaned out"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вон","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кусте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кусте","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"the bush"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кусте","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вон","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of смеется","gloss":"at you"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вон","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"Поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поверил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Поверил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и, modifies затрясся","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поверил","gloss":"started shaking"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюблены","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влюблены","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of влюблены","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"влюблены","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with Поверил","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблены","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to влюблены","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite address suffix, modifies были","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial intensifier of высунулся","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высунулся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"высунулся","lemma":"высунуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поверил","gloss":"leaned out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высунулся","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c8-s166","source":"Я тут схватил это самое пресс-папье чугунное, на столе у них, помните-с, фунта три ведь в нем будет, размахнулся, да сзади его в самое темя углом.","translation":"And then I snatched up that very paperweight, the cast-iron one on their table — you remember it, sir, there must be a good three pounds in it — swung it back, and from behind, with the corner of it, right at the crown of his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самое темя углом","title":"«темя» — the crown of the head","body":"«Темя» is the crown/top of the skull; «в самое темя» ('right at the very crown') with «углом» ('with the corner', instrumental of means) describes the exact, deliberate blow. The clinical precision is part of the horror of Smerdyakov's account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пресс-папье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пресс-папье","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пресс","lemma":"пресс-папье","morphology":"noun (part of compound), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of схватил (with папье)","gloss":"paperweight","note":"пресс-папье is one compound word ('paperweight') split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"папье","lemma":"пресс-папье","morphology":"noun (part of compound), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of compound with пресс, direct object of схватил","gloss":"paperweight"},{"surface":"чугунное","lemma":"чугунный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пресс-папье","gloss":"cast-iron"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пресс-папье (location)","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"theirs"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"you remember"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite address suffix, modifies помните","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"фунта","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"counted noun governed by numeral три","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"numeral modifying фунта, subject of будет","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"размахнулся","lemma":"размахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"swung back"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (struck), manner","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the implied verb (struck)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies темя","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"темя","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (target) of the implied verb (struck)","gloss":"crown of the head"},{"surface":"углом","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of the implied verb (struck with the corner)","gloss":"with the corner"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c8-s167","source":"Не крикнул даже. Только вниз вдруг осел, а я в другой раз и в третий. На третьем-то почувствовал, что проломил.","translation":"He didn't even cry out. He just suddenly sank down, and I struck a second time, and a third. On the third blow I felt that I'd cracked his skull open.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я в другой раз и в третий","title":"Verb-gapping ellipsis 'I struck again'","body":"The verb is omitted: «а я в другой раз и в третий» ('and I [struck] a second time and a third') leaves «ударил» understood from context — a terse ellipsis that conveys the cold, mechanical repetition of the blows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал, что проломил","title":"Perfectives «почувствовал… проломил»","body":"Both verbs are perfective past — «почувствовал» (felt, a single sensation) and «проломил» (cracked/broke through, prefix «про-» of completion). The aspect locks each into a finished, decisive event: the fatal third blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осел","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"осел","lemma":"осесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (struck)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time-complement of the implied verb (struck)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking третий","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"third [time]"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking третьем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третьем","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третьем","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проломил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проломил","lemma":"проломить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had cracked it open"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c8-s168","source":"Они вдруг навзничь и повалились, лицом кверху, все-то в крови. Осмотрел я: нет на мне крови, не брызнуло, пресс-папье обтер, положил, за образа сходил, из пакета деньги вынул, а пакет бросил на пол и ленточку эту самую розовую подле.","translation":"He suddenly toppled over backward, face up, all covered in blood. I looked myself over: no blood on me, none had spattered; I wiped the paperweight, put it back, went behind the icons, took the money out of the packet, and threw the packet on the floor and that same pink ribbon beside it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они вдруг навзничь и повалились, лицом кверху","title":"Deferential plural «повалились»; «лицом» of manner","body":"Even the murdered master keeps the servile plural: «они… повалились» for one man toppling. «Навзничь» ('backwards, supine') and «лицом кверху» (instrumental «лицом», 'face up') describe the fall — the instrumental of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пресс-папье обтер, положил, за образа сходил, из пакета деньги вынул","title":"Chain of perfectives — the cold sequence","body":"A rapid string of perfective past verbs — «обтёр, положил, сходил, вынул, бросил» — moves the action forward step by deliberate step, each a completed act. This perfective chain is exactly how Russian narrates a sequence of discrete events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повалились","gloss":"he","note":"Archaic servant speech: plural 'они' used deferentially for a single respected person (Grigory)."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повалились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"навзничь","lemma":"навзничь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повалились","gloss":"flat on his back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links навзничь and повалились","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повалились","lemma":"повалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"toppled over"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of повалились","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"кверху","lemma":"кверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with лицом, modifies повалились","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в крови","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attached to все","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of predicate (all in blood)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Осмотрел","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I looked over"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Осмотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"main verb of clause 'нет на мне крови'","gloss":"there was no"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of нет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брызнуло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брызнуло","lemma":"брызнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"had spattered"},{"surface":"пресс","lemma":"пресс-папье","morphology":"noun (first element of compound пресс-папье)","role":"first part of compound noun, modifies папье","gloss":"paperweight","note":"'Пресс-папье' (paperweight) is one compound noun split into two surface tokens by the parser."},{"surface":"папье","lemma":"пресс-папье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обтер","gloss":"paperweight"},{"surface":"обтер","lemma":"обтереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Осмотрел","gloss":"wiped"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обтер","gloss":"put it back"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образа","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"the icons"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обтер","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакета","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обтер","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обтер","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ленточку","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"second direct object of бросил, coordinated with пакет","gloss":"ribbon"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ленточку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"розовую","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточку","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"beside it"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c8-s169","source":"Сошел в сад, весь трясусь. Прямо к той яблоньке, что с дуплом, — вы дупло-то это знаете, а я его уж давно наглядел, в нем уж лежала тряпочка и бумага, давно заготовил; обернул всю сумму в бумагу, а потом в тряпку и заткнул глубоко.","translation":"I went down into the garden, trembling all over. Straight to that apple tree with the hollow — you know that hollow, and I had long since marked it out; there was already a rag and some paper lying in it, prepared long ago; I wrapped the whole sum in the paper, then in the rag, and stuffed it in deep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к той яблоньке, что с дуплом","title":"Diminutive «яблонька»; «дупло» — tree hollow","body":"«Яблонька» is the affectionate diminutive of «яблоня» (apple tree); «дупло» is a hollow in a trunk. The 'little apple tree with the hollow' is the famous hiding place for the stolen money — the homely diminutive oddly intimate against the crime."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что с дуплом","title":"Colloquial relative «что» for «который»","body":"«Яблоньке, что с дуплом» uses «что» as an indeclinable relative ('that has a hollow') in place of «которая» — a folk/colloquial relative common in Smerdyakov's speech and in spoken Russian generally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернул всю сумму в бумагу, а потом в тряпку и заткнул глубоко","title":"Perfective sequence «обернул… заткнул»","body":"The wrapping is told in perfectives — «обернул» (wrapped), «заткнул» (stuffed in) — discrete completed acts. «В бумагу… в тряпку» are «в» + accusative of motion-into; «тряпочка» earlier is the diminutive of «тряпка» (rag)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сошел","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of трясусь (describes я)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"трясусь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сошел","gloss":"I'm trembling"},{"surface":"Прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies яблоньке","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking яблоньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of яблоньке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"яблоньке","lemma":"яблонька","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сошел","gloss":"apple tree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the relative clause (refers to яблоньке)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуплом,","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"дуплом,","lemma":"дупло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"a hollow","note":"Surface token includes a trailing comma carried over from the source text."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дупло","lemma":"дупло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attached to дупло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дупло, direct object of знаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Сошел","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наглядел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наглядел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наглядел","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"наглядел","lemma":"наглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"had marked out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"тряпочка","lemma":"тряпочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"a rag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тряпочка","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заготовил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"заготовил","lemma":"заготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I had prepared"},{"surface":"обернул","lemma":"обернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заготовил","gloss":"I wrapped"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обернул","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумагу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернул","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided repetition of обернул (governing тряпку)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тряпку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тряпку","lemma":"тряпка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бумагу","gloss":"the rag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заткнул","lemma":"заткнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заготовил","gloss":"stuffed it"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заткнул","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c8-s170","source":"Так она там с лишком две недели оставалась, сумма-то эта самая-с, потом уж после больницы вынул.","translation":"And so it stayed there better than two weeks, that very sum, sir; only afterward, after the hospital, did I take it out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с лишком две недели оставалась","title":"«с лишком» + imperfective «оставалась»","body":"«С лишком» means 'and more, better than' (две недели с лишком — over two weeks). The imperfective «оставалась» frames the money's lying hidden as a continuous state over time, the durative reading the imperfective gives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставалась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалась","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишком (idiom 'с лишком')","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies две недели","gloss":"more than","note":"Idiom 'с лишком' = 'and then some, more than'."},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of две, accusative of duration modifying оставалась","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"оставалась","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attached to сумма","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сумма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, servant-speech marker)","role":"attached to самая, marks deferential register","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"больницы","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"contrasted with оставалась","gloss":"I took it out"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c8-s171","source":"Воротился к себе на кровать, лег да и думаю в страхе: «Вот коли убит Григорий Васильевич совсем, так тем самым очень худо может произойти, а коли не убит и очнется, то оченно хорошо это произойдет, потому они будут тогда свидетелем, что Дмитрий Федорович приходили, а стало быть, они и убили, и деньги унесли-с».","translation":"I went back to my own bed, lay down, and think to myself in dread: \"Now, if Grigory Vasilyevich is killed outright, then that very thing may turn out very badly; but if he isn't killed and comes to, then it will turn out very well, because then he'll be the witness that Dmitri Fyodorovich came, and so it was he who killed and carried off the money, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли убит Григорий Васильевич совсем","title":"Folk «коли» + short passive «убит»","body":"«Коли» is the colloquial 'if'; «убит» is the short past passive participle ('killed'), a result-state predicate agreeing with «Григорий». The contrast «коли убит… а коли не убит» weighs the two outcomes of the night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно","title":"Folk «оченно» for «очень»","body":"«Оченно» is the substandard, rustic variant of «очень» ('very'). It rounds out the cluster of dialect markers — «сумление», «беспременно», «ажно» — that paint Smerdyakov's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень худо может произойти","title":"Predicative «худо»; perfective «произойти»","body":"«Худо» is a short/predicative neuter 'bad, ill' («худо может произойти» — 'it may turn out badly'), an older, folk-flavored word beside «плохо». «Произойти» is the perfective infinitive of a single eventuality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"my own place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Воротился","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links лег and думаю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Воротился","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of Григорий Васильевич","gloss":"is killed"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тем самым, modifies может","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убит","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убит (first)","gloss":"is killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очнется","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убит","gloss":"comes to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойдет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of будут","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"he","note":"Deferential plural for Grigory, as in b11-c8-s168-w1."},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетелем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будут","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of свидетелем","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, coordinated with приходили","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"he","note":"Deferential plural, refers to Dmitri."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходили","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of унесли","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"унесли","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходили","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, servant-speech marker)","role":"attached to унесли, marks deferential register","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c8-s172","source":"Начал я тогда от сумления и нетерпения стонать, чтобы Марфу Игнатьевну разбудить поскорей. Встала она наконец, бросилась было ко мне, да как увидала вдруг, что нет Григория Васильевича, выбежала и, слышу, завопила в саду.","translation":"Then, out of doubt and impatience, I began to groan, so as to wake Marfa Ignatyevna the sooner. At last she got up, started to rush over to me, but when she suddenly saw that Grigory Vasilyevich was gone, she ran out, and I hear her start to wail in the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начал я тогда от сумления и нетерпения стонать","title":"«начать» + imperfective infinitive «стонать»","body":"Phasal verbs like «начать» ('begin') require an imperfective infinitive — «стонать» (to groan) — since one begins an ongoing process. «От сумления и нетерпения» gives the cause in «от» + genitive ('out of doubt and impatience')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы Марфу Игнатьевну разбудить поскорей","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"Here «чтобы» governs not a past form but the perfective infinitive «разбудить» ('to wake'), because the subject of purpose and main clause is the same — Smerdyakov. «Поскорей» is the comparative-adverb 'the sooner, quickly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась было ко мне, да как увидала… выбежала","title":"Interrupted «было» + abrupt perfective «выбежала»","body":"«Бросилась было» again uses «было»: she started to rush to him but was diverted («да как увидала… выбежала») when she saw Grigory gone. «Как увидала» ('the moment she saw') with perfective «увидала» marks the sudden trigger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Начал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумления","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Начал","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нетерпения","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сумления","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"стонать","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начал","gloss":"to groan"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбудить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"Марфу","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разбудить","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевну","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфу","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of чтобы, purpose clause on стонать","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбудить","gloss":"the sooner"},{"surface":"Встала","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Встала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Встала","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встала","gloss":"started to rush"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an interrupted action)","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидала","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to выбежала","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"clausal complement of увидала","gloss":"there was no"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевича","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встала","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"завопила","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежала","gloss":"began to wail"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопила","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c8-s173","source":"Ну, тут-с всё это и пошло на всю ночь, я уж во всем успокоен был.","translation":"Well, sir, then the whole thing got going and went on all night, and by then I was perfectly easy about everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это и пошло на всю ночь","title":"Inceptive «пошло» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Пошло» (perfective of «пойти») here means 'got going, set off' — the whole commotion 'started up and went on all night'. The emphatic «и» before it ('and so it all got going') is the lively connective of oral narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уж во всем успокоен был","title":"Short passive «успокоен» of settled state","body":"«Успокоен был» uses the short past passive participle «успокоен» ('was set at ease, calmed') with «был» — a periphrastic passive stating a resulting state. «Во всём» ('about everything') and «уж» convey that by then his anxiety had wholly passed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, servant-speech marker)","role":"attached to тут, marks deferential register","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got going"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошло","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive успокоен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успокоен","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоен","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"успокоен","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошло","gloss":"was set at ease"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of успокоен","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c8-s174","source":"Рассказчик остановился. Иван всё время слушал его в мертвенном молчании, не шевелясь, не спуская с него глаз.","translation":"The narrator stopped. The whole time Ivan had listened to him in deathly silence, not stirring, not taking his eyes off him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не шевелясь, не спуская с него глаз","title":"Negated imperfective gerunds «не шевелясь… не спуская»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds in -я describe Ivan's continuous manner of listening: «не шевелясь» ('not stirring') and «не спуская с него глаз» ('not taking his eyes off him', idiom «не спускать глаз»). Negated gerunds of attendant circumstance, sharing Ivan's subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в мертвенном молчании","title":"«мертвенный» — deathly","body":"«Мертвенный» ('deathly, deathlike', from «мёртвый») describes the silence in which Ivan listens — a literary intensifier conveying the lifeless, frozen quality of his attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказчик","lemma":"рассказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"the narrator"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying слушал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мертвенном","lemma":"мертвенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчании","gloss":"deathly"},{"surface":"молчании","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевелясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шевелясь","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушал","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спуская","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушал, coordinated with шевелясь","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спуская","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спуская (genitive under negation)","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c8-s175","source":"Смердяков же, рассказывая, лишь изредка на него поглядывал, но больше косился в сторону.","translation":"Smerdyakov, as he told it, glanced at him only now and then, but for the most part looked off to the side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков же, рассказывая, лишь изредка на него поглядывал","title":"Particle «же» + gerund «рассказывая»","body":"«Же» here is a mild contrastive 'as for / meanwhile' (Smerdyakov, by contrast). «Рассказывая» is the imperfective present gerund ('as he told it'), marking the ongoing act against which his occasional glances «поглядывал» recur — the iterative imperfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"косился в сторону","title":"«коситься» — to look askance","body":"«Косился» (imperfective «коситься», from «косой» 'slanted') means to glance sidelong, look askance. Smerdyakov's avoidance of Ivan's eyes — looking 'off to the side' — quietly signals his evasiveness and hidden purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядывал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"рассказывая","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поглядывал","gloss":"as he told it"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изредка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поглядывал","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies косился","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"косился","lemma":"коситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поглядывал","gloss":"looked askance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of косился","gloss":"the side"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c8-s176","source":"Кончив рассказ, он видимо сам взволновался и тяжело переводил дух. На лице его показался пот.","translation":"Having finished his account, he was visibly stirred himself and drew his breath heavily. Sweat had broken out on his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончив рассказ, он видимо сам взволновался","title":"Perfective gerund «кончив» of prior action","body":"«Кончив» is the perfective past gerund of «кончить» ('having finished'), naming the completed act that precedes the main clause — he was stirred 'having finished his account'. The -в gerund marks anteriority, sharing the subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На лице его показался пот","title":"Existential word order «показался пот»","body":"The verb precedes the subject — «показался пот» ('sweat appeared') — the presentational order Russian uses to introduce new information (the new fact: sweat). «На лице его» (location) is topic, «пот» the comment. «Его» is the invariable third-person possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончив","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взволновался","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Кончив","gloss":"his account"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взволновался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взволновался","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensifier), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"взволновался","lemma":"взволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was stirred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переводил","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"переводил","lemma":"переводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взволновался","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переводил","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had broken out"},{"surface":"пот","lemma":"пот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"sweat"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c8-s177","source":"Нельзя было, однако, угадать, чувствует ли он раскаяние или что.","translation":"It was impossible, however, to make out whether he felt remorse or anything of the kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя было… угадать, чувствует ли он раскаяние","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + embedded «ли»","body":"«Нельзя было угадать» is an impersonal modal construction ('it was impossible to make out'), with no subject and a perfective infinitive. The dependent yes/no question «чувствует ли он раскаяние» uses «ли» for 'whether he felt remorse'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"to make out"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of угадать","gloss":"he felt"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with раскаяние, direct object of чувствует","gloss":"anything else"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c8-s178","source":"— Стой, — подхватил, соображая, Иван. — А дверь-то? Если отворил он дверь только тебе, то как же мог видеть ее прежде тебя Григорий отворенною? Потому ведь Григорий видел прежде тебя?","translation":"— Wait, — Ivan put in, working it out. — And the door? If he opened the door only for you, then how could Grigory have seen it open before you did? For Grigory saw it before you, didn't he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если отворил он дверь только тебе, то как же мог видеть ее прежде тебя Григорий отворенною?","title":"Real conditional + predicative participle «отворенною»","body":"A real (open) «если… то» conditional reasoning about facts. «Отворенною» is the past passive participle in the instrumental ('as opened'), the secondary predicate to «видеть… дверь» — 'see the door as open'. «Прежде тебя» = 'before you' (genitive after «прежде»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А дверь-то?","title":"Elliptical question with topic «-то»","body":"«А дверь-то?» is a one-word challenge: «а» introduces the new objection, «дверь» is the topic, and «-то» foregrounds it pointedly — 'but what about the door?'. Ivan, «соображая» (working it out), seizes on the inconsistency."}],"words":[{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подхватил","gloss":"working it out"},{"surface":"Иван.","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Ivan","note":"Surface token includes a trailing period carried over from the source text."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the question (elliptical)","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attached to дверь","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on мог","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отворил","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition прежде","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог (мог видеть)","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"отворенною","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of видеть, describing ее (дверь)","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition прежде","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c8-s179","source":"Замечательно, что Иван спрашивал самым мирным голосом, даже совсем как будто другим тоном, совсем незлобным, так что если бы кто-нибудь отворил к ним теперь дверь и с порога взглянул на них, то непременно заключил бы, что они сидят и миролюбиво разговаривают о каком-нибудь обыкновенном, хотя и интересном предмете.","translation":"It is remarkable that Ivan asked this in the most peaceable voice, in an altogether different tone, even, quite without malice, so that if someone had now opened the door to them and glanced in from the threshold, he would surely have concluded that the two were sitting there discussing peaceably some ordinary, if interesting, matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы кто-нибудь отворил… и взглянул… то непременно заключил бы","title":"Elaborate counterfactual with «кто-нибудь»","body":"The narrator builds a long past counterfactual: «если бы кто-нибудь отворил… взглянул… то заключил бы» ('had someone opened… and glanced… he would surely have concluded'). «Кто-нибудь» with «-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anyone at all'; one «бы» governs the protasis, another the apodosis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что они сидят и миролюбиво разговаривают","title":"Imperfectives «сидят… разговаривают» of a scene","body":"The reported impression runs in imperfective present — «сидят», «разговаривают» — painting an ongoing, peaceable scene ('sitting and conversing'). The imperfective is exactly right for this stative, durative picture of two men in calm talk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"миролюбиво","title":"«миролюбиво» — peaceably","body":"«Миролюбиво» ('peaceably, peaceably-mindedly', from «мир» peace + «любить» to love) heightens the narrator's irony: the two appear to discuss some 'ordinary, if interesting, matter' while confessing a parricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the impersonal predicate (it is remarkable)","gloss":"It is remarkable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечательно","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мирным (forms the superlative)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"мирным","lemma":"мирный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"peaceable"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of спрашивал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with голосом","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies незлобным","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"незлобным","lemma":"незлобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"without malice"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative of что (so...that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (если...то заключил)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks отворил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отворил (part of кто-нибудь)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase кто-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"кто-нибудь is the indefinite pronoun 'someone/anyone', split across two tokens."},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"had opened"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отворил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"порога","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes если, introduces заключил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional apodosis (то-clause)","gloss":"would have concluded"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks заключил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"are sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"миролюбиво","lemma":"миролюбивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривают","gloss":"peaceably"},{"surface":"разговаривают","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидят","gloss":"discussing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновенном","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обыкновенном (part of каком-нибудь)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"обыкновенном","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривают","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase (хотя и) modifying предмете","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя и, modifies интересном","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"интересном","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмете","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"предмете","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривают","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c8-s180","source":"— Насчет этой двери и что Григорий Васильевич будто бы видел, что она отперта, то это ему только так почудилось, — искривленно усмехнулся Смердяков. — Ведь это, я вам скажу, не человек-с, а всё равно что упрямый мерин: и не видал, а почудилось ему, что видел, — вот его уж и не собьете-с.","translation":"— As for that door, and Grigory Vasilyevich's supposedly having seen it standing open, it only seemed so to him, — Smerdyakov gave a twisted smile. — I'll tell you, the man's no man, sir, but for all the world like a stubborn gelding: he saw nothing, but it seemed to him that he saw, — and now there's no shaking him off it, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то это ему только так почудилось","title":"Impersonal «почудилось» + dative «ему»","body":"«Почудилось ему» is an impersonal verb of seeming ('it only seemed so to him'), with the dative experiencer «ему» and no nominative subject — the very pattern Russian uses for impressions and sensations befalling a person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упрямый мерин","title":"«мерин» — a gelding (insult)","body":"A «мерин» is a gelded horse; «упрямый мерин» ('a stubborn gelding') is Smerdyakov's contemptuous figure for the obstinate old Grigory — 'no man… but for all the world like a stubborn gelding'. The barnyard simile drips with his disdain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот его уж и не собьете-с","title":"Perfective future «не собьёте» of impossibility","body":"«Не собьёте» is the perfective future of «сбить» ('you won't shake him off [it]'), the conjugated perfective expressing a flat impossibility — once Grigory believes it, nothing will dislodge him. «Уж… и» intensify; «-с» bows out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери and the что-clause","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Насчет","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"Васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies видел","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (w5), complement of Насчет","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отперта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отперта","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отперта","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"was open"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes Насчет, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of почудилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of почудилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почудилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"почудилось,","lemma":"почудиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (predicate of это)","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"искривленно","lemma":"искривлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"twistedly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to почудилось","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Смердяков.","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause that follows","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек (predicate nominal, w29)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause (я вам скажу)","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это (w24)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix on человек","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase всё равно что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно что","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"part of the phrase всё равно что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"упрямый","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мерин","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"мерин","lemma":"мерин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the всё равно что phrase, predicate nominal of это","gloss":"gelding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of implicit subject он, parallel to почудилось","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почудилось","lemma":"почудиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of почудилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел (w44)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел,","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почудилось","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the final clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собьете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собьете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"собьете","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (вот его... не собьете)","gloss":"shake off"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix on собьете","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c8-s181","source":"Это уж нам с вами счастье такое выпало, что он это придумал, потому что Дмитрия Федоровича несомненно после того вконец уличат.","translation":"It's our great good luck, yours and mine, that he dreamed it up, because after that they'll convict Dmitri Fyodorovich beyond all doubt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам с вами","title":"«нам с вами» — 'to us, you and me'","body":"A characteristic Russian idiom: «нам с вами» literally pairs a dative plural «нам» ('to us') with «с вами» ('with you'), the inclusive way of saying 'you and I'. The dative is governed here by the experiencer-construction «счастье… выпало» — luck 'fell to' us."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счастье такое выпало","title":"«выпасть» of luck — 'to fall to one's lot'","body":"«выпало» (perfective of «выпадать») is the verb used for chance falling out a certain way — as luck, a lot, or snow does. «Счастье выпало» is 'good fortune befell us'; the word order, with «такое» trailing the noun, gives it a colloquial, marvelling lilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вконец уличат","title":"«вконец» + «уличить» — 'convict utterly'","body":"«Уличить» is to catch out, expose, or convict by proof; «вконец» ('completely, once and for all') intensifies it. The perfective future «уличат» ('they'll convict') projects a single decisive outcome — Smerdyakov coolly forecasting the trial's verdict on Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject, appositive to счастье","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выпало","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies нам (нам с вами = 'you and I')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выпало","gloss":"luck"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастье","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"выпало","lemma":"выпасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has befallen us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of придумал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"придумал","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of выпало","gloss":"thought up"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что, introduces the clause of уличат","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уличат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уличат","gloss":"beyond all doubt"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вконец","lemma":"вконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уличат","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"уличат","lemma":"уличить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выпало (explains why it is luck, not why he invented it)","gloss":"will convict"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c8-s182","source":"— Слушай, — проговорил Иван Федорович, словно опять начиная теряться и что-то усиливаясь сообразить, — слушай… Я много хотел спросить тебя еще, но забыл… Я всё забываю и путаюсь… Да! Скажи ты мне хоть это одно: зачем ты пакет распечатал и тут же на полу оставил? Зачем не просто в пакете унес… Ты когда рассказывал, то мне показалось, что будто ты так говорил про этот пакет, что так и надо было поступить… а почему так надо — не могу понять…","translation":"— Listen, — Ivan Fyodorovich brought out, as if beginning to lose himself again and straining to grasp something, — listen… There was a great deal more I meant to ask you, but I've forgotten… I keep forgetting and getting confused… Yes! Tell me just this one thing: why did you tear open the packet and then leave it there on the floor? Why not simply carry it off in the packet… When you were telling it, it seemed to me you spoke of that packet as though that was exactly how it had to be done… but why it had to be so — I can't understand…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усиливаясь сообразить","title":"Gerund «усиливаясь» — 'straining to'","body":"«Усиливаясь» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») from «усиливаться», naming an action attendant on the main verb: Ivan speaks 'while straining' to grasp something. Such gerunds, sharing the main subject, are the connective tissue of Dostoevsky's narration of inner effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё забываю и путаюсь","title":"«всё» as 'keep on' + iterative imperfective","body":"Here «всё» is an adverb meaning 'continually, keep on', and the imperfective presents «забываю… путаюсь» render the repeated, ongoing state — 'I keep forgetting and getting confused'. The reflexive «-ся» on «путаюсь» gives the middle sense 'get tangled up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажи ты мне хоть это одно","title":"Imperative «скажи» with intimate «ты»","body":"«Скажи» is the singular imperative of perfective «сказать», asking for one complete answer; the postposed pronoun «ты» and the particle «хоть» ('at least, just') press the appeal. Ivan addresses his half-brother's servant with the familiar «ты» throughout — a marker of their unequal, intimate, charged relationship."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пакет распечатал","title":"«пакет» and «распечатать» — the sealed packet","body":"The «пакет» is the envelope of banknotes Fyodor Pavlovich had prepared for Grushenka; «распечатать» means specifically to break a seal open (печать = seal). The packet's torn seal is the physical hinge of the whole murder plot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и надо было поступить","title":"Impersonal «надо было» — 'one had to'","body":"«Надо было поступить» is a subjectless modal-necessity construction: «надо» ('it is necessary') plus the neuter past «было» and an infinitive, with no nominative subject. The intensifying «так и» ('exactly so') means 'that was precisely how it had to be done'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай,","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative, parallel to проговорил","gloss":"Listen,"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начиная","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начиная","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"теряться","lemma":"теряться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начиная","gloss":"to lose himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, object of сообразить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"усиливаясь","lemma":"усиливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начиная","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"сообразить,","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of усиливаясь","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забываю","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"забываю","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"путаюсь","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забываю","gloss":"get confused"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative)","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase это одно, direct object of Скажи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Скажи","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распечатал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of распечатал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"распечатал","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the зачем-clause, complement of одно","gloss":"tore open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тут же","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распечатал","gloss":"left it"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унес","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просто","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унес","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of унес","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried it off"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on показалось","gloss":"were telling it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes когда, introduces показалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase что будто, modifies говорил","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо, explains what говорил meant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"exactly so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, emphasizes так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause (w65)","gloss":"had to be"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to do it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the почему-clause","gloss":"it had to be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c8-s183","source":"— А это я так сделал по некоторой причине-с. Ибо будь человек знающий и привычный, вот как я, например, который эти деньги сам видел зараньше и, может, их сам же в тот пакет ввертывал и собственными глазами смотрел, как его запечатывали и надписывали, то такой человек-с с какой же бы стати, если примерно это он убил, стал бы тогда, после убивства, этот пакет распечатывать, да еще в таких попыхах, зная и без того совсем уж наверно, что деньги эти в том пакете беспременно лежат-с?","translation":"— That I did for a certain reason, sir. For take a knowing, practiced man, like me, for instance, who had seen that money beforehand himself and maybe stuffed it into that packet with his own hands and watched with his own eyes as it was sealed and labeled — what earthly reason would such a man have, supposing he had done the killing, to start tearing open the packet then, after the murder, and in such a frantic rush at that, knowing perfectly well even without it that the money was bound to be in that packet, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по некоторой причине-с","title":"The servile «-с» (slovoyers)","body":"The clitic «-с», appended all through Smerdyakov's speech («причине-с», «человек-с»), is the «словоер» — a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') once tacked on for deference. By Dostoevsky's day it already read as obsequious or ironic; in Smerdyakov's mouth it is a lackey's mock-humility laid over icy contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо будь человек знающий","title":"«ибо» + «будь» — bookish concession 'for, were a man…'","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated 'for/because' (cf. plain «потому что»), and «будь» here is the bare imperative used hypothetically — 'were there a man', 'suppose a man'. The pairing lends Smerdyakov's reasoning a deliberately sententious, Scripture-flavoured cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек знающий и привычный… который эти деньги сам видел","title":"Relative «который» reaching back to «человек»","body":"The «который»-clause ('who had himself seen that money beforehand…') hangs off «человек», agreeing with it in masculine singular while taking nominative as the subject of its own clause. Such a long relative chain, stacked with «сам» and «собственными глазами», builds Smerdyakov's air-tight case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какой же бы стати… стал бы… распечатывать","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'what reason would he have to…'","body":"The hypothetical runs on the particle «бы» twice over: «с какой бы стати» ('for what conceivable reason') and «стал бы… распечатывать» ('would he set about opening'), a past-form-plus-«бы» conditional. The interposed «же» sharpens the rhetorical edge: 'what on earth would induce him?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зараньше","title":"«зараньше» — colloquial 'beforehand'","body":"«Зараньше» is a folksy, substandard variant of «заранее» ('in advance'), part of the rustic, half-educated texture of Smerdyakov's diction. Note too «убивства» for «убийства» ('murder') and «беспременно» for «непременно» ('without fail') in the same sentence — all flagged-up popular forms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в таких попыхах","title":"«в попыхах» — 'in a frantic rush'","body":"«Попыхи» survives only in this fixed prepositional phrase, meaning a flustered hurry, all done in a fluster. Smerdyakov returns to it (s189) as the linchpin of his argument: no one improvises so cunning a scheme «в таких попыхах»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence, contrasts with previous","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоторой причине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of 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деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes который, modifies видел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of который-clause","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"зараньше","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"beforehand","note":"зараньше is a dialectal/colloquial form of заранее ('beforehand')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies ввертывал","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ввертывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes который, modifies ввертывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввертывал","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"ввертывал","lemma":"ввёртывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственными","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ввертывал","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запечатывали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запечатывали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"запечатывали","lemma":"запечатывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of смотрел","gloss":"was sealed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надписывали","lemma":"надписывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запечатывали","gloss":"labeled"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes Ибо будь..., introduces стал (main clause)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix on человек","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стати (idiom с какой стати = why on earth)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стати","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"on earth"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks стал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"стати","lemma":"стать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition с (w48)","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"supposing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question (with стати)","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks стал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убивства","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"убивства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"the murder","note":"убивства is a dialectal/colloquial spelling of убийства (genitive of убийство, 'murder')."},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатывать","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"распечатывать","lemma":"распечатывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to tear open"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да еще = 'and what's more')","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попыхах","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попыхах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of попыхах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"попыхах","lemma":"попыхи","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"a rush"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying стал","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links и без того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"surely","note":"беспременно is a dialectal/colloquial form of непременно ('certainly, without fail')."},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix on лежат-с (sentence-final)","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c8-s184","source":"Напротив, будь это похититель, как бы я, например, то он бы просто сунул этот пакет в карман, нисколько не распечатывая, и с ним поскорее утек-с.","translation":"On the contrary, were it a thief, like me, for instance, he'd simply have shoved that packet into his pocket without opening it at all and made off with it as fast as he could, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь это похититель… то он бы просто сунул","title":"«будь… то… бы» — the hypothetical thief","body":"A second conditional built the same way: hypothetical imperative «будь» ('were it'), resumptive «то», and the «бы»-conditional «он бы… сунул… утек» ('he'd have shoved… and slipped off'). The perfectives «сунул» and «утек» frame the imagined act as swift and complete."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поскорее утек","title":"«утечь» — to 'slip away, make off'","body":"«Утек» (perfective «утечь», lit. 'to flow/leak away') is a colloquial, almost slangy 'made off, did a bunk', applied to a fleeing thief. «Поскорее» ('as fast as possible') is the comparative «скорее» softened by «по-» into 'a bit quicker / quick as he could'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"On the contrary"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative used as conditional marker, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional marker introducing похититель","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the conditional clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"похититель","lemma":"похититель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of будь","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison как бы я","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of the как бы comparison","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying я","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause after the conditional","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сунул as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сунул","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"would have shoved"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распечатывая, paired with не","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates распечатывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"распечатывая","lemma":"распечатывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сунул","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утек","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утек","gloss":"as fast as he could"},{"surface":"утек","lemma":"утечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сунул","gloss":"made off"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to утек","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is a colloquial deferential suffix (from 'sudar') used by servants toward social superiors; here tokenized with the sentence period."}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c8-s185","source":"Совсем другое тут Дмитрий Федорович: они об пакете только понаслышке знали, его самого не видели, и вот как достали его примерно будто из-под тюфяка, то поскорее распечатали его тут же, чтобы справиться: есть ли в нем в самом деле эти самые деньги?","translation":"It was altogether otherwise with Dmitri Fyodorovich: he knew of the packet only by hearsay, he'd never seen it himself, and so, having got hold of it, supposedly from under the mattress, he tore it open then and there as fast as he could, to make sure whether that very money really was in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они… знали, его самого не видели","title":"Plural «они» for one man — deferential 'they'","body":"Smerdyakov refers to Dmitri with plural verbs and pronouns («они… знали», «не видели», «достали»), the old servant's respectful 'they' for a single gentleman master. The mismatch of singular referent and plural grammar is itself a class signal woven through his speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы справиться: есть ли… эти самые деньги","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + embedded «ли» question","body":"«Чтобы справиться» gives the purpose ('in order to check'), and the indirect yes/no question hangs on the enclitic «ли»: «есть ли в нём… деньги» ('whether the money was in it'). The fronted «есть» before «ли» is the standard way to question existence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"понаслышке","title":"«понаслышке» — 'by hearsay'","body":"«Понаслышке» (from «наслышка», related to «слышать», to hear) means knowing of something only by report, never first-hand. It crisply marks the gap between Smerdyakov, who handled the packet, and Dmitri, who merely heard of it — the asymmetry on which the alibi turns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из-под тюфяка","title":"«тюфяк» and the double preposition «из-под»","body":"«Тюфяк» is a coarse straw-stuffed mattress or pallet. «Из-под» is a compound preposition ('from under') that governs the genitive «тюфяка» — the money was fished out 'from under the pallet', the supposed hiding place in Dmitri's story."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"Completely"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of elided copula было","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of другое, with тут","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (deferential 'he')","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"he","note":"Smerdyakov uses the deferential plural 'они' for Dmitri, a social superior; translated as 'he'."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понаслышке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"понаслышке","lemma":"понаслышке","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"by hearsay"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), imperfective","role":"main verb, subject они","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies его","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the как-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause достали...тюфяка","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"достали","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"got hold of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из-под тюфяка, paired with будто","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase примерно будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-под","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяка","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из-под","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распечатали","gloss":"as fast as he could"},{"surface":"распечатали","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore it open"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распечатали, paired with же","gloss":"then and there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on распечатали","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the embedded ли-question, complement of справиться","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в самом деле","morphology":"preposition, part of fixed idiom","role":"part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"в самом деле","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular, part of fixed idiom","role":"part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies есть, adverbial idiom в самом деле","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c8-s186","source":"А пакет тут же бросили, уже не успев рассудить, что он уликой им после них останется, потому что они вор непривычный-с и прежде никогда ничего явно не крали, ибо родовые дворяне-с, а если теперь украсть и решились, то именно как бы не украсть, а свое собственное только взять обратно пришли, так как всему городу об этом предварительно повестили и даже похвалялись зараньше вслух пред всеми, что пойдут и собственность свою от Федора Павловича отберут.","translation":"And the packet he threw down right there, not yet stopping to consider that it would be left as evidence against him after he'd gone, because he's no practiced thief, sir, and had never before stolen anything openly, being a hereditary nobleman, sir; and if he had now resolved to steal, it was, so to speak, not as stealing, but only coming to take back his own property, since he'd announced as much beforehand to the whole town and even boasted in advance, out loud, before everyone, that he would go and take his own property from Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успев рассудить","title":"Perfective gerund «не успев» — 'not having had time to'","body":"«Успев» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «успеть» ('to manage in time'); negated, «не успев рассудить» means 'without yet stopping to reason'. The perfective gerund marks an action prior to (here, failing to precede) the main verb «бросили»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уликой им… останется","title":"Instrumental predicate «уликой» after «остаться»","body":"«Останется уликой» — 'will remain as evidence' — puts the predicate noun «улика» ('piece of evidence') in the instrumental, as «остаться», «стать», «быть» require. The instrumental frames it as a role the packet would come to play against him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не украсть, а свое собственное только взять обратно","title":"Contrastive «а» — 'not X but Y'","body":"The correction «не украсть, а… взять обратно» ('not to steal, but to take back') turns on «а», the contrastive conjunction that pivots from a rejected idea to the substituted one. The reflexive possessive «свое собственное» ('his very own') underscores Dmitri's self-justification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похвалялись зараньше вслух","title":"«похваляться» — to boast, brag","body":"«Похваляться» is an emphatic, slightly archaic 'to brag, give out boastfully' (a kindred of «хвалить», to praise). Dmitri had broadcast his intention «вслух пред всеми» ('out loud before everyone') — recklessness Smerdyakov turns into proof of his clumsy guilt."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросили","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросили, paired with же","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"бросили","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw down"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успев, paired with не","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates успев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успев","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросили","gloss":"having had time"},{"surface":"рассудить","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успев","gloss":"to consider"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уликой","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of останется","gloss":"as evidence"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (deferential singular referring to him)","role":"indirect object of останется","gloss":"against him"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (deferential 'he')","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"he had gone"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"conjunction, part of compound","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"conjunction, part of compound","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (deferential 'he')","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of elided copula, subject они","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"непривычный","lemma":"непривычный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to непривычный","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крали","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крали","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of крали","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крали","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates крали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крали","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), imperfective","role":"coordinated with вор, subject они","gloss":"had stolen"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"родовые","lemma":"родовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дворяне","gloss":"hereditary"},{"surface":"дворяне","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of elided copula, explains ибо-clause","gloss":"nobles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to дворяне","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies украсть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"украсть","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of решились","gloss":"to steal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes решились","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"решились","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the contrast как бы не украсть, а...взять","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы не","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы не","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates украсть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"украсть","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"contrasted with взять","gloss":"to steal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of собственное","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"own property"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of пришли","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"main verb, subject они","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"adverb, part of compound","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of compound","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повестили","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повестили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повестили","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"повестили","lemma":"повестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"had announced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похвалялись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"похвалялись","lemma":"похваляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural (deferential singular), imperfective","role":"coordinated with повестили","gloss":"boasted"},{"surface":"зараньше","lemma":"зараньше","morphology":"adverb (colloquial for заранее)","role":"modifies похвалялись","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похвалялись","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition (archaic/colloquial form)","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственность","lemma":"собственность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отберут","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собственность","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"отберут","lemma":"отобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural (deferential singular), perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдут","gloss":"would take away"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c8-s187","source":"Я эту самую мысль прокурору в опросе моем не то что ясно сказал, а, напротив, как будто намеком подвел-с, точно как бы сам не понимаючи, и точно как бы это они сами выдумали, а не я им подсказал-с, — так у господина прокурора от этого самого намека моего даже слюнки потекли-с…","translation":"I didn't put this very idea to the prosecutor outright at my examination, but, on the contrary, led him up to it as if by a hint, sir, as though I didn't understand it myself, and as though they had thought it up on their own and I hadn't prompted them, sir — so that the gentleman prosecutor fairly slavered over this very hint of mine, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что ясно сказал, а… намеком подвел","title":"«не то что… а» — 'not so much… as'","body":"The frame «не то что X, а Y» concedes one description only to replace it with a sharper one: not that he 'said it plainly', but rather 'led him to it by a hint'. The contrastive «а» again does the pivoting, a hallmark of Smerdyakov's hedged, insinuating self-account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно как бы сам не понимаючи","title":"Folk gerund «не понимаючи»","body":"«Понимаючи» is a colloquial, dialectal gerund (standard would be «понимая»), the «-учи/-ючи» ending marked as rustic and old-fashioned. Layered with «точно как бы» ('just as if'), it stages Smerdyakov's feigned innocence — pretending not to grasp his own cunning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слюнки потекли","title":"«слюнки потекли» — 'his mouth watered'","body":"A vivid idiom: «слюнки» is the diminutive of «слюна» (saliva), and «слюнки потекли» means someone's mouth watered with greed or relish. Smerdyakov pictures the prosecutor salivating over the bait — a grotesque image of officialdom hungry for a conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to the prosecutor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опросе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"опросе","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of опросе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not exactly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not exactly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"conjunction, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not exactly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast, second half of не то что...а","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying подвел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"намеком","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвел","gloss":"by a hint"},{"surface":"подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал, second half of не то что...а","gloss":"led him up to it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to подвел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the elided subject я of понимаючи","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понимаючи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаючи","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective (archaic form)","role":"adverbial clause on подвел","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"точно как бы","morphology":"particle, part of compound","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выдумали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"выдумали","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понимаючи clause","gloss":"had thought up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates я, contrasts with они","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подсказал","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдумали","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to подсказал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of compound","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господина прокурора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прокурора","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у, possessor of слюнки","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намека","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of намека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"намека","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от, cause of потекли","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of намека","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потекли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слюнки","lemma":"слюнки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"subject of потекли","gloss":"his mouth"},{"surface":"потекли","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the так result clause","gloss":"watered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to потекли","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c8-s188","source":"— Так неужели, неужели ты всё это тогда же так на месте и обдумал? — воскликнул Иван Федорович вне себя от удивления. Он опять глядел на Смердякова в испуге.","translation":"— So is it possible, is it really possible that you thought all this out right then, on the spot? — exclaimed Ivan Fyodorovich, beside himself with astonishment. He was again staring at Smerdyakov in alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так неужели, неужели ты всё это… обдумал?","title":"Particle «неужели» — incredulous 'surely not?'","body":"«Неужели» introduces an astonished, disbelieving question — 'is it really possible that…?' Doubled here, it conveys Ivan's mounting horror; «так… же» and «и» («тогда же… и обдумал») pile on, stressing 'right then and there, on the spot'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вне себя от удивления","title":"«вне себя» — 'beside oneself'","body":"«Вне себя» ('outside oneself') is the set phrase for being overcome by emotion; «от удивления» supplies the cause in the genitive ('with astonishment'). The idiom mirrors English 'beside himself' almost exactly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"expresses disbelief, modifies обдумал","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats w2 for emphasis, modifies обдумал","gloss":"is it really possible"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обдумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обдумал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумал, paired with же","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на месте","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifies обдумал","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes обдумал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обдумал?","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question, subject ты","gloss":"thought out"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя, idiom вне себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вне","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивления","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивления","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"alarm"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c8-s189","source":"— Помилосердуйте, да можно ли это всё выдумать в таких попыхах-с? Заранее всё обдумано было.","translation":"— Mercy on us, can a man think all that up in such a frantic rush, sir? It had all been thought out beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилосердуйте","title":"«помилосердуйте» — 'have mercy / for pity's sake'","body":"A polite plural imperative from «помилосердовать» ('to take pity'), used as a soft exclamation of protest — 'good heavens, sir, come now'. It is old-fashioned and a touch unctuous, perfectly suited to Smerdyakov's deferential mask."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заранее всё обдумано было","title":"Periphrastic passive «обдумано было»","body":"«Обдумано было» is the short-form past passive participle of «обдумать» joined to «было» — an impersonal periphrastic passive: 'it had all been thought out beforehand'. The neuter short form «обдумано» states the result; no agent is named, which is precisely the point — the plan stands complete, authorless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилосердуйте","lemma":"помилосердовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural (polite), perfective","role":"interjection, head of the exclamation","gloss":"Mercy on us"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the question, paired with ли","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумать, paired with всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the question, subject implicit","gloss":"think up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попыхах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of попыхах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"попыхах","lemma":"попыхи","morphology":"noun, locative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"a rush"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to попыхах","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумано","gloss":"Beforehand"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обдумано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обдумано","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"thought out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обдумано","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c8-s190","source":"— Ну… ну, тебе значит сам черт помогал! — воскликнул опять Иван Федорович. — Нет, ты не глуп, ты гораздо умней, чем я думал…","translation":"— Well… well, then the devil himself must have been helping you! — Ivan Fyodorovich exclaimed again. — No, you are no fool, you're far cleverer than I thought…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе… сам черт помогал","title":"Dative «тебе» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«Тебе помогал» puts the one helped in the dative ('was helping you'), while «сам чёрт» ('the devil himself') uses the intensive pronoun «сам» to mean 'in person, no less'. The pairing flings a near-blasphemous awe at Smerdyakov's cunning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо умней, чем я думал","title":"Comparative «умнее» — 'far cleverer than'","body":"«Умней» (variant of «умнее») is the predicative comparative of «умный», and «гораздо» ('much, far') boosts it; «чем я думал» supplies the standard of comparison. Note the colloquial clipped «-ей» for «-ее», common in speech and 19th-c. dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, repeats w1","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of помогал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes черт","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помогал","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"помогал!","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must have been helping"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович.","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the denial","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates глуп","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умней","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умней","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"умней","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of ты, coordinated with глуп clause","gloss":"cleverer"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"had thought"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c8-s191","source":"Он встал с очевидным намерением пройтись по комнате. Он был в страшной тоске.","translation":"He stood up, plainly meaning to walk about the room. He was in terrible anguish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с очевидным намерением пройтись","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment «с намерением»","body":"«С… намерением» ('with the intention') uses the preposition «с» plus the instrumental to express manner/attendant circumstance. «Пройтись», the reflexive of «пройти», means specifically 'to take a stroll, walk about a bit' — a self-directed, leisurely turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в страшной тоске","title":"«тоска» — the untranslatable anguish","body":"«Тоска» names a heavy, yearning anguish — depression, dread, and longing fused — famously resistant to English. «В страшной тоске» ('in terrible anguish') is Dostoevsky's keynote for Ivan's state on the brink of his collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очевидным","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намерением","gloss":"obvious"},{"surface":"намерением","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"пройтись","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of намерением","gloss":"to walk about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тоске","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоске","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"тоске","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c8-s192","source":"Но так как стол загораживал дорогу и мимо стола и стены почти приходилось пролезать, то он только повернулся на месте и сел опять.","translation":"But since the table blocked the way and one had almost to squeeze between the table and the wall, he merely turned on the spot and sat down again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как… загораживал… то он только повернулся","title":"«так как… то» — causal 'since… (then)'","body":"«Так как» opens a causal subordinate clause ('since the table blocked the way…'), answered by the resumptive «то» before the main clause. The imperfective «загораживал» (background state) yields to the perfective «повернулся… и сел» (the resulting completed acts)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходилось пролезать","title":"Impersonal «приходилось» — 'one had to'","body":"«Приходилось пролезать» is a subjectless construction ('it was necessary / one had to squeeze through'), the impersonal «приходиться» plus infinitive. There is no nominative subject; the imperfective «пролезать» depicts the awkward squeezing as a recurring necessity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"adverb, part of compound","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of compound","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загораживал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"загораживал","lemma":"загораживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"blocked"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of загораживал","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мимо","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стола, oblique complement of мимо","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходилось","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"приходилось","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"one had to"},{"surface":"пролезать","lemma":"пролезать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходилось","gloss":"squeeze through"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c8-s193","source":"То, что он не успел пройтись, может быть, вдруг и раздражило его, так что он почти в прежнем исступлении вдруг завопил:","translation":"That he had not managed to take a turn about the room may suddenly have irritated him, so that, almost in his former frenzy, he abruptly burst out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То, что он не успел пройтись","title":"Correlative «то, что…» as subject clause","body":"The sentence opens with a nominalised clause: «то, что он не успел пройтись» ('the fact that he hadn't managed to take a turn') serves as the subject of «раздражило его». The correlative «то» holds the subject slot while «что…» fills it out — bookish but very common."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в прежнем исступлении завопил","title":"«исступление» — frenzy; «завопить» — to wail out","body":"«Исступление» is a state of frenzy, ecstasy, or being beside oneself — a charged Dostoevskian word for soul on fire. «Завопил» (inceptive perfective of «вопить») marks the sudden onset of a wail or cry: he 'burst out howling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раздражило","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying То","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"пройтись","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to take a turn"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies раздражило","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражило","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражило","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause, modifies раздражило","gloss":"burst out"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c8-s194","source":"— Слушай, несчастный, презренный ты человек! Неужели ты не понимаешь, что если я еще не убил тебя до сих пор, то потому только, что берегу тебя на завтрашний ответ на суде.","translation":"— Listen, you miserable, contemptible man! Don't you understand that if I haven't killed you yet, it is only because I'm saving you for your testimony tomorrow in court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несчастный, презренный ты человек","title":"Embedded «ты» in apostrophe — 'you wretched man!'","body":"Russian direct address often slots the pronoun «ты» between adjectives and noun: «презренный ты человек» = 'you contemptible man'. «Презренный», literally a past passive participle of «презреть» ('to despise'), works as an adjective, 'despised, contemptible'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я еще не убил тебя… то потому только, что берегу","title":"«если… то потому, что» — 'if…, it's only because'","body":"A conditional-causal frame: «если» opens the condition, «то потому только, что» gives the sole reason. The perfective past «не убил» ('have not killed') registers a completed (non-)act up to now, against the imperfective «берегу» ('I am keeping/saving you'), an ongoing intention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, address","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"презренный","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"contemptible"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the vocative phrase with человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"Surely"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of берегу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb, modifies берегу","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of если, introduces берегу clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of берегу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"берегу","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the because-clause","gloss":"am saving"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of берегу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завтрашний","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берегу","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c8-s195","source":"Бог видит, — поднял Иван руку кверху, — может быть, и я был виновен, может быть, действительно я имел тайное желание, чтоб… умер отец, но, клянусь тебе, я не столь был виновен, как ты думаешь, и, может быть, не подбивал тебя вовсе. Нет, нет, не подбивал!","translation":"God sees, — Ivan raised his hand on high, — perhaps I too was guilty, perhaps I really did harbor a secret wish that… my father would die, but, I swear to you, I was not so guilty as you think, and perhaps I did not urge you on at all. No, no, I did not urge you on!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб… умер отец","title":"«чтоб» + past-form irrealis — willed outcome","body":"«Чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») here introduces the content of a wish and so takes the irrealis past form «умер» ('that father should die'). This is the «чтобы»-construction's core logic: a willed or hoped-for state, not a stated fact, expressed by the past form after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не столь был виновен","title":"Short adjective «виновен» + archaic «столь»","body":"«Виновен» is the short (predicative) form of «виновный» ('guilty'), its bookish, absolute flavour fitting a confession of guilt. «Столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the elevated, literary counterpart of everyday «так»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не подбивал тебя","title":"«подбивать» — to incite, egg on","body":"«Подбивать/подбить» literally 'to knock under', figuratively to put someone up to something, incite, instigate. Ivan's desperate «не подбивал тебя вовсе» ('I didn't put you up to it at all') is the crux of his self-exculpation over the murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"кверху,","lemma":"кверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies виновен","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, parallel to имел","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies имел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, parallel to виновен","gloss":"harbored"},{"surface":"тайное","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause, modifies желание","gloss":"would die"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb, addressed to тебе","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, contrasted with имел","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаешь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on виновен","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies подбивал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подбивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подбивал","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with виновен clause","gloss":"urged on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подбивал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подбивал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, coordinated with second нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подбивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подбивал","lemma":"подбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"urge you on"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c8-s196","source":"Но всё равно, я покажу на себя сам, завтра же, на суде, я решил! Я всё скажу, всё. Но мы явимся вместе с тобою! И что бы ты ни говорил на меня на суде, что бы ты ни свидетельствовал — принимаю и не боюсь тебя; сам всё подтвержу! Но и ты должен пред судом сознаться! Должен, должен, вместе пойдем! Так и будет!","translation":"But all the same, I'll testify against myself, tomorrow, in court, I've made up my mind! I'll tell everything, everything. But we'll appear together, you and I! And whatever you may say against me in court, whatever you may give in evidence — I accept it and am not afraid of you; I'll confirm it all myself! But you too must confess before the court! You must, you must, we'll go together! And so it shall be!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы ты ни говорил… что бы ты ни свидетельствовал","title":"«что бы ни…» — concessive 'whatever you may say'","body":"The pattern «что бы ты ни + past-form verb» builds a concessive: 'whatever you may say / testify'. It fuses the irrealis «бы» with the intensifying negative «ни», yet means 'no matter what' — a positive sweep, not a negation. Repeated, it gives Ivan's vow its sweeping defiance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я покажу на себя сам… подтвержу","title":"Perfective futures of resolve","body":"A cascade of perfective futures — «покажу» ('I'll testify'), «скажу» ('I'll tell'), «явимся» ('we'll appear'), «подтвержу» ('I'll confirm') — each a single decisive act Ivan pledges. The reflexive «показать на себя» means 'to give evidence against oneself', and «сам» drives home 'I myself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты должен пред судом сознаться","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged short form of the preposition «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «судом». In «пред судом сознаться» ('to confess before the court') it lifts Ivan's demand into a solemn, almost liturgical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will testify"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покажу","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of явимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"явимся","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явимся","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of говорил","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause, modifies принимаю","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of свидетельствовал","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of свидетельствовал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствовал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетельствовал","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"свидетельствовал","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause, modifies принимаю","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I accept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подтвержу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтвержу","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"подтвержу","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will confirm"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознаться","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"Должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"we'll go"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c8-s197","source":"Иван проговорил это торжественно и энергично, и видно было уже по одному сверкающему взгляду его, что так и будет.","translation":"Ivan brought this out solemnly and forcefully, and it was plain from the very flash of his eyes that so it would be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видно было… что так и будет","title":"Impersonal «видно было» — 'it was plain that'","body":"«Видно было, что…» is a subjectless predicative ('it was evident that'), with «видно» (an invariable predicative) plus «было». The closing «так и будет» ('and so it would be / shall be') echoes Ivan's «Так и будет!» from s196 — narrator and character converging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по одному сверкающему взгляду","title":"Present active participle «сверкающий» — 'flashing'","body":"«Сверкающему» is a present active participle from «сверкать» ('to flash, sparkle'), declined to agree with «взгляду» in the dative governed by «по». «По одному… взгляду» means 'from his very glance alone', the participle compressing 'a glance that flashed' into one vivid modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"энергично","lemma":"энергично","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with торжественно","gloss":"forcefully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies взгляду","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сверкающему","lemma":"сверкающий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляду","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"взгляду","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляду","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c8-s198","source":"— Больны вы, я вижу-с, совсем больны-с. Желтые у вас совсем глаза-с, — произнес Смердяков, но совсем без насмешки, даже как будто соболезнуя.","translation":"— You're ill, I see, sir, quite ill, sir. Your eyes have gone all yellow, sir, — said Smerdyakov, but quite without mockery, even as though with pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больны вы… совсем больны","title":"Short adjective «больны» fronted for emphasis","body":"«Больны» is the short predicative form of «больной» ('ill'), and its placement at the very head — before the subject «вы» — throws full weight onto the diagnosis: 'Ill you are, sir.' Short adjectives are the natural predicate here, conveying a present, manifest state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Желтые у вас совсем глаза","title":"«у вас» possession + fronted «жёлтые»","body":"Russian expresses 'your eyes' relationally: «у вас… глаза» ('with you there are eyes' = 'you have eyes'). Fronting the adjective «жёлтые» ('yellow') makes the colour the news of the sentence — Smerdyakov clinically noting Ivan's jaundiced, fevered look."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто соболезнуя","title":"Gerund «соболезнуя» — 'as if with pity'","body":"«Соболезнуя» is an imperfective present gerund from «соболезновать» ('to sympathise, condole'), naming the manner attending «произнёс»: he said it 'as though commiserating'. The rare verb lends the moment an oddly gentle, formal compassion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больны","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Больны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to вижу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больны","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"больны","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to больны","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Желтые","lemma":"желтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate, modifies глаза","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor, oblique complement of Желтые","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Желтые","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Желтые","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to глаза","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешки","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of произнес","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соболезнуя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies соболезнуя","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"соболезнуя","lemma":"соболезновать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"with pity"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c8-s199","source":"— Вместе пойдем! — повторил Иван, — а не пойдешь — всё равно я один сознаюсь.","translation":"— We'll go together! — Ivan repeated. — And if you won't go — it makes no difference, I'll confess alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а не пойдешь — всё равно… сознаюсь","title":"Conditional by juxtaposition — '(if) you won't go'","body":"Russian can state a condition with no «если», just the bare verb: «не пойдёшь» ('[if] you won't go') sets up «всё равно… сознаюсь» ('I'll confess all the same'). The contrastive «а» opens the clause, and both perfective futures point to settled, single outcomes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем!","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"пойдем!","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll go"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пойдем!","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Иван,","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb","gloss":"you go"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сознаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"сознаюсь","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will confess"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c8-s200","source":"Смердяков помолчал, как бы вдумываясь.","translation":"Smerdyakov was silent a moment, as though pondering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал","title":"Delimitative «по-»: «помолчал» — 'was silent a while'","body":"The prefix «по-» on «молчать» yields «помолчать», a delimitative perfective meaning 'to keep silent for a (short) while'. It bounds the silence as a brief, complete episode — Smerdyakov pausing, then resuming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдумываясь","title":"Gerund «вдумываясь» — 'as though pondering'","body":"«Вдумываясь» is an imperfective present gerund from «вдумываться» ('to ponder, think deeply into'), with the reflexive «-сь» marking the inward turn of thought. «Как бы» ('as if') flags the appearance, not certainty, of reflection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paused"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдумываясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вдумываясь","lemma":"вдумываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помолчал","gloss":"pondering"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c8-s201","source":"— Ничего этого не будет-с, и вы не пойдете-с, — решил он наконец безапелляционно.","translation":"— None of that will happen, sir, and you won't go, sir, — he decided at last, beyond appeal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего этого не будет","title":"Genitive of negation «ничего этого не будет»","body":"Under the negated existential «не будет» ('there will not be'), the subject goes genitive: «ничего этого» ('none of this'). The pile-up «ничего… не» is negative concord — the «ни»-word and «не» together, one negation — flatly cancelling Ivan's whole plan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безапелляционно","title":"«безапелляционно» — 'beyond appeal'","body":"A juridical adverb («без» + «апелляция», appeal): 'admitting no appeal, peremptorily'. Smerdyakov pronounces Ivan's future like a final verdict — a chilling irony, the servant playing judge over his master."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of ничего этого, subject of будет","gloss":"None"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ничего","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to будет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to пойдете","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"безапелляционно","lemma":"безапелляционно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"categorically"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c8-s202","source":"— Не понимаешь ты меня! — укоризненно воскликнул Иван.","translation":"— You don't understand me! — Ivan exclaimed reproachfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не понимаешь ты меня!","title":"Fronted negation + inverted «ты» for emphasis","body":"Default order would be «Ты меня не понимаешь»; fronting the negated verb («Не понимаешь ты меня!») throws the stress onto Ivan's exasperation — 'You just don't understand me!' Word-order freedom turns syntax into emotional emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня!","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"укоризненно","lemma":"укоризненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"reproachfully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаешь","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c8-s203","source":"— Слишком стыдно вам будет-с, если на себя во всем признаетесь. А пуще того бесполезно будет, совсем-с, потому я прямо ведь скажу, что ничего такого я вам не говорил-с никогда, а что вы или в болезни какой (а на то и похоже-с), али уж братца так своего пожалели, что собой пожертвовали, а на меня выдумали, так как всё равно меня как за мошку считали всю вашу жизнь, а не за человека. Ну и кто ж вам поверит, ну и какое у вас есть хоть одно доказательство?","translation":"— Too ashamed you'll be, sir, if you confess to it all yourself. And what's more it'll be useless, quite useless, sir, for I'll just come right out and say that I never told you any such thing, sir, ever, and that you've either fallen into some illness (which is the look of it, sir), or have so pitied your dear brother that you've sacrificed yourself and made it up against me — seeing as how you reckoned me a mere gnat all your life, sir, not a man at all. Well, and who'll believe you, and what's even one shred of proof you have?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком стыдно вам будет","title":"Dative-subject «вам… стыдно будет» — 'you'll be ashamed'","body":"Shame is framed impersonally: the experiencer «вам» stands in the dative, the predicate is the invariable «стыдно», and «будет» casts it into the future — 'it'll be too shameful for you'. This dative-of-feeling is Dostoevsky's habitual way into a character's inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому я прямо ведь скажу","title":"Particle «ведь» — appeal to the obvious","body":"«Ведь» enlists shared knowledge — 'for, you see; after all'. In «потому я прямо ведь скажу» Smerdyakov leans on Ivan to grant the obvious: 'because I'll just up and say, you know…'. It is the connective glue of his persuasive, reasonable-sounding menace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али уж братца так своего пожалели","title":"Folk «али», «уж», diminutive «братец»","body":"«Али» is a rustic, archaic «или» ('or'); «уж» an intensifying 'truly, indeed'; «братца» the affectionate-ironic diminutive of «брат» ('dear brother'). Stacked together they steep Smerdyakov's taunt in mock-peasant sing-song — he mimics sympathy while needling Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"меня как за мошку считали","title":"«за мошку считать» — 'reckon someone a gnat'","body":"«Мошка» is a midge or gnat; «считать за + accusative» means 'to take/reckon someone as'. Smerdyakov's bitter charge — that Ivan counted him «за мошку… а не за человека» ('a gnat, not a man') — voices the wound of being treated as nothing, the seed of his revenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of признаетесь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of признаетесь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признаетесь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"признаетесь","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, present-future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you confess"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase пуще того","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase пуще того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"бесполезно","lemma":"бесполезно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бесполезно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесполезно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause with скажу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожалели (coordinated with что ничего...)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (are) / of пожалели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the elided verb (are in illness)","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the parenthetical","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похоже","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"parenthetical predicate","gloss":"looks like"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/folk form of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожалели","gloss":"your brother"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братца","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"пожалели","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожертвовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовали","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"пожертвовали","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пожалели","gloss":"sacrificed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдумали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выдумали","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пожертвовали","gloss":"made it up"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlate так как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlate так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same","note":"\"Всё равно\" is an idiom meaning \"all the same, anyway.\""},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как за мошку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мошку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мошку","lemma":"мошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"a gnat"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выдумали","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your whole"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative (duration) with считали","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мошку","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of доказательство","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверит","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies доказательство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c8-s204","source":"— Слушай, эти деньги ты показал мне теперь, конечно, чтобы меня убедить.","translation":"— Listen, you've shown me this money now, of course, to convince me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы меня убедить","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + infinitive","body":"Because the subject of the purpose is the same as the main clause's, «чтобы» here takes a bare infinitive: «чтобы меня убедить» ('in order to convince me'). This is the other face of «чтобы» — purpose with an infinitive, against the past-form irrealis used when subjects differ."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker (address)","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies показал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of убедить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убедить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убедить","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on показал","gloss":"convince"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c8-s205","source":"Смердяков снял с пачек Исаака Сирина и отложил в сторону.","translation":"Smerdyakov took the Isaac the Syrian off the packets and laid it aside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снял… и отложил в сторону","title":"Paired perfectives narrating the act","body":"«Снял… отложил» ('took off… laid aside') are two perfective past verbs that advance the scene step by completed step — the perfective's narrative job of moving the story forward, event after event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачек","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"пачек","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"the packets"},{"surface":"Исаака","lemma":"Исаак","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снял (book title)","gloss":"Isaac"},{"surface":"Сирина","lemma":"Сирин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Исаака","gloss":"the Syrian"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снял","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"the side"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c8-s206","source":"— Эти деньги с собою возьмите-с и унесите, — вздохнул Смердяков.","translation":"— Take this money away with you, sir, and carry it off, — Smerdyakov sighed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эти деньги с собою возьмите… и унесите","title":"Polite imperatives «возьмите… унесите»","body":"Both verbs are perfective plural/polite imperatives (the «-те» of «возьмите», «унесите»), asking for single completed acts: 'take and carry off'. «С собою» ('with you') uses the reflexive «себя» in its instrumental «собою» — back to the giver's own self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возьмите","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унесите,","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмите","gloss":"carry it off"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to возьмите","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c8-s207","source":"— Конечно, унесу! Но почему же ты мне отдаешь, если из-за них убил? — с большим удивлением посмотрел на него Иван.","translation":"— Of course I'll take it away! But why are you giving it to me, if it was for this that you killed? — Ivan looked at him in great astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же ты мне отдаешь, если из-за них убил","title":"Particle «же» + causal «из-за»","body":"«Почему же» sharpens the question — 'but why on earth'; «же» insists on the contradiction. «Из-за них» ('because of / for the sake of them') uses «из-за» + genitive to give the motive, throwing Smerdyakov's gift against his alleged motive for murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унесу","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"унесу","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll take it away"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отдаешь","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are giving"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"убил?","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (subject ты elided)","gloss":"you killed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, main verb","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c8-s208","source":"— Не надо мне их вовсе-с, — дрожащим голосом проговорил Смердяков, махнув рукой. — Была такая прежняя мысль-с, что с такими деньгами жизнь начну, в Москве али пуще того за границей, такая мечта была-с, а пуще всё потому, что «всё позволено». Это вы вправду меня учили-с, ибо много вы мне тогда этого говорили: ибо коли бога бесконечного нет, то и нет никакой добродетели, да и не надобно ее тогда вовсе. Это вы вправду. Так я и рассудил.","translation":"— I've no need of it at all, sir, — Smerdyakov brought out in a trembling voice, with a wave of his hand. — There was that earlier notion, sir, that with such money I'd begin a new life, in Moscow, or rather abroad — such was the dream, sir — and most of all because \"everything is permitted.\" That you truly did teach me, sir, for you told me a great deal of this at the time: that if there is no infinite God, then there is no virtue at all, and indeed no need of it whatever. That was the truth from you. So that's how I reasoned it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не надо мне их вовсе","title":"Dative-subject «не надо мне их» — genitive of negation","body":"An impersonal 'I have no need of them at all': the experiencer «мне» is dative, «надо» the invariable predicate, and negation pulls the object to genitive «их» (gen.) reinforced by «вовсе» ('not in the least'). Three forces — dative subject, modal «надо», genitive of negation — in five words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в Москве али пуще того за границей","title":"«пуще» — folksy 'more, rather'","body":"«Пуще» is a rustic, archaic comparative meaning 'more, all the more, rather' (cf. standard «больше»). «Пуще того» ('rather, even more so') and «пуще всего» ('most of all') recur through Smerdyakov's speech as a homely intensifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли бога… нет, то и нет никакой добродетели","title":"Folk «коли» + genitive of negation «бога нет»","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, old-fashioned «если» ('if'). The clause «бога… нет» is the genitive of negation par excellence — the negated existential «нет» forces «бог» into genitive «бога» ('there is no God'); likewise «нет никакой добродетели». The doubled «ни» words keep negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to надо","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой.","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"прежняя","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начну","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of деньгами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of начну","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начну","gloss":"a life"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мысль","gloss":"I'd begin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начну","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal form of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase пуще того","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase пуще того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границей","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"границей","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начну, coordinated with Москве","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Была","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom пуще всё, modifies потому","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom пуще всё","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of учили (fronted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of учили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учили","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"учили","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"partitive object of говорили","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with учили","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of нет","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal form of если (\"if\")."},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the negative existential нет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"бесконечного","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (если...то)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second нет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential","role":"coordinated with the first нет","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добродетели","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the second нет","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate coordinated with нет","gloss":"is there need"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надобно","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject/topic of the elliptical clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (said)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассудил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассудил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассудил","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reasoned"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c8-s209","source":"— Своим умом дошел? — криво усмехнулся Иван.","translation":"— Reached it by your own wits? — Ivan gave a crooked smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Своим умом дошел?","title":"«своим умом дойти» — 'figure out for oneself'","body":"The idiom «дойти своим умом» (lit. 'to arrive by one's own mind') means to reach a conclusion on one's own, unaided. «Своим» is the reflexive possessive — 'by his own wits'. Ivan's sarcastic question probes whether Smerdyakov truly reasoned this himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"криво усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk, give a wry smile","body":"«Усмехнуться» (perfective) is a single, often ironic or bitter smile — a smirk or grin, distinct from open «улыбнуться». «Криво» ('crookedly') makes it a lopsided, mirthless twist of the mouth, recurrent in this charged scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умом","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"дошел?","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you reach it","note":"\"Дойти своим умом\" idiomatically means \"to figure it out on one's own.\""},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"with a crooked"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to дошел","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c8-s210","source":"— Вашим руководством-с.","translation":"— Under your guidance, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вашим руководством-с","title":"Instrumental of means «вашим руководством»","body":"A bare instrumental answer: «вашим руководством» = 'by your guidance / under your direction', the instrumental marking the means by which Smerdyakov 'arrived'. The clipped, verbless reply — instrument alone — lands like a quiet thrust of accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of руководством","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руководством","lemma":"руководство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"guidance"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c8-s211","source":"— А теперь, стало быть, в бога уверовал, коли деньги назад отдаешь?","translation":"— And now, it seems, you've come to believe in God, since you're giving the money back?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бога уверовал","title":"«уверовать» — to come to believe (in God)","body":"«Уверовать» is the perfective of solemn, religious 'coming to belief, conversion' — stronger and more sacred than plain «поверить». «Уверовать в бога» ('to come to believe in God') and its negation «не уверовал» (s212) frame the spiritual question Ivan presses on the killer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть… коли деньги назад отдаешь","title":"«стало быть» and «коли» — colloquial inference","body":"«Стало быть» is a conversational 'so then, it follows that', drawing an inference; «коли» again the folk 'if/since'. Together they give Ivan's question a needling, syllogistic turn: 'so you've found God, since you're handing the money back?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверовал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (стало быть = \"it seems\")","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверовал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"уверовал","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've come to believe"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдаешь","gloss":"since","note":"Dialectal form of если/раз (\"since, if\")."},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдаешь","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаешь","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"отдаешь","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"you're giving"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c8-s212","source":"— Нет-с, не уверовал-с, — прошептал Смердяков.","translation":"— No, sir, I've not come to believe, sir, — Smerdyakov whispered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прошептал","title":"«прошептать» — to whisper out","body":"«Прошептал» (perfective of «шептать» with «про-») marks a single whispered utterance — Smerdyakov's flat, near-silent denial «не уверовал-с». The shift to a whisper, against his earlier composure, registers the strain beneath the servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уверовал","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to believe"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to уверовал","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c8-s213","source":"— Так зачем отдаешь?","translation":"— Then why give it back?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так зачем отдаешь?","title":"Imperfective present «отдаёшь» — the act in progress","body":"«Отдаёшь» is the imperfective present of «отдавать» ('to give back'), viewing the handing-over as an action unfolding now. The terse «Так зачем отдаёшь?» ('Then why are you giving it back?') drives at the contradiction Smerdyakov refuses to resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"отдаешь","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give it back"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c8-s214","source":"— Полноте… нечего-с! — махнул опять Смердяков рукой. — Вы вот сами тогда всё говорили, что всё позволено, а теперь-то почему так встревожены, сами-то-с? Показывать на себя даже хотите идти… Только ничего того не будет! Не пойдете показывать! — твердо и убежденно решил опять Смердяков.","translation":"— Enough… never mind, sir! — Smerdyakov waved his hand again. — Why, you yourself used to say it all then, that everything is permitted, so why are you so troubled now yourself, sir? You even want to go and testify against yourself… Only none of that will happen! You won't go and testify! — Smerdyakov decided again, firmly and with conviction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Полноте… нечего-с!","title":"«полноте» — 'enough! come now!'","body":"«Полноте» (a frozen plural imperative, lit. 'be full / have done') is an exclamation dismissing or remonstrating — 'enough now, never mind, come off it'. With «нечего» ('there's no point, nothing to it') Smerdyakov brushes the question aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а теперь-то почему так встревожены, сами-то-с?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» — 'you of all people'","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «теперь-то» and «сами-то» is the topic-emphasising clitic ('now of all times', 'you yourself, of all people'). It needles Ivan with his own inconsistency. «Встревожены» is the short passive participle of «встревожить» — 'are alarmed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"predicate of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"с!","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"махнул","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies махнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of махнул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"рукой.","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes Вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"narrator-adjacent main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встревожены","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, attached to теперь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встревожены","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встревожены","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"встревожены","lemma":"встревожить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural","role":"predicate of the почему-clause","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the elided subject вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, attached to сами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"particle","morphology":"honorific particle (\"sir\")","role":"role placeholder","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to testify"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of Показывать","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll go"},{"surface":"показывать!","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдете","gloss":"to testify"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежденно","lemma":"убежденно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"with conviction"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to пойдете","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c8-s215","source":"— Увидишь! — проговорил Иван.","translation":"— You'll see! — Ivan brought out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидишь!","title":"Perfective future «увидишь» — 'you'll see!'","body":"A one-word perfective future from «увидеть»: «увидишь» = 'you will see (and know)'. The conjugated perfective carries the future entirely in its ending, a terse threat-promise from Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидишь!","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll see"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parallel to Увидишь","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c8-s216","source":"— Не может того быть. Умны вы очень-с. Деньги любите, это я знаю-с, почет тоже любите, потому что очень горды, прелесть женскую чрезмерно любите, а пуще всего в покойном довольстве жить и чтобы никому не кланяться — это пуще всего-с.","translation":"— It cannot be. You're very clever, sir. You love money, that I know, sir, and you love honor too, because you're very proud; you love women's beauty beyond measure, but most of all you love to live in calm contentment and to bow to no one — that most of all, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не может того быть","title":"Genitive «того» under impersonal «не может быть»","body":"«Не может того быть» ('that cannot be') is an impersonal negated existential; the subject «то» appears in the genitive «того», pulled there by the negation. The fixed phrase «(этого) не может быть» is the idiom of flat disbelief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деньги любите… почёт… прелесть женскую… любите","title":"Object-first word order in a litany","body":"Each clause fronts the object — «Деньги любите», «почёт тоже любите», «прелесть женскую… любите» — making the catalogue of Ivan's loves the drumbeat topic, the verb «любите» trailing. The repeated object-first rhythm builds Smerdyakov's pitiless inventory of the man's soul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы никому не кланяться","title":"«чтобы… не кланяться» + dative «никому»","body":"«Чтобы никому не кланяться» ('to bow to no one') pairs the purpose-infinitive «чтобы… кланяться» with negative concord: «никому… не» (no-one + не). «Кланяться» governs the dative of the person bowed to, here the all-negating «никому»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of быть, object of может under negation","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Умны","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Умны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Умны","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to Умны","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix -с is an old servile/polite tag ('sir'), not the word с."},{"surface":"Деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любите","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to знаю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"почет","lemma":"почёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любите","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому, introduces clause of горды","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горды","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"горды","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of вы, in the clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"прелесть","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"женскую","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прелесть","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"чрезмерно","lemma":"чрезмерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"beyond measure"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горды","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of idiom пуще всего, modifies жить","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking довольстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"покойном","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies довольстве","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"довольстве","lemma":"довольство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of the implied любите","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кланяться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of кланяться","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кланяться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить, complement of чтобы","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пуще","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of это, part of idiom пуще всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to пуще","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c8-s217","source":"Не захотите вы жизнь навеки испортить, такой стыд на суде приняв. Вы как Федор Павлович, наиболее-с, изо всех детей наиболее на него похожи вышли, с одною с ними душой-с.","translation":"You won't want to ruin your life forever by taking on such shame in court. You're like Fyodor Pavlovich, most of all, sir; of all his children you came out the most like him, with one and the same soul as theirs, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой стыд… приняв","title":"Perfective gerund «приняв» — 'by taking on'","body":"«Приняв» is a perfective past gerund from «принять», expressing the means/condition: you won't ruin your life 'by taking on such shame'. The gerund compresses a whole conditional clause — 'if/by accepting such disgrace' — into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с одною с ними душой","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment «с… душой»","body":"«С одною с ними душой» ('of one and the same soul as theirs') uses «с» + instrumental «душой» for 'with one soul', plus «с ними» ('with them') to mean 'sharing their very soul'. The archaic instrumental ending «-ою» (for «-ой») on «одною» colours it as period-literary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотите","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of захотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испортить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испортить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"испортить","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотите","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приняв","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняв","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on испортить","gloss":"taking on"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison to Федор","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison как Федор Павлович","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to наиболее","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышли","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожи","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"похожи","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of вышли","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"one and the same"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с, in comparison with душой","gloss":"theirs"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышли","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to душой","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c8-s218","source":"— Ты не глуп, — проговорил Иван, как бы пораженный; кровь ударила ему в лицо, — я прежде думал, что ты глуп. Ты теперь серьезен! — заметил он, как-то вдруг по-новому глядя на Смердякова.","translation":"— You're no fool, — Ivan brought out, as though struck; the blood rushed to his face, — I used to think you were a fool. You're in earnest now! — he remarked, looking at Smerdyakov all at once in a new way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы поражённый; кровь ударила ему в лицо","title":"Past passive participle «поражённый» + dative «ему»","body":"«Поражённый» is the past passive participle of «поразить» ('to strike, astound') — 'as if struck'. In «кровь ударила ему в лицо» the dative «ему» marks the affected person ('the blood rushed to his face'), the dative-of-experiencer reaching even into bodily reaction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то вдруг по-новому глядя","title":"Gerund «глядя» + adverb «по-новому»","body":"«Глядя» is the imperfective gerund of «глядеть» ('looking, gazing'), giving the manner of «заметил» — he remarked it 'while looking at Smerdyakov in a new way'. «По-новому» is the «по-…-ому» adverb pattern: 'in a new fashion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глуп,","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to глуп","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies пораженный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Иван","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ударила","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"ударила","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ударила","gloss":"to his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо,","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударила","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глуп","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of серьезен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"серьезен!","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to серьезен","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies глядя","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-новому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-новому, modifies глядя","gloss":"in a new"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по, modifies глядя","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-c8-s219","source":"— От гордости вашей думали, что я глуп. Примите деньги-то-с.","translation":"— It was out of your pride that you thought me a fool. Take the money, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От гордости вашей думали, что я глуп","title":"Causal «от гордости» — 'out of your pride'","body":"«От гордости вашей» ('out of your pride') uses «от» + genitive to give the cause of a feeling or act, fronted for weight. The omitted subject «вы» is recoverable from «думали» — a dropped pronoun, normal where the verb ending and context make the person plain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Примите деньги-то-с","title":"Imperative «примите» with «-то» and «-с»","body":"«Примите» is the polite imperative of «принять» ('take, accept'). Stacked on «деньги» are the topicalising clitic «-то» (the money, that is) and the servile «-с» — a single short command carrying both Smerdyakov's emphasis and his lackey's deference."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думали","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глуп","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думали","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"Примите","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Примите","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to деньги","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to деньги-то","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-c8-s220","source":"Иван взял все три пачки кредиток и сунул в карман, не обертывая их ничем.","translation":"Ivan took all three packets of banknotes and thrust them into his pocket without wrapping them in anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все три пачки кредиток","title":"Numeral «три» + genitive singular «пачки»","body":"After «три» the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «три пачки» ('three packets'). «Все три» frames the whole set, and «кредиток» (gen. pl. of «кредитка») hangs below as 'of banknotes'. A clean instance of numeral government."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кредиток","title":"«кредитка» — a credit-note (banknote)","body":"«Кредитка» (colloquial for «кредитный билет») is a Russian state credit-note, the paper money of the era. The three packets Ivan pockets are the three thousand roubles at the heart of the murder — now passed, unwrapped, into his hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три пачки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on пачки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"пачки","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял (with три)","gloss":"packets"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачки","gloss":"of banknotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обертывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обертывая","lemma":"обёртывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сунул","gloss":"wrapping"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обертывая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"complement of обертывая","gloss":"in anything"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-c8-s221","source":"— Завтра их на суде покажу, — сказал он.","translation":"— Tomorrow I'll show them in court, — he said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра их на суде покажу","title":"Perfective future «покажу» fronted by «завтра»","body":"«Покажу» is the perfective future of «показать» ('I will show / produce'), its single completed sense fitting a courtroom act planned for tomorrow. Fronting «завтра» ('tomorrow') sets the time as the topic; the object «их» nestles before the verb, news last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"покажу,","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll show"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to покажу","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-c8-s222","source":"— Никто вам там не поверит-с, благо денег-то у вас и своих теперь довольно, взяли из шкатунки да и принесли-с.","translation":"— No one there will believe you, sir, seeing as you've money enough of your own now anyway — took it from the strongbox and brought it along, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто вам там не поверит","title":"«никто… не» + dative «вам» — negative concord","body":"«Никто… не поверит» ('no one will believe') is the obligatory negative concord — «ни»-pronoun and «не» together for one negation — and «поверить» governs the dative of the person believed («вам»). The perfective future «поверит» states the settled outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благо денег-то у вас… довольно… из шкатунки","title":"«благо» and «шкатунка»","body":"«Благо» here is a colloquial causal conjunction, 'seeing as, since (luckily for the argument)'. «Шкатунка» is a substandard/dialect «шкатулка» — a small box or casket, here a strongbox; Smerdyakov insinuates Ivan simply fetched his own cash to fake the evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to поверит","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"благо","lemma":"благо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause денег-то...довольно","gloss":"seeing as"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of довольно","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to денег","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у, possessive construction","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своих","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег (elided)","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"took it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкатунки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"шкатунки","lemma":"шкатунка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"the strongbox","note":"Smerdyakov's dialectal form of шкатулка ('strongbox')."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяли","gloss":"brought it"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to принесли","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-c8-s223","source":"Иван встал с места.","translation":"Ivan rose from his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места","title":"Perfective «встал» — a single completed motion","body":"«Встал» (perfective past of «встать») reports one finished act — 'rose'. The terse narrative sentence relies on the perfective to move the scene a single step: Ivan is now on his feet, about to leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his seat"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-c8-s224","source":"— Повторяю тебе, если не убил тебя, то единственно потому, что ты мне на завтра нужен, помни это, не забывай!","translation":"— I repeat to you, if I haven't killed you, it's solely because I need you for tomorrow; remember that, don't forget it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не убил тебя, то единственно потому, что ты мне… нужен","title":"«если… то… потому, что» + dative «мне нужен»","body":"The reason-frame returns: «если не убил… то… потому, что…». The predicate «ты мне нужен» ('you are needed by me / I need you') puts the needer in the dative «мне» and uses the short adjective «нужен» — Russian's standard way of saying 'I need'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помни это, не забывай!","title":"Imperatives: perfective «помни» vs imperfective «не забывай»","body":"«Помни» (imperative of «помнить») holds a state — 'keep remembering'; the negated imperative goes naturally to the imperfective «не забывай» ('don't [ever] forget'), since prohibitions normally take the imperfective. The pairing is the standard aspect choice for command vs. ban."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Повторяю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on потому","gloss":"I killed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle answering если, introduces потому","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object/experiencer of нужен","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of нужен","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of потому, predicate of ты","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause, coordinated with забывай","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забывай","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помни","gloss":"forget"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-c8-s225","source":"— А что ж, убейте-с. Убейте теперь, — вдруг странно проговорил Смердяков, странно смотря на Ивана. — Не посмеете и этого-с, — прибавил он, горько усмехнувшись, — ничего не посмеете, прежний смелый человек-с!","translation":"— Well, go on, kill me, sir. Kill me now, — Smerdyakov suddenly brought out strangely, looking strangely at Ivan. — You won't dare even that, sir, — he added with a bitter smile, — you'll dare nothing, you that were once so bold a man, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что ж, убейте-с. Убейте теперь","title":"Imperative «убейте» + particle «ж»","body":"«Убейте» is the polite imperative of «убить» ('kill [me]'), addressed even now with the deferential «вы»/«-с». The reduced «ж» (for «же») in «что ж» colours it with weary provocation — 'well, go on then, kill me, sir'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не посмеете и этого… ничего не посмеете","title":"Genitive of negation + concord with «посметь»","body":"«Не посмеете и этого» ('you won't dare even that') and «ничего не посмеете» ('you'll dare nothing') pull the object to genitive under negation («этого», «ничего») and keep «ни»-word + «не» concord. «И этого» ('even this') sharpens the taunt at Ivan's failed nerve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прежний смелый человек-с!","title":"«прежний» — 'former, once-bold'","body":"«Прежний» ('former, the one of before') in «прежний смелый человек» — 'you that were once a bold man' — twists the knife: Ivan's old daring is past tense. The bitter «горько усмехнувшись» (perfective gerund, 'having smirked bitterly') frames the gibe."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle introducing the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom что ж","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убейте","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill me"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to убейте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Убейте","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill me"},{"surface":"теперь,","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Убейте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to Убейте","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана.","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмеете","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll dare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of посмеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to этого","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to посмеете","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of посмеете","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмеете","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, parallel to прибавил","gloss":"you'll dare"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смелый","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"смелый","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition addressing Ивана","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to человек","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-c8-s226","source":"— До завтра! — крикнул Иван и двинулся идти.","translation":"— Until tomorrow! — Ivan cried, and made to go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"двинулся идти","title":"«двинулся идти» — set off to go","body":"«Двинулся» (perfective reflexive of «двинуть», 'set in motion') plus the infinitive «идти» (unidirectional motion verb) means 'made a move to go, started off'. The unidirectional «идти» fits a single departure underway, against multidirectional «ходить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра!","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of До","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"двинулся","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"made to"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of двинулся","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b11-c8-s227","source":"— Постойте… покажите мне их еще раз.","translation":"— Wait… show me them once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постойте… покажите мне их еще раз","title":"Polite imperatives «постойте… покажите»","body":"Two perfective polite imperatives: «постойте» ('wait, stop a moment', delimitative «по-») and «покажите» ('show'). «Покажите мне их» neatly stacks dative «мне» (to me) and accusative «их» (them) — the indirect and direct objects of 'show'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of покажите","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажите","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b11-c8-s228","source":"Иван вынул кредитки и показал ему. Смердяков поглядел на них секунд десять.","translation":"Ivan took out the banknotes and showed them to him. Smerdyakov looked at them for some ten seconds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядел на них секунд десять","title":"Approximation by inversion: «секунд десять»","body":"Reversing numeral and noun — «секунд десять» instead of «десять секунд» — signals approximation: 'some ten seconds, about ten seconds'. The genitive plural «секунд» follows the numeral; the inversion alone carries the 'roughly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the banknotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial complement of поглядел (duration)","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on секунд","gloss":"ten"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b11-c8-s229","source":"— Ну, ступайте, — проговорил он, махнув рукой. — Иван Федорович! — крикнул он вдруг ему вслед опять.","translation":"— Well, off you go, — he brought out, with a wave of his hand. — Ivan Fyodorovich! — he suddenly called after him again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну, ступайте","title":"«ступайте» — archaic-folk 'be off, go'","body":"«Ступайте» is the polite imperative of «ступать» ('to step, go'), an old-fashioned, slightly peremptory 'go on, off you go'. Dismissive in tone, it suits Smerdyakov's final command over the man he has just unmasked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крикнул ему вслед","title":"«вслед» — 'after (a departing person)'","body":"«Вслед» (here with dative «ему») means 'after', calling out to someone's retreating back. «Крикнул ему вслед» — 'called after him' — catches Ivan already at the door, pulled back one last time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ступайте,","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"off you go"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to ступайте","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой.","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович!","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул, governs ему","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b11-c8-s230","source":"— Чего тебе? — обернулся Иван уже на ходу.","translation":"— What do you want? — Ivan turned around, already on his way out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе?","title":"Genitive «чего» in 'what do you want?'","body":"«Чего тебе?» is an elliptical, brusque 'what do you want?' — «чего» the genitive of «что», governed by an unspoken verb of wanting/needing, with dative «тебе» ('to you'). The clipped form is colloquial and a touch impatient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернулся… уже на ходу","title":"«на ходу» — 'while moving, on the go'","body":"«Обернулся» (perfective reflexive, 'turned round') with «уже на ходу» ('already in motion / on his way') shows Ivan half-gone, pivoting back. «На ходу» is the fixed phrase for doing something while walking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the idiom Чего тебе (what do you want)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе?","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of Чего","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned around"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ходу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ходу","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"his way out"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b11-c8-s231","source":"— Прощайте-с!","translation":"— Goodbye, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прощайте-с!","title":"«прощайте» — the weighty 'farewell'","body":"«Прощайте» (imperative of «прощать», lit. 'forgive [me]') is 'goodbye', but with a finality «до свидания» lacks — a parting that may be forever. Smerdyakov's «Прощайте-с» lands ominously: this is indeed his last farewell before his suicide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to Прощайте","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b11-c8-s232","source":"— До завтра! — крикнул опять Иван и вышел из избы.","translation":"— Until tomorrow! — Ivan cried again, and went out of the hut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел из избы","title":"Prefixed motion «вышел из» + genitive","body":"«Вышел» (perfective of «выйти», the prefixed motion verb 'to go out') takes «из» + genitive «избы» for motion out of an enclosed place — 'went out of the hut'. The prefix «вы-» supplies the direction (outward) and makes the verb a plain perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра!","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of До","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the hut"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b11-c8-s233","source":"Метель всё еще продолжалась. Первые шаги прошел он бодро, но вдруг как бы стал шататься.","translation":"The snowstorm was still going on. The first few steps he walked briskly, but suddenly he seemed to stagger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Метель всё еще продолжалась","title":"«метель» — the snowstorm","body":"«Метель» is a snowstorm or blizzard, wind-driven snow. Its recurrence here («всё ещё продолжалась» — 'was still going on', imperfective of duration) frames Ivan's walk in the same storm that opened the scene — Dostoevsky's outer weather mirroring inner turmoil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы стал шататься","title":"Inceptive «стал» + imperfective «шататься»","body":"«Стал шататься» ('began to stagger') uses «стать» as an inceptive auxiliary plus the imperfective infinitive «шататься» (reflexive 'to sway, totter'). «Как бы» ('as if') softens it to a seeming — he 'seemed to start swaying', the first sign of his coming fit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Метель","lemma":"метель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжалась","gloss":"the snowstorm"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжалась, part of the phrase всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжалась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжалась","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going on"},{"surface":"Первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies шаги","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"шаги","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бодро","lemma":"бодро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies стал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"шататься","lemma":"шататься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"stagger"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b11-c8-s234","source":"«Это что-то физическое», — подумал он, усмехнувшись. Какая-то словно радость сошла теперь в его душу.","translation":"\"This is something physical,\" — he thought, with a smile. A kind of joy, as it were, had now come down into his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал он, усмехнувшись","title":"Perfective gerund «усмехнувшись» — 'with a smile'","body":"«Усмехнувшись» is a perfective past gerund of «усмехнуться», naming an act completed in the same moment as the main verb: he thought it 'having given a smile / with a smirk'. The perfective gerund here reads almost as 'and smiled'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая-то словно радость сошла","title":"Indefinite «какая-то» — 'a kind of joy'","body":"«Какая-то» (indefinite «какой» + «-то») marks a specific but unnameable referent — 'some kind of joy', a feeling Ivan can't quite identify. «Словно» ('as it were') doubles the haziness; «сошла в душу» ('came down into the soul') lends it a quasi-religious descent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of физическое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase что-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"физическое»,","lemma":"физический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Это, coordinated with что-то","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to физическое","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"усмехнувшись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"with a smile"},{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какая-то, determiner of радость","gloss":"a kind"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Какая-то, determiner of радость","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b11-c8-s235","source":"Он почувствовал в себе какую-то бесконечную твердость: конец колебаниям его, столь ужасно его мучившим всё последнее время!","translation":"He felt within himself a kind of boundless firmness: an end to the waverings that had so dreadfully tormented him all this last while!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"колебаниям… столь ужасно его мучившим","title":"Past active participle «мучившим» — 'that had tormented'","body":"«Мучившим» is a past active participle of «мучить» ('to torment'), declined in the dative plural to agree with «колебаниям» ('the waverings… that had so dreadfully tormented him'). The participle folds a whole который-clause into one bookish modifier; «столь» ('so') is the elevated intensifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесконечную твердость… конец колебаниям","title":"«твёрдость» vs «колебания» — firmness vs wavering","body":"The sentence pivots on an antithesis: «твёрдость» ('firmness, resolve') against «колебания» ('waverings, vacillations'). «Конец колебаниям» ('an end to the waverings') uses the dative «колебаниям» governed by «конец» — Ivan feels his long indecision broken at last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какую-то, determiner of твердость","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какую, determiner of твердость","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бесконечную","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies твердость","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"твердость","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to твердость","gloss":"an end"},{"surface":"колебаниям","lemma":"колебание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of конец","gloss":"to the waverings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies колебаниям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучившим","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучившим","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying колебаниям","gloss":"that had tormented"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"this last"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of мучившим (duration)","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b11-c8-s236","source":"Решение было взято, «и уже не изменится», — со счастьем подумал он.","translation":"The decision had been taken, \"and it will not change now,\" — he thought happily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решение было взято","title":"Periphrastic passive «было взято»","body":"«Было взято» joins «быть» (past «было») to the short past passive participle «взято» (from «взять») for the impersonal passive 'the decision had been taken'. The neuter short form agrees with «решение»; no agent is named — the resolve stands as an accomplished result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive взято","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взято","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"взято","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменится»,","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, coordinated with взято","gloss":"will change","note":"Reflexive perfective future; the inner quotation marks the decision phrased as his own thought."},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастьем","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b11-c8-s237","source":"В это мгновение он вдруг на что-то споткнулся и чуть не упал.","translation":"At that instant he suddenly stumbled over something and nearly fell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на что-то споткнулся","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + «споткнуться о/на»","body":"«Что-то» ('something' — specific but unknown, «что» + «-то») is what he trips over; «споткнуться» (perfective reflexive, 'to stumble') takes the object here with «на». «Чуть не упал» — 'all but fell' — uses «чуть не» for an action that nearly happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of споткнулся","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of споткнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies споткнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"attaches to что forming 'something'","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"споткнулся","lemma":"споткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stumbled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал (idiom чуть не)","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упал (idiom чуть не)","gloss":"not","note":"'чуть не' is an idiom meaning 'almost/nearly' — the negation is not literal, it marks a near-miss."},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with споткнулся","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b11-c8-s238","source":"Остановясь, он различил в ногах своих поверженного им мужичонку, всё так же лежавшего на том же самом месте, без чувств и без движения.","translation":"Stopping, he made out at his feet the little peasant he had knocked down, still lying in the very same spot, senseless and motionless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остановясь, он различил","title":"Perfective gerund «остановясь» — 'having stopped'","body":"«Остановясь» is a perfective past gerund of «остановиться» (the «-ясь» variant beside «остановившись»), marking the prior act: 'having stopped, he made out…'. The gerund cleanly sequences the two events while keeping one subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверженного им мужичонку","title":"Past passive participle «поверженного» + agent «им»","body":"«Поверженного» is a past passive participle of «повергнуть» ('to throw down, lay low'), agreeing with «мужичонку» (acc.) and carrying its agent in the instrumental «им» ('knocked down by him'). This is the participial passive's signature: patient as participle, agent in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужичонку","title":"«мужичонка» — the pitiful little peasant","body":"«Мужичонка» is a doubly marked diminutive of «мужик» (peasant): the pejorative-pitying «-онк-» suffix paints him as a wretched, insignificant little fellow. Dostoevsky's word choice loads the drunk peasant Ivan had earlier knocked into the snow with contempt-tinged pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежавшего на том же самом месте","title":"Past active participle «лежавшего» — 'still lying'","body":"«Лежавшего» is an imperfective past active participle of «лежать», agreeing with «мужичонку» in the animate accusative: 'who was [still] lying'. Built from an imperfective stem, it gives the ongoing-past sense — the peasant lay there all the while, unmoved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on различил","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of различил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"различил","lemma":"различить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of различил","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ногах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of мужичонку","gloss":"knocked down"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of поверженного","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"мужичонку","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (feminine declension pattern)","role":"direct object of различил","gloss":"the little peasant","note":"мужичонка is grammatically masculine (refers to a man) despite its feminine-pattern -a declension."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежавшего (idiom всё так же)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежавшего","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лежавшего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of мужичонку","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том/самом (idiom тот же самый)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшего","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of без, describing state of лежавшего","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of без, describing state of лежавшего","gloss":"motion"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b11-c8-s239","source":"Метель уже засыпала ему почти всё лицо.","translation":"The snowstorm had by now nearly buried his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Метель уже засыпала ему почти всё лицо","title":"Dative «ему» of the affected part","body":"«Засыпала ему… лицо» — 'had buried his face' — uses the dative «ему» rather than a possessive for the body part affected ('the storm had covered the face on him'). This dative-of-the-possessor with body parts is idiomatic where English would say 'his face'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Метель","lemma":"метель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засыпала","gloss":"the snowstorm"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засыпала","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"засыпала","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of засыпала","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of засыпала","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b11-c8-s240","source":"Иван вдруг схватил его и потащил на себе.","translation":"Ivan suddenly seized hold of him and hoisted him onto his back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил его и потащил на себе","title":"Reflexive «на себе» — 'onto/on himself'","body":"«Потащил на себе» ('hauled him on/upon himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in its prepositional «себе», pointing back to Ivan as the one bearing the burden. The paired perfectives «схватил… потащил» ('seized… dragged') drive the sudden, decisive rescue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потащил","lemma":"потащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of потащил","gloss":"his back"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b11-c8-s241","source":"Увидав направо в домишке свет, подошел, постучался в ставни и откликнувшегося мещанина, которому принадлежал домишко, попросил помочь ему дотащить мужика в частный дом, обещая тут же дать за то три рубля.","translation":"Catching sight of a light to his right, in a little house, he went up, knocked at the shutters, and asked the townsman who answered — the house was his — to help him drag the peasant to the police lockup, promising to pay him three rubles for it on the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав","title":"Perfective gerund «увидав»","body":"«Увидав» is a perfective past gerund of «увидеть» (to catch sight of), the older -в form (modern prose often prefers «увидев»). It names a single completed action prior to the main verb «подошёл» — 'having caught sight of…, he went up.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откликнувшегося мещанина","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Откликнувшегося» is a past active participle of «откликнуться» (to answer, respond), in the animate accusative agreeing with «мещанина» — literally 'the townsman who answered.' Such participles compress a «который»-clause into one bookish word, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"домишке","title":"Pejorative diminutive «домишко»","body":"«Домишко» is «дом» with the belittling suffix -ишк-: not a cosy 'little house' but a poor, mean one — a hovel. Dostoevsky reaches for this expressive shading to set the social scene in a word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обещая","title":"Imperfective gerund «обещая»","body":"«Обещая» is an imperfective present gerund — 'promising,' an action simultaneous with «попросил». It shares the subject of the main clause (Ivan) and adds attendant circumstance, the natural Russian way to trail a second action off the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три рубля","title":"Genitive singular after «три»","body":"After 2, 3, 4 the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «три рубля», not «три рубли». Five and above would demand the genitive plural («пять рублей») — a rule that governs every sum of money in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свет","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"домишке","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свет","gloss":"a little house"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"a light"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"постучался","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ставни","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ставни","lemma":"ставень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постучался","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"откликнувшегося","lemma":"откликнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies мещанина","gloss":"who answered"},{"surface":"мещанина","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"the townsman"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"принадлежал","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мещанина","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"домишко","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принадлежал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дотащить","lemma":"дотащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помочь","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дотащить","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"частный","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"police","note":"'частный дом' is a 19th-c. term for a police precinct house, not literally 'private house.'"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотащить","gloss":"station house"},{"surface":"обещая","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on попросил","gloss":"promising"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дать (idiom тут же)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещая","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition за","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рубля","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b11-c8-s242","source":"Мещанин собрался и вышел.","translation":"The townsman got himself ready and came out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собрался","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: 'got himself ready'","body":"«Собрался» (from «собраться») uses the clitic «-ся» in its middle, change-of-state sense — to pull oneself together, get ready to go out. The reflexive turns the transitive «собрать» (to gather) inward onto the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собрался и вышел","title":"Two perfectives in sequence","body":"Both verbs are perfective («собраться», «выйти»), each a single completed act that advances the narrative one step at a time — got ready, then came out. This event-by-event chaining is the perfective's signature in storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собрался","gloss":"the townsman"},{"surface":"собрался","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got ready"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрался","gloss":"came out"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b11-c8-s243","source":"Не стану в подробности описывать, как удалось тогда Ивану Федоровичу достигнуть цели и пристроить мужика в части, с тем чтобы сейчас же учинить и осмотр его доктором, причем он опять выдал и тут щедрою рукой «на расходы».","translation":"I will not set down in detail how Ivan Fyodorovich managed at that point to gain his end and get the peasant settled at the station house, with the order that a doctor examine him at once — and here too he again handed out money with a liberal hand, \"for expenses.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стану в подробности описывать","title":"Perfective future «не стану … описывать»","body":"«Стану» is the perfective future of «стать», here serving as a future auxiliary: 'I will not [begin to] describe.' The narrator's first-person aside frames the next stretch as deliberately summarized."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удалось … Ивану Федоровичу достигнуть","title":"Dative experiencer with «удалось»","body":"«Удалось» is impersonal: the person who succeeds stands in the dative («Ивану Фёдоровичу»), with no nominative subject and the infinitive «достигнуть» supplying the deed — 'Ivan managed to attain.' This dative-experiencer frame pervades the novel's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы … учинить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы»","body":"«С тем чтобы» introduces a purpose clause: 'with the aim that…' The «чтобы» of purpose normally takes a past-form irrealis, but with a shared subject it takes the bare infinitive «учинить» — 'so as to have [the doctor] examine him.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"учинить","title":"«Учинить» — bookish 'to carry out'","body":"«Учинить» (to carry out, effect, perpetrate) is a markedly formal, slightly bureaucratic-archaic verb — to 'institute' the doctor's examination. It belongs to the elevated, official register that colours 19th-century legal and narrative prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пристроить","title":"«Пристроить» — to get someone settled","body":"«Пристроить» means to place, lodge, or get someone fixed up somewhere — here, to deposit the peasant safely at the station house. The prefix «при-» carries the sense of attaching to a place."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щедрою рукой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«Щедрою рукой» ('with a liberal hand') uses the older feminine instrumental ending «-ою» for modern «-ой» — a poetic, period flavour Dostoevsky favours in solemn or rhetorical phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of описывать","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"описывать","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"describe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of описывать","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удалось","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"достигнуть","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигнуть","gloss":"his end"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристроить","lemma":"пристроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with достигнуть","gloss":"get settled"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пристроить","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking части","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"части","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пристроить","gloss":"the station house","note":"'часть' here is the archaic sense of 'police precinct,' not the modern meaning 'part.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'с тем чтобы' (so that)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'с тем чтобы', modifies пристроить","gloss":"that","note":"'с тем чтобы' is a fixed phrase meaning 'in order that/so that.'"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учинить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учинить (idiom сейчас же)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"учинить","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of тем чтобы","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмотр","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"осмотр","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of учинить","gloss":"an examination"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of осмотр","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental agent, modifies осмотр","gloss":"a doctor"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"выдал","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of causal clause introduced by причем","gloss":"handed out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"щедрою","lemma":"щедрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"generous"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдал (manner)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расходы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"расходы","lemma":"расход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выдал (preposition на)","gloss":"expenses"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b11-c8-s244","source":"Скажу только, что дело взяло почти целый час времени. Но Иван Федорович остался очень доволен. Мысли его раскидывались и работали.","translation":"I will say only that the business took up nearly a whole hour. But Ivan Fyodorovich was left very well satisfied. His thoughts scattered wide and went to work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело взяло почти целый час времени","title":"Perfective «взяло» — the whole event","body":"«Взяло» (perfective «взять») views the business as a single bounded act with its result: it 'took up' a whole hour. The neuter «-ло» agrees with the neuter subject «дело», since the past tense agrees in gender, not person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался очень доволен","title":"Short adjective «доволен»","body":"«Доволен» is the predicative short form of «довольный» (satisfied), used after «остался» — 'was left satisfied.' Short adjectives can only predicate and carry a bookish, state-asserting flavour very present in this prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мысли его раскидывались и работали","title":"Imperfective past as process","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, picturing ongoing mental activity rather than a finished event: his thoughts 'were scattering and working.' Imperfectives like these carry the standing, descriptive background against which the story's events occur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Скажу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взяло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взяло","gloss":"the business"},{"surface":"взяло","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажу","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяло","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"Мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of раскидывались","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant, possessive","role":"determiner of Мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"раскидывались","lemma":"раскидываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scattered wide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"работали","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскидывались","gloss":"worked"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b11-c8-s245","source":"«Если бы не было взято так твердо решение мое на завтра, — подумал он вдруг с наслаждением, — то не остановился бы я на целый час пристраивать мужичонку, а прошел бы мимо его и только плюнул бы на то, что он замерзнет…","translation":"\"Had my mind not been so firmly made up about tomorrow,\" he suddenly thought with relish, \"I would not have stopped a whole hour to see to a little peasant, but would have passed him by and merely spat at the thought of his freezing to death…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы не было взято … решение","title":"Counterfactual «если бы … бы»","body":"This is a full irrealis conditional: «если бы» plus past-form verbs, then «бы» again in the main clause («то не остановился бы я»). It states a counterfactual about the unreal past — 'had my mind not been made up, I would not have stopped.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было взято … решение","title":"Periphrastic passive «было взято»","body":"«Было взято» is the short passive participle of «взять» plus «быть» — a stative passive, 'had [not] been taken/made.' Its predicative short form «взято» agrees in neuter with «решение», the standard way to state a result in the passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужичонку","title":"Pejorative-affective «мужичонка»","body":"«Мужичонка» is «мужик» (peasant) with the contemptuous-pitying suffix -онк-: a wretched, insignificant little peasant. The diminutive registers exactly Ivan's mixture of disdain and grudging concern in this self-observing moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плюнул бы на то, что он замерзнет","title":"Conditional «плюнул бы» + correlative «на то, что»","body":"«Плюнул бы» continues the irrealis chain (would have spat). «На то, что…» is a correlative: the demonstrative «то» governed by «на» points forward to the «что»-clause — '[spat] at the fact that he would freeze.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взято","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms conditional with взято","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взято","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взято","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"взято","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взято","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive взято","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"завтра,","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb, indeclinable, used as noun object of на","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наслаждением,","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative of Если, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms conditional with остановился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"пристраивать","lemma":"пристраивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of остановился","gloss":"see to"},{"surface":"мужичонку","lemma":"мужичонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (feminine declension pattern)","role":"direct object of пристраивать","gloss":"a little peasant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms conditional with прошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking его","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition мимо","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms conditional with плюнул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition на","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замерзнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замерзнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"замерзнет","lemma":"замёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"would freeze"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b11-c8-s246","source":"Однако как я в силах наблюдать за собой, — подумал он в ту же минуту еще с большим наслаждением, — а они-то решили там, что я с ума схожу!»","translation":"Yet how I am able to observe myself,\" he thought in that same minute with still greater relish, \"and they had decided over there that I was losing my mind!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я в силах наблюдать за собой","title":"Reflexive pronoun «за собой»","body":"«Собой» is the instrumental of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject 'I' — 'to observe myself.' Unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», «себя/собой» is a full object pronoun and has no nominative form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в силах","title":"Idiom «в силах» — to be able","body":"«В силах» (literally 'in [one's] powers') is a fixed predicative idiom meaning 'able, capable of' — 'how I am able to observe myself.' It survives chiefly in this set phrase, often with a negative ('не в силах', powerless to)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а они-то решили","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and contrastive «а»","body":"Here «-то» is the emphasizing clitic, not the indefinite one: «они-то» throws weight on 'they, of all people.' Paired with the contrastive «а» it sets Ivan's lucidity against their verdict — 'and they, mind you, had decided…'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ума схожу","title":"Idiom «сходить с ума»","body":"«Сходить с ума» (literally 'to go off one's mind') is the standard idiom for going mad — present-tense «схожу» here. The line is loaded: Ivan's incipient brain-fever and the looming hallucination make 'losing my mind' literally true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of силах","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах (idiom в силах)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, predicate with implied 'быть'","gloss":"able","note":"'быть в силах + infinitive' = 'to be able to.'"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"собой,","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наслаждением","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наслаждением","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"наслаждением,","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of решили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to подумал","gloss":"had decided"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решили","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of схожу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума (idiom с ума сходить)","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схожу","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"схожу","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of решили","gloss":"am losing"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b11-c8-s247","source":"Дойдя до своего дома, он вдруг остановился под внезапным вопросом: «А не надо ль сейчас, теперь же пойти к прокурору и всё объявить?»","translation":"Reaching his own house, he suddenly stopped, struck by an unexpected question: \"Ought I not to go this very moment, right now, to the prosecutor and declare everything?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дойдя до своего дома","title":"Prefixed motion gerund «дойдя»","body":"«Дойдя» is the perfective past gerund of «дойти» (to reach on foot), a prefixed motion verb. The prefix «до-» adds 'as far as, all the way to,' and «до» then governs the genitive «своего дома» — 'having reached his own house.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своего дома","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Своего» (from «свой», 'one's own') refers back to the clause's subject, Ivan, marking the house as his own. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's house — the choice is always meaningful in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не надо ль … пойти … и всё объявить","title":"«Надо» + dropped «ли» = a deliberating question","body":"«Надо» is the impersonal modal 'one must / ought,' and «ль» is the clipped interrogative particle «ли», forming a hesitant yes/no question — 'Ought I not to go…?' The colloquial elision «ль» fits the inner-speech rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"reaching"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дойдя","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"внезапным","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the quoted question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the quoted clause as a question","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"declare"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b11-c8-s248","source":"Вопрос он решил, поворотив опять к дому: «Завтра всё вместе!» — прошептал он про себя, и, странно, почти вся радость, всё довольство его собою прошли в один миг.","translation":"He settled the question by turning back toward the house: \"Tomorrow, all of it together!\" he whispered to himself, and — strange to say — almost all his gladness, all his contentment with himself, drained away in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вопрос он решил","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «вопрос» stands first, before the subject «он» and verb «решил» — a topic-comment fronting that makes 'the question' the given theme and throws the weight onto how he settled it. Free word order lets Russian foreground like this."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поворотив опять к дому","title":"Gerund «поворотив» (archaic for «повернув»)","body":"«Поворотив» is a perfective past gerund — 'having turned back.' The form «поворотить» is the older, folksier variant of modern «повернуть», lending a period colouring; «к дому» is dative governed by «к»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про себя","title":"Idiom «про себя» — to oneself","body":"«Прошептал про себя» means 'whispered to himself' (inwardly). «Про себя» is a fixed idiom for silent, inward speech or thought — distinct from «про себя» meaning 'about oneself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти вся радость … прошли","title":"Plural verb with compound subject","body":"«Прошли» takes the plural because the subject is compound — «радость» and «довольство» together. The perfective «пройти» here means 'passed away, drained off,' viewing the loss of feeling as one completed turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of решил","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"поворотив","lemma":"поворотить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворотив","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворотив","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb, head of quoted exclamation","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate complement in quoted exclamation","gloss":"all together"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to решил","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of прошептал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"strange to say"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошли, coordinated with довольство","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of довольство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"довольство","lemma":"довольство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошли","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant, possessive","role":"determiner of довольство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"instrumental complement of довольство","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прошли","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептал","gloss":"drained away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошли","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b11-c8-s249","source":"Когда же он вступил в свою комнату, что-то ледяное прикоснулось вдруг к его сердцу, как будто воспоминание, вернее, напоминание о чем-то мучительном и отвратительном, находящемся именно в этой комнате теперь, сейчас, да и прежде бывшем.","translation":"And when he stepped into his room, something icy suddenly touched his heart, like a recollection — or rather a reminder — of something tormenting and loathsome that was present in this very room now, at this moment, and had been here before as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же он вступил","title":"Particle «же» softening «когда»","body":"The «же» after «когда» is a light connective/emphatic particle, here marking a turn in the narration ('and when…') rather than insisting. Such modal particles give Dostoevsky's prose its conversational texture, barely translatable into English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то ледяное прикоснулось … к его сердцу","title":"Indefinite «что-то» as eerie subject","body":"«Что-то» ('something') with the clitic «-то» marks a specific-but-unidentified thing — the menace Ivan cannot yet name. «Прикоснуться» is reflexive and governs «к» + dative («к сердцу»): something icy 'touched at' his heart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"находящемся … бывшем","title":"Participle chain modifying «о чём-то»","body":"Two participles modify «о чём-то»: the present active «находящемся» (being present) and the past active «бывшем» (having been). Stacked in the prepositional case, they pack a whole double relative clause — 'present now… and having been here before' — into the noun phrase, a bookish density typical of the author."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мучительном и отвратительном","title":"«Мучительный», «отвратительный» — tormenting, loathsome","body":"«Мучительный» (from «мука», torment) and «отвратительный» (revolting, loathsome) are charged adjectives that name the moral-physical disgust Ivan feels. The pairing prefigures the visitor he is about to 'see' in the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прикоснулось","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of прикоснулось","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of прикоснулось","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"ледяное","lemma":"ледяной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"icy"},{"surface":"прикоснулось","lemma":"прикоснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикоснулось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснулось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"apposed to напоминание","gloss":"a recollection"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"вернее","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, corrects воспоминание","gloss":"or rather"},{"surface":"напоминание","lemma":"напоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прикоснулось","gloss":"a reminder"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем-то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"modifies напоминание","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"modifies напоминание","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"мучительном","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем-то","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвратительном","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мучительном","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"находящемся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"participle modifying чем-то","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находящемся","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находящемся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"this moment"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"бывшем","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with находящемся","gloss":"having been"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b11-c8-s250","source":"Он устало опустился на свой диван. Старуха принесла ему самовар, он заварил чай, но не прикоснулся к нему; старуху отослал до завтра.","translation":"Wearily he sank onto his sofa. The old woman brought him a samovar; he brewed his tea but did not touch it; he sent the old woman away until tomorrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он устало опустился на свой диван","title":"Reflexive «опустился» — sank down","body":"«Опустился» (from «опуститься») is reflexive: the «-ся» makes it intransitive, 'lowered himself, sank.' «На свой диван» uses motion-accusative after «на» and the reflexive possessive «свой» — onto his own sofa."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прикоснулся к нему","title":"«Прикоснуться» governs «к» + dative","body":"«Прикоснуться» (to touch) takes its object with «к» plus the dative, not a direct accusative — «к нему», 'touched [at] it.' The third-person pronoun adds the «н-» prefix obligatory after a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старуху отослал","title":"Object-fronting «старуху отослал»","body":"The object «старуху» precedes its verb «отослал», keeping the old woman as the given topic from the previous clause while the new information is what he did with her. Russian's case-marking frees this rearrangement for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"устало","lemma":"устало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустился","gloss":"wearily"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диван","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"Старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесла","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"a samovar"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заварил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заварил","lemma":"заварить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесла","gloss":"brewed"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заварил","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикоснулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прикоснулся","lemma":"прикоснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заварил","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснулся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"старуху","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отослал","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"отослал","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесла","gloss":"sent away"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослал","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b11-c8-s251","source":"Он сидел на диване и чувствовал головокружение. Он чувствовал, что болен и бессилен.","translation":"He sat on the sofa and felt his head swimming. He felt that he was ill and powerless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствовал … чувствовал, что болен и бессилен","title":"Imperfective «чувствовал» + reported state","body":"The repeated imperfective «чувствовал» renders an ongoing inner state, and «что болен и бессилен» is a reported «что»-clause. Both predicate adjectives are short forms («болен», «бессилен») — bookish, predicative-only, asserting a present condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"головокружение","title":"«Головокружение» — dizziness","body":"A transparent compound, 'head-spinning' («голова» + «кружение»), for dizziness or vertigo. Together with «болен» and «бессилен» it tracks the onset of the brain-fever («горячка») that will grip Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"головокружение","lemma":"головокружение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"his head swimming"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессилен","lemma":"бессильный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with болен","gloss":"powerless"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b11-c8-s252","source":"Стал было засыпать, но в беспокойстве встал и прошелся по комнате, чтобы прогнать сон.","translation":"He had begun to drop off to sleep, but in his uneasiness he rose and paced about the room to drive off his drowsiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал было засыпать","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned action","body":"«Было» here is not the verb 'was' but the special particle marking an action begun and then broken off: «стал было засыпать» = 'had started to fall asleep [but didn't].' It signals an intention interrupted, exactly captured by the following «но… встал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы прогнать сон","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы прогнать сон» is a purpose clause — 'in order to drive off sleep.' With one and the same subject, «чтобы» takes the bare infinitive «прогнать» (perfective: drive off completely) rather than a past-form verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошелся по комнате","title":"Reflexive «пройтись» — to take a turn","body":"«Прошёлся» (reflexive «пройтись») means to walk about a bit, take a turn — the «-ся» gives the strolling, aimless sense distinct from plain «пройти». «По комнате» uses «по» + dative for movement around an area."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стал","gloss":"(interrupted-action particle)"},{"surface":"засыпать","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"to fall asleep"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"uneasiness"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прошелся","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"paced about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошелся","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прогнать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прогнать","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошелся","gloss":"drive off"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнать","gloss":"his drowsiness"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b11-c8-s253","source":"Минутами мерещилось ему, что как будто он бредит. Но не болезнь занимала его всего более; усевшись опять, он начал изредка оглядываться кругом, как будто что-то высматривая.","translation":"At moments it seemed to him as though he were delirious. But it was not his illness that occupied him most of all; sitting down again, he began now and then to glance about him, as if peering after something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мерещилось ему, что … он бредит","title":"Impersonal «мерещилось ему»","body":"«Мерещилось» is impersonal: the experiencer stands in the dative («ему») with no nominative subject — 'it seemed to him.' The verb means specifically to imagine or hallucinate something not really there, priming the chapter's central apparition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не болезнь занимала его всего более","title":"Negation fronting the subject","body":"«Не болезнь занимала…» negates the subject itself ('it was not his illness that…'), placing the new contrast first. The imperfective «занимала» renders a continuing state of preoccupation; «всего более» is a fixed superlative phrase, 'most of all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усевшись опять","title":"Perfective gerund «усевшись»","body":"«Усевшись» is the perfective past gerund of the reflexive «усесться» (to settle oneself down) — 'having sat down again.' It marks a completed prior act framing the main «начал оглядываться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто что-то высматривая","title":"Imperfective gerund «высматривая»","body":"«Высматривая» is an imperfective present gerund — 'as if peering after something,' an action simultaneous with «начал оглядываться». «Как будто» ('as if') frames it as the narrator's tentative interpretation of Ivan's restless glancing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бредит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бредит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бредит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бредит","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мерещилось","gloss":"were delirious"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занимала","gloss":"his illness"},{"surface":"занимала","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимала","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"усевшись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with занимала","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усевшись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with занимала","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядываться","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"оглядываться","lemma":"оглядываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"glance about"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядываться","gloss":"around him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высматривая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of высматривая","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of высматривая","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"высматривая","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оглядываться","gloss":"peering after"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b11-c8-s254","source":"Так было несколько раз. Наконец взгляд его пристально направился в одну точку.","translation":"This happened several times. At last his gaze fixed itself intently upon a single point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так было несколько раз","title":"Impersonal «так было»","body":"«Так было» is a terse impersonal summary — 'so it was [several times].' The neuter «было» has no subject; it simply states that the foregoing pattern recurred, a clipped narrative rhythm before the sentence that fixes Ivan's gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляд его пристально направился","title":"Reflexive «направился» + possessive postposed","body":"«Направился» (reflexive «направиться») is intransitive — his gaze 'directed itself.' Postposing the possessive in «взгляд его» (rather than «его взгляд») is a bookish, slightly elevated word order common in this prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies точку","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b11-c8-s255","source":"Иван усмехнулся, но краска гнева залила его лицо.","translation":"Ivan smiled, but a flush of anger flooded his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Reflexive «усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"«Усмехнулся» (reflexive «усмехнуться») is a perfective single act: a wry, knowing smile or smirk, distinct from open «улыбнуться». The «-ся» is lexicalized here — the verb exists only in the reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"краска гнева залила его лицо","title":"«Краска» — a flush of colour","body":"«Краска» normally means 'paint/dye,' but in «краска гнева» it is the flush, the rush of colour to the face — 'a flush of anger flooded his face.' «Залила» (perfective «залить», to flood over) makes the blush a sudden inundation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"краска","lemma":"краска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залила","gloss":"a flush"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies краска","gloss":"of anger"},{"surface":"залила","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"flooded"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of залила","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b11-c8-s256","source":"Он долго сидел на своем месте, крепко подперев обеими руками голову и все-таки кося глазами на прежнюю точку, на стоявший у противоположной стены диван.","translation":"For a long while he sat in his place, propping his head hard with both hands and still squinting his eyes toward that former point — toward the sofa standing against the opposite wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепко подперев обеими руками голову","title":"Perfective gerund «подперев»","body":"«Подперев» is a perfective past gerund (to prop up) describing the posture Ivan has taken — 'having propped his head.' «Обеими руками» is instrumental of means, the hands as instrument of propping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-таки кося глазами","title":"Imperfective gerund «кося»","body":"«Кося» is the imperfective present gerund of «косить» (here, to cast a sidelong/squinting glance) — a simultaneous, continuing action: 'still squinting his eyes.' «Глазами» is instrumental, the means of the squint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на стоявший у противоположной стены диван","title":"Past active participle «стоявший»","body":"«Стоявший» is a past active participle of «стоять» (imperfective: standing), agreeing with «диван» in the motion-accusative after «на» — 'the sofa that was standing against the opposite wall.' The participle folds a «который»-clause into the noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подперев","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"подперев","lemma":"подпереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"propping"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of подперев","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подперев","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кося","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кося","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кося","lemma":"коситься","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подперев","gloss":"squinting"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кося","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"прежнюю","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точку","gloss":"that former"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кося","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying диван","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"противоположной","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявший","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, in apposition to точку","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b11-c8-s257","source":"Его видимо что-то там раздражало, какой-то предмет, беспокоило, мучило.","translation":"Something there was plainly irritating him — some object — disturbing him, tormenting him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его видимо что-то там раздражало","title":"Object-first frame «его … что-то раздражало»","body":"The accusative object «его» (him) stands first, ahead of the new, eerily vague subject «что-то» — 'something there was plainly irritating him.' Fronting the known experiencer and trailing the unnamed cause heightens the menace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздражало … беспокоило, мучило","title":"Three imperfectives of ongoing torment","body":"The triad «раздражало, беспокоило, мучило» is all imperfective past, each verb a continuing action — irritating, disturbing, tormenting. The asyndetic piling intensifies the sense of a steady, nameless distress working on Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какой-то предмет","title":"«Какой-то предмет» — some object","body":"«Какой-то» ('some kind of, a certain') with «предмет» (object, thing) keeps the irritant deliberately indefinite. The reader, like Ivan, is being held just short of seeing what waits on the sofa — the devil of the next chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражало","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of раздражало","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of раздражало","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражало","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"раздражало","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was irritating"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to что-то","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"беспокоило","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражало","gloss":"disturbing"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражало","gloss":"tormenting"}]}]}