{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b11-c9","title":{"source":"IX. Черт. Кошмар Ивана Федоровича","translated":"The Devil. Ivan's Nightmare"},"section":"Book XI — Ivan","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c9","lines":438},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c10","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-c9-s1","source":"Я не доктор, а между тем чувствую, что пришла минута, когда мне решительно необходимо объяснить хоть что-нибудь в свойстве болезни Ивана Федоровича читателю.","translation":"I am no physician, and yet I feel that the moment has come when it is absolutely necessary for me to explain to the reader at least something of the nature of Ivan Fyodorovich's illness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем","title":"The contrastive «а»","body":"The narrator opens with «Я не доктор, а между тем…» — «I am no doctor, and yet…». Here «а» is the mild adversative conjunction that pivots topic against topic, fused with the idiom «между тем» (meanwhile / and yet) to soften into a concessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне решительно необходимо объяснить","title":"Dative-of-necessity construction","body":"There is no nominative subject here: the experiencer «мне» (to me) stands in the dative and the predicate is the impersonal «необходимо» (it is necessary) plus an infinitive. This dative-experiencer frame is the native Russian way to say «I must»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть что-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"The particle «-нибудь» makes «что» a non-specific «anything at all» — explaining «at least something, no matter what» of the illness's nature. Contrast «что-то», which would mean a specific but unnamed thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доктор","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a physician"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with доктор","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствую","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of необходимо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of необходимо","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause on минута","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свойстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свойстве","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснить","gloss":"the nature"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свойстве","gloss":"of the illness"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"читателю","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснить","gloss":"to the reader"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-c9-s2","source":"Забегая вперед, скажу лишь одно: он был теперь, в этот вечер, именно как раз накануне белой горячки, которая наконец уже вполне овладела его издавна расстроенным, но упорно сопротивлявшимся болезни организмом.","translation":"Running ahead of myself, I will say only this: he was now, that evening, precisely on the very eve of brain fever, which had at last taken full possession of an organism long disordered yet stubbornly resisting the disease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Забегая вперед","title":"Present gerund «забегая»","body":"«Забегая» is an imperfective present деепричастие («running ahead»), an indeclinable verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with and sharing the subject of the main clause «скажу». It opens the sentence with a literary, attendant-circumstance flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упорно сопротивлявшимся болезни организмом","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«сопротивлявшимся» is a past active participle («which was resisting»), built on the -вш- suffix and here declined into the instrumental to agree with «организмом» (governed by «овладела», which takes the instrumental). It packs a whole который-clause into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"овладела его… организмом","title":"«Овладеть» governs the instrumental","body":"The verb «овладеть» (to take possession of) governs its object in the instrumental, not the accusative — hence «организмом». The whole noun phrase, with its participle and adjectives, agrees in that case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Забегая","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скажу","gloss":"running ahead"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Забегая","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to накануне","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как раз","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of был","gloss":"on the eve"},{"surface":"белой","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячки","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"горячки","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition накануне","gloss":"fever","note":"«белая горячка» is the idiom for delirium tremens / brain fever, not literally \"white fever.\""},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of овладела","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладела","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладела","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"овладела","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on горячки","gloss":"had taken possession of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of организмом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"издавна","lemma":"издавна","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расстроенным","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"расстроенным","lemma":"расстроенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies организмом","gloss":"disordered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сопротивлявшимся","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"сопротивлявшимся","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расстроенным","gloss":"resisting"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of сопротивлявшимся","gloss":"the disease"},{"surface":"организмом","lemma":"организм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of овладела","gloss":"organism"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-c9-s3","source":"Не зная ничего в медицине, рискну высказать предположение, что действительно, может быть, ужасным напряжением воли своей он успел на время отдалить болезнь, мечтая, разумеется, совсем преодолеть ее.","translation":"Knowing nothing of medicine, I will venture the supposition that perhaps, by a fearful straining of his will, he had indeed managed to hold the illness off for a time, dreaming, naturally, of overcoming it altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не зная ничего в медицине","title":"Negated gerund with double negation","body":"«Не зная» is a negated present gerund («knowing nothing»), and «ничего» supplies negative concord: Russian keeps «не» on the verb-adverb even with the negative pronoun «ничего», so two negatives make one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рискну высказать","title":"Perfective future «рискну»","body":"«Рискну» is the perfective verb «рискнуть» conjugated like a present but meaning a single future act — «I will venture». The future sits in the ending alone, with no auxiliary, the classic perfective-future pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"напряжением воли своей","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей»","body":"«Воли своей» — «of his own will» — uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's subject (he). His own will, no one else's; «его воли» would risk pointing elsewhere. The postposed order «воли своей» is a bookish inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мечтая","title":"Simultaneous gerund «мечтая»","body":"Another present деепричастие, «dreaming», stacking a second attendant action onto the main verb — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's long, participle-laden sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рискну","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of зная","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медицине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"медицине","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зная","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"рискну","lemma":"рискнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will venture"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рискну","gloss":"to state"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"the supposition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ужасным","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies напряжением","gloss":"a fearful"},{"surface":"напряжением","lemma":"напряжение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успел","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies напряжением","gloss":"of will"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of воли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предположение","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдалить","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"отдалить","lemma":"отдалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to hold off"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдалить","gloss":"the illness"},{"surface":"мечтая","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on успел","gloss":"dreaming"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтая","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преодолеть","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"преодолеть","lemma":"преодолеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мечтая","gloss":"to overcome"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of преодолеть","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-c9-s4","source":"Он знал, что нездоров, но ему с отвращением не хотелось быть больным в это время, в эти наступающие роковые минуты его жизни, когда надо было быть налицо, высказать свое слово смело и решительно и самому «оправдать себя пред собою».","translation":"He knew he was unwell, but it was with revulsion that he refused to be ill at this time, in these approaching, fateful minutes of his life, when he had to be present, to speak his word boldly and resolutely, and to \"justify himself before himself\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему… не хотелось быть больным","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «не хотелось»","body":"«Ему не хотелось» is the impersonal-feeling construction: the experiencer «ему» in the dative, the reflexive verb «хотелось» in invariable neuter — «he did not feel like». This frame renders an inner state as something happening to him, not chosen by him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"быть больным","title":"Predicate instrumental «больным»","body":"After the infinitive «быть» the predicate adjective takes the instrumental, «больным» — «to be ill». With «быть» in infinitive, past, or future, the predicate role is framed as a state one occupies, marked by the instrumental rather than the nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда надо было быть налицо","title":"Impersonal «надо было»","body":"«Надо было быть» — «one had to be present»: the invariable modal «надо» with neuter past «было» and an infinitive, a subjectless necessity construction. The implied person is again the dative experiencer carried over from the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковые минуты","title":"«Роковой» — fateful, fatal","body":"«Роковой» derives from «рок» (fate, doom) and means «fateful, fraught with destiny», far weightier than English «fatal». It marks these as the decisive, doom-laden hours of Ivan's life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдать себя пред собою","title":"Reflexive «себя» / «собою» and archaic «пред»","body":"«Себя» (object) and «собою» (instrumental after «пред») both point back to the subject — «to justify himself before himself». «Пред» is the elevated, bookish variant of «перед», governing the instrumental; the doubled reflexive sharpens the self-trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нездоров","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нездоров","lemma":"нездоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was unwell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотелось","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to больным","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"больным","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"наступающие","lemma":"наступающий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"роковые","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on минуты","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to налицо","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"налицо","lemma":"налицо","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with налицо","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"смело","lemma":"смело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказать","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказать","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оправдать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to justify"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of оправдать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-c9-s5","source":"Он, впрочем, сходил однажды к новому, прибывшему из Москвы доктору, выписанному Катериной Ивановной вследствие одной ее фантазии, о которой я уже упоминал выше.","translation":"He had, however, gone once to the new doctor newly arrived from Moscow, summoned by Katerina Ivanovna on account of a certain fancy of hers that I have already mentioned above.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сходил однажды к… доктору","title":"Prefixed motion verb «сходил»","body":"«Сходил» (perfective of «ходить» with «с-») denotes a completed round trip — «went and came back». The prefix «с-…» on a multidirectional motion verb gives precisely the «there-and-back» errand sense, distinct from a one-way «пошёл»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выписанному Катериной Ивановной","title":"Passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«Выписанному» is a past passive participle (here «summoned, sent for»), declined to agree with «доктору» in the dative. Its agent stands in the instrumental, «Катериной Ивановной» — the standard way Russian names who performed a passive action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которой я уже упоминал выше","title":"Relative «которой» in the prepositional","body":"«О которой» — «of which» — shows «который» agreeing in gender/number with «фантазии» but taking the prepositional case its own clause demands (after «о»). The relative pronoun's case is set by its role inside the relative clause, not by the antecedent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сходил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктору","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"прибывшему","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies доктору","gloss":"newly arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшему","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"доктору","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"выписанному","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies доктору","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of выписанному","gloss":"by Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фантазии","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазии","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of фантазии","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"фантазии","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вследствие","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упоминал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"упоминал","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on фантазии","gloss":"have mentioned"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминал","gloss":"above"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-c9-s6","source":"Доктор, выслушав и осмотрев его, заключил, что у него вроде даже как бы расстройства в мозгу, и нисколько не удивился некоторому признанию, которое тот с отвращением, однако, сделал ему.","translation":"Having listened to him and examined him, the doctor concluded that he was suffering from something like a disorder of the brain, and was not in the least surprised by a certain admission that Ivan made to him, though with revulsion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав и осмотрев его","title":"Perfective past gerunds «выслушав, осмотрев»","body":"Two perfective past деепричастия in -в («having listened to and examined»), expressing actions completed before the main verb «заключил». The -в form marks priority; both share the subject «доктор»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него вроде даже как бы расстройства в мозгу","title":"«У него» possession plus hedging particles","body":"Possession is framed with «у + genitive» («он» → «у него»), the standard Russian «have». The piled-up hedges «вроде даже как бы» («something like even as it were») mimic the doctor's cautious diagnosis. Note «в мозгу» — the stressed locative «-у́» after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не удивился… признанию","title":"«Удивиться» governs the dative","body":"The reflexive verb «удивиться» (to be surprised) takes its object in the dative — «признанию» (at the admission). «Нисколько не» («not in the least») reinforces the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое тот… сделал ему","title":"Correlative «тот» for «he, the other»","body":"Here «тот» is used pronominally to mean «the latter / that man» (Ivan), distinguishing him from «доктор» without repeating the name. This topic-tracking use of the demonstrative is constant in Russian narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"having listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осмотрев","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушав","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмотрев","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in the clause (у него = he had)","gloss":"him","note":"«у него ... расстройства» is the possessive construction meaning \"he had a disorder\"."},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстройства","gloss":"something like"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расстройства","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"sort of","note":"«как бы» is a fixed idiom softening a claim, roughly \"as it were\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"расстройства","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of вроде","gloss":"a disorder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расстройства","gloss":"the brain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"некоторому","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признанию","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"признанию","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивился","gloss":"admission"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сделал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on признанию","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-c9-s7","source":"«Галлюцинации в вашем состоянии очень возможны, — решил доктор, — хотя надо бы их и проверить… вообще же необходимо начать лечение серьезно, не теряя ни минуты, не то будет плохо». Но Иван Федорович, выйдя от него, благоразумного совета не исполнил и лечь лечиться пренебрег: «Хожу ведь, силы есть пока, свалюсь — дело другое, тогда пусть лечит кто хочет», — решил он, махнув рукой.","translation":"\"Hallucinations in your condition are quite possible,\" the doctor decided, \"though they ought to be verified… in general, treatment must be begun in earnest, without losing a minute, or things will go badly.\" But Ivan Fyodorovich, on leaving him, did not follow the sensible advice and scorned the idea of taking to his bed for a cure: \"I can still walk about, I have my strength for now — once I collapse, that's another matter, and then let whoever wants to treat me,\" he decided, with a wave of his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы их и проверить","title":"Conditional softening with «бы»","body":"«Надо бы» = «надо» + the particle «бы», softening the necessity to «they ought really to be verified». «Бы» turns a blunt statement into the tentative, polite irrealis so typical of careful speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не теряя ни минуты","title":"Negated gerund with «ни»","body":"«Не теряя ни минуты» — «losing not a single minute» — pairs a negated present gerund with the intensifying «ни», whose job is to push a negation to «not even one». Negative concord keeps «не» on the verb-adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдя от него","title":"Perfective gerund «выйдя»","body":"«Выйдя» is the irregular perfective past gerund of «выйти» («having left»), a prefixed motion verb. It sets the prior action — Ivan leaves — before the main clause's «не исполнил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хожу ведь, силы есть пока","title":"Multidirectional «хожу» and the particle «ведь»","body":"«Хожу» (multidirectional «ходить») means «I get about / walk around» in general, not toward one goal. «Ведь» is the appealing modal particle — «I'm still walking about, after all» — inviting the listener to grant the obvious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть лечит кто хочет","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть лечит» — «let him treat» — forms a third-person command with «пусть» plus a present-form verb, here followed by «кто хочет» (whoever wants). It expresses Ivan's careless «then let anyone who likes treat me»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнув рукой","title":"Idiomatic gerund «махнув рукой»","body":"Literally «having waved a hand», this perfective gerund is an idiom for giving something up as hopeless — a dismissive shrug. «Рукой» is the instrumental (the means of the gesture)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Галлюцинации","lemma":"галлюцинация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of возможны","gloss":"Hallucinations"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возможны","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможны","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"возможны","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, plural","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"are possible"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"frames the quoted speech","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks надо as conditional/mitigated","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of проверить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes проверить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"проверить","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"verify"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообще","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряя","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начать","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"not a single"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of теряя","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то, modifies будет","gloss":"else","note":"«не то» is a fixed idiom meaning \"otherwise / or else\"."},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to плохо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the не то clause","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исполнил","gloss":"on leaving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"благоразумного","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совета","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"совета","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнил","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лечь","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пренебрег","gloss":"to take to bed"},{"surface":"лечиться","lemma":"лечиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of лечь","gloss":"to be treated"},{"surface":"пренебрег","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исполнил","gloss":"scorned"},{"surface":"Хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"begins Ivan's quoted speech","gloss":"I walk about"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Хожу","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, invariant, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хожу","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"свалюсь","lemma":"свалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хожу","gloss":"if I collapse"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to Хожу","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лечит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"лечит","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хожу","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of лечит","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"frames Ivan's quoted speech","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-c9-s8","source":"Итак, он сидел теперь, почти сознавая сам, что в бреду, и, как уже и сказал я, упорно приглядывался к какому-то предмету у противоположной стены на диване.","translation":"And so he sat there now, almost aware himself that he was delirious, and, as I have already said, stared stubbornly at some object on the sofa by the opposite wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти сознавая сам, что в бреду","title":"Present gerund «сознавая»","body":"«Сознавая» («half-aware») is a present gerund of attendant circumstance. The clause «что в бреду» drops the copula — «that [he was] in a delirium» — the zero-copula present that Russian uses for «to be»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглядывался к какому-то предмету","title":"Reflexive «приглядывался» + dative","body":"«Приглядываться» is a -ся verb (peer at, scrutinize) whose object follows «к» in the dative — «к предмету». «Какому-то» («some, unidentified») uses «-то» for a specific-but-unknown thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сидел","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавая","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"aware"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сознавая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бреду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознавая","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, comments on приглядывался","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглядывался","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"приглядывался","lemma":"приглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмету","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмету","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"предмету","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядывался","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"противоположной","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядывался","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмету","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-c9-s9","source":"Там вдруг оказался сидящим некто, бог знает как вошедший, потому что его еще не было в комнате, когда Иван Федорович, возвратясь от Смердякова, вступил в нее.","translation":"There, all at once, someone turned out to be sitting, God knows how he had gotten in, for he had not yet been in the room when Ivan Fyodorovich, on returning from Smerdyakov, had walked into it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался сидящим некто","title":"«Оказаться» + instrumental participle","body":"«Оказался сидящим» — «turned out to be sitting»: «оказаться» takes a predicate in the instrumental, here the present active participle «сидящим». The subject «некто» («someone») is an indeclinable, deliberately vague nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог знает как вошедший","title":"Past active participle «вошедший»","body":"«Вошедший» («who had come in») is a past active participle of «войти», modifying «некто». The frozen phrase «бог знает как» («God knows how») wedges into the participial phrase as an adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его еще не было в комнате","title":"Genitive of negation in existence","body":"«Его не было» — «he was not [there]»: the negated existential «не было» forces its subject into the genitive «его», with the verb fixed in neuter «было». This is the obligatory genitive-of-negation for absence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвратясь от Смердякова, вступил в нее","title":"Gerund «возвратясь» plus motion verb","body":"«Возвратясь» is a perfective gerund («having returned»; the -сь variant after a vowel), prior to «вступил» («stepped into»). «От Смердякова» uses «от + genitive» for «away from a person»; «в нее» (into it) is accusative of motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"сидящим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies некто","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"некто","lemma":"некто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with оказался","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошедший","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вошедший","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies некто","gloss":"having gotten in"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вступил","gloss":"on returning"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратясь","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, modifies было (timing)","gloss":"had walked in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-c9-s10","source":"Это был какой-то господин или, лучше сказать, известного сорта русский джентльмен, лет уже не молодых, «qui frisait la cinquantaine», как говорят французы, с не очень сильною проседью в темных, довольно длинных и густых еще волосах и в стриженой бородке клином.","translation":"This was some sort of gentleman or, better to say, a Russian gentleman of a particular type, no longer young, \"qui frisait la cinquantaine\", as the French say, with not much gray in his dark, fairly long and still thick hair, and in a trimmed, wedge-shaped little beard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"известного сорта русский джентльмен","title":"«Джентльмен» — an English borrowing","body":"Dostoevsky reaches for the anglicism «джентльмен» rather than «господин» to brand the devil as a shabby cosmopolitan poseur. «Известного сорта» («of a known sort») drips with the narrator's irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет уже не молодых","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"«Лет… не молодых» uses the genitive plural «лет» with a genitive adjective phrase to express «of no longer young years» — a descriptive genitive of quality. «Лет» is the suppletive genitive plural of «год»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бородке клином","title":"«Бородка клином» — a wedge-shaped little beard","body":"«Бородка» is the diminutive of «борода» (beard); «клином» is the instrumental of «клин» (wedge) used adverbially — «in a wedge». The diminutive lends a faintly dandyish, trimmed quality to the beard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of господин","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to господин","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господин","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical (лучше сказать = that is to say)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сорта","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"сорта","lemma":"сорт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies джентльмен","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies джентльмен","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with господин","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies джентльмен (age)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодых","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молодых","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"word (French)","role":"coordinated with джентльмен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"frisait","lemma":"friser","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"was nearing"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cinquantaine","lemma":"cinquantaine","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"age of fifty","note":"French: \"qui frisait la cinquantaine\" = \"who was nearing fifty.\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, comments on the French phrase","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"французы","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"the French"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проседью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильною","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сильною","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies проседью","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"проседью","lemma":"проседь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies джентльмен","gloss":"graying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темных","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темных","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies волосах","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies длинных","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"длинных","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with темных","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"густых","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with длинных","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies волосах","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"волосах","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies проседью","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бородке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стриженой","lemma":"стриженый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородке","gloss":"trimmed"},{"surface":"бородке","lemma":"бородка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with проседью","gloss":"little beard"},{"surface":"клином","lemma":"клин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бородке","gloss":"wedge-shaped"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-c9-s11","source":"Одет он был в какой-то коричневый пиджак, очевидно от лучшего портного, но уже поношенный, сшитый примерно еще третьего года и совершенно уже вышедший из моды, так что из светских достаточных людей таких уже два года никто не носил.","translation":"He was dressed in a kind of brown jacket, evidently from the best of tailors, but already worn, cut roughly three years ago and by now wholly out of fashion, so that for two years already nobody among well-to-do society people had worn such a thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сшитый… и совершенно уже вышедший из моды","title":"Chained participles, passive and active","body":"Two participles modify «пиджак»: «сшитый» (past passive, «sewn/cut») and «вышедший» (past active, «having gone out [of fashion]»). Russian threads such participles together to compress several relative clauses into one descriptive sweep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таких уже два года никто не носил","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«Таких… никто не носил» — «nobody wore such [coats]»: the negated verb pulls its object «таких» into the genitive plural, and «никто… не» supplies negative concord. «Два года» is an accusative-of-duration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от лучшего портного","title":"«Портной» — a substantivized adjective","body":"«Портной» (tailor) is an adjective in form that functions as a noun, so it declines like an adjective: «от лучшего портного» (from the best tailor), genitive after «от». A small but recurring class of such adjective-nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одет","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Одет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пиджак","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пиджак","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"коричневый","lemma":"коричневый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пиджак","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"пиджак","lemma":"пиджак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with Одет","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking портного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лучшего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies портного","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"портного","lemma":"портной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очевидно","gloss":"tailor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поношенный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поношенный","lemma":"поношенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Одет","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"сшитый","lemma":"сшить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying поношенный","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третьего","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третьего","gloss":"as far back as"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сшитый","gloss":"year ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышедший","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышедший","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"вышедший","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with поношенный","gloss":"gone out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моды","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моды","lemma":"мода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышедший","gloss":"fashion"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"достаточных","lemma":"достаточный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"well-to-do"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of носил","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies носил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the так что clause","gloss":"had worn"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-c9-s12","source":"Белье, длинный галстук в виде шарфа, всё было так, как и у всех шиковатых джентльменов, но белье, если вглядеться ближе, было грязновато, а широкий шарф очень потерт.","translation":"His linen, his long scarf-like cravat — everything was just as it is with all stylish gentlemen, but the linen, if you looked closer, was rather dirty, and the broad scarf badly frayed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вглядеться ближе","title":"Infinitive conditional + comparative «ближе»","body":"«Если вглядеться ближе» — «if one looked closer»: a generalized condition with a bare infinitive and no subject. «Ближе» is the suppletive-style comparative of «близко» (closer), an invariable predicative form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грязновато","title":"Attenuative «грязновато» — rather dirty","body":"The suffix «-оват-» softens an adjective to «somewhat, rather»: «грязноватый» = «a bit dirty» from «грязный». Here the short/adverbial «грязновато» understates the linen's grubbiness with a knowing precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"белье… было грязновато, а широкий шарф очень потерт","title":"Short-form adjectives as predicates","body":"«Грязновато» and «потерт» (frayed, worn) are short-form adjectives, used only predicatively and agreeing in gender/number alone. The short form lends the bookish, almost clinical tone of an inventory of the guest's shabbiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with галстук","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галстук","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"галстук","lemma":"галстук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Белье","gloss":"cravat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шарфа","gloss":"in the form of"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"шарфа","lemma":"шарф","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галстук","gloss":"a scarf"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies джентльменов","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking джентльменов","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of джентльменов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шиковатых","lemma":"шиковатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies джентльменов","gloss":"natty"},{"surface":"джентльменов","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of грязновато","gloss":"the linen"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вглядеться","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вглядеться","lemma":"вглядеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on грязновато","gloss":"one looked closer"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies вглядеться","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грязновато","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"грязновато","lemma":"грязноватый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"somewhat dirty"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"широкий","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шарф","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"шарф","lemma":"шарф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерт","gloss":"the scarf"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерт","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"потерт","lemma":"потёртый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грязновато","gloss":"frayed"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-c9-s13","source":"Клетчатые панталоны гостя сидели превосходно, но были опять-таки слишком светлы и как-то слишком узки, как теперь уже перестали носить, равно как и мягкая белая пуховая шляпа, которую уже слишком не по сезону притащил с собою гость.","translation":"The guest's checked trousers fit superbly, but were again altogether too light and somehow too narrow, of a sort people had now stopped wearing, as was the soft white felt hat, far too out of season, that the guest had dragged along with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"панталоны","title":"«Панталоны» — period word for trousers","body":"«Панталоны» (from French «pantalon») is the mid-19th-century word for men's trousers, more dated and genteel than modern «брюки». It suits the guest's out-of-fashion, would-be-elegant wardrobe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как теперь уже перестали носить","title":"Impersonal «перестали носить»","body":"«Перестали носить» («[people] had stopped wearing») uses a third-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the indefinite «they / people», a common Russian impersonal. «Перестать + imperfective infinitive» expresses ceasing an activity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую… притащил с собою гость","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«Которую» agrees with «шляпа» (feminine) but takes the accusative as the direct object of «притащил» inside its own clause. «С собою» is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the instrumental after «с» — «along with himself»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"притащил","title":"«Притащить» — to lug, drag along","body":"«Притащить» (perfective, with «при-» = arrival) means to drag or haul something heavy to a place. Applied to a hat it is comically heavy-handed, hinting the guest «lugged» an absurdly seasonless thing along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клетчатые","lemma":"клетчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies панталоны","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"панталоны","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies панталоны","gloss":"guest's"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"превосходно","lemma":"превосходно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"superbly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking панталоны to светлы/узки","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies светлы/узки","gloss":"again","note":"опять-таки is an idiom meaning \"yet again.\""},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светлы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"светлы","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies узки","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узки","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"узки","lemma":"узкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with светлы, predicate complement of были","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестали, modifying узки","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause (impersonal \"people\")","gloss":"had stopped"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"wearing"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase равно как и, introduces шляпа clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase равно как и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мягкая","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"белая","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"пуховая","lemma":"пуховый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"felt","note":"Literally \"downy/eiderdown\"; our translation renders it as \"felt.\""},{"surface":"шляпа","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with панталоны (second item people had stopped wearing)","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of притащил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по сезону","gloss":"far too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по сезону","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сезону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сезону","lemma":"сезон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase не по сезону, modifies притащил","gloss":"season"},{"surface":"притащил","lemma":"притащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on шляпа","gloss":"had dragged"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of притащил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притащил","gloss":"the guest"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-c9-s14","source":"Словом, был вид порядочности при весьма слабых карманных средствах.","translation":"In a word, there was the appearance of respectability sustained on exceedingly slender pocket means.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Словом","title":"«Словом» — «in a word»","body":"The instrumental of «слово» (word) frozen into a summarizing discourse marker, «in short, in a word». It signals the narrator is gathering the catalogue of details into a single verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при весьма слабых карманных средствах","title":"«При» + prepositional for circumstance","body":"«При… средствах» uses «при» with the prepositional to mean «with, given, in the presence of» — «with very slender pocket means». «При» framing attendant circumstances is a bookish, slightly formal turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular (adverbial)","role":"parenthetical adverbial","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"порядочности","lemma":"порядочность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of respectability"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средствах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабых","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"слабых","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies средствах","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"карманных","lemma":"карманный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies средствах","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"средствах","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"means"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-c9-s15","source":"Похоже было на то, что джентльмен принадлежит к разряду бывших белоручек-помещиков, процветавших еще при крепостном праве; очевидно, видавший свет и порядочное общество, имевший когда-то связи и сохранивший их, пожалуй, и до сих пор, но мало-помалу с обеднением после веселой жизни в молодости и недавней отмены крепостного права обратившийся вроде как бы в приживальщика хорошего тона, скитающегося по добрым старым знакомым, которые принимают его за уживчивый складный характер, да еще и ввиду того, что всё же порядочный человек, которого даже и при ком угодно можно посадить у себя за стол, хотя, конечно, на скромное место.","translation":"It looked as though the gentleman belonged to the category of former idle-handed landowners who had flourished back under serfdom; one who had evidently seen the world and decent society, who had once had connections and had perhaps kept them even to this day, but who, little by little, with impoverishment after a merry youth and the recent abolition of serfdom, had turned into something like a hanger-on of good tone, drifting from one kindly old acquaintance to another, who receive him for his easygoing, accommodating character, and on the further ground that he is, after all, a respectable man whom one may seat at one's table in any company, though, of course, in a modest place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"белоручек-помещиков","title":"«Белоручка» — an idler with «white hands»","body":"«Белоручка» (literally «white-hand») is a contemptuous term for someone who shirks rough work, a pampered idler; here yoked to «помещик» (landowner). The compound paints the class of leisured, serf-supported gentry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщика хорошего тона","title":"«Приживальщик» — the dependent hanger-on","body":"«Приживальщик» is a key word of the chapter: a poor relation or gentleman-sponger who lives off others' hospitality, drifting between households. «Хорошего тона» («of good tone») marks him a presentable, well-mannered specimen. The devil casts himself in exactly this role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"процветавших… видавший… имевший… сохранивший… обратившийся","title":"A cascade of active participles","body":"This vast sentence hangs a chain of past active participles off the gentleman — «процветавших» (who flourished), «видавший» (having seen), «имевший» (having had), «сохранивший» (having kept), «обратившийся» (turned into). Such participial chaining is the signature of 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скитающегося по добрым старым знакомым","title":"Present active participle «скитающегося»","body":"«Скитающегося» (present active, «wandering, drifting») modifies the hanger-on, declined to agree with him. «По + dative» («по знакомым») gives the «from one acquaintance to another» distributive sense of his roaming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого даже и при ком угодно можно посадить","title":"«При ком угодно» — «in anyone's company at all»","body":"«Кто угодно» («anyone you please») here in the prepositional «при ком угодно» means «in any company whatever». «Угодно» after an interrogative builds a free-choice indefinite. «Которого… можно посадить» is an impersonal possibility with «можно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Похоже","lemma":"похоже","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula forming predicate with Похоже","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принадлежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принадлежит","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"принадлежит","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause of то","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разряду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"разряду","lemma":"разряд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принадлежит","gloss":"the category"},{"surface":"бывших","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies белоручек-помещиков","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"белоручек","lemma":"белоручка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of compound белоручек-помещиков, modifies разряду","gloss":"idle-handed"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разряду, in compound with белоручек","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"процветавших","lemma":"процветать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying белоручек-помещиков","gloss":"who had flourished"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies процветавших","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"крепостном","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of процветавших","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видавший","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"видавший","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle clause describing джентльмен","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видавший","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порядочное","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свет, direct object of видавший","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"имевший","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видавший, describes джентльмен","gloss":"having had"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-то, modifies имевший","gloss":"at some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имевший","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сохранивший","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with имевший, describes джентльмен","gloss":"having kept"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сохранивший","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сохранивший","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до сих пор","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies сохранивший","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу, modifies обратившийся","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеднением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обеднением","lemma":"обеднение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившийся","gloss":"impoverishment"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"веселой","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молодости","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недавней","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отмены","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"отмены","lemma":"отмена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обеднением, oblique complement of с","gloss":"abolition"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"of serfdom"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отмены","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"обратившийся","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with видавший/имевший, describes джентльмен","gloss":"having turned"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase вроде как бы, marking приживальщика","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вроде как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вроде как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приживальщика","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"приживальщика","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившийся","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тона","gloss":"of good"},{"surface":"тона","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приживальщика","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"скитающегося","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying приживальщика","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомым","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"добрым","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies знакомым","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"старым","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies знакомым","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"знакомым","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скитающегося","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on знакомым","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уживчивый","lemma":"уживчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"easygoing"},{"surface":"складный","lemma":"складный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"accommodating"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввиду того","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ввиду того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввиду","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies человек predicate","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"порядочный","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the что-clause","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies при ком угодно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies при ком угодно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ком","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of при, part of phrase при ком угодно","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ком угодно","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the relative clause on человек","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of посадить (via у)","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадить (via за)","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with место","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скромное","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадить, concessive addendum","gloss":"a place"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-c9-s16","source":"Такие приживальщики, складного характера джентльмены, умеющие порассказать, составить партию в карты и решительно не любящие никаких поручений, если их им навязывают, — обыкновенно одиноки, или холостяки, или вдовцы, может быть и имеющие детей, но дети их воспитываются всегда где-то далеко, у каких-нибудь теток, о которых джентльмен никогда почти не упоминает в порядочном обществе, как бы несколько стыдясь такого родства.","translation":"Such hangers-on, gentlemen of accommodating character, who can tell a good story, make up a hand at cards, and are decidedly fond of no errands whatever should any be foisted on them, are commonly solitary creatures — either bachelors or widowers, perhaps even with children, but their children are always being brought up somewhere far away, at the homes of some aunt or other, of whom the gentleman almost never speaks in decent society, as though somewhat ashamed of such kinship.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умеющие порассказать, составить партию","title":"Present active participle «умеющие»","body":"«Умеющие» (present active, «who know how to») governs a string of infinitives — «tell a story, make up a hand». The participle replaces a который-clause and agrees with «джентльмены» in the nominative plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решительно не любящие никаких поручений","title":"Genitive object of a negated participle","body":"«Не любящие… поручений» — the negated participle «любящий» (loving) takes its object in the genitive «поручений», reinforced by «никаких» (no… at all). The genitive-of-negation reaches even inside participial phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы несколько стыдясь такого родства","title":"Gerund «стыдясь» + genitive","body":"«Стыдясь» is a present gerund of the -ся verb «стыдиться» (to be ashamed), which governs the genitive «родства» (of such kinship). «Как бы несколько» («as though somewhat») hedges the emotion in the narrator's wry manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of приживальщики","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"приживальщики","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of одиноки","gloss":"hangers-on"},{"surface":"складного","lemma":"складный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"of accommodating"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to приживальщики","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"джентльмены","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to приживальщики","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"умеющие","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying приживальщики/джентльмены","gloss":"who can"},{"surface":"порассказать","lemma":"порассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеющие","gloss":"tell stories"},{"surface":"составить","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with порассказать","gloss":"make up"},{"surface":"партию","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составить","gloss":"a hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of составить","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любящие","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любящие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любящие","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умеющие","gloss":"fond of"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of поручений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"поручений","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of любящие","gloss":"errands"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of навязывают","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of навязывают","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"навязывают","lemma":"навязывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying поручений","gloss":"are foisted"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиноки","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"одиноки","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"холостяки","lemma":"холостяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with одиноки","gloss":"bachelors"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вдовцы","lemma":"вдовец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with холостяки","gloss":"widowers"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть, parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеющие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имеющие","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with одиноки","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имеющие","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of воспитываются","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дети","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"воспитываются","lemma":"воспитываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"are raised"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитываются","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase где-то, modifies воспитываются","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитываются","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теток","gloss":"at the homes of"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase каких-нибудь, determiner of теток","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каких-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"теток","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"aunts"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of упоминает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упоминает","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминает","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упоминает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упоминает","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on теток","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядочном","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминает","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies стыдясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдясь","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"стыдясь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on упоминает","gloss":"being ashamed"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of родства","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"родства","lemma":"родство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стыдясь","gloss":"kinship"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-c9-s17","source":"От детей же отвыкает мало-помалу совсем, изредка получая от них к своим именинам и к рождеству поздравительные письма и иногда даже отвечая на них.","translation":"From his children, too, he gradually grows quite estranged, now and then receiving from them, for his name-day and for Christmas, letters of congratulation, and occasionally even answering them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От детей же отвыкает мало-помалу","title":"Fronting + the particle «же»","body":"The object «от детей» is fronted as topic, and «же» marks the shift to a new aspect of the portrait — «As for his children, too…». «Отвыкать от + genitive» means «grow unaccustomed to, get weaned off»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изредка получая… и иногда даже отвечая","title":"Paired present gerunds","body":"«Получая» and «отвечая» are imperfective present gerunds describing habitual, simultaneous actions — «now and then receiving… and occasionally answering». Imperfective gerunds suit this iterative, characterizing description."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвыкает","gloss":"his children"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies От детей","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"отвыкает","lemma":"отвыкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows estranged"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу, modifies отвыкает","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвыкает","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получая","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"получая","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвыкает","gloss":"receiving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of получая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking именинам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of именинам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"именинам","lemma":"именины","morphology":"noun, dative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"oblique complement of получая","gloss":"name-day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождеству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"рождеству","lemma":"рождество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with именинам","gloss":"Christmas"},{"surface":"поздравительные","lemma":"поздравительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"congratulatory"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of получая","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечая","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получая","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечая","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-c9-s18","source":"Физиономия неожиданного гостя была не то чтобы добродушная, а опять-таки складная и готовая, судя по обстоятельствам, на всякое любезное выражение.","translation":"The unexpected guest's countenance was not exactly good-natured, but again accommodating, and ready, as circumstances might require, for any obliging expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Физиономия","title":"«Физиономия» — countenance, mug","body":"«Физиономия» (from Greek via French) means «face, countenance», but with a faintly ironic or appraising tinge in Russian — apt for the narrator sizing up the devil's bland, ready-for-anything face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы добродушная, а… складная","title":"«Не то чтобы…, а…» construction","body":"«Не то чтобы X, а Y» means «not exactly X, but rather Y» — a hedged correction. The contrastive «а» pivots from the rejected description «добродушная» (good-natured) to the truer «складная» (accommodating)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Физиономия","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the countenance"},{"surface":"неожиданного","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Физиономия","gloss":"guest's"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Физиономия to predicate","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"добродушная","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (rejected) of была","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies складная","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"складная","lemma":"складный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"accommodating"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готовая","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with складная","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase судя по, parenthetical","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обстоятельствам","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражение","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"любезное","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"obliging"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовая","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-c9-s19","source":"Часов на нем не было, но был черепаховый лорнет на черной ленте.","translation":"He had no watch on him, but he did have a tortoiseshell lorgnette on a black ribbon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Часов на нем не было","title":"Genitive of negation (plural noun)","body":"«Часов… не было» — «there was no watch»: the negated existential «не было» puts its subject into the genitive, here «часов» (genitive plural of «часы», which is plural-only for «watch/clock»). Contrast the affirmative «был… лорнет»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черепаховый лорнет","title":"«Лорнет» — a tortoiseshell lorgnette","body":"A «лорнет» is a pair of eyeglasses on a handle, held up to the eye — a foppish accessory of fashionable society. «Черепаховый» means «tortoiseshell». The detail completes the devil's seedy-genteel toilette."}],"words":[{"surface":"Часов","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural (genitive of negation; часы = 'watch/clock', plurale tantum, not час 'hour')","role":"logical subject of negated было","gloss":"a watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"черепаховый","lemma":"черепаховый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лорнет","gloss":"tortoiseshell"},{"surface":"лорнет","lemma":"лорнет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"lorgnette"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ленте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"черной","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленте","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ленте","lemma":"лента","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лорнет (via на)","gloss":"ribbon"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-c9-s20","source":"На среднем пальце правой руки красовался массивный золотой перстень с недорогим опалом.","translation":"On the middle finger of his right hand there flaunted a massive gold ring set with an inexpensive opal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"красовался массивный золотой перстень","title":"Reflexive «красоваться» and inverted order","body":"«Красовался» is a -ся verb meaning «showed off, flaunted itself». The subject «перстень» follows the verb — comment before topic — throwing the new, ostentatious detail into relief, a typical Russian word-order effect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перстень с недорогим опалом","title":"«Перстень» — a (signet) ring","body":"«Перстень» is a substantial, often jewelled or signet ring (more than a plain «кольцо»). The «недорогой опал» (cheap opal) deflates the «massive gold» — pretension undercut by a tawdry stone."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"среднем","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальце","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"пальце","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of красовался","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пальце","gloss":"hand's"},{"surface":"красовался","lemma":"красоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flaunted itself"},{"surface":"массивный","lemma":"массивный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перстень","gloss":"massive"},{"surface":"золотой","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перстень","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"перстень","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of красовался","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опалом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"недорогим","lemma":"недорогой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies опалом","gloss":"inexpensive"},{"surface":"опалом","lemma":"опал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перстень (via с)","gloss":"opal"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-c9-s21","source":"Иван Федорович злобно молчал и не хотел заговаривать.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich kept a malicious silence and would not begin to speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотел заговаривать","title":"Inceptive imperfective «заговаривать»","body":"«Заговаривать» (imperfective with «за-» = beginning) means «to start talking, strike up». Under «не хотел» the imperfective infinitive is natural — refusing the activity as a whole. «Злобно молчал» pairs adverb with imperfective for sustained, sullen silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"malignly"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"заговаривать","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-c9-s22","source":"Гость ждал и именно сидел как приживальщик, только что сошедший сверху из отведенной ему комнаты вниз к чаю составить хозяину компанию, но смирно молчавший ввиду того, что хозяин занят и об чем-то нахмуренно думает; готовый, однако, ко всякому любезному разговору, только лишь хозяин начнет его.","translation":"The guest waited, and sat there exactly like a hanger-on who has just come down from the room assigned to him upstairs to keep his host company at tea, but who keeps a meek silence in view of the fact that the host is occupied and brooding frowningly over something; ready, however, for any obliging conversation, the moment the host should begin it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что сошедший… вниз к чаю… но смирно молчавший… готовый","title":"Stacked participles characterizing the guest","body":"The simile hangs two past active participles on the hanger-on — «сошедший» (having come down) and «молчавший» (keeping silent) — plus the long-form deverbal adjective «готовый» ('ready'), whose short form would be «готов». The pile-up paints a whole posture in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лишь хозяин начнет его","title":"Perfective future «начнет» in a temporal clause","body":"«Начнет» is the perfective future of «начать» — «the moment the host begins it». In «only as soon as…» clauses Russian uses the perfective future for the awaited completed event, where English may use a present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидел (emphatic: exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison (сидел как приживальщик)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сидел, introduced by как","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что (just now)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"just","note":"только что is a fixed idiom meaning 'just now/just', not a subordinate clause."},{"surface":"сошедший","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying приживальщик","gloss":"who had just come down"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошедший","gloss":"from upstairs"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отведенной","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying комнаты","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отведенной","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошедший","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"составить","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сошедший (purpose)","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"хозяину","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of составить","gloss":"his host"},{"surface":"компанию","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составить","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смирно","lemma":"смирно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчавший","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"молчавший","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сошедший","gloss":"who kept silent"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчавший","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занят","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"занят","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (zero copula) with subject хозяин","gloss":"is occupied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чем-то","gloss":"something","note":"чем-то ('something', locative) is split by the intervening particles; the two pieces form one indefinite pronoun."},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думает","gloss":"frowningly"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занят","gloss":"is thinking"},{"surface":"готовый","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приживальщик","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовый","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговору","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговору","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"любезному","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговору","gloss":"obliging"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовый","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the compound лишь только (as soon as)","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начнет","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (temporal) modifying готовый","gloss":"should begin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начнет","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-c9-s23","source":"Вдруг лицо его выразило как бы некоторую внезапную озабоченность.","translation":"Suddenly his face expressed something like a sudden disquiet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо его выразило как бы некоторую внезапную озабоченность","title":"Perfective «выразило» and hedging «как бы»","body":"«Выразило» (perfective past, neuter agreeing with «лицо») marks the single completed event — the face «expressed» a flicker of concern. «Как бы» («as if, something like») softens it to a half-seen impression, very characteristic of the narrator's tentative reportage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразило","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразило","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразило","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if/a kind of)","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of озабоченность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"внезапную","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies озабоченность","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"озабоченность","lemma":"озабоченность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразило","gloss":"disquiet"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-c9-s24","source":"— Послушай, — начал он Ивану Федоровичу, — ты извини, я только чтобы напомнить: ты ведь к Смердякову пошел с тем, чтоб узнать про Катерину Ивановну, а ушел ничего об ней не узнав, верно забыл… — Ах да!","translation":"— Listen, — he began to Ivan Fyodorovich, — forgive me, I only want to remind you: you did go to Smerdyakov, you know, in order to find out about Katerina Ivanovna, and you came away without learning anything about her, you must have forgotten… — Ah yes!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал он Ивану Федоровичу","title":"Dative addressee «Ивану Федоровичу»","body":"«Начал… Ивану Федоровичу» uses the dative for the person addressed — «began [speaking] to Ivan». Both the name and patronymic decline (dative -у / -у)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ведь к Смердякову пошел с тем, чтоб узнать","title":"«С тем, чтоб» — purpose with «чтобы»","body":"«С тем, чтоб узнать» means «in order to find out»: the correlative «с тем» points forward to the purpose clause «чтоб(ы) + infinitive». «Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — «you did go, you know»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел ничего об ней не узнав","title":"Negated gerund «не узнав» + negative concord","body":"«Ничего… не узнав» — «having learned nothing»: a perfective past gerund («узнав») negated, with «ничего… не» giving double negation. «Об ней» is a colloquial/older variant of «о ней»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушай","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted utterance, parallel to начал","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Послушай","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of начал (addressee)","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of извини","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начал","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напомнить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напомнить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of напомнить","gloss":"[want] to"},{"surface":"напомнить","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"remind you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to напомнить","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the intent"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тем","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"came away"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of узнав","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ушел","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ах","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-c9-s25","source":"— вырвалось вдруг у Ивана, и лицо его омрачилось заботой, — да, я забыл…","translation":"— burst suddenly from Ivan, and his face clouded over with care, — yes, I forgot…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у Ивана","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось» — it burst out","body":"«Вырвалось» is a -ся verb in its middle/spontaneous sense — the exclamation «burst out» of its own accord, the speaker scarcely its agent. «У Ивана» (from Ivan) uses «у + genitive» for the source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо его омрачилось заботой","title":"«Омрачиться» + instrumental of cause","body":"«Омрачилось заботой» — «clouded over with care»: the -ся verb «омрачиться» (grow dark) takes the instrumental «заботой» for what it is darkened by. The instrumental marks the cause/agent of the change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of омрачилось","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"омрачилось","lemma":"омрачиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырвалось","gloss":"clouded over"},{"surface":"заботой","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of омрачилось","gloss":"with care"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to забыл","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вырвалось","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-c9-s26","source":"Впрочем, теперь всё равно, всё до завтра, — пробормотал он про себя. — А ты, — раздражительно обратился он к гостю, — это я сам сейчас должен был вспомнить, потому что именно об этом томило тоской!","translation":"Still, it makes no difference now, it can all wait till tomorrow, — he muttered to himself. — And as for you, — he turned to the guest irritably, — I ought to have remembered that myself just now, for that is the very thing that was tormenting me with anguish!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал он про себя","title":"«Про себя» — to oneself","body":"«Про себя» (literally «to himself», with the reflexive «себя» after «про») is the idiom for muttering inwardly or silently. «Про» normally takes the accusative, and «себя» is the reflexive object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этом томило тоской","title":"Impersonal «томило» with instrumental","body":"«Об этом томило тоской» is impersonal — no nominative subject, the verb fixed in neuter «томило» («[something] tormented [me]»), with «тоской» (anguish) in the instrumental as the means. A quintessential Dostoevskian rendering of inner torment as an agentless force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты… раздражительно обратился он к гостю","title":"Topic «А ты» + reflexive «обратился к»","body":"«А ты» fronts the guest as a new topic with the contrastive «а». «Обратиться к + dative» («к гостю») is the -ся verb for «to turn/address oneself to» someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to всё","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно (makes no difference)","gloss":"makes no difference"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of завтра","gloss":"it can all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to всё","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to всё","gloss":"he muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the fronted phrase (topic of обратился)","gloss":"as for you"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гостю","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнить (fronted)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to обратился","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"[to] have"},{"surface":"вспомнить","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of томило","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of томило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"томило","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомнить","gloss":"was tormenting me"},{"surface":"тоской","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of томило","gloss":"with anguish"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-c9-s27","source":"Что ты выскочил, так я тебе и поверю, что это ты подсказал, а не я сам вспомнил?","translation":"Just because you piped up, am I to believe that it was you who prompted me, and not I who remembered it myself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так я тебе и поверю","title":"Ironic «так… и» + dative «тебе»","body":"«Так я тебе и поверю» is a sarcastic idiom — «as if I'll believe you!», the «так… и» framing flat disbelief. «Поверить» takes the dative of the person believed, «тебе»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ты подсказал, а не я сам вспомнил","title":"Cleft emphasis with «это» and «сам»","body":"Russian clefts with «это» plus a fronted pronoun to spotlight the agent — «it was you who prompted… not I myself who remembered». «Сам» is the intensifier «-self», agreeing with «я»; «а не» draws the sharp contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выскочил (interrogative: why)","gloss":"Why","note":"Что ты выскочил here is a rhetorical/exclamatory 'why did you pipe up', not a direct object."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying поверю","gloss":"piped up"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверю","gloss":"am I to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверю (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поверю","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подсказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement (cleft) with subject ты","gloss":"it [was]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поверю","gloss":"who prompted me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подсказал","gloss":"who remembered it"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-c9-s28","source":"— А не верь, — ласково усмехнулся джентльмен.","translation":"— Then don't believe it, — the gentleman smiled affably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не верь","title":"Negative imperative «не верь»","body":"«Не верь» is the negative imperative of «верить» («don't believe»), the bare 2nd-person singular command. With negative imperatives Russian normally uses the imperfective, as here. «А» opens the retort lightly — «Then don't»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ласково усмехнулся","title":"«Усмехнуться» — to give a smirk/half-smile","body":"«Усмехнуться» (perfective -ся, a single act) is a wry, knowing smile or smirk, distinct from the open «улыбнуться». «Ласково» («affably, gently») gives the devil's smirk its disarming softness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe it"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"affably"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верь","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"the gentleman"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-c9-s29","source":"— Что за вера насилием?","translation":"— What is faith got by force?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что за вера насилием?","title":"«Что за…?» — «What sort of…?»","body":"«Что за вера?» is the exclamatory-interrogative «What kind of faith [is that]?». «Насилием» is the instrumental of «насилие» (force) used as «by force» — «faith [got] by force»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что за (what kind of)","gloss":"What kind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate noun)","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"насилием","lemma":"насилие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вера","gloss":"[got] by force"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-c9-s30","source":"Притом же в вере никакие доказательства не помогают, особенно материальные.","translation":"Besides, in matters of faith no proofs are of any help, especially material ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в вере никакие доказательства не помогают","title":"«Никакие… не» negative concord","body":"«Никакие доказательства не помогают» — «no proofs help»: «никакие» (no… whatever) pairs with «не» on the verb in obligatory negative concord. «Помогать» is imperfective for the general truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Притом же","title":"«Притом же» — «besides, moreover»","body":"«Притом» means «besides, what's more», and the particle «же» reinforces the additive turn. A bookish connective the devil uses to layer his sophistry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогают","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Притом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помогают","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"никакие","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательства","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of помогают","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помогают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помогают","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are of help"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies материальные","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"материальные","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"elliptical, parallel to доказательства (material ones)","gloss":"material ones"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-c9-s31","source":"Фома поверил не потому, что увидел воскресшего Христа, а потому, что еще прежде желал поверить.","translation":"Thomas believed not because he saw the risen Christ, but because even before that he had wished to believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не потому, что… а потому, что","title":"«Не потому…, а потому…» causal contrast","body":"The frame «не потому что X, а потому что Y» — «not because X, but because Y» — sets two causal clauses against each other with «потому что» (because) and the contrastive «а». A favorite rhetorical hinge of Dostoevsky's reasoners."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"Thomas"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"воскресшего","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies Христа","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"before that"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"he had wished"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-c9-s32","source":"Вот, например, спириты… я их очень люблю… вообрази, они полагают, что полезны для веры, потому что им черти с того света рожки показывают.","translation":"Take the spiritualists, for instance… I am very fond of them… imagine, they suppose they are useful to faith, because devils from the other world show them their little horns.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вообрази","title":"Imperative «вообрази»","body":"«Вообрази» is the singular imperative of perfective «вообразить» — «imagine!, just fancy!». The perfective imperative fits a one-off invitation to picture a single scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рожки показывают","title":"«Рожки» — little horns","body":"«Рожки» is the diminutive plural of «рог» (horn). The devils «show their little horns» — the diminutive turns the demonic into something almost cute and parlor-trick trivial, mocking the spiritualists' evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спириты","gloss":"Take"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to спириты","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"спириты","lemma":"спирит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the spiritualists"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond of"},{"surface":"вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative, parallel to полагают","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полагают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"полагают","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полезны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"полезны","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of полагают","gloss":"[they] are useful"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полезны","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of показывают","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показывают","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"черти","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of показывают","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking света","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of света","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывают","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"рожки","lemma":"рожок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of показывают","gloss":"little horns"},{"surface":"показывают","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on полезны","gloss":"show"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-c9-s33","source":"«Это, дескать, доказательство уже, так сказать, материальное, что есть тот свет».","translation":"\"This, you see, is by now, so to speak, a material proof that the other world exists.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать… так сказать","title":"«Дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«Дескать» flags that the words are quoted or imputed to someone else — «[they say], you see». It lets the devil ventriloquize the spiritualists' self-justification with sneering distance. «Так сказать» = «so to speak»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что есть тот свет","title":"Existential «есть»","body":"«Что есть тот свет» — «that the other world exists». «Есть» here is the rare overt present of «быть», used for emphatic assertion of existence (vs. the usual zero copula). «Тот свет» — «that [other] world», the beyond."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доказательство (zero-copula predicate)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle (reported-speech marker)","gloss":"you see","note":"дескать is an invariant colloquial particle flagging reported/implied speech ('so they say'), not a verb."},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (zero copula) with subject Это","gloss":"is proof"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"материальное","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying доказательство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause modifying доказательство","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-c9-s34","source":"Тот свет и материальные доказательства, ай-люли!","translation":"The other world and material proofs, fiddle-de-dee!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ай-люли!","title":"«Ай-люли» — a nonsense refrain","body":"«Ай-люли» is a meaningless sing-song refrain from Russian folk songs, here flung out as a mocking «fiddle-de-dee!» The devil deflates the whole metaphysical debate into a bit of folk doggerel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"The other"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"материальные","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with свет","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"ай","lemma":"ай-люли","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parallel to свет","gloss":"fiddle","note":"ай-люли is a nonsense folk-song refrain, roughly 'fiddle-de-dee'."},{"surface":"люли","lemma":"ай-люли","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the exclamation ай-люли","gloss":"de-dee"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-c9-s35","source":"И наконец, если доказан черт, то еще неизвестно, доказан ли бог?","translation":"And after all, if the devil is proven, is it yet known whether God is proven?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если доказан черт","title":"Short passive participle «доказан»","body":"«Доказан» is the short form of the past passive participle «доказанный» («proven»), used predicatively — «if the devil is proven». The short passive participle plus (implied) «быть» states a result, agreeing in gender/number only."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще неизвестно, доказан ли бог","title":"Embedded «ли» — «whether»","body":"«Доказан ли бог» uses the particle «ли» for an indirect yes/no question — «whether God is proven». «Ли» follows the focused word and turns the embedded clause into a «whether»-question after «неизвестно» (it is unknown)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to неизвестно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доказан","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"доказан","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on неизвестно","gloss":"is proven"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive доказан","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative, introduces неизвестно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"[is it] known"},{"surface":"доказан","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"depends on неизвестно","gloss":"proven"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказан","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive доказан","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-c9-s36","source":"Я хочу в идеалистическое общество записаться, оппозицию у них буду делать: «дескать реалист, а не материалист, хе-хе!»","translation":"I want to enroll in an idealist society, I'll set up an opposition among them: \"I'm a realist, you see, and not a materialist, heh-heh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в идеалистическое общество записаться","title":"Reflexive «записаться» + accusative of goal","body":"«Записаться» is the -ся verb «to enroll, sign oneself up»; «в общество» (into the society) is accusative of motion/goal after «в». The -ся conveys the self-directed action of putting one's own name down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оппозицию у них буду делать","title":"Compound future «буду делать»","body":"«Буду делать» is the imperfective compound future — «I will be making/setting up [an opposition]» — built from the future of «быть» plus an imperfective infinitive. It names an ongoing future activity, fitting the devil's playful scheme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общество","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"идеалистическое","lemma":"идеалистический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"an idealist"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of записаться","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"записаться","lemma":"записаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to enroll"},{"surface":"оппозицию","lemma":"оппозиция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"an opposition"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of делать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle (reported-speech marker)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"реалист","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical: I am a realist)","gloss":"a realist"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies материалист","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"материалист","lemma":"материалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with реалист","gloss":"a materialist"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parallel to реалист","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the exclamation хе-хе","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-c9-s37","source":"— Слушай, — встал вдруг из-за стола Иван Федорович.","translation":"— Listen, — Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly rose from the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал вдруг из-за стола Иван Федорович","title":"Verb-first order + compound preposition «из-за»","body":"The verb «встал» leads, with the subject «Иван Федорович» postponed — a dramatic, action-first inversion. «Из-за стола» («up from the table») uses the compound preposition «из-за» + genitive for rising from behind something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-c9-s38","source":"— Я теперь точно в бреду… и, уж конечно, в бреду… ври что хочешь, мне всё равно!","translation":"— I am now exactly as if in a delirium… and, of course, I am in a delirium… lie all you want, it makes no difference to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ври что хочешь","title":"Imperative «ври» + free relative","body":"«Ври» is the imperative of «врать» (to lie, fib); «что хочешь» («whatever you like») is a headless free relative. «Lie whatever you want» — Ivan's contemptuous license to the apparition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всё равно","title":"«Мне всё равно» — dative of indifference","body":"«Мне всё равно» — «it's all the same to me, I don't care»: the experiencer in the dative «мне» with the fixed phrase «всё равно». A pure dative-experiencer idiom for indifference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject (zero-copula predicate бреду)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бреду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бреду","gloss":"exactly as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (zero copula) of Я","gloss":"a delirium"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to бреду","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бреду","gloss":"a delirium"},{"surface":"ври","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of ври","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of равно (idiom мне всё равно)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom всё равно (makes no difference)","gloss":"makes no difference"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-c9-s39","source":"Ты меня не приведешь в исступление, как в прошлый раз.","translation":"You will not work me up into a frenzy, as you did the last time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты меня не приведешь в исступление","title":"Perfective future «не приведешь»","body":"«Не приведешь» is the perfective future of «привести» — «you will not bring [me] into a frenzy». The perfective frames a single, would-be-completed act, which Ivan defiantly denies will happen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступление","title":"«Исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy of rage","body":"«Исступление» is a bookish word for a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, distraction, raving. A loaded Dostoevskian term for the overwrought psychological extremity his characters are forever tipping into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приведешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приведешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приведешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приведешь","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will work up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведешь","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison как в прошлый раз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (comparison clause)","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-c9-s40","source":"Мне только чего-то стыдно…","translation":"It is only that I am somehow ashamed…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне только чего-то стыдно","title":"Dative-subject «мне… стыдно»","body":"«Мне стыдно» — «I am ashamed»: the impersonal-feeling construction, experiencer «мне» in the dative, predicate the invariable «стыдно». «Чего-то» («somehow, of something») uses «-то» for a vague, unidentified cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of стыдно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"forms чего-то, complement of стыдно","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"forms indefinite pronoun чего-то","gloss":"-","note":"чего-то is one indefinite pronoun ('something'); the tokenizer split it into чего + то."},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-c9-s41","source":"Я хочу ходить по комнате…","translation":"I want to pace about the room…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходить по комнате","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» + «по» distributive","body":"«Ходить по комнате» — «to pace about the room»: the multidirectional «ходить» for to-and-fro motion, with «по + dative» giving the «around/over» sense across a surface. A precise contrast to a one-way «идти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to pace"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-c9-s42","source":"Я тебя иногда не вижу и голоса твоего даже не слышу, как в прошлый раз, но всегда угадываю то, что ты мелешь, потому что ''это я, я сам говорю, а не ты!'' Не знаю только, спал ли я в прошлый раз или видел тебя наяву?","translation":"Sometimes I do not see you and do not even hear your voice, as last time, and yet I always guess what you are babbling, because ''it is I, I myself, who am speaking, and not you!'' Only I do not know whether I was asleep last time, or saw you while awake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голоса твоего даже не слышу","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«Голоса… не слышу» — «I don't hear your voice»: the negated «слышу» pulls its object into the genitive «голоса». The genitive-of-negation is especially natural with non-specific or partial perception."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что ты мелешь","title":"«Молоть» — to talk rubbish","body":"«Мелешь» is from «молоть» (to grind, mill), but the idiom «молоть [вздор, чепуху]» means «to babble, talk nonsense». Ivan says he always guesses «what you are babbling» — the devil's talk is so much grinding of chaff."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спал ли я… или видел тебя наяву","title":"Indirect question with «ли»","body":"«Не знаю… спал ли я… или видел» uses «ли» to form an embedded «whether… or» question after «не знаю». «Ли» attaches to the fronted focus «спал». «Наяву» means «while awake, in waking life»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышу","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison как в прошлый раз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (comparison clause)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадываю","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"угадываю","lemma":"угадывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of угадываю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мелешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мелешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мелешь","lemma":"молоть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"are babbling","note":"мелешь is colloquial for talking nonsense, literally 'grind.'"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of copula (это я)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal after это","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of я сам говорю","gloss":"am speaking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with я (ellipsis of говоришь)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"was asleep"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"while awake"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-c9-s43","source":"Вот я обмочу полотенце холодною водой и приложу к голове, и авось ты испаришься.","translation":"I'll just wet a towel with cold water and press it to my head, and perhaps you will evaporate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обмочу… и приложу","title":"Perfective futures «обмочу», «приложу»","body":"Both verbs are perfective futures — «I'll wet… and press» — single completed acts conjugated like a present. Aspect, not an auxiliary, carries the future of these momentary actions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"авось ты испаришься","title":"«Авось» + perfective future «испаришься»","body":"«Авось» is the untranslatable particle of hopeful chance — «maybe, with luck». «Испаришься» (perfective future of the -ся verb «испариться», «to evaporate») expresses the wished-for vanishing of the phantom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обмочу","gloss":"here, I'll just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обмочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обмочу","lemma":"обмочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wet"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обмочу","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"холодною","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies водой","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмочу","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложу","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обмочу","gloss":"will press"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложу","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"авось","lemma":"авось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испаришься","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испаришься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"испаришься","lemma":"испариться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the авось-clause","gloss":"will evaporate"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-c9-s44","source":"Иван Федорович прошел в угол, взял полотенце, исполнил, как сказал, и с мокрым полотенцем на голове стал ходить взад и вперед по комнате.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich went into the corner, took a towel, did as he had said, and, with the wet towel on his head, began to pace back and forth across the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошел… взял… исполнил… стал ходить","title":"Chain of perfectives advancing the action","body":"A string of perfective past verbs — «прошел, взял, исполнил, стал» — moves the narration event by event, each a completed step. «Стал ходить» (began to pace) launches an imperfective infinitive, opening into ongoing motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сказал","title":"Comparative «как» clause","body":"«Исполнил, как сказал» — «did as he had said»: «как» introduces a clause of manner/comparison, here referring back to Ivan's stated plan. A compact, common subordinator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying исполнил","gloss":"he had said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полотенцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мокрым","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенцем","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"accompanying circumstance of стал ходить","gloss":"towel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полотенцем","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to pace"},{"surface":"взад","lemma":"взад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with взад","gloss":"forth"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-c9-s45","source":"— Мне нравится, что мы с тобой прямо стали на ''ты'', — начал было гость.","translation":"— I like it that we have gone straight to addressing each other as ''thou,'' — the guest began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что мы с тобой прямо стали на ''ты''","title":"«Мы с тобой» — inclusive «you and I»","body":"«Мы с тобой» (literally «we with you») is the idiomatic Russian for «you and I» — a plural «we» plus «с + instrumental» naming the companion. «Начал было» uses the particle «было» for an action just begun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of нравится","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали (мы с тобой = you and I)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of нравится","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"'thou'"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (interrupted-action marker)","role":"combines with начал (начал было = began to, but then...)","gloss":"-","note":"начал было marks an action that began but was cut off or reconsidered."},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the guest"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-c9-s46","source":"— Дурак, — засмеялся Иван, — что ж я ''вы'', что ли, стану тебе говорить.","translation":"— Fool, — Ivan laughed, — as if I'm going to address you as ''you,'' am I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж я ''вы''… стану тебе говорить","title":"Compound future «стану говорить» + «же»","body":"«Стану говорить» is a compound future (the future of «стать» plus imperfective infinitive) — «am I going to address [you as ''вы'']?». The particle «ж» (= «же») charges the rhetorical question with scorn — «as if I would!»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дурак","title":"«Дурак» — fool","body":"«Дурак» is the blunt, common word for «fool, idiot». Hurled at the apparition with a laugh, it shows Ivan's mix of contempt and oddly familiar banter with his own hallucination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Fool"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что ж... что ли construction","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"quoted form, complement of говорить","gloss":"'you' (formal)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle phrase что ли","gloss":"(doubt marker)"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (что ли)","gloss":"(doubt marker)"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I going to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-c9-s47","source":"Я теперь весел, только в виске болит… и темя… только, пожалуйста, не философствуй, как в прошлый раз.","translation":"I'm cheerful now, only there's a pain in my temple… and the crown of my head… only, please, don't philosophize, as you did the last time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в виске болит… и темя","title":"Impersonal «болит» of bodily pain","body":"«В виске болит» — «there's a pain in [my] temple»: an impersonal-leaning construction where the aching part is located («в виске», prepositional) and «болит» runs in the third person. «Темя» (crown of the head) is a neuter -мя noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не философствуй","title":"Negative imperative «не философствуй»","body":"«Не философствуй» is the negative imperative of the imperfective «философствовать» (to philosophize) — «don't [keep] philosophizing». Negative commands take the imperfective, fitting the «stop/don't do this activity» sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of весел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виске","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"my temple"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with весел","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"темя","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with виске (болит elided)","gloss":"the crown of my head"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies философствуй","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies философствуй","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies философствуй","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"философствуй","lemma":"философствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"philosophize"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison как в прошлый раз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (comparison clause)","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-c9-s48","source":"Если не можешь убраться, то ври что-нибудь веселое.","translation":"If you can't clear off, then lie about something cheerful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ври что-нибудь веселое","title":"«Что-нibудь» — anything at all","body":"«Что-нибудь веселое» — «something cheerful, anything»: «-нибудь» marks a non-specific referent, leaving the content open. Ivan doesn't care what, so long as it's cheerful. Contrast «что-то», a specific thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убраться","title":"«Убраться» — to clear off","body":"«Убраться» (perfective -ся) is a colloquial, dismissive «to clear out, get lost, take oneself off». Ivan tells the phantom: if you can't «убраться», at least be amusing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"protasis, modifies ври","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"убраться","lemma":"убраться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"clear off"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the apodosis (main clause) ври","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ври","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"forms что-нибудь, direct object of ври","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"forms indefinite pronoun что-нибудь","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-c9-s49","source":"Сплетничай, ведь ты приживальщик, так сплетничай.","translation":"Gossip — you're a hanger-on, after all, so gossip.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь ты приживальщик, так сплетничай","title":"«Ведь» appeal + «так» consequence","body":"«Ведь» appeals to the shared premise — «you're a hanger-on, after all» — and «так» draws the consequence, «so gossip». «Сплетничай» is the imperfective imperative of «сплетничать» (to gossip), fitting a call to a general activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сплетничай","lemma":"сплетничать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Gossip"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of приживальщик","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приживальщик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (reason clause)","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сплетничай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сплетничай","lemma":"сплетничать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel imperative to Сплетничай","gloss":"gossip"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-c9-s50","source":"Навяжется же такой кошмар!","translation":"What a nightmare to fasten itself on a man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Навяжется же такой кошмар!","title":"Exclamatory perfective future + «же»","body":"«Навяжется» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «навязаться» («to foist/fasten itself on»), used here exclamatorily — «What a nightmare to fasten itself [on one]!». «Же» heightens the rueful astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Навяжется","lemma":"навязаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will fasten itself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Навяжется","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кошмар","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"кошмар","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Навяжется","gloss":"nightmare"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-c9-s51","source":"Но я не боюсь тебя.","translation":"But I am not afraid of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но я не боюсь тебя","title":"«Бояться» + genitive object","body":"«Боюсь тебя» — «I fear you»: «бояться» is a verb that exists only in the -ся form and governs its object in the genitive. «Тебя» is genitive (here syncretic with accusative). A core -ся verb of emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"am not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of боюсь","gloss":"of you"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-c9-s52","source":"Я тебя преодолею.","translation":"I will get the better of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя преодолею","title":"Perfective future «преодолею»","body":"«Преодолею» is the perfective future of «преодолеть» — «I will overcome [you]», a single decisive victory. The momentary perfective suits Ivan's resolve to master the phantom once and for all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of преодолею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of преодолею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"преодолею","lemma":"преодолеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get the better of"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-c9-s53","source":"Не свезут в сумасшедший дом!","translation":"They won't cart me off to the madhouse!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не свезут в сумасшедший дом!","title":"Impersonal «они»-less «свезут»","body":"«Не свезут» is a 3rd-person-plural perfective future with no subject — the indefinite «they»: «they won't cart [me] off». Russian uses this subjectless plural for unspecified agents, an everyday impersonal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумасшедший дом","title":"«Сумасшедший дом» — madhouse","body":"Literally «mad house» (from «сошедший с ума», «out of one's mind»), the 19th-century term for an insane asylum. Ivan's dread of being committed haunts the whole delirium scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свезут","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"свезут","lemma":"свезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cart off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свезут","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-c9-s54","source":"— C’est charmant, приживальщик.","translation":"— C’est charmant, a hanger-on.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word (French)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on C’est","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition (a hanger-on, that is)","gloss":"a hanger-on"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-c9-s55","source":"Да я именно в своем виде.","translation":"Yes, I am precisely in my own character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я именно в своем виде","title":"«Свой» — in my own character","body":"«В своем виде» — «in my own [true] shape/character»: the reflexive possessive «свой» points to the subject (I), and «именно» («precisely») drives the claim home. The devil owns the role of hanger-on as his very nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виде","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-c9-s56","source":"Кто ж я на земле, как не приживальщик?","translation":"What am I on earth, if not a hanger-on?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто ж я на земле, как не приживальщик?","title":"Rhetorical «кто… как не» + «ж»","body":"«Кто… как не приживальщик?» — «who am I… if not a hanger-on?»: the frame «кто, как не X» poses a rhetorical question expecting «no one else». «Ж» (= «же») sharpens the self-deprecating insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Кто","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кто","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приживальщик (как не = if not)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приживальщик","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Кто","gloss":"a hanger-on"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-c9-s57","source":"Кстати, я ведь слушаю тебя и немножко дивлюсь: ей-богу, ты меня как будто уже начинаешь помаленьку принимать за нечто и в самом деле, а не за твою только фантазию, как стоял на том в прошлый раз…","translation":"By the way, I am listening to you, you know, and marveling a little: by God, you seem to be starting, little by little, to take me for something actually real, and not merely for your own fancy, as you insisted last time…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты меня… начинаешь помаленьку принимать за нечто","title":"«Принимать за» + accusative","body":"«Принимать кого за что» — «to take someone for something»: «за нечто» (for something [real]) uses «за + accusative». «Нечто» is the indeclinable «something». «Помаленьку» is a colloquial diminutive-flavored «little by little»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей-богу","title":"«Ей-богу» — by God","body":"«Ей-богу» is a fossilized oath, «by God, honestly», containing an old dative «богу». The colloquial asseveration colors the devil's chatty, confiding tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь слушаю тебя","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the devil's remark with an appeal to Ivan's awareness — «I am, you know, listening to you». It presumes shared ground, the very texture of Dostoevskian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to слушаю","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушаю","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am listening to"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивлюсь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушаю","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"particle (idiom)","role":"part of idiom ей-богу (by God)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"particle (idiom)","role":"part of idiom ей-богу (by God)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начинаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, modifies начинаешь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, modifies начинаешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинаешь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начинаешь","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушаю","gloss":"are starting"},{"surface":"помаленьку","lemma":"помаленьку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимать","gloss":"little by little"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинаешь","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нечто","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of принимать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, modifies принимать","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates за твою... фантазию","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фантазию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фантазию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазию","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"фантазию","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимать (parallel to за нечто)","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начинаешь","gloss":"you insisted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-c9-s58","source":"— Ни одной минуты не принимаю тебя за реальную правду, — как-то яростно даже вскричал Иван.","translation":"— Not for one minute do I take you for real truth, — Ivan cried out, even somehow furiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни одной минуты не принимаю тебя","title":"Fronted «ни одной… не» emphasis","body":"«Ни одной минуты не принимаю» — «not for a single minute do I take»: «ни одной» (not one) intensifies the negation, fronted for emphasis, with «не» still on the verb in negative concord. The fronting throws all weight onto Ivan's total refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то яростно даже вскричал","title":"Indefinite «как-то» + perfective «вскричал»","body":"«Как-то» («somehow») softens the adverb «яростно» (furiously). «Вскричал» is a perfective with «вс-» marking the sudden onset of crying out — a single burst, not a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуты","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of принимаю","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"реальную","lemma":"реальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаю","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"part of как-то, modifies вскричал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (idiom)","role":"part of как-то, modifies вскричал","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-c9-s59","source":"— Ты ложь, ты болезнь моя, ты призрак.","translation":"— You are a lie, you are my illness, you are a phantom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ложь, ты болезнь моя, ты призрак","title":"Zero-copula nominative predicates","body":"Three present-tense equations with no verb «to be»: «ты ложь… болезнь… призрак» — «you [are] a lie… my illness… a phantom». In the present Russian omits the copula and leaves the predicate noun in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ложь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болезнь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, coordinated with ложь","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призрак","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"призрак","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложь","gloss":"a phantom"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-c9-s60","source":"Я только не знаю, чем тебя истребить, и вижу, что некоторое время надобно прострадать.","translation":"Only I do not know how to destroy you, and I see that for some time I shall have to suffer through it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаю, чем тебя истребить","title":"Instrumental «чем» of means","body":"«Чем тебя истребить» — «with what to destroy you»: «чем» is the instrumental of «что», asking by what means. The embedded infinitive question after «не знаю» names Ivan's helplessness — he lacks the instrument to annihilate the vision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некоторое время надобно прострадать","title":"Impersonal «надобно» + perfective «прострадать»","body":"«Надобно прострадать» — «one must suffer through»: «надобно» is the archaic-flavored variant of «надо» (it is necessary), an impersonal modal with infinitive. «Прострадать» (perfective with «про-») means to endure suffering through a whole span — «некоторое время» (for some time)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"introduces the clause of истребить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of истребить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"истребить","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"duration adjunct of прострадать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"I shall have to"},{"surface":"прострадать","lemma":"прострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"suffer through"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-c9-s61","source":"Ты моя галлюцинация.","translation":"You are my hallucination.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты моя галлюцинация","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"Russian uses no verb «есть» (to be) in the present, so the predicate noun «галлюцинация» stands in the bare nominative: «Ты [—] моя галлюцинация», literally 'You — my hallucination.' The possessive «моя» agrees in the feminine to match."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"галлюцинация","title":"A clinical loanword","body":"«Галлюцинация» is a 19th-century borrowing from the new medical-psychiatric vocabulary; Ivan reaches for the doctor's word to keep the devil at arm's length, insisting his visitor is a mere symptom of brain fever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of галлюцинация","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of галлюцинация","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"галлюцинация","lemma":"галлюцинация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hallucination"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-c9-s62","source":"Ты воплощение меня самого, только одной, впрочем, моей стороны… моих мыслей и чувств, только самых гадких и глупых.","translation":"You are the embodiment of myself, though of only one side of me… of my thoughts and feelings, but only the most vile and stupid of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воплощение","title":"«воплощение» — incarnation made flesh","body":"A bookish noun in -ение built on «плоть» (flesh): 'embodiment, incarnation.' The root threads through the whole chapter — the devil's stated dream is «воплотиться», to become incarnate — so Ivan's word already carries the theological charge of the Word made flesh."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня самого","title":"Intensive «сам» agreeing in the genitive","body":"«меня самого» pairs the genitive of «я» with the intensifier «сам» ('myself'), both in the genitive after «воплощение … меня». «сам» declines like an adjective and here underlines that the devil embodies Ivan's very own self, not merely 'a' self."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самых гадких и глупых","title":"Superlative «самый» selecting the worst","body":"«самых гадких и глупых» uses «самый» ('most') to form the superlative, here in the genitive plural agreeing with «мыслей и чувств» — 'the most vile and stupid of my thoughts and feelings.' «самый» declines together with its adjectives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воплощение","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воплощение","lemma":"воплощение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"embodiment"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies воплощение","gloss":"of myself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of меня","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies стороны","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with воплощение","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with стороны","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with мыслей","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самых","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гадких","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"гадких","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with мыслей","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глупых","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with гадких","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-c9-s63","source":"С этой стороны ты мог бы быть даже мне любопытен, если бы только мне было время с тобой возиться…","translation":"From that angle you might even be of some interest to me, if only I had the time to bother with you…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы быть … если бы … было время","title":"A full conditional with «бы» twice over","body":"Both halves are irrealis: «мог бы быть» (could be) and «если бы … было время» (if only there were time) each pair a past-tense form with «бы». The repeated particle ties the contrary-to-fact apodosis to its protasis — a textbook conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне было время","title":"Dative experiencer of having time","body":"'Having time' is framed impersonally: «мне … было время», literally 'to-me there was time,' with the person in the dative «мне» and no nominative subject. It is the same dative-first pattern as «мне холодно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возиться","title":"«возиться» — to bother, fuss with","body":"A colloquial -ся verb meaning to fuss or busy oneself tiresomely with someone (here «с тобой»). It carries a faint note of condescension — dealing with the devil as one would with a troublesome child."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любопытен (idiom: с этой стороны)","gloss":"angle"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to любопытен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of любопытен","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"любопытен","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если (если бы только = if only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer with было (dative of possession)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the if-clause (было время = there was time)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"тобой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of возиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возиться","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of время","gloss":"to bother"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-c9-s64","source":"— Позволь, позволь, я тебя уличу: давеча у фонаря, когда ты вскинулся на Алешу и закричал ему: «Ты от ''него'' узнал!","translation":"— Allow me, allow me, I'll catch you out: just now by the streetlamp, when you flew at Alyosha and shouted at him: \"You learned it from ''him''!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позволь","title":"Imperative «Позволь» — 'allow, permit'","body":"The familiar singular imperative of perfective «позволить»; doubled «Позволь, позволь» it works as a conversational 'wait, wait — let me…', a courteous bid to interrupt before pressing a point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уличу","title":"«уличить» — to catch someone out","body":"«я тебя уличу» is the perfective future of «уличить», to convict or expose someone in a fault or contradiction. Ivan is about to trap the devil in proof that he is only Ivan's own thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A homely, slightly archaic colloquialism for 'recently, just now, earlier today.' It belongs to the spoken, old-fashioned register and recurs through the chapter, lending the dialogue its lived-in 19th-century texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинулся на Алешу","title":"«вскинуться на» + accusative — to fly at","body":"The perfective -ся verb «вскинуться» ('to fling oneself up') governs «на» plus the accusative «Алешу» to mean 'rounded on, flew at' Alyosha. The -ся turns the throwing motion inward onto the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Позволь (repeated)","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уличу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уличу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уличу","lemma":"уличить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will catch out"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулся","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонаря","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"фонаря","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у, modifies вскинулся","gloss":"streetlamp"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскинулся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"flew at"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулся","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричал","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал (quoted speech)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"learned"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-c9-s65","source":"Почему ты узнал, что ''он'' ко мне ходит?» Это ведь ты про меня вспоминал.","translation":"How did you know that ''he'' comes to me?\" It was me you were thinking of then, you know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"''он'' ко мне ходит","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habitual visiting","body":"«ходит» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить», used here for repeated, habitual coming-and-going: not 'is on his way now' but 'visits me, keeps coming to me.' That habitual sense is exactly why it unsettles Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ведь ты про меня вспоминал","title":"The particle «ведь» — 'you see, after all'","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, nudging Ivan to admit what he already half-knows: 'it was me you were thinking of, you see.' English can only render it with intonation or a tag like 'you know.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про меня","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about me'","body":"The preposition «про» governs the accusative «меня» and means 'about, concerning,' a slightly more colloquial counterpart to «о» + prepositional. It suits the devil's chatty, informal needling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft pronoun anticipating меня (это...ты...вспоминал)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were thinking of"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-c9-s66","source":"Стало быть, одно маленькое мгновеньице ведь верил же, верил, что я действительно есмь, — мягко засмеялся джентльмен.","translation":"So you did believe, then, for one tiny instant, you believed that I really exist, — the gentleman laughed softly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть","title":"«Стало быть» — 'so then, ergo'","body":"A frozen idiom (literally 'it has come to be') meaning 'consequently, so then.' It opens a triumphant inference: the devil pounces on Ivan's momentary belief as proof of his own reality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мгновеньице","title":"Diminutive «мгновеньице» — a tiny instant","body":"The diminutive of «мгновение» (instant), with the affectionate/belittling suffix -ице. Paired with «маленькое», it doubly shrinks the moment, the devil cooing over how brief Ivan's lapse of belief was."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь верил же, верил","title":"Two particles plus emphatic repetition","body":"The devil stacks «ведь» (after all) and «же» (insistent) around «верил», then repeats the verb: 'you did so believe, you did believe.' The clustered particles and reduplication mark the gloating, coaxing tone of his speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"есмь","title":"«есмь» — the archaic 'I am'","body":"«я действительно есмь» uses «есмь», the 1st-person-singular of the old verb 'to be,' long dead in living speech and surviving only in Church-Slavonic and Scripture (cf. God's 'I AM'). The devil's mock-solemn flourish parodies divine self-assertion: 'that I truly AM.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"джентльмен","title":"«джентльмен» — the devil as English gentleman","body":"The narrator and the devil himself favor the English loanword «джентльмен» over Russian «господин». It frames the visitor as a shabby-genteel European man-about-town — the petty, déclassé bourgeois devil Dostoevsky deliberately conjures instead of a Gothic fiend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"discourse marker (стало быть = so, then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновеньице","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновеньице","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"мгновеньице","lemma":"мгновеньице","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying верил","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верил (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есмь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есмь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есмь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верил","gloss":"exist","note":"Archaic first-person form of быть ('I am'), used by the devil for old-fashioned flourish."},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"gentleman"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-c9-s67","source":"— Да, это была слабость природы… но я не мог тебе верить.","translation":"— Yes, that was a weakness of nature… but I could not believe in you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это была слабость природы","title":"Past «была» agreeing with the feminine predicate","body":"With «это была слабость» the verb «была» takes feminine singular to agree with «слабость» (weakness, fem.). In the past tense Russian's copula reappears and inflects for gender — invisible in the zero-copula present of «это слабость»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог тебе верить","title":"«верить» + dative — to believe someone","body":"«верить» governs the dative: «тебе верить» means 'to believe you / put faith in you,' not merely to believe a statement. The dative «тебе» marks the person trusted, sharpening Ivan's refusal to grant the devil credence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слабость","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of была","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабость","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-c9-s68","source":"Я не знаю, спал ли я или ходил прошлый раз.","translation":"I do not know whether I was asleep or walking about last time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спал ли я или ходил","title":"Indirect «ли» — 'whether'","body":"Embedded in «не знаю, спал ли я или ходил», the particle «ли» means 'whether': 'I don't know whether I slept or walked about.' «ли» follows the focused verb «спал» and sets up the alternative with «или»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спал … ходил","title":"Imperfective verbs for an unresolved state","body":"Both «спал» and «ходил» are imperfective past, naming states/processes rather than completed events — fitting, since Ivan cannot pin down whether he was asleep or wandering. «ходил» (multidirectional) suggests aimless moving-about, not a single trip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"was asleep"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спал","gloss":"was walking"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-c9-s69","source":"Я, может быть, тогда тебя только во сне видел, а вовсе не наяву…","translation":"Perhaps I only saw you in a dream then, and not at all while awake…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наяву","title":"«наяву» — 'in waking life'","body":"An adverb meaning 'while awake, in reality,' the direct opposite of «во сне» (in a dream). The pair «во сне … наяву» frames the chapter's central uncertainty: is the devil a dream or a waking apparition?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во сне видел","title":"«во сне» — locative «в» + prepositional","body":"«во сне» is «в» + the prepositional «сне» (from «сон», dream), expressing location 'in a dream.' The vowel-padded «во» appears before the consonant cluster сн-, a regular phonetic variant of «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наяву","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"awake"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-c9-s70","source":"— А зачем ты давеча с ним так сурово, с Алешей-то?","translation":"— And why were you so harsh with him just now, with Alyosha?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним так сурово, с Алешей-то","title":"The topic clitic «-то» on «Алешей»","body":"«Алешей-то» tacks the emphatic clitic «-то» onto an afterthought that pins down the already-mentioned «ним»: 'so harsh with him — with Alyosha, I mean.' This «-то» highlights a known topic, distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сурово","title":"«сурово» — sternly, severely","body":"An adverb from «суровый» (stern, austere) — a weightier, more morally colored word than plain 'harsh,' evoking grim severity. The devil reproaches Ivan for it as one might reproach excessive sternness toward an innocent."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сурово (elided copula)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сурово (elided copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сурово","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сурово","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сурово","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate, elided copula)","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ним","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to Алешей","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-c9-s71","source":"Он милый; я пред ним за старца Зосиму виноват.","translation":"He is a dear boy; I am to blame before him over the elder Zosima.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он милый","title":"Long-form adjective as predicate","body":"«Он милый» uses the long (full) form «милый» predicatively with zero copula — 'he is dear/sweet.' The long form here gives a settled, characterizing sense ('he's a dear boy'), where a short form would feel more clinical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ним","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед» + instrumental","body":"«пред ним» is the bookish, reduced form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». «виноват пред кем-то» = to be guilty before/toward someone. The clipped «пред» raises the register a notch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of милый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват (via preposition пред)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват (via preposition за)","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause (predicate, elided copula)","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-c9-s72","source":"— Молчи про Алешу!","translation":"— Silence about Alyosha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи","title":"Imperative «Молчи!» — 'Be silent!'","body":"The familiar singular imperative of imperfective «молчать» (to keep silent). The imperfective imperative here is a blunt, ongoing command — 'shut up, stay silent about it' — fiercer than the perfective «замолчи» would be."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про Алешу","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about Alyosha'","body":"«молчать про кого-то» uses colloquial «про» + accusative «Алешу»: 'be silent about Alyosha.' The diminutive name «Алеша» (for Алексей) keeps the brother tender even as Ivan forbids the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Молчи","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-c9-s73","source":"Как ты смеешь, лакей!","translation":"How dare you, lackey!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ты смеешь","title":"«сметь» + infinitive — 'how dare you'","body":"«Как ты смеешь» is the present of «сметь» (to dare), which takes a bare infinitive (here understood from context). The set exclamation «Как ты смеешь!» is the Russian 'How dare you!'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей","title":"«лакей» — lackey, footman","body":"A «лакей» was a liveried male servant; as an insult it means a servile, contemptible toady. The word is loaded here: Smerdyakov, Ivan's half-brother and the actual murderer, was a lackey — so hurling «лакей!» at the devil is Ivan recoiling from his own complicity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"lackey"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-c9-s74","source":"— опять засмеялся Иван.","translation":"— Ivan laughed again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять засмеялся Иван","title":"Verb-first word order in a dialogue tag","body":"The attribution inverts to verb-then-subject, «засмеялся Иван» ('laughed Ivan'), the standard Russian order for speech tags. «засмеялся» is perfective (за- inceptive), marking the single onset of laughter — 'broke into a laugh.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-c9-s75","source":"— Бранишься, а сам смеешься — хороший знак.","translation":"— You curse me, yet you laugh — a good sign.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бранишься, а сам смеешься","title":"Contrastive «а» — 'yet, while'","body":"«а» here is the mild adversative that pivots between two simultaneous facts: 'you curse, yet you laugh.' It is not strong 'but' («но») but the topic-shifting 'and/while' that pervades Russian dialogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бранишься","title":"«браниться» — to curse, scold","body":"A reflexive verb «браниться», to swear at or rail against someone — somewhat old-fashioned and homely beside cruder modern equivalents. It recurs throughout the scene as the devil's gentle name for Ivan's abuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бранишься","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"you curse"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бранишься","gloss":"you laugh"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (elided copula), refers to the whole situation","gloss":"sign"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-c9-s76","source":"Ты, впрочем, сегодня гораздо со мной любезнее, чем в прошлый раз, и я понимаю отчего: это великое решение…","translation":"You are, by the way, far more amiable with me today than last time, and I understand why: it's that great resolution…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо … любезнее, чем","title":"Comparative «любезнее» with «гораздо»","body":"«любезнее» is the predicative comparative of «любезный» (amiable, courteous), intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much') and completed by «чем» (than): 'far more amiable than last time.' The single -ее form does all the comparative work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимаю отчего","title":"Interrogative «отчего» as 'why'","body":"«отчего» (literally 'from what') is an interrogative adverb 'why, for what reason,' here heading an embedded question after «понимаю»: 'I understand why.' It is slightly more reflective than plain «почему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любезнее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, modifies любезнее","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любезнее","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любезнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of любезнее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любезнее","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more amiable"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раз","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любезнее","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of решение (elided copula)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elided copula","gloss":"resolution"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-c9-s77","source":"— Молчи про решение! — свирепо вскричал Иван.","translation":"— Silence about the resolution! — Ivan cried out ferociously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свирепо вскричал","title":"«свирепо» + «вскричать» — a ferocious cry","body":"«свирепо» (ferociously, savagely) modifies the perfective «вскричал» ('cried out,' с inceptive «вс-»), capturing the sudden violence of Ivan's outburst. The expressive verb of speech is typical of Dostoevsky's heated dialogue tags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решение","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Молчи","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"ferociously"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-c9-s78","source":"— Понимаю, понимаю, c’est noble, c’est charmant, ты идешь защищать завтра брата и приносишь себя в жертву… c’est chevaleresque.","translation":"— I understand, I understand, c’est noble, c’est charmant, you are going to defend your brother tomorrow and to offer yourself up in sacrifice… c’est chevaleresque.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приносишь себя в жертву","title":"Idiom «приносить себя в жертву» with reflexive «себя»","body":"The set phrase «приносить в жертву» ('to offer up as a sacrifice') takes the reflexive object «себя» ('oneself') referring back to Ivan, the subject: 'you offer yourself up in sacrifice.' «себя» has no nominative and points to whoever the clause's subject is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Понимаю","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word","role":"copula of French exclamation (c’est noble)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"noble","lemma":"noble","morphology":"word","role":"predicate complement of c’est","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word","role":"copula of French exclamation (c’est charmant)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"word","role":"predicate complement of c’est","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of идешь","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защищать","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приносишь","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"you offer"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of приносишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносишь","gloss":"a sacrifice"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word","role":"head of the French exclamation","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"chevaleresque","lemma":"chevaleresque","morphology":"word","role":"predicate complement of c’est","gloss":"chivalrous"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-c9-s79","source":"— Молчи, я тебе пинков надаю!","translation":"— Silence, or I'll give you a kicking!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пинков надаю","title":"«надавать пинков» — to deal out kicks","body":"«пинок» is a kick; the genitive plural «пинков» follows «надаю» (perfective future of «надавать», to give a quantity of). «надавать пинков» is a colloquial threat, 'I'll give you a good kicking.' The phantom-vs-kick motif runs into the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пинков","lemma":"пинок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of надаю","gloss":"kicks"},{"surface":"надаю","lemma":"надавать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll give"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-c9-s80","source":"— Отчасти буду рад, ибо тогда моя цель достигнута: коли пинки, значит, веришь в мой реализм, потому что призраку не дают пинков.","translation":"— In part I'd be glad of it, for then my aim is attained: if there are kicks, it means you believe in my reality, since one does not give kicks to a phantom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated conjunction meaning 'for, because,' belonging to Scripture and high literary style. In the devil's mouth it mock-elevates his petty logic — a flash of pulpit diction over the squabble about kicks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коли пинки, значит, веришь» uses «коли», a homely, archaic-colloquial variant of «если» (if). It pitches the devil's reasoning in plain peasant idiom, a register he slips into and out of throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"призраку не дают пинков","title":"Impersonal «дают» plus genitive of negation","body":"«не дают» is the impersonal 3rd-plural ('one does not give'), with no stated subject; under negation the object «пинки» shifts to genitive «пинков», and the recipient «призрак» goes dative «призраку». A neat pile-up of three cases: 'one gives no kicks to a phantom.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигнута","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигнута","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive достигнута","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"достигнута","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of значит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пинки","lemma":"пинок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elided verb (коли пинки = if there are kicks)","gloss":"kicks"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the significance clause","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реализм","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of реализм","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second part of потому что, introduces the clause of дают","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"призраку","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дают","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the potomu-chto clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"пинков","lemma":"пинок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дают","gloss":"kicks"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-c9-s81","source":"Шутки в сторону: мне ведь всё равно, бранись, коли хочешь, но всё же лучше быть хоть каплю повежливее, хотя бы даже со мной.","translation":"Joking aside: it's all the same to me, you know — curse if you like, but it would still be better to be at least a drop more courteous, even with me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шутки в сторону","title":"«Шутки в сторону» — 'joking aside'","body":"A fixed idiom, literally 'jokes to the side,' meaning 'all joking aside, seriously now.' The devil uses it to drop his banter and angle for genuine courtesy from Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне ведь всё равно","title":"«мне всё равно» — dative of indifference","body":"«всё равно» ('it's all the same') is an impersonal predicate; the person who is indifferent stands in the dative «мне» — 'it's all the same to me.' With «ведь» softening it, the devil shrugs: 'I don't really mind, you know.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть каплю повежливее, хотя бы","title":"Comparative «повежливее» softened with «по-»","body":"«повежливее» adds the prefix «по-» to the comparative «вежливее» (more polite) to mean 'a touch more polite, somewhat politer.' With «хоть каплю» ('at least a drop') and concessive «хотя бы» ('even if only'), the devil pleads for the merest scrap of civility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of idiom (шутки в сторону = joking aside)","gloss":"jokes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Шутки (idiom в сторону)","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer, dative subject of равно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно (all the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate (идиома мне всё равно = it's all the same to me)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"бранись","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of new clause (лучше быть = it would be better)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лучше","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каплю","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"каплю","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial degree modifier of повежливее","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"повежливее","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, complement of быть","gloss":"more polite"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom хотя бы (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мной","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of повежливее (via preposition со)","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-c9-s82","source":"А то дурак да лакей, ну что за слова!","translation":"Fool and lackey — well, what kind of words are those!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А то дурак да лакей","title":"«А то» and folksy «да» for 'and'","body":"«А то» means 'otherwise, or else / as it is,' introducing a complaint; «дурак да лакей» links the two insults with «да», the homespun coordinator for «и» ('and'). The plain, peasant-flavored connectives mark the devil's reproachful, down-to-earth tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну что за слова","title":"Exclamatory «что за» — 'what a…'","body":"«что за слова!» is the exclamatory «что за» + nominative, 'what kind of words are those!' (a calque-shaped construction shared with German 'was für'). With opening «ну» it carries weary exasperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle (а то = well, then)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, list item (elided copula)","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links дурак and лакей","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дурак","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces exclamative phrase (что за = what kind of)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom что за, marking слова","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-c9-s83","source":"— Браня тебя, себя браню!","translation":"— In cursing you, I curse myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Браня тебя, себя браню","title":"Gerund «браня» — 'in cursing'","body":"«Браня» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «бранить»: 'while/in cursing.' It compresses a whole subordinate clause into one adverbial word and must share the main subject — Ivan curses himself in the very act of cursing the devil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя браню","title":"Reflexive object «себя» fronted for stress","body":"«себя браню» puts the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('myself') before the verb — emphatic word order driving home the paradox: it is myself I curse. «себя» refers back to the implied 'I,' the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Браня","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, converb, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause, modifies браню","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Браня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of браню","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"браню","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I curse"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-c9-s84","source":"— опять засмеялся Иван, — ты — я, сам я, только с другою рожей.","translation":"— Ivan laughed again, — you are I, my own self, only with a different mug.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты — я, сам я","title":"Zero-copula identity with intensive «сам»","body":"«ты — я, сам я» equates two nominatives with no verb: 'you [are] I, my own self.' The intensifier «сам» ('the very self') drives home the doubling at the heart of the chapter — the devil as Ivan's projected second self."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с другою рожей","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«с другою рожей» uses «-ою», the older, bookish variant of the feminine instrumental ending «-ой» (modern «другой»). The longer form is a period flavor common in 19th-century prose; «с» + instrumental means 'with.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рожей","title":"«рожа» — an ugly 'mug'","body":"«рожа» is a coarse, contemptuous word for a face — 'mug, ugly puss.' Set against the neutral «лицо», it lets Ivan spit on the devil's likeness even while admitting it is his own: 'myself, only with a different mug.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (ты — я)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elided copula (ты — я)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies second я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition, restates я (сам я = my own self)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другою","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другою рожей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рожей","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"рожей","lemma":"рожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of я via preposition с","gloss":"mug"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-c9-s85","source":"Ты именно говоришь то, что я уже мыслю… и ничего не в силах сказать мне нового!","translation":"You say precisely what I am already thinking… and you are incapable of telling me anything new!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что я уже мыслю","title":"Correlative «то, что» — 'that which'","body":"«то, что я … мыслю» is the correlative pair «то … что» ('the thing which / precisely what'): «то» is the demonstrative head, «что» the relative filling it. The devil voices 'exactly what I am already thinking.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не в силах сказать","title":"Genitive «ничего» under negation","body":"«ничего … нового» stands in the genitive, the object of a negated ability «не в силах» ('not in [the] strength to'): negation pulls the object out of the accusative. Note the negative concord — «ничего» and «не» both negate, one meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мыслю","title":"«мыслить» — to think, in the elevated sense","body":"«мыслю» (from «мыслить») is loftier and more abstract than everyday «думать» — 'to cogitate, conceive in thought.' It suits Ivan the philosopher, framing his torment as a matter of cold intellect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мыслю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мыслю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"am thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказать (ничего...сказать = to say nothing)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах (idiom не в силах = unable)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate (не в силах = unable), second main clause","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"attributive genitive modifying ничего (ничего нового = nothing new)","gloss":"anything new"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-c9-s86","source":"— Если я схожусь с тобою в мыслях, то это делает мне только честь, — с деликатностью и достоинством проговорил джентльмен.","translation":"— If I happen to agree with you in my thoughts, that does me nothing but honor, — the gentleman pronounced with delicacy and dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я схожусь … то это делает","title":"Real conditional «если … то»","body":"Unlike the «если бы» hypotheticals earlier, this is a real-world conditional: «Если … то» with indicative verbs, 'if I happen to agree …, then that does me honor.' The correlative «то» ('then') marks the apodosis. No «бы», so no irrealis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схожусь с тобою в мыслях","title":"«сходиться в мыслях» — to see eye to eye","body":"«схожусь» (from reflexive «сходиться») with «в мыслях» means 'to converge, agree in one's thinking.' The -ся verb expresses two parties meeting on common ground; with «с тобою» (archaic instrumental) it is mock-modest: 'if I chance to agree with you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of схожусь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схожусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"схожусь","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"happen to agree"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of схожусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мыслях","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схожусь","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause before делает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of делает","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деликатностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деликатностью","lemma":"деликатность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деликатностью","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the gentleman"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-c9-s87","source":"— Только всё скверные мои мысли берешь, а главное — глупые.","translation":"— Only you take all my nasty thoughts, and above all the stupid ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только всё скверные мои мысли берешь","title":"Imperfective «берешь» for a habit of taking","body":"«берешь» (imperfective present of «брать') frames the devil's selection as a standing habit — 'you keep taking only my nasty thoughts,' not a one-off. The fronted «Только всё» ('only ever') stresses the relentlessness of it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверные","title":"«скверный» — foul, wretched","body":"«скверный» means nasty, vile, wretched, with an undertone of moral filth (it shares a root with «сквернословие», foul language). Stronger and more disgusted than 'bad,' it names the basest layer of Ivan's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter/plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"скверные","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"nasty"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of берешь","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"берешь","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупые","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with мысли as object of берешь","gloss":"the stupid ones"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-c9-s88","source":"Ты глуп и пошл.","translation":"You are stupid and vulgar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты глуп и пошл","title":"Short-form adjectives «глуп», «пошл»","body":"«глуп» and «пошл» are the short (predicative) forms of «глупый» and «пошлый», used after the zero copula. The short form delivers a curt, absolute verdict — 'you are stupid and vulgar' — sharper and more final than the long forms would be."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пошл","title":"«пошлый» — vulgar, banal","body":"«пошлый» is the famously untranslatable Russian word for the smugly trivial, the tasteless and platitudinous — moral and aesthetic vulgarity at once. It is Dostoevsky's precise charge against this devil: not grand evil but suffocating banality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are stupid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошл","lemma":"пошлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глуп","gloss":"vulgar"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-c9-s89","source":"Ты ужасно глуп.","translation":"You are terribly stupid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно глуп","title":"«ужасно» as an intensifier","body":"«ужасно» literally means 'terribly, frightfully' but here is bleached to a mere intensifier of the short adjective «глуп»: 'terribly stupid' = 'extremely stupid.' Such drained-out intensifiers are a colloquial staple."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are stupid"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-c9-s90","source":"Нет, я тебя не вынесу!","translation":"No, I cannot endure you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не вынесу","title":"«вынести» — to endure, bear","body":"«я тебя не вынесу» uses «вынести» (perfective; literally 'to carry out') in its figurative sense 'to endure, stand, bear.' The perfective future under negation reads as 'I shall not be able to endure you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вынесу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынесу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вынесу","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can endure"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-c9-s91","source":"Что мне делать, что мне делать!","translation":"What am I to do, what am I to do!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что мне делать","title":"Dative + infinitive — 'what am I to do'","body":"«Что мне делать» is the classic dative-plus-infinitive of obligation/perplexity: the person stands in the dative «мне», the predicate is the bare infinitive «делать», and there is no nominative subject — 'what am I to do?' Repeated, it conveys helpless anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of делать","gloss":"am I to"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of делать","gloss":"am I to"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb, echoing the first clause","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-c9-s92","source":"— проскрежетал Иван. — Друг мой, я все-таки хочу быть джентльменом и чтобы меня так и принимали, — в припадке некоторой чисто приживальщицкой и уже вперед уступчивой и добродушной амбиции начал гость.","translation":"— Ivan ground out. — My friend, I want to be a gentleman all the same, and to be received as such, — the guest began, in a fit of a certain purely hanger-on's ambition, ingratiating and good-natured and already yielding in advance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out (through teeth)","body":"«проскрежетал» (perfective of «скрежетать», to gnash/grate) is an onomatopoeic verb of speech: Ivan grinds the words out through clenched teeth. Dostoevsky favors such physically vivid speech tags to register raw emotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы меня так и принимали","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a wished-for state","body":"After «хочу … и чтобы», the conjunction «чтобы» takes the past-form verb «принимали» (irrealis) to express the desired outcome: 'I want … and [want] that I be received as such.' «чтобы» fuses «что» + «бы», hence the past form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщицкой","title":"«приживальщик» — the parasitic hanger-on","body":"The adjective «приживальщицкая» derives from «приживальщик», a hanger-on or sponger who lives at another's house and table in exchange for fawning company — a stock figure of Russian gentry life. It is Dostoevsky's exact word for this devil: not a tempter but a shabby parasite of the soul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже вперед уступчивой и добродушной","title":"Adjectives agreeing in the genitive of «амбиция»","body":"The string «чисто приживальщицкой и уже вперед уступчивой и добродушной» all agrees in the feminine genitive with «амбиции» (after «в припадке … амбиции»). The piled-up modifiers — fawning, yielding-in-advance, good-natured — show Russian's love of dense adjective chains."}],"words":[{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, address to Ivan","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to джентльменом","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"джентльменом","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"a gentleman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"as such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with быть as complement of хочу","gloss":"were received"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of амбиции","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приживальщицкой","gloss":"purely"},{"surface":"приживальщицкой","lemma":"приживальщицкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies амбиции","gloss":"hanger-on's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вперед","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уступчивой","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"уступчивой","lemma":"уступчивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with приживальщицкой, modifies амбиции","gloss":"yielding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добродушной","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уступчивой","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"амбиции","lemma":"амбиция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припадке","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the guest"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-c9-s93","source":"— Я беден, но… не скажу, что очень честен, но… обыкновенно в обществе принято за аксиому, что я падший ангел.","translation":"— I am poor, but… I won't say that I am very honest, but… it is commonly accepted in society as an axiom that I am a fallen angel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я беден, но… не скажу, что очень честен","title":"Short-form adjectives «беден», «честен»","body":"«беден» and «честен» are short predicative forms of «бедный» and «честный» — 'I am poor … honest.' Note the inserted fleeting vowel (бедн- → беден, честн- → честен) that breaks the final consonant cluster in the masculine short form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принято за аксиому, что","title":"Short passive participle «принято»","body":"«принято» is the neuter short form of the past passive participle of «принять» ('accepted'), used impersonally: 'it is accepted [as an axiom] that…' The short passive participle is the standard way Russian builds such impersonal, agentless statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of беден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"беден","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am poor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беден","gloss":"I won't say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of честен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"am honest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принято","gloss":"commonly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"принято","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"it is accepted"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аксиому","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"аксиому","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"an axiom"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ангел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ангел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"падший","lemma":"падший","morphology":"adjective (participial), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of принято","gloss":"angel"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-c9-s94","source":"Ей-богу, не могу представить, каким образом я мог быть когда-нибудь ангелом.","translation":"By God, I cannot imagine how I could ever have been an angel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ей-богу","title":"«Ей-богу» — 'by God, honestly'","body":"A worn-down oath, originally «ей, богу» (an old dative-of-asseveration calling God to witness), now simply 'honestly, I swear, by God.' From the devil's mouth it is delicious irony — Satan swearing by God that he can't recall ever being an angel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким образом я мог быть … ангелом","title":"Instrumental predicate «ангелом» after «быть»","body":"«быть … ангелом» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental «ангелом», the rule after «быть» in the past, future, and infinitive. The instrumental frames the role as a former, assumed state — fitting for an identity the devil has long since shed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the fixed phrase ей-богу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the fixed phrase ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог, part of the phrase каким образом","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представить","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ангелом","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь, modifies мог","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ангелом","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"an angel"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-c9-s95","source":"Если и был когда, то так давно, что не грешно и забыть.","translation":"If I ever was, it was so long ago that it's no sin to have forgotten it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если и был когда, то так давно","title":"Concessive «и» inside the conditional","body":"«Если и был» uses «и» not as 'and' but as a concessive particle 'even': 'if I even was [one] at all.' The correlative «то» then opens the main clause. A compact, idiomatic way to grant a doubtful point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не грешно и забыть","title":"Impersonal «грешно» — 'it is no sin'","body":"«не грешно … забыть» is an impersonal predicative («грешно», 'sinful') plus infinitive: 'it's no sin to forget.' The understood experiencer would stand in the dative; the construction is the same subjectless pattern as «можно», «нельзя», «стыдно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause before так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, predicate","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of грешно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грешно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"грешно","lemma":"грешно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"clausal complement of давно","gloss":"a sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before забыть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause of грешно","gloss":"to forget"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-c9-s96","source":"Теперь я дорожу лишь репутацией порядочного человека и живу как придется, стараясь быть приятным.","translation":"Now I prize only my reputation as a respectable man, and I live as best I can, trying to be agreeable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорожу лишь репутацией","title":"«дорожить» + instrumental — to prize","body":"«дорожить» ('to value, prize, hold dear') governs the instrumental: «дорожу … репутацией» = 'I prize my reputation.' A small class of verbs (also «гордиться», «владеть») takes the instrumental for the thing valued or possessed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"живу как придется","title":"«как придется» — 'as it happens, anyhow'","body":"«как придется» is a fixed idiom (with impersonal future of «прийтись») meaning 'however it turns out, as best one can, haphazardly.' The devil lives 'just anyhow,' trying merely to be agreeable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стараясь быть приятным","title":"Gerund «стараясь» — 'trying to'","body":"«стараясь» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «стараться»: a simultaneous adverbial, 'while trying.' It hangs off «живу» and shares its subject. Note «быть приятным» — instrumental predicate after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорожу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дорожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дорожу","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prize"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies репутацией","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"репутацией","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорожу","gloss":"the reputation"},{"surface":"порядочного","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of a respectable"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies репутацией","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дорожу","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придется","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"complement of живу","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on живу","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятным","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"приятным","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"agreeable"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-c9-s97","source":"Я людей люблю искренно — о, меня во многом оклеветали!","translation":"I love people sincerely — oh, I have been slandered in many things!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня во многом оклеветали","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural — 'people have slandered me'","body":"«оклеветали» stands with no subject in the 3rd-person plural, the Russian way of saying 'they/people slandered me' — an agentless passive sense. «во многом» ('in much') is «в» + prepositional «многом»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оклеветали","title":"«оклеветать» — to slander","body":"«оклеветать» (perfective; from «клевета», slander) means to defame, calumniate. The devil's self-pity is theologically pointed — Satan complaining that he has been libeled, longing to be loved as a sincere lover of mankind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing the next clause","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оклеветали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оклеветали","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"оклеветали","lemma":"оклеветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation clause","gloss":"have slandered"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-c9-s98","source":"Здесь, когда временами я к вам переселяюсь, моя жизнь протекает вроде чего-то как бы и в самом деле, и это мне более всего нравится.","translation":"Here, when from time to time I cross over to stay among you, my life flows along as though it were something actually real, and that is what I like best of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда временами я к вам переселяюсь","title":"«к» + dative «вам» — motion toward you","body":"«к вам переселяюсь» uses «к» + dative «вам» for 'over to you (your world).' «переселяюсь» (reflexive «переселяться», to migrate/relocate) in the imperfective with «временами» ('from time to time') frames the crossing-over as a recurrent event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вроде чего-то как бы и в самом деле","title":"Hedging particles «вроде … как бы»","body":"The devil heaps up hedges — «вроде» ('something like'), «чего-то» ('some sort of'), «как бы» ('as if'), «как бы и в самом деле» ('as if it were even real') — to describe his half-existence. The unstable cluster of qualifiers enacts his own ontological fuzziness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протекает","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переселяюсь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переселяюсь","gloss":"from time to time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переселяюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of переселяюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"переселяюсь","lemma":"переселяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протекает","gloss":"cross over"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протекает","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"протекает","lemma":"протекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flows along"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего-то","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase чего-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase чего-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies деле","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вроде, part of the phrase как бы и в самом деле","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нравится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of более, part of the phrase более всего","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with протекает","gloss":"is what I like"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-c9-s99","source":"Ведь я и сам, как и ты же, страдаю от фантастического, а потому и люблю ваш земной реализм.","translation":"For I myself, just like you, suffer from the fantastical, and so I love your earthly realism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и ты же","title":"«как … же» — 'just as you do'","body":"«как и ты же» layers comparison «как» ('as'), additive «и» ('also'), and emphatic «же» to mean 'exactly as you yourself do.' The clustered particles insist on the kinship of devil and Ivan, both 'suffering from the fantastical.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страдаю от фантастического","title":"Substantivized adjective «фантастическое»","body":"«фантастического» is an adjective used as a neuter noun, 'the fantastical,' governed by «страдать от» (to suffer from) + genitive. Russian freely turns adjectives into abstract nouns this way; «земной реализм» ('earthly realism') is its named opposite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison с ты","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the comparison clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фантастического","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"фантастического","lemma":"фантастическое","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдаю","gloss":"the fantastical"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of реализм","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies реализм","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"realism"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-c9-s100","source":"Тут у вас всё очерчено, тут формула, тут геометрия, а у нас всё какие-то неопределенные уравнения!","translation":"Here with you everything is laid out in clear lines, here there is a formula, here there is geometry, whereas with us it's all some sort of indeterminate equations!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут у вас всё очерчено","title":"Short passive participle «очерчено»","body":"«очерчено» is the neuter short past passive participle of «очертить» ('to outline'): 'everything is drawn in clear outline.' Used predicatively with zero copula, it states a result — the orderliness of the human world the devil envies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут … а у нас","title":"Contrastive «а» across two worlds","body":"The anaphoric «тут … тут … тут» (here, with you) is set against «а у нас» (whereas with us), the mild adversative «а» pivoting between the human and the demonic realms. «у вас / у нас» = 'in your/our domain' (у + genitive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очерчено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of очерчено","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of очерчено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"очерчено","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is laid out in clear lines"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies формула","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"формула","lemma":"формула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всё очерчено","gloss":"a formula"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies геометрия","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"геометрия","lemma":"геометрия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with формула","gloss":"geometry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of уравнения","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second clause","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какие-то","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какие-то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"неопределенные","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies уравнения","gloss":"indeterminate"},{"surface":"уравнения","lemma":"уравнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun of всё","gloss":"equations"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-c9-s101","source":"Я здесь хожу и мечтаю, Я люблю мечтать.","translation":"Here I walk about and dream. I love to dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хожу и мечтаю … люблю мечтать","title":"Imperfectives of habit and process","body":"«хожу» (multidirectional 'walk about'), «мечтаю» and «мечтать» ('dream, daydream') are all imperfective, painting an ongoing, habitual state rather than events. «люблю» + infinitive «мечтать» — 'I love to dream' — needs the imperfective for the open-ended activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мечтать","title":"«мечтать» — to dream, daydream","body":"«мечтать» is to dream while awake — to fantasize, muse, long for — as opposed to «видеть сон» (to dream in sleep). The devil's fond «люблю мечтать» casts him as an idle dreamer, a Romantic posture undercut by his vulgarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walk about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мечтаю","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хожу","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"to dream"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-c9-s102","source":"К тому же на земле я становлюсь суеверен — не смейся, пожалуйста: мне именно это-то и нравится, что я становлюсь суеверен.","translation":"Moreover, on earth I become superstitious — don't laugh, please: it's precisely this that I like, that I become superstitious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становлюсь суеверен","title":"Short adjective «суеверен» after «становиться»","body":"«становлюсь суеверен» pairs the reflexive «становиться» ('to become') with the short-form adjective «суеверен» ('superstitious') as predicate — a common pattern where a change-of-state verb takes a short adjective for the resulting quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то и нравится","title":"Emphatic «-то» plus dative «нравится»","body":"«мне именно это-то и нравится» piles up emphasis: «именно» ('precisely'), the clitic «-то» pinning the topic «это», and «и» ('it is just this that…'). «нравиться» takes a dative experiencer «мне» — 'it is precisely this that I like.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суеверен","title":"«суеверный» — superstitious","body":"«суеверие» ('superstition,' literally 'vain/empty belief,' from «суе-» + «вера») is what the devil claims to relish acquiring on earth. The joke is theological: the spirit of negation finding charm in irrational human faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становлюсь","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of становлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"становлюсь","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"суеверен","lemma":"суеверный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становлюсь","gloss":"superstitious"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смейся","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нравится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это-то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравится, part of the phrase это-то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"это-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase это-то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before нравится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is what I like"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of становлюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of становлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"становлюсь","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of нравится","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"суеверен","lemma":"суеверный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становлюсь","gloss":"superstitious"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-c9-s103","source":"Я здесь все ваши привычки принимаю: я в баню торговую полюбил ходить, можешь ты это представить, и люблю с купцами и попами париться.","translation":"Here I take up all your habits: I've grown fond of going to the public baths, can you picture that, and I love to steam myself alongside the merchants and the priests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попами","title":"«поп» — parish priest (colloquial)","body":"«поп» is the everyday, slightly familiar word for a secular Orthodox parish priest (vs. monastic clergy). «с купцами и попами» — 'with merchants and priests' — sketches the homely cross-section of provincial Russia the devil loves to mingle with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"париться","title":"«париться» — to steam (in the banya)","body":"A reflexive verb for the central ritual of the bathhouse: to sit in the steam and beat oneself with a birch besom. «люблю … париться» plants the devil squarely in the most intimate Russian folk pleasure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of привычки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of привычки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"привычки","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"habits"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"торговую","lemma":"торговый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баню","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"have grown fond of"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полюбил","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полюбил","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купцами","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"купцами","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of париться","gloss":"the merchants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попами","lemma":"поп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with купцами","gloss":"the priests"},{"surface":"париться","lemma":"париться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"to steam myself"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-c9-s104","source":"Моя мечта это — воплотиться, но чтоб уж окончательно, безвозвратно, в какую-нибудь толстую семипудовую купчиху и всему поверить, во что она верит.","translation":"My dream is to become incarnate — but to do it finally and irrevocably, in some fat merchant's wife weighing seven poods, and to believe in everything she believes in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб уж окончательно, безвозвратно, воплотиться","title":"Purpose «чтоб» with adverbs of finality","body":"«чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») here marks the manner/condition of the wished-for incarnation, reinforced by «уж» (emphatic) and the adverbs «окончательно, безвозвратно» ('finally, irrevocably'). The devil craves an incarnation with no way back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всему поверить, во что она верит","title":"«верить» splitting dative and «в» + accusative","body":"Russian distinguishes «верить» + dative ('to trust/believe a person or thing,' here «всему», dative of «всё') from «верить в» + accusative ('to believe in,' «во что … верит»). Both appear in one breath: to believe everything, and to believe in whatever she believes in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun (copular linker), neuter, singular","role":"copula linking мечта and воплотиться","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"воплотиться","lemma":"воплотиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate complement of мечта","gloss":"to become incarnate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воплотиться (repeated sense)","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"безвозвратно","lemma":"безвозвратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with окончательно","gloss":"irrevocably"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купчиху","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of купчиху, part of the phrase какую-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какую-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"толстую","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies купчиху","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"семипудовую","lemma":"семипудовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies купчиху","gloss":"seven-pood"},{"surface":"купчиху","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воплотиться","gloss":"merchant's wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with воплотиться","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всему","gloss":"believes"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-c9-s105","source":"Мой идеал — войти в церковь и поставить свечку от чистого сердца, ей-богу так.","translation":"My ideal is to walk into a church and set up a candle from a pure heart, by God it is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свечку","title":"Diminutive «свечка»","body":"«свечка» is the affectionate diminutive of «свеча» (candle), the ordinary word for the small church taper. The homely diminutive suits the touching modesty of the devil's longed-for gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идеал","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate complement of идеал","gloss":"to walk in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"a church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"a candle"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чистого","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"a pure"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the fixed phrase ей-богу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the fixed phrase ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate confirming ей-богу","gloss":"it is"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-c9-s106","source":"Тогда предел моим страданиям.","translation":"Then there would be a limit to my sufferings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда предел моим страданиям","title":"Verbless clause with dative «страданиям»","body":"A nominal sentence with no verb: «Тогда [был бы] предел моим страданиям» — 'then [there would be] a limit to my sufferings.' «предел» governs the dative «страданиям» ('a limit to…'), and the copula is simply omitted, as Russian readily allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"предел","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"a limit"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of страданиям","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"страданиям","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of предел","gloss":"sufferings"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-c9-s107","source":"Вот тоже лечиться у вас полюбил: весной оспа пошла, я пошел и в воспитательном доме себе оспу привил — если б ты знал, как я был в тот день доволен: на братьев славян десять рублей пожертвовал!..","translation":"And here's another thing I've grown fond of among you — getting medical treatment: in the spring smallpox went around, and I went and had myself inoculated against smallpox at a foundling home — if only you knew how pleased I was that day: I donated ten rubles for the Slavic brothers!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б ты знал","title":"Reduced «если б» — 'if only you knew'","body":"«если б» is «если бы» with the particle clipped to «б», the irrealis conditional: 'if only you knew.' Such reductions («б» for «бы», «чтоб» for «чтобы») are everywhere in spoken-flavored 19th-century dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я был … доволен","title":"Short adjective «доволен» — 'pleased'","body":"«доволен» is the short predicative form of «довольный» (content, pleased), normal after «был»: 'how pleased I was.' The short form is the usual choice for a passing emotional state, and «доволен» governs the instrumental for the thing one is pleased with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоже","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечиться","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"лечиться","lemma":"лечиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полюбил","gloss":"getting treated"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лечиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown fond of"},{"surface":"весной","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"in the spring"},{"surface":"оспа","lemma":"оспа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"smallpox"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to полюбил","gloss":"went around"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошла","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"воспитательном","lemma":"воспитательный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"foundling"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привил","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of привил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"оспу","lemma":"оспа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привил","gloss":"against smallpox"},{"surface":"привил","lemma":"привить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"had inoculated"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, clausal complement of знал","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьев","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"славян","lemma":"славянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies братьев","gloss":"Slavic"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пожертвовал","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"donated"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-c9-s108","source":"Да ты не слушаешь.","translation":"But you're not listening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ты не слушаешь","title":"Sentence-initial «Да» as a particle","body":"Here «Да» is not 'yes' but an opening particle of mild remonstrance — 'but, why, come now' — softening the complaint «ты не слушаешь» ('you're not listening'). The imperfective «слушаешь» names the ongoing inattention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушаешь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушаешь","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are listening"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-c9-s109","source":"Знаешь, ты что-то очень сегодня не по себе, — помолчал немного джентльмен.","translation":"You know, you're somehow very much out of sorts today, — the gentleman fell silent a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не по себе","title":"«не по себе» — out of sorts","body":"«тебе … не по себе» is an idiom meaning 'you feel uneasy, off-color, not yourself.' The experiencer stands in the dative «тебе»; literally 'not according to oneself.' A staple impersonal expression of vague malaise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал немного","title":"Perfective «помолчать» — to fall silent a while","body":"«помолчал» (perfective, with delimiting prefix «по-») means 'was silent for a little while.' The «по-…» prefix bounds an imperfective action to a short stretch — a single completed spell of silence, hence the perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the не по себе clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"part of что-то, modifies не по себе","gloss":"somewhat","note":"что-то is one indefinite word ('somewhat'); the tagger split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of что-то","gloss":"-ish"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies не по себе","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не по себе","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не по себе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom не по себе","gloss":"off","note":"не по себе is a fixed idiom meaning 'out of sorts, unwell'."},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom не по себе","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"the gentleman"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-c9-s110","source":"— Я знаю, ты ходил вчера к тому доктору… ну, как твое здоровье?","translation":"— I know you went yesterday to that doctor… well, how is your health?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ходил вчера к тому доктору","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» for a there-and-back trip","body":"«ходил … к тому доктору» uses the multidirectional «ходить» in the past to mean a completed round-trip — 'you went to that doctor [and came back].' «к» + dative «тому доктору» marks the destination; «тому» is the distal demonstrative «тот»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как твое здоровье","title":"«твоё здоровье» — possessive agreement","body":"«твоё здоровье» pairs the possessive «твой» (declined neuter «твоё») with neuter «здоровье» (health). First/second-person possessives agree with the thing possessed in gender, number, and case — here neuter nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктору","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доктору","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies здоровье","gloss":"how is"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of как","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-c9-s111","source":"Что тебе доктор сказал?","translation":"What did the doctor tell you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что тебе доктор сказал","title":"Dative recipient «тебе» with «сказать»","body":"«сказать» takes the addressee in the dative: «тебе … сказал» = 'told you.' The word order «Что тебе доктор сказал» fronts the questioned object «что», a natural information-structuring move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-c9-s112","source":"— Дурак!","translation":"— Fool!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дурак","title":"«дурак» — fool","body":"«дурак» is the blunt, common Russian for 'fool, idiot' — Ivan's recurring one-word verdict on the devil. Curt and contemptuous, it becomes almost a refrain across the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fool!"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-c9-s113","source":"— отрезал Иван.","translation":"— Ivan snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap, cut off","body":"Literally 'to cut off,' «отрезал» is a vivid verb of speech meaning to say something sharply and finally, as if slicing the conversation shut. A favorite Dostoevsky tag for a curt, decisive retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-c9-s114","source":"— Зато ты-то как умен.","translation":"— And you, by contrast, how clever you are.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато ты-то как умен","title":"«Зато» and the topic clitic «ты-то»","body":"«Зато» ('on the other hand, to make up for it') opens an ironic riposte, and «ты-то» pins the clitic «-то» onto «ты» for pointed contrast — 'whereas you, for your part…' The short adjective «умен» ('clever') completes the sarcasm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как умен","title":"Exclamatory «как» + short adjective","body":"«как умен» is the exclamatory «как» ('how') with the short-form adjective «умён»: 'how clever [you are]!' — here heavily ironic. Short adjectives are standard in such «как…!» exclamations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"intensifies умен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"умен","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"clever"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-c9-s115","source":"Ты опять бранишься?","translation":"Cursing me again?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты опять бранишься?","title":"Reflexive «браниться» again","body":"«бранишься» is the 2nd-person present of reflexive «браниться» (to curse, scold). The -ся here gives an intransitive, activity sense — 'you're cursing/swearing away again' — without a stated object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бранишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бранишься","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"бранишься","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are cursing"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-c9-s116","source":"Я ведь не то чтоб из участия, а так.","translation":"It's not really out of sympathy, you know, but just so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь не то чтоб из участия, а так","title":"Cluster «ведь … не то чтоб … а так»","body":"A dense knot of colloquial connectives: «ведь» (after all), «не то чтоб» ('it's not exactly that…'), the contrastive «а», and the vague «так» ('just so, for no special reason'). Together: 'it's not really out of sympathy, you know — just so.' «из участия» = «из» + genitive, 'out of sympathy.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"участия","title":"«участие» — sympathy, fellow-feeling","body":"Beyond 'participation,' «участие» means warm concern or sympathy for another's plight (cf. «принять участие в ком-то», to take a kindly interest in someone). The devil disclaims acting «из участия» — out of any real fellow-feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative anticipating the чтоб-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of участия","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking участия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"участия","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with участия","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-c9-s117","source":"Пожалуй, не отвечай.","translation":"Don't answer if you'd rather not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пожалуй, не отвечай","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не отвечай»","body":"A prohibition uses «не» + the imperfective imperative «отвечай» (from «отвечать»): 'don't answer.' Russian almost always pairs «не» with the imperfective imperative for a simple 'don't do it.' «Пожалуй» here means 'perhaps / if you like, you needn't.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечай","gloss":"if you like"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-c9-s118","source":"Теперь вот ревматизмы опять пошли…","translation":"Here now the rheumatisms have come on again…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревматизмы опять пошли","title":"Perfective «пошли» — 'have set in'","body":"«пошли» (perfective past plural of «пойти») here means not 'went' but 'started, set in' — the inceptive sense of «пойти», 'the rheumatisms have come on again.' The same verb later means smallpox «пошла», 'went around.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ревматизмы","title":"Plural «ревматизмы» — aches and pains","body":"Normally uncountable, «ревматизм» is here pluralized — «ревматизмы» — a homely, almost folk way of speaking of recurrent rheumatic aches as so many separate visitations. The devil's complaints of bodily ailment underline his claimed flesh-and-blood reality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревматизмы","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ревматизмы","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"rheumatisms"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come on"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-c9-s119","source":"— Дурак, — повторил опять Иван.","translation":"— Fool, — Ivan repeated once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторил опять Иван","title":"Perfective «повторил» for a single repetition","body":"«повторил» (perfective of «повторить») names one completed act of repeating — Ivan says «Дурак» once more. With «опять» ('again') it underscores the second, finished utterance against the flow of the devil's chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fool"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Дурак","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-c9-s120","source":"— Ты всё свое, а я вот такой ревматизм прошлого года схватил, что до сих пор вспоминаю.","translation":"— You harp on the same thing, while I caught such a rheumatism last year that I remember it to this day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты всё свое, а я вот","title":"Elliptical «всё своё» with contrastive «а»","body":"«Ты всё своё» is an idiom with the verb left out — 'you [keep harping on] your own [thing]' — using the reflexive possessive «своё» ('one's own'). The contrastive «а я вот» then pivots to the devil's counter-topic: 'whereas I, look…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой ревматизм … что до сих пор вспоминаю","title":"Resultative «такой … что» clause","body":"«такой … что» sets up a result clause — 'such a rheumatism that I remember it to this day.' «такой» ('such') intensifies the noun and «что» ('that') opens the consequence, the imperfective «вспоминаю» marking ongoing recollection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схватил","title":"«схватить» ревматизм — to catch (an illness)","body":"«схватить» literally 'to grab, seize'; colloquially 'to catch' an illness, as English 'I caught such a cold.' «такой ревматизм … схватил» — the devil 'caught' a rheumatism so bad he recalls it still."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of свое","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свое","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"your own thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ревматизм","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"ревматизм","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"rheumatism"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ревматизм","gloss":"year's"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with свое-clause","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспоминаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вспоминаю","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of схватил","gloss":"I remember"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-c9-s121","source":"— У черта ревматизм?","translation":"\"The devil has rheumatism?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У черта ревматизм?","title":"«У» + genitive for possession","body":"Russian expresses 'X has Y' with «у» + genitive of the possessor and the possessed in the nominative: literally 'at the devil [there is] rheumatism'. «черта» is the genitive of «чёрт»; the rising intonation alone turns the statement into an incredulous question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт","title":"«чёрт» — the devil, folk register","body":"«чёрт» is the homely, folkloric word for a devil (vs. the theological «дьявол» or «сатана»). Dostoevsky's visitor is precisely this petty, shabby «чёрт» — a provincial sponger, not Lucifer — which the whole chapter exploits for its bathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черта","gloss":"does...have"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor, head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"ревматизм","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive construction (у черта)","gloss":"rheumatism"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-c9-s122","source":"— Почему же и нет, если я иногда воплощаюсь.","translation":"\"Why not, if I sometimes take on flesh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же и нет","title":"Emphatic «же» and elliptical «почему же и нет»","body":"The particle «же» here adds insistent, slightly indignant emphasis — 'why, of course / why on earth not'. The whole phrase is elliptical ('why too not [should I have it]'), the conversational shorthand of a being defending his bodily aches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воплощаюсь","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle/change-of-state verb","body":"«воплощаюсь» ('I become incarnate, take on flesh') is the reflexive «воплощаться»; the «-сь» (after a vowel) marks a middle voice — the subject undergoes the change, not acts on an object. The imperfective present «иногда воплощаюсь» reads as a recurring habit: 'I sometimes take on flesh'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"predicate (negative particle)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воплощаюсь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воплощаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воплощаюсь","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"воплощаюсь","lemma":"воплощаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"take on flesh"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-c9-s123","source":"Воплощаюсь, так и принимаю последствия.","translation":"I take on flesh, so I take on the consequences.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воплощаюсь, так и принимаю последствия.","title":"Conclusive «так и» — 'so accordingly'","body":"Fronting the verb «Воплощаюсь» as a bare condition and answering it with «так и принимаю» ('so I do indeed accept') is colloquial cause-and-consequence: 'I take on flesh, [and] so I accept the consequences too'. The «и» reinforces that the result follows inevitably."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воплощаюсь","lemma":"воплощаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I take on flesh"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Воплощаюсь","gloss":"take on"},{"surface":"последствия","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"the consequences"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-c9-s124","source":"Сатана sum et nihil humanum a me alienum puto.","translation":"Satan sum et nihil humanum a me alienum puto.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"sum","lemma":"sum","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"copula, links Сатана","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nihil","lemma":"nihil","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"subject of puto's clause","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"humanum","lemma":"humanum","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"modifies nihil","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"oblique complement of alienum","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"alienum","lemma":"alienum","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"predicate of nihil","gloss":"alien"},{"surface":"puto","lemma":"puto","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"main verb, I think that clause","gloss":"I consider","note":"Latin tag from Terence: 'I am Satan, and nothing human is alien to me.'"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-c9-s125","source":"— Как, как? Сатана sum et nihil humanum… это неглупо для черта!","translation":"\"What, what? Satan sum et nihil humanum… not bad for a devil!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неглупо","title":"«неглупо» — litotes, 'not stupid' = clever","body":"«неглупо» ('not unclever') is understatement by negation, a favourite Russian device: 'not bad at all, rather clever'. The adverbial neuter short form modifies the unspoken 'that was [said]'. Ivan grudgingly compliments his own hallucination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для черта","title":"«для» + genitive — 'for a devil'","body":"«для» always governs the genitive («черта»), here in the concessive sense 'considering it's a devil / for a devil'. The construction measures the wit against low expectations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeats Как for emphasis","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"sum","lemma":"sum","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"copula, links Сатана","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nihil","lemma":"nihil","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"head of the truncated Latin clause","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"humanum","lemma":"humanum","morphology":"word (Latin)","role":"modifies nihil","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неглупо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неглупо","lemma":"неглупый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not bad"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черта","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неглупо","gloss":"a devil"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-c9-s126","source":"— Рад, что наконец угодил.","translation":"\"Glad to have pleased you at last.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рад, что наконец угодил.","title":"Short adjective «рад» + perfective «угодил»","body":"«рад» ('glad') exists only as a short, predicative adjective — there is no long form — and so is always a predicate: '[I am] glad'. The perfective past «угодил» ('have succeeded in pleasing') views the pleasing as a single accomplished hit, with «что» introducing the reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угодил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"угодил","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Рад","gloss":"pleased you"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-c9-s127","source":"— А ведь это ты взял не у меня, — остановился вдруг Иван как бы пораженный, — это мне никогда в голову не приходило, это странно…","translation":"\"But you didn't take that one from me,\" Ivan said, suddenly stopping short, as though struck, \"that never once entered my head — it's strange…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь это ты взял не у меня","title":"«А ведь» — concessive appeal to the obvious","body":"The opening «А ведь» pairs the mild contrastive «а» with «ведь» ('after all, you know'): Ivan concedes a point that strikes him as he speaks — 'But you know, this you took NOT from me'. «ведь» appeals to a shared realisation; the negation «не у меня» is fronted for contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы пораженный","title":"«как бы» softening + past passive participle","body":"«как бы пораженный» means 'as though struck'. «как бы» ('as if, sort of') hedges the comparison, while «пораженный» is the past passive participle of «поразить» ('to strike, astonish') used adjectivally — a compact, bookish way to render 'as if [he had been] struck'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это мне никогда в голову не приходило","title":"Dative experiencer + negative concord idiom","body":"«приходить в голову» ('to come into [one's] head' = to occur to someone) takes the person in the dative: «мне» = 'to me'. Note the negative concord — «никогда… не приходило» literally 'never… didn't come' — Russian requires «не» on the verb even with «никогда»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to взял","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies пораженный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приходило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приходило","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходило","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходило","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to остановился","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with приходило","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-c9-s128","source":"— C’est du nouveau n’est ce pas?","translation":"\"C'est du nouveau n'est-ce pas?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word (French)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on C’est","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"nouveau","lemma":"nouveau","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on du","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"n’est","lemma":"n’est","morphology":"word (French)","role":"introduces the tag question","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"word (French)","role":"subject of n’est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"word (French)","role":"completes the tag question","gloss":"right?","note":"n'est-ce pas is a fixed French tag question meaning 'isn't it/right?'"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-c9-s129","source":"На этот раз я поступлю честно и объясню тебе.","translation":"This time I'll play fair and explain it to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я поступлю честно и объясню тебе","title":"Two perfective futures — completed promises","body":"«поступлю» and «объясню» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, which yields the simple future: 'I will act / I will explain [and finish]'. Aspect frames each as a single bounded act — fair play this once, a full explanation — against the imperfective's open-ended sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at (на этот раз \"this time\")"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступлю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поступлю","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will act"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступлю","gloss":"honestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступлю","gloss":"will explain"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объясню","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-c9-s130","source":"Слушай: в снах, и особенно в кошмарах, ну, там от расстройства желудка или чего-нибудь, иногда видит человек такие художественные сны, такую сложную и реальную действительность, такие события или даже целый мир событий, связанный такою интригой, с такими неожиданными подробностями, начиная с высших ваших проявлений до последней пуговицы на манишке, что, клянусь тебе, Лев Толстой не сочинит, а между тем видят такие сны иной раз вовсе не сочинители, совсем самые заурядные люди, чиновники, фельетонисты, попы…","translation":"Listen: in dreams, and especially in nightmares — say, from some disorder of the stomach or whatever it is — a person sometimes sees such artful dreams, such an intricate and lifelike reality, such happenings, even a whole world of happenings, bound together by a plot so cunning, with details so unexpected, ranging from your loftiest manifestations down to the last button on a shirtfront, that I swear to you, Leo Tolstoy himself could not invent the like; and yet such dreams come, now and then, to people who are no inventors at all, the most utterly ordinary people — clerks, columnists, priests…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иногда видит человек такие художественные сны","title":"Inverted word order: verb before generic subject","body":"Standard order would be «человек иногда видит»; placing «видит» before «человек» throws the weight onto the generic 'a person' as new information and gives the sentence its oratorical launch. This topic-comment reordering is the engine of the devil's rolling, essayistic monologue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связанный такою интригой","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of means; archaic «такою»","body":"«связанный… интригой» ('bound together by a plot') is a past passive participle whose agent/means stands in the instrumental — «интригой». Note also «такою» and «такими»: «такою» is the old bookish instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), part of the elevated 19th-c. texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начиная с высших ваших проявлений","title":"Gerund «начиная» — 'starting from'","body":"«начиная» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «начинать», frozen here into the quasi-prepositional 'beginning with / ranging from'. It governs «с» + genitive («с… проявлений»), spanning the comic arc 'from your loftiest manifestations down to the last button'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"манишке","title":"«манишка» — a dress shirtfront","body":"«манишка» is the detachable false shirtfront worn under a tailcoat — a cheap way to look formally dressed. 'The last button on a shirtfront' caps the descent from cosmic grandeur to trivial detail, and slyly anticipates the devil's own threadbare gentility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фельетонисты","title":"«фельетонист» — the feuilleton-writer","body":"A «фельетонист» wrote the «фельетон», the light, gossipy newspaper column 'below the line'. Listed beside clerks and priests as one of the 'most ordinary people', the word fixes the devil's world as petty, journalistic, contemporary Russia — the same press that later won't print his 'thank-you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative), head of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"снах","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кошмарах","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кошмарах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кошмарах","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with снах","gloss":"nightmares"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстройства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"расстройства","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of там","gloss":"a disorder"},{"surface":"желудка","lemma":"желудок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расстройства","gloss":"of the stomach"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, genitive","role":"coordinated with желудка","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"-нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of чего-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"художественные","lemma":"художественный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сны","gloss":"artful"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of действительность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сложную","lemma":"сложный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies действительность","gloss":"intricate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"реальную","lemma":"реальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сложную","gloss":"lifelike"},{"surface":"действительность","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сны","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of события","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"события","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with сны","gloss":"happenings"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сны","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"событий","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"of happenings"},{"surface":"связанный","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мир","gloss":"bound together"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of интригой","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"интригой","lemma":"интрига","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связанный","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of подробностями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"неожиданными","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подробностями","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"подробностями","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of с, coordinated with интригой","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial phrase modifying подробностями","gloss":"ranging"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проявлений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies проявлений","gloss":"loftiest"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of проявлений","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"проявлений","lemma":"проявление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of начиная","gloss":"manifestations"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пуговицы","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пуговицы","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"пуговицы","lemma":"пуговица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до, coordinated with проявлений","gloss":"button"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking манишке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"манишке","lemma":"манишка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пуговицы","gloss":"a shirtfront"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сочинит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, modifies сочинит","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Лев","lemma":"Лев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сочинит","gloss":"Leo"},{"surface":"Толстой","lemma":"Толстой","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Лев","gloss":"Tolstoy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочинит","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"сочинит","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сочинит","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видят","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase иной раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase иной раз, modifies видят","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочинители","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сочинители","lemma":"сочинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"negated subject of видят, contrasted with люди","gloss":"inventors"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies заурядные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"заурядные","lemma":"заурядный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сочинители","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"чиновники","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"фельетонисты","lemma":"фельетонист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"columnists"},{"surface":"попы","lemma":"поп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"priests"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-c9-s131","source":"Насчет этого даже целая задача: один министр так даже мне сам признавался, что все лучшие идеи его приходят к нему, когда он спит.","translation":"On this score there's even a whole puzzle: one minister actually confessed to me himself that all his best ideas come to him while he sleeps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один министр так даже мне сам признавался","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and the emphatic «сам»","body":"«признавался» ('confessed') is the «-ся» verb «признаваться»; the imperfective past suggests the confiding was drawn out or characteristic. «сам» ('himself, in person') intensifies the subject, stressing that a minister condescended to confess this to the devil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он спит","title":"Imperfective present «спит» for habitual truth","body":"«спит» ('sleeps') is imperfective present, here a general, repeated truth: the ideas come 'whenever he sleeps'. Russian uses the plain present for such timeless habit where English might add 'while' or 'when'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"Regarding"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of Насчет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"задача","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"puzzle"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies министр","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"министр","lemma":"министр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признавался","gloss":"minister"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признавался","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of признавался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies министр","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"лучшие","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of приходят","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спит","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приходят","gloss":"sleeps"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-c9-s132","source":"Ну вот так и теперь.","translation":"Well, so it is now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну вот так и теперь.","title":"«Ну вот» — colloquial discourse filler","body":"«Ну вот так и теперь» ('well, so it is now too') is almost pure conversational glue — «ну» ('well'), «вот» ('there, so'), «так» ('thus'), «и… теперь» ('now too'). The clustering of particles mimics relaxed speech and lets the devil casually apply his dream-theory to the present scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of так","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-c9-s133","source":"Я хоть и твоя галлюцинация, но, как и в кошмаре, я говорю вещи оригинальные, какие тебе до сих пор в голову не приходили, так что уже вовсе не повторяю твоих мыслей, а между тем я только твой кошмар, и больше ничего.","translation":"Though I'm your hallucination, still, as in a nightmare, I say things that are original, things that have never until now entered your head, so that I'm not in the least repeating your own thoughts — and yet for all that I'm only your nightmare and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хоть и твоя галлюцинация, но","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но» — 'though… yet'","body":"«хоть и… но» frames a concession: 'though I am your hallucination, [yet]…'. The «и» after «хоть» reinforces the concessive ('even though'), and «но» picks up the contrast. This paired construction is the backbone of the devil's paradox in this sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие тебе до сих пор в голову не приходили","title":"Relative «какие» agreeing with «вещи»","body":"«какие» here functions as a relative pronoun referring back to «вещи оригинальные» ('original things'), nominative plural to match its role as subject of «не приходили». Russian can use «какой» (rather than «который») as a relative meaning 'such as, of the kind that'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем я только твой кошмар","title":"Zero copula + concessive «а между тем»","body":"«я только твой кошмар» has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent, as always in Russian: 'I [am] only your nightmare'. «а между тем» ('and yet, all the while') marks the adversative turn back to the devil's self-deflation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of галлюцинация","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies галлюцинация","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies галлюцинация","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of галлюцинация","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"галлюцинация","lemma":"галлюцинация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hallucination"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (как и в кошмаре) modifying говорю","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кошмаре","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кошмаре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кошмаре","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on говорю","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"оригинальные","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходили (referring to вещи)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приходили","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходили","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause on вещи","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторяю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the result clause (так что)","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кошмар","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кошмар","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кошмар","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"кошмар","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elliptical 'am')","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with кошмар","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-c9-s134","source":"— Лжешь.","translation":"\"You're lying.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лжешь.","title":"Zero-subject 2nd-person «лжёшь»","body":"The single word «Лжёшь» ('[you] lie') needs no pronoun: the «-ешь» ending already marks 2nd-person singular present. From the archaic-tinged «лгать» (cf. «ложь» 'a lie'), it is curter and more accusatory than a fuller sentence — Ivan's flat rebuttal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лжешь","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-c9-s135","source":"Твоя цель именно уверить, что ты сам по себе, а не мой кошмар, и вот ты теперь подтверждаешь сам, что ты сон.","translation":"Your very aim is to persuade me that you exist on your own and aren't my nightmare, and now here you are confirming yourself that you're a dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверить, что ты сам по себе","title":"«сам по себе» — 'on one's own, independent'","body":"The idiom «сам по себе» means 'of/by oneself, in one's own right, autonomous'. «сам» is the intensifier, «по себе» = «по» + the dative of the reflexive «себя». Ivan accuses the devil of trying to prove he exists independently rather than as a projection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и вот ты теперь подтверждаешь сам","title":"Imperfective present «подтверждаешь» — caught in the act","body":"«подтверждаешь» ('you are confirming') is imperfective present, catching the action as it unfolds: 'here you now are, confirming…'. «и вот» ('and there / so now') dramatises the moment of self-betrayal, and «сам» throws it back on the devil — 'you yourself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверить","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"уверить","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on цель","gloss":"to persuade"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of себе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of себе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"predicate complement of ты (elliptical 'are')","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кошмар","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кошмар","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кошмар","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подтверждаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтверждаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подтверждаешь","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying подтверждаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сон","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of подтверждаешь","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-c9-s136","source":"— Друг мой, сегодня я взял особую методу, я потом тебе растолкую.","translation":"\"My friend, today I've adopted a special method; I'll explain it to you later.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"методу","title":"«метода» — archaic feminine 'method'","body":"«методу» is the accusative of «метода», a 19th-century feminine variant of the modern masculine «метод» ('method'). The dated form (from French «méthode») gives the devil's speech a slightly old-fashioned, pretentious ring, in keeping with his Frenchified manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я потом тебе растолкую","title":"Perfective future «растолкую» — 'I'll spell it out'","body":"«растолкую» is the perfective future of «растолковать» ('to explain in full'); the prefix «рас-» adds the sense of explaining thoroughly. Conjugated like a present but pointing forward, it promises one complete future act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adopted"},{"surface":"особую","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies методу","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"методу","lemma":"метода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"method"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of растолкую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растолкую","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of растолкую","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"растолкую","lemma":"растолковать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"explain"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-c9-s137","source":"Постой, где же я остановился?","translation":"Wait, where did I leave off?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же я остановился?","title":"Particle «же» in a question + reflexive «остановился»","body":"«где же» adds mild exasperated emphasis to the question — 'now where was it I left off?'. «остановился» is the «-ся» verb «остановиться» ('to stop, halt'), perfective past, here meaning 'stopped [in my account]', i.e. left off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to остановился","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"leave off"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-c9-s138","source":"Да, вот я тогда простудился, только не у вас, а еще там…","translation":"Yes — so I caught cold that time, only not here at your place, but back there still…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не у вас, а еще там","title":"Corrective «не… а» — 'not X but Y'","body":"«не у вас, а еще там» uses the corrective conjunction pair «не… а» ('not… but rather'): not at your place, but back there. This «а» is the contrastive 'but' that replaces a wrong term with the right one — distinct from «но»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простудился","title":"Reflexive «простудиться» — to catch cold","body":"«простудился» ('caught cold') is the «-ся» verb «простудиться»: the «-ся» here marks a change of state befalling the subject, not a true reflexive action. Perfective past frames it as the single completed event that the devil keeps circling back to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простудился","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простудился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простудился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"простудился","lemma":"простудиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught cold"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of простудился","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with простудился","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-c9-s139","source":"— Где там?","translation":"\"Where, there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где там?","title":"Elliptical echo question","body":"Ivan picks up the devil's vague «там» ('there') and throws it back as a two-word question, 'Where, there?'. Such elliptical, context-bound exchanges — meaning recoverable only from the prior line — are typical of Dostoevsky's rapid dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-c9-s140","source":"Скажи, долго ли ты у меня пробудешь, не можешь уйти?","translation":"Tell me, how long will you stay with me — can't you go away?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго ли ты у меня пробудешь","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» fronts the focused word «долго» and turns the clause into a question of degree: 'will you stay long?'. «ли» is more literary and formal than mere question intonation, and frequent in Dostoevsky's anxious, searching speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробудешь","title":"Perfective-future «пробудешь» — 'will you stay [a while]'","body":"«пробудешь» is the perfective future of «пробыть» ('to spend a period of time'); the prefix «про-» measures out a stretch of duration. It looks like the future of «быть» but is its own perfective verb: 'how long will you remain?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробудешь","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пробудешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробудешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пробудешь","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded question","gloss":"will stay"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-c9-s141","source":"— почти в отчаянии воскликнул Иван.","translation":"Ivan cried out, almost in despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти в отчаянии воскликнул Иван","title":"Verb-before-subject in the speech tag","body":"The narrative attribution inverts to «воскликнул Иван» ('cried Ivan'), verb before subject — the conventional Russian order for dialogue tags. «в отчаянии» ('in despair') is «в» + prepositional, naming the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-c9-s142","source":"Он оставил ходить, сел на диван, опять облокотился на стол и стиснул обеими руками голову.","translation":"He stopped pacing, sat down on the sofa, leaned his elbows on the table again, and gripped his head in both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он оставил ходить, сел на диван, опять облокотился","title":"Chain of perfectives — sequential narrative","body":"«сел… облокотился… стиснул» are perfective pasts strung in sequence, each a discrete completed action moving the scene forward step by step. Against them «ходить» (imperfective infinitive after «оставил») names the open-ended pacing he breaks off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"облокотился","title":"Reflexive «облокотиться» — to lean on one's elbows","body":"«облокотился» is the «-ся» verb «облокотиться» ('to prop oneself on the elbows'); the «-ся» marks the action as done to oneself, a self-directed posture. It governs «на стол» ('on the table') with «на» + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стиснул обеими руками голову","title":"Instrumental of means: «обеими руками»","body":"«обеими руками» ('with both hands') is the instrumental, naming the bodily instrument of «стиснул» ('gripped'). «обеими» is the feminine form of the 'both' numeral «оба/обе», which governs and agrees with «руками»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of оставил","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облокотился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"облокотился","lemma":"облокотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облокотился","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стиснул","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of стиснул","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стиснул","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-c9-s143","source":"Он сорвал с себя мокрое полотенце и с досадой отбросил его: очевидно, не помогало.","translation":"He tore the wet towel from his head and flung it down in vexation: clearly it was doing no good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвал с себя мокрое полотенце","title":"Reflexive «с себя» — off himself","body":"«с себя» ('off oneself') uses «с» + genitive of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject Ivan: he tore the towel from his own person. Pairing «сорвал» and «отбросил» (both perfective) gives two sharp, finished motions of frustration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с досадой","title":"Instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«с досадой» ('with vexation') is «с» + instrumental, here expressing manner/accompanying emotion rather than a physical instrument — 'flung it down vexedly'. «досада» is annoyed irritation, frustration at something not working."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помогало","title":"Imperfective past in a subjectless statement","body":"«не помогало» ('it was not helping / did no good') is imperfective past, viewing the towel's failure as an ongoing, repeated non-effect rather than a single event. The neuter «-о» and absent subject make it an impersonal summary: 'clearly, [it] wasn't helping'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сорвал","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сорвал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мокрое","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенце","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сорвал","gloss":"towel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досадой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"досадой","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбросил","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"отбросил","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвал","gloss":"flung down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отбросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to помогало","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помогало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помогало","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отбросил","gloss":"was helping"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-c9-s144","source":"— У тебя расстроены нервы, — заметил джентльмен с развязно-небрежным, но совершенно дружелюбным, однако, видом, — ты сердишься на меня даже за то, что я мог простудиться, а между тем произошло оно самым естественным образом.","translation":"\"Your nerves are frayed,\" remarked the gentleman with an air at once free-and-easy, careless, and yet perfectly amiable, \"you're cross with me even for being able to catch cold, and yet it came about in the most natural way.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У тебя расстроены нервы","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«расстроены» is the short-form past passive participle of «расстроить» ('to upset, derange'), agreeing with plural «нервы»: 'your nerves are frayed/upset'. The short participle + the «у тебя» possessive construction together state a present resultant condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сердишься на меня даже за то, что","title":"Reflexive «сердиться» + correlative «за то, что»","body":"«сердишься» ('you are angry') is the «-ся» verb «сердиться», governing «на» + accusative for the object of anger («на меня»). «за то, что…» is the correlative 'for the fact that…', linking the anger to its cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошло оно самым естественным образом","title":"Instrumental of manner: «самым естественным образом»","body":"«самым естественным образом» ('in the most natural way') is a set instrumental-of-manner phrase; «образом» ('manner, way') in the instrumental forms countless adverbials. The whole adjective phrase «самым естественным» agrees with «образом» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстроены","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"расстроены","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are frayed"},{"surface":"нервы","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive расстроены","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"развязно","lemma":"развязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небрежным","gloss":"free-and-easy"},{"surface":"небрежным","lemma":"небрежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"careless"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дружелюбным","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"дружелюбным","lemma":"дружелюбный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"amiable"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase видом","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"are angry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердишься","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"простудиться","lemma":"простудиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"catch cold"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies естественным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"естественным","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-c9-s145","source":"Я тогда поспешал на один дипломатический вечер к одной высшей петербургской даме, которая метила в министры.","translation":"I was hurrying just then to a diplomatic soirée at the house of a certain great Petersburg lady who was angling for a ministry for her husband.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поспешал","title":"«поспешал» — bookish/archaic 'was hurrying'","body":"«поспешал» (imperfective «поспешать») is a dated, elevated synonym of «спешил» 'was hurrying'. The choice lends the devil's recollection a mock-grand, old-fashioned flourish, fitting his pretensions to high society."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая метила в министры","title":"Relative «которая» + the «в» + nominative-plural idiom","body":"«которая» ('who', f.) introduces a relative clause modifying «даме». «метила в министры» means 'was aiming at [a] ministry' — the idiom «в» + a bare nominative-form plural («в министры») denotes aspiring to a role or rank, a special construction distinct from the ordinary accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поспешал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поспешал","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies вечер","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"дипломатический","lemma":"дипломатический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"diplomatic"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешал","gloss":"soirée"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies даме","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"петербургской","lemma":"петербургский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешал","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of метила","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"метила","lemma":"метить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on даме","gloss":"was angling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking министры","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"министры","lemma":"министр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of метила","gloss":"minister"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-c9-s146","source":"Ну, фрак, белый галстук, перчатки, и, однако, я был еще бог знает где, и, чтобы попасть к вам на землю, предстояло еще перелететь пространство… конечно, это один только миг, но ведь и луч света от солнца идет целых восемь минут, а тут, представь, во фраке и в открытом жилете.","translation":"Well — tailcoat, white tie, gloves — and yet I was still goodness knows where, and to reach you here on earth I had a whole expanse of space to fly across… of course it's only an instant, but a ray of light from the sun takes a full eight minutes, and there I was, picture it, in a tailcoat and an open waistcoat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы попасть к вам на землю, предстояло еще перелететь пространство","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose; impersonal «предстояло»","body":"«чтобы попасть» is purpose ('in order to reach'), «чтобы» + perfective infinitive when the subject is the same. «предстояло… перелететь» is impersonal — 'there remained [for me] to fly across' — a subjectless construction with a neuter past verb and a dependent infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но ведь и луч света от солнца идет целых восемь минут","title":"«ведь» appealing to common knowledge","body":"«ведь» ('after all, you know') invokes a fact the listener can be assumed to share — that light takes eight minutes from the sun — to make the devil's cosmic excuse sound reasonable. «целых восемь минут» = 'a whole eight minutes', «целых» (gen. pl.) emphasising the surprising length."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"фрак","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical list","gloss":"tailcoat"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галстук","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"галстук","lemma":"галстук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фрак","gloss":"tie"},{"surface":"перчатки","lemma":"перчатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with фрак","gloss":"gloves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom (бог знает где) modifying был","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попасть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предстояло","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay ahead"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелететь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"перелететь","lemma":"перелететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on предстояло","gloss":"to fly across"},{"surface":"пространство","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перелететь","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"луч","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"of light"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солнца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"целых","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies минут (agrees genitive plural with the quantified noun, not восемь)","gloss":"a full"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фраке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"фраке","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of тут (elliptical 'I was')","gloss":"tailcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жилете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"открытом","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилете","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"жилете","lemma":"жилет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фраке","gloss":"waistcoat"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-c9-s147","source":"Ду́хи не замерзают, но уж когда воплотился, то… словом, светренничал, и пустился, а ведь в пространствах-то этих, в эфире-то, в воде-то этой, яже бе над твердию, — ведь это такой мороз… то есть какое мороз — это уж и морозом назвать нельзя, можешь представить: сто пятьдесят градусов ниже нуля!","translation":"Spirits don't freeze, but once I'd taken flesh, then… in a word, I was reckless and set off, and out there in those spaces — in the ether, in the waters that are above the firmament — why, it's such a frost… or rather, what frost — you can't even call it frost any longer, just imagine: a hundred and fifty degrees below zero!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ду́хи","title":"«ду́хи» — spirits (stress-distinguished from 'perfume')","body":"«ду́хи», stressed on the first syllable, is the plural of «дух» 'spirit/spirits'. Stressed on the second, «духи́» means 'perfume' — a notorious minimal pair. Dostoevsky marks the stress here to forestall the comic misreading: 'Spirits do not freeze.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"яже бе над твердию","title":"Church-Slavonic relative «яже» and imperfect «бе»","body":"«яже бе над твердию» ('which were above the firmament') is pure Church Slavonic from Genesis: «яже» is the Slavonic relative pronoun (= «которые»), «бе» the old imperfect of 'to be' (= «была/были»), «твердию» the Slavonic instrumental of «твердь» (the firmament). The devil suddenly quotes Scripture, jarringly grafting the sacred onto his frostbite tale."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"светренничал","title":"«светренничал» — 'I acted flighty/reckless'","body":"A colloquial verb from «ветреный» ('frivolous, flighty', lit. 'windy'): 'I behaved frivolously, was reckless'. The folksy, self-deprecating coinage clashes deliberately with the cosmic ether and the Slavonic Scripture around it — the devil's register lurches by the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в пространствах-то этих, в эфире-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» tagging the topic","body":"The repeated «-то» («пространствах-то», «эфире-то», «воде-то») is the topic-marking clitic, lightly stressing each already-known place: 'out in those spaces, in the ether, in that water…'. It lends a buttonholing, colloquial insistence, very characteristic of the devil's chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ду́хи","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of замерзают","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замерзают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замерзают","lemma":"замерзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"freeze"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воплотился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"воплотился","lemma":"воплотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"took flesh"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative resuming when-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular (adverbial)","role":"parenthetical modifying светренничал","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"светренничал","lemma":"светренничать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was reckless","note":"Colloquial coinage from ветреный ('flighty'); the devil means he acted frivolously."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with светренничал","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пространствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пространствах","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"spaces"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on пространствах","gloss":"emphatic particle"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of пространствах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эфире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эфире","lemma":"эфир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пространствах","gloss":"the ether"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on эфире","gloss":"emphatic particle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"воде","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with эфире","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on воде","gloss":"emphatic particle"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of воде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"яже","lemma":"иже","morphology":"relative pronoun (Church Slavonic), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бе, refers back to воде","gloss":"which","note":"Church Slavonic relative pronoun, quoting Genesis 1:7 ('the waters which were above the firmament')."},{"surface":"бе","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb (Church Slavonic archaic), past, third, singular","role":"verb of the яже-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердию","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"твердию","lemma":"твердь","morphology":"noun (Church Slavonic archaic), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of над","gloss":"the firmament"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject, predicate мороз","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мороз","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"a frost"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мороз","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"frost"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"морозом","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of назвать","gloss":"frost"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies градусов","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies градусов","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"градусов","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies градусов","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"нуля","lemma":"нуль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"zero"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-c9-s148","source":"Известна ''забава'' деревенских девок: на тридцатиградусном морозе предлагают новичку лизнуть топор; язык мгновенно примерзает, и олух в кровь сдирает с него кожу; так ведь это только на тридцати градусах, а на ста-то пятидесяти, да тут только палец, я думаю, приложить к топору, и его как не бывало, если бы… только там мог случиться топор… — А там может случиться топор?","translation":"You know the 'amusement' country girls have: in a thirty-degree frost they coax a greenhorn into licking an axe; his tongue instantly freezes fast, and the dolt tears the skin off it bloody; and that's only at thirty degrees, but at a hundred and fifty, why, I think you'd need only lay a finger on the axe and it would be gone — if only… there could be an axe out there… — \"And can there be an axe out there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забава деревенских девок","title":"«забава» and «девки» — a coarse country amusement","body":"«забава» is 'amusement, sport', and «девки» (genitive «девок») is the plain, rustic word for village girls — earthier than «девушки». The phrase frames the cruel game in folk-low register, suiting the brutal little anecdote of the licked axe."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"олух","title":"«олух» — a blockhead, dolt","body":"«олух» is an expressive, contemptuous word for a fool or simpleton ('dolt, dunce'), the «новичок» ('greenhorn') duped into licking the frozen axe. Such colourful pejoratives stud the devil's speech, marking its low, vernacular comedy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и его как не бывало","title":"Idiom «как не бывало» — 'as if it never was'","body":"«его как не бывало» is a fixed idiom: 'it was gone as if it had never been'. «бывало» is the iterative-past of «бывать», and the object «его» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation/absence demanded by this construction of vanishing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы… только там мог случиться топор","title":"Conditional with «бы» — the unreal axe","body":"«если бы… мог случиться» is the irrealis conditional: past-form verb + «бы» = 'if only an axe could happen to be there'. The whole flight of fancy hangs on this contrary-to-fact 'if', which Ivan then seizes on with his question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известна","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"забава","lemma":"забава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Известна","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"деревенских","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies девок","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies забава","gloss":"girls'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking морозе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тридцатиградусном","lemma":"тридцатиградусный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies морозе","gloss":"thirty-degree"},{"surface":"морозе","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагают","gloss":"frost"},{"surface":"предлагают","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"explanatory clause following Известна","gloss":"they get [him] to"},{"surface":"новичку","lemma":"новичок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагают","gloss":"a newcomer"},{"surface":"лизнуть","lemma":"лизнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предлагают","gloss":"lick"},{"surface":"топор","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of лизнуть","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"язык","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примерзает","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примерзает","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"примерзает","lemma":"примерзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with предлагают","gloss":"freezes fast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"олух","lemma":"олух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдирает","gloss":"the dolt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в кровь ('till it bleeds')","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom в кровь, modifies сдирает","gloss":"bleeding"},{"surface":"сдирает","lemma":"сдирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with примерзает","gloss":"tears off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдирает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сдирает","gloss":"the skin"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing the next clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies градусах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking градусах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies градусах","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"градусах","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятидесяти","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies пятидесяти","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on ста","gloss":"emphatic particle"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"coordinated with градусах (degrees implied)","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приложить","gloss":"a finger"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"приложить","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of the clause","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking топору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"топору","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложить","gloss":"the axe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the idiom как не бывало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как не бывало","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the idiom как не бывало (= vanished)","gloss":"had never been","note":"Idiom 'как не бывало' = vanished without a trace."},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"топор","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог/случиться","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel to мог","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"топор","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"an axe"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-c9-s149","source":"— рассеянно и гадливо перебил вдруг Иван Федорович.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly broke in, absently and with disgust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадливо","title":"«гадливо» — with revulsion","body":"«гадливо» ('with loathing, squeamish disgust', from «гадкий» 'vile') describes how Ivan interrupts. The adverb captures his physical recoil from the hallucination — disgust, not mere annoyance — a key note in his struggle not to take the devil seriously."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перебил вдруг Иван Федорович","title":"Perfective «перебил» — a single cutting-in","body":"«перебил» (perfective of «перебивать», 'to interrupt') views the interruption as one abrupt completed act, reinforced by «вдруг» ('suddenly'). Inverted verb-subject order is again the norm for the dialogue tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"absently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гадливо","lemma":"гадливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with рассеянно","gloss":"with disgust"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-c9-s150","source":"Он сопротивлялся изо всех сил, чтобы не поверить своему бреду и не впасть в безумие окончательно.","translation":"He was resisting with all his might, so as not to believe his own delirium and not to sink finally into madness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сопротивлялся изо всех сил","title":"Imperfective «сопротивлялся» + idiom «изо всех сил»","body":"«сопротивлялся» ('was resisting') is imperfective past, picturing a sustained, ongoing struggle. «изо всех сил» ('with all one's might') is a fixed phrase: «из» (here «изо» before a consonant cluster) + genitive plural «сил» 'of [his] strengths'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не поверить своему бреду и не впасть в безумие","title":"Negative purpose with «чтобы не» + «свой»","body":"«чтобы не поверить… не впасть» is purpose in the negative: 'so as NOT to believe… not to sink'. «своему бреду» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (dative, with «поверить») — 'his own delirium', referring back to the subject Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сопротивлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сопротивлялся","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was resisting"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom изо всех сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сопротивлялся","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сопротивлялся","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бреду","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверить","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впасть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впасть","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверить","gloss":"sink"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безумие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"безумие","lemma":"безумие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впасть","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впасть","gloss":"finally"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-c9-s151","source":"— Топор? — переспросил гость в удивлении.","translation":"\"An axe?\" the guest queried in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переспросил гость в удивлении","title":"«пере-» of repetition: «переспросил»","body":"«переспросил» ('asked again, queried back') shows the prefix «пере-» in its 're-/again' sense: the guest echoes Ivan's word in surprise. «в удивлении» ('in astonishment') is «в» + prepositional naming the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Топор","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked again"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлении","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переспросил","gloss":"astonishment"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-c9-s152","source":"— Ну да, что станется там с топором? — с каким-то свирепым и настойчивым упорством вдруг вскричал Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Well yes — what would become of an axe out there?\" Ivan Fyodorovich shouted all at once, with a kind of savage and dogged insistence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что станется там с топором?","title":"Reflexive «статься» — 'what will become of'","body":"«станется» is the perfective future of the «-ся» verb «статься» ('to happen, become of'), used impersonally with «с» + instrumental of the thing affected: 'what will become of the axe?'. The construction is fixed and faintly archaic, suiting the fevered solemnity of Ivan's outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то свирепым и настойчивым упорством","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с каким-то… упорством» ('with a kind of… persistence') is «с» + instrumental of manner. «какой-то» ('some sort of') uses the «-то» suffix to mark a real but ill-defined quality — the narrator senses something fierce in Ivan's tone but won't pin it down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станется","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking топором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"топором","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упорством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of упорством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite каким-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"свирепым","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies упорством","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчивым","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свирепым","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"упорством","lemma":"упорство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-c9-s153","source":"— Что станется в пространстве с топором?","translation":"\"What would become of an axe in space?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что станется в пространстве с топором?","title":"Locative «в пространстве» (prepositional)","body":"«в пространстве» ('in space') is «в» + prepositional, marking static location — the axe's whereabouts, not motion toward. The near-repetition of the previous line, with «в пространстве» added, registers Ivan's obsessive fixation on the absurd question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пространстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пространстве","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking топором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"топором","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"an axe"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-c9-s154","source":"Quelle idée!","translation":"Quelle idée!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quelle","lemma":"quelle","morphology":"word (French)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"idée","lemma":"idée","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on Quelle","gloss":"an idea"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-c9-s155","source":"Если куда попадет подальше, то примется, я думаю, летать вокруг Земли, сам не зная зачем, в виде спутника.","translation":"If it landed somewhere far enough off, it would, I think, take to circling the Earth, not knowing why itself, in the manner of a satellite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если куда попадет подальше, то примется… летать","title":"Real conditional «если… то» + inchoative «примется»","body":"«Если… попадёт…, то примется летать» is a real (open) future conditional: both verbs perfective-future, with «то» as the resumptive 'then'. «примется» ('will take to, set about') is the inchoative «приняться» + imperfective infinitive «летать», marking the start of habitual circling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не зная зачем","title":"Negated gerund «не зная» — 'not knowing'","body":"«не зная зачем» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «знать», 'not knowing why', describing the axe's circling as a simultaneous attendant state. «сам» ('itself') stresses the comic self-ignorance of the orbiting axe."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в виде спутника","title":"«спутник» — companion, then satellite","body":"«спутник» literally means 'fellow-traveller, companion' (from «с-» + «путь» 'way'); «в виде спутника» = 'in the manner of a satellite'. The same word would later become the name of the first artificial satellite — but here it is the older, plain 'orbiting companion' of the axe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попадет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попадет","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"попадет","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on примется","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"подальше","lemma":"подальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попадет","gloss":"further off"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative resuming the if-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"примется","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take to"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"летать","lemma":"летать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of примется","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"вокруг","lemma":"вокруг","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Земли","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летать","gloss":"the Earth"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of зная","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on примется","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в виде ('in the form of')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom в виде","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"спутника","lemma":"спутник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виде","gloss":"a satellite"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-c9-s156","source":"Астрономы вычислят восхождение и захождение топора, Гатцук внесет в календарь, вот и всё.","translation":"The astronomers would compute the rising and setting of the axe, Gatzuk would enter it in his almanac, and that would be that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Астрономы вычислят… Гатцук внесет","title":"Two perfective futures — the bureaucratic dénouement","body":"«вычислят» and «внесёт» are perfective futures ('will compute', 'will enter'), each a single completed act that wraps up the fantasy with mock-administrative finality, capped by «вот и всё» ('and that's that')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Астрономы","lemma":"астроном","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вычислят","gloss":"astronomers"},{"surface":"вычислят","lemma":"вычислить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will calculate"},{"surface":"восхождение","lemma":"восхождение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вычислят","gloss":"the rising"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захождение","lemma":"захождение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восхождение","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"топора","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восхождение and захождение","gloss":"of the axe"},{"surface":"Гатцук","lemma":"гатцук","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of внесет","gloss":"Gatzuk"},{"surface":"внесет","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вычислят","gloss":"will record"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking календарь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"календарь","lemma":"календарь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внесет","gloss":"the almanac"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase вот и всё","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase вот и всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the preceding clauses","gloss":"that's it"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-c9-s157","source":"— Ты глуп, ты ужасно глуп!","translation":"\"You're stupid, you're horribly stupid!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты глуп, ты ужасно глуп!","title":"Short adjective «глуп» as predicate","body":"«глуп» is the short (predicative) form of «глупый» ('stupid'): 'you ARE stupid'. The short form, more categorical and bookish than the long «глупый», states the quality as a flat verdict; «ужасно» ('terribly') intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first глуп","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-c9-s158","source":"— строптиво сказал Иван, — ври умнее, а то я не буду слушать.","translation":"Ivan said stubbornly, \"lie more cleverly, or I won't listen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ври умнее","title":"Imperative «ври» + comparative «умнее»","body":"«ври» is the imperative of «врать» ('to lie, fib'), 'lie!'. «умнее» is the invariable comparative of «умный» ('cleverer'): 'lie more cleverly'. The pairing — an order to lie better — is bleakly comic and pure Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то я не буду слушать","title":"«а то» (or else) + compound imperfective future","body":"«а то» ('or else, otherwise') threatens a consequence. «не буду слушать» is the compound imperfective future — «буду» + the imperfective infinitive «слушать» — naming an ongoing future refusal: 'I won't [keep] listening'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"строптиво","title":"«строптиво» — refractorily, defiantly","body":"«строптиво» (from «строптивый», 'unruly, refractory') describes Ivan's tone — stubborn, contrary, willfully resistant. The literary, somewhat archaic adverb (cf. The Taming of the Shrew, «Укрощение строптивой») colours his defiance as obstinate temper."}],"words":[{"surface":"строптиво","lemma":"строптиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ври","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative clause","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"умнее","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ври","gloss":"more cleverly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase а то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase а то (= 'or else')","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду слушать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, first, singular","role":"auxiliary of слушать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb with буду (future)","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-c9-s159","source":"Ты хочешь побороть меня реализмом, уверить меня, что ты есь, но я не хочу верить, что ты есь!","translation":"You want to overpower me with realism, to convince me that you exist, but I refuse to believe that you exist!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверить меня, что ты есь","title":"Archaic «есь» — the copula made explicit","body":"«ты есь» revives an old/dialectal 2nd-person form of «быть» ('thou art'), normally omitted entirely in the present. Spelling out the copula — '[that] you ARE' — makes existence itself the point at issue: the devil wants to assert sheer being, and Ivan throws the archaic word back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побороть меня реализмом","title":"Instrumental of means: «реализмом»","body":"«реализмом» ('with realism') is the instrumental, naming the weapon: 'to overpower me by means of realism'. The verb «побороть» (perfective, 'to overcome, vanquish') governs the direct object «меня» and the instrumental of the means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"побороть","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"overpower"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of побороть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"реализмом","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побороть","gloss":"with realism"},{"surface":"уверить","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with побороть","gloss":"convince"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (archaic), present, indicative, active, second, singular","role":"clausal complement of уверить","gloss":"exist","note":"Archaic 2nd-person form of быть ('thou art'), not the modern есть."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочешь","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (archaic), present, indicative, active, second, singular","role":"clausal complement of верить","gloss":"exist","note":"Archaic 2nd-person form of быть ('thou art'), not the modern есть."}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-c9-s160","source":"Не поверю!!","translation":"I won't believe it!!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не поверю!!","title":"Negated perfective future as flat refusal","body":"«Не поверю» is «не» + the perfective future of «поверить» ('to come to believe'): 'I will not believe [it]'. The perfective stresses the refusal to ever arrive at belief — a one-word, subjectless cry of will, doubled exclamation marks underscoring Ivan's vehemence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверю","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll believe"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-c9-s161","source":"— Да я и не вру, всё правда; к сожалению, правда почти всегда бывает неостроумна.","translation":"\"But I'm not lying, it's all true; unfortunately, the truth is almost always rather unwitty.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я и не вру","title":"Affirmative «да» + emphatic «и» in negation","body":"Here «Да» is not 'yes' but a conversational opener ('but, why'), and «и» before «не вру» emphasises the verb: 'but I'm not even lying'. The clustering of small words is the loose grammar of speech, mounting a casual defence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неостроумна","title":"«неостроумна» — short adj., 'lacking wit'","body":"«неостроумна» is the short feminine form of «неостроумный» ('unwitty, not clever'), predicated of «правда» ('truth'): 'the truth is unwitty'. «остроумный» literally 'sharp-witted' (острый ум); the negated short form delivers the devil's rueful aphorism that truth is usually dull."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вру","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of всё","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к сожалению ('unfortunately')","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сожалению","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к сожалению","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tends to be"},{"surface":"неостроумна","lemma":"неостроумный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывает","gloss":"unwitty"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-c9-s162","source":"Ты, я вижу, решительно ждешь от меня чего-то великого, а может быть, и прекрасного.","translation":"I see that you positively expect something grand of me, perhaps even something beautiful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждешь от меня чего-то великого","title":"Genitive after «ждать» + indefinite «чего-то»","body":"«ждать» ('to expect, await') governs the genitive of an abstract/indefinite object: «чего-то великого» ('something grand'), gen. of «что-то». The «-то» marks it as a definite-but-unspecified something the devil senses Ivan is hoping for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждешь","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"ждешь","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ждешь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker on чего","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великого","gloss":"beautiful"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-c9-s163","source":"Это очень жаль, потому что я даю лишь то, что могу.","translation":"That's a great pity, because I give only what I can.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я даю лишь то, что могу","title":"Correlative «то, что» — 'that which'","body":"«то, что могу» is the correlative construction 'that which I can [give]': «то» is the antecedent demonstrative, «что» the relative. «лишь» ('only') restricts it — the devil's resigned admission of his own limits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жаль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of даю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жаль","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of могу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-c9-s164","source":"— Не философствуй, осел!","translation":"\"Don't philosophize, you ass!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не философствуй, осел!","title":"Negated imperfective imperative — 'stop / don't'","body":"«Не философствуй» is the negated imperative of imperfective «философствовать»: with negation Russian normally uses the imperfective imperative, meaning 'don't (carry on) philosophising'. The vocative-like insult «осёл!» ('ass, donkey') is hurled in direct address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies философствуй","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"философствуй","lemma":"философствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"philosophize"},{"surface":"осел","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the interlocutor","gloss":"you ass"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-c9-s165","source":"— Какая тут философия, когда вся правая сторона отнялась, кряхчу и мычу.","translation":"\"How can I philosophize, when my whole right side has gone dead and I'm groaning and bellowing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда вся правая сторона отнялась","title":"Reflexive «отняться» — 'to go numb/dead'","body":"«отнялась» is the perfective past of the «-ся» verb «отняться», 'to become paralysed, go numb' (lit. 'be taken away from one'). The «-ся» makes it an involuntary change of state of the body part «сторона» ('side'), which is the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кряхчу и мычу","title":"«кряхтеть» and «мычать» — to groan and to bellow","body":"«кряхчу» (from «кряхтеть», 'to groan, grunt with effort or pain') and «мычу» (from «мычать», 'to low, moo, mumble') are vivid, onomatopoeic verbs of inarticulate suffering. The pairing reduces the devil's ailment to comically animal noises — groaning and mooing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of философия","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies философия","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"философия","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"philosophy"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отнялась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сторона","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"правая","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сторона","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отнялась","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"отнялась","lemma":"отняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"is paralyzed"},{"surface":"кряхчу","lemma":"кряхтеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отнялась (new clause)","gloss":"I groan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мычу","lemma":"мычать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кряхчу","gloss":"bellow"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-c9-s166","source":"Был у всей медицины: распознать умеют отлично, всю болезнь расскажут тебе как по пальцам, ну а вылечить не умеют. Студентик тут один случился восторженный: если вы, говорит, и умрете, то зато будете вполне знать, от какой болезни умерли!","translation":"I've been through the whole of medicine: they can diagnose splendidly, they'll lay out your entire illness for you as if on their fingers — but they can't cure you. There was one enthusiastic little student here: even if you die, says he, you'll at least know perfectly well what disease you died of!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распознать умеют отлично… а вылечить не умеют","title":"Inversion + «уметь» + infinitive contrast","body":"«умеют» ('they know how to') takes a perfective infinitive: «распознать» (diagnose) vs «вылечить» (cure). Fronting the infinitives — «распознать умеют», «вылечить не умеют» — pits the two against each other for rhetorical bite: 'diagnose they can; cure they can't'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как по пальцам","title":"Idiom «как по пальцам» — 'as if on one's fingers'","body":"«рассказать как по пальцам» means to lay something out in perfect, item-by-item detail, 'as clearly as counting on one's fingers'. The devil mocks doctors who can describe an illness flawlessly yet not cure it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Студентик","title":"«студентик» — a diminutive, faintly mocking 'little student'","body":"«студентик» adds the diminutive «-ик» to «студент»; here it conveys not affection but a touch of condescension — a callow, over-eager 'little student'. «восторженный» ('rapturous, enthusiastic') sharpens the mockery of his blithe consolation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы… и умрете, то зато будете вполне знать","title":"Concessive «если и… то зато» + two futures","body":"«если… и умрёте, то зато будете знать» = 'even if you do die, then at least you'll know': «если и» concedes, «зато» ('but to make up for it') compensates. «умрёте» is perfective future ('will die'), «будете знать» the compound imperfective future ('will know')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (elided subject я)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медицины","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of медицины","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"медицины","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"распознать","lemma":"распознать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеют","gloss":"diagnose"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"they can"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеют","gloss":"splendidly"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расскажут","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"расскажут","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with умеют","gloss":"they'll lay out"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (idiom как по пальцам)","role":"part of the phrase по пальцам","gloss":"as if","note":"«как по пальцам» is an idiom: to lay something out point by point, as if counting on one's fingers."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пальцам","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расскажут","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вылечить","lemma":"вылечить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of second умеют","gloss":"cure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second умеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with first умеют","gloss":"they can"},{"surface":"Студентик","lemma":"студентик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of случился","gloss":"a little student"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular (indefinite use)","role":"modifies Студентик","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"случился","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"восторженный","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Студентик","gloss":"enthusiastic"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умрете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (he says)","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"умрете","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of если-clause","gloss":"you die"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle (если...то)","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of знать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будете","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умерли","gloss":"disease"},{"surface":"умерли","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on болезни (what disease you died of)","gloss":"you died"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-c9-s167","source":"Опять-таки эта их манера отсылать к специалистам: мы, дескать, только распознаем, а вот поезжайте к такому-то специалисту, он уже вылечит. Совсем, совсем, я тебе скажу, исчез прежний доктор, который ото всех болезней лечил, теперь только одни специалисты и всё в газетах публикуются.","translation":"And then there's that manner of theirs of referring you to specialists: we, they say, only diagnose, but go off to such-and-such a specialist, he'll cure you. The old-fashioned doctor who used to treat every illness has vanished utterly, utterly, I tell you; now there are only specialists, and they all advertise in the newspapers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative particle, 'they say'","body":"«дескать» (and «мол») flags reported, second-hand speech with a tinge of the speaker's irony or scepticism: 'we, supposedly, only diagnose'. It lets the devil ventriloquise the doctors while keeping a mocking distance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поезжайте к такому-то специалисту","title":"Suppletive imperative «поезжайте» + «к» + dative","body":"«поезжайте» is the (irregular, suppletive) polite imperative 'go [by vehicle]', from «поехать». It governs «к» + dative — «к специалисту» ('to a specialist') — the dative being the case of the goal-person after «к». «такому-то» = 'such-and-such'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исчез прежний доктор, который ото всех болезней лечил","title":"Relative «который» + «от» of cause/ailment","body":"«который… лечил» ('who used to treat') is a relative clause modifying «доктор». «ото всех болезней» ('for/of all illnesses') is «от» (here «ото» before a cluster) + genitive — the «от» that names what one is cured or treated FOR."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom опять-таки)","role":"modifies манера","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom опять-таки)","role":"part of the phrase Опять","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of манера","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of манера","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"манера","lemma":"манера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the noun phrase (topic)","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"отсылать","lemma":"отсылать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of манера","gloss":"of referring"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking специалистам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"специалистам","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отсылать","gloss":"specialists"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of распознаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"so they say","note":"«дескать» flags the words as someone else's reported speech, like inserting \"they say\"."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распознаем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"распознаем","lemma":"распознавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"we diagnose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поезжайте","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"поезжайте","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"go off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking специалисту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of специалисту","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"part of the phrase такому","gloss":"-such"},{"surface":"специалисту","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поезжайте","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вылечит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вылечит","gloss":"for sure"},{"surface":"вылечит","lemma":"вылечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cure"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчез","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчез, coordinated with previous совсем","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (I tell you)","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"исчез","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has vanished"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчез","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лечил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of болезней","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"болезней","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лечил","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"лечил","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on доктор","gloss":"used to treat"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies специалисты","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"специалисты","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elided verb (there are)","gloss":"specialists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of публикуются","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"газетах","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of публикуются","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"публикуются","lemma":"публиковаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with специалисты clause","gloss":"advertise"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-c9-s168","source":"Заболи у тебя нос, тебя шлют в Париж: там, дескать, европейский специалист носы лечит.","translation":"If your nose hurts, they pack you off to Paris: there, they say, is a European specialist who treats noses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заболи у тебя нос, тебя шлют в Париж","title":"Imperative form as a conditional 'if'","body":"«Заболи у тебя нос» uses an imperative form («заболи!») with conditional meaning — 'should your nose start to hurt' — a vivid colloquial idiom where the imperative substitutes for «если». The main clause «тебя шлют» (imperfective present) gives the habitual result: 'they pack you off to Paris'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заболи","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, imperative form used as conditional, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"should ache","note":"An archaic colloquial conditional: imperative form used to mean \"if/should [your nose] ache\"."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition (idiom у тебя)","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Заболи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Заболи","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of шлют","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шлют","lemma":"слать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"they pack you off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париж","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Париж","lemma":"Париж","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шлют","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"so they say"},{"surface":"европейский","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies специалист","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"специалист","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лечит","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"носы","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of лечит","gloss":"noses"},{"surface":"лечит","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"treats"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-c9-s169","source":"Приедешь в Париж, он осмотрит нос: я вам, скажет, только правую ноздрю могу вылечить, потому что левых ноздрей не лечу, это не моя специальность, а поезжайте после меня в Вену, там вам особый специалист левую ноздрю долечит.","translation":"You come to Paris, he examines the nose: I can only cure your right nostril, says he, since I don't treat left nostrils, that's not my specialty; but after me go to Vienna, where a particular specialist will finish off the left nostril for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приедешь в Париж, он осмотрит нос","title":"Perfective present-future for a generalised 'whenever'","body":"«Приедешь… осмотрит» are perfective futures used in a generic, gnomic sense: 'you arrive… he examines' — describing any such visit, not one occasion. Russian often uses the perfective future this way for repeated, exemplary sequences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что левых ноздрей не лечу","title":"Genitive of negation: «левых ноздрей не лечу»","body":"Under negation the object of «лечу» ('I treat') shifts to the genitive plural «левых ноздрей» ('left nostrils') instead of accusative — the genitive of negation, especially natural with a generic, non-specific object. The absurd over-specialisation is the satire's point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там вам особый специалист левую ноздрю долечит","title":"Prefix «до-»: «долечит» — finish curing","body":"«долечит» is perfective future with the prefix «до-» meaning 'to complete, do to the end': 'will finish curing'. The hyper-specialist merely tops off the other's job — «до-» neatly captures the bureaucratic division of the single nose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приедешь","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective (used as conditional)","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you arrive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париж","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Париж","lemma":"Париж","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приедешь","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"осмотрит","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examines"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмотрит","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вылечить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (says he)","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правую","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноздрю","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноздрю","lemma":"ноздря","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вылечить","gloss":"nostril"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"вылечить","lemma":"вылечить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"cure"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"левых","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ноздрей","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ноздрей","lemma":"ноздря","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, feminine","role":"direct object of лечу","gloss":"nostrils"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лечу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лечу","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the causal clause","gloss":"I treat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of специальность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of специальность","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"специальность","lemma":"специальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"specialty"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поезжайте","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of поезжайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Вену","lemma":"Вена","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поезжайте","gloss":"Vienna"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долечит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of долечит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"особый","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies специалист","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"специалист","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of долечит","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноздрю","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ноздрю","lemma":"ноздря","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of долечит","gloss":"nostril"},{"surface":"долечит","lemma":"долечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will finish curing"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-c9-s170","source":"Что будешь делать?","translation":"What's one to do?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что будешь делать?","title":"Rhetorical compound future — 'what's one to do?'","body":"«Что будешь делать?» literally 'what will you do?' is here a generalised, impersonal rhetorical sigh — 'what's one to do?'. «будешь делать» is the compound imperfective future, with the 2nd-person standing for anyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of делать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-c9-s171","source":"Прибегнул к народным средствам, один немец-доктор посоветовал в бане на полке медом с солью вытереться.","translation":"I fell back on folk remedies; a German doctor advised me to rub myself all over with honey and salt on the shelf in a steam bath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народным средствам","title":"«народные средства» — folk remedies","body":"«народные средства» ('folk/popular remedies') sets traditional home cures against the satirised specialists. «прибегнуть к» ('to resort to') governs «к» + dative («средствам»), the idiom for falling back on a recourse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытереться","title":"Reflexive «вытереться» — to rub oneself down","body":"«вытереться» ('to rub/wipe oneself all over') is the «-ся» reflexive of «вытереть», the «-ся» showing the action is done to one's own body. The instrumental «мёдом с солью» names the substance rubbed on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибегнул","lemma":"прибегнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I fell back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средствам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"народным","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies средствам","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"средствам","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Прибегнул","gloss":"remedies"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular (indefinite use)","role":"modifies немец-доктор","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посоветовал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прибегнул","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бане","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытереться","gloss":"the steam bath"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полке","lemma":"полка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытереться","gloss":"the shelf"},{"surface":"медом","lemma":"мёд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of вытереться","gloss":"with honey"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"солью","lemma":"соль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with медом","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"вытереться","lemma":"вытереться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посоветовал","gloss":"rub myself down"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-c9-s172","source":"Я, единственно чтобы только в баню лишний раз сходить, пошел: выпачкался весь, и никакой пользы.","translation":"Solely to get to the bathhouse one extra time, I went: I smeared myself all over, and no good came of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно чтобы только в баню лишний раз сходить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive, heavily hedged","body":"«чтобы… сходить» ('in order to go [there and back]') is purpose with «чтобы» + perfective infinitive. «сходить» is a round-trip motion verb ('pop to and back'). The piled-up restrictives «единственно… только… лишний раз» ('solely… just… one extra time') comically stress that the devil went only for the pleasure of the bath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакой пользы","title":"Genitive of negation with «никакой»","body":"«никакой пользы» ('no benefit at all') stands in the genitive — the genitive of absence/negation, reinforced by the «ни»-word «никакой». An implied «не было/не вышло» ('there was none') governs it; «польза» ('use, benefit') becomes «пользы'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the purpose clause","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"the bathhouse"},{"surface":"лишний","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"one extra"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on пошел","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"выпачкался","lemma":"выпачкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"I smeared myself"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided subject я (all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пользы","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пользы","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of elided verb (there was)","gloss":"benefit"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-c9-s173","source":"С отчаяния графу Маттеи в Милан написал; прислал книгу и капли, бог с ним.","translation":"In desperation I wrote to Count Mattei in Milan; he sent a book and some drops — bless him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог с ним","title":"Idiom «бог с ним» — 'never mind him / bless him'","body":"«бог с ним» (lit. 'God [be] with him') is a set phrase of resigned dismissal or mild blessing — 'oh well, let him be / bless him'. Tossed in after the gift of book and drops, it shrugs off Count Mattei with offhand good humour."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"desperation"},{"surface":"графу","lemma":"граф","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of написал","gloss":"Count"},{"surface":"Маттеи","lemma":"Маттеи","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular (indeclinable)","role":"in apposition to графу","gloss":"Mattei"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Милан","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Милан","lemma":"Милан","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"Milan"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (elided subject я)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wrote"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (elided subject он)","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"he sent"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"a book"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with книгу","gloss":"drops"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject in idiom бог с ним","gloss":"God","note":"«бог с ним» is a set phrase meaning \"never mind him / bless him\", not a literal statement about God."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бог","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-c9-s174","source":"И вообрази: мальц-экстракт Гоффа помог!","translation":"And just imagine: Hoff's malt extract did the trick!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вообрази","title":"Imperative «вообрази» — buttonholing the listener","body":"«вообрази» ('imagine!') is the singular imperative of «вообразить», a conversational appeal pulling Ivan into the story. The devil scatters such imperatives — «вообрази», «представь», «можешь представить» — to dramatise his anecdotes."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (imperative aside)","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"мальц","lemma":"мальц","morphology":"noun stem (part of compound мальц-экстракт)","role":"modifies экстракт","gloss":"malt"},{"surface":"экстракт","lemma":"экстракт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помог","gloss":"extract"},{"surface":"Гоффа","lemma":"Гофф","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies экстракт","gloss":"Hoff's"},{"surface":"помог","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-c9-s175","source":"Купил нечаянно, выпил полторы стклянки, и хоть танцевать, всё как рукой сняло.","translation":"I bought it by chance, drank off a bottle and a half, and was fit to dance — the whole thing vanished as if by magic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стклянки","title":"«стклянка» — archaic spelling of «склянка» (a small bottle)","body":"«стклянка» is a 19th-century spelling/variant of «склянка», a little glass bottle or phial. «полторы стклянки» ('a bottle and a half') uses «полторы» (the feminine 'one and a half'), which takes the genitive singular. The old spelling adds period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё как рукой сняло","title":"Idiom «как рукой сняло» — 'vanished as if by magic'","body":"«как рукой сняло» ('[it] was taken off as if by a hand') is a fixed impersonal idiom for an ailment instantly disappearing. «сняло» is neuter perfective past with no subject — the classic impersonal construction for something that 'just happened' of itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть танцевать","title":"«хоть» + infinitive — 'fit to dance'","body":"«хоть танцевать» means 'so well you could even dance', «хоть» here 'even / one might as well' + bare infinitive. It expresses an extreme to which the recovered state would suffice — colloquial and lively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Купил","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (elided subject я)","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"I bought"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Купил","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Купил","gloss":"I drank"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, feminine (governs genitive singular)","role":"modifies стклянки","gloss":"a bottle and a half"},{"surface":"стклянки","lemma":"склянка","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular, feminine","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies танцевать","gloss":"fit to"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выпил (elided subject я)","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сняло","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (idiom как рукой сняло)","role":"part of the idiom как рукой сняло","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сняло","gloss":"by a hand","note":"«как рукой сняло» is an idiom: \"vanished as if wiped away by a hand\", i.e. instantly cured."},{"surface":"сняло","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb, coordinated with выпил","gloss":"wiped away"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-c9-s176","source":"Непременно положил ему «спасибо» в газетах напечатать, чувство благодарности заговорило, и вот вообрази, тут уже другая история пошла: ни в одной-то редакции не принимают!","translation":"I absolutely resolved to print a 'thank you' to him in the papers — gratitude had spoken up in me — and now just imagine, here another story began: not a single editorial office would take it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувство благодарности заговорило","title":"Inchoative prefix «за-»: «заговорило»","body":"«заговорило» ('began to speak / spoke up') shows «за-» in its inchoative sense — the onset of an action. The grammatical subject is the abstract «чувство благодарности» ('feeling of gratitude'), neuter, which 'spoke up' in him: a small personification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни в одной-то редакции не принимают","title":"Negative concord «ни… не» + emphatic «-то»","body":"«ни в одной… не принимают» ('not in a single [office] do they accept') is negative concord: the «ни»-phrase «ни в одной» demands «не» on the verb. The clitic «-то» on «одной» lends rueful emphasis — 'not in even one of them'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"редакции","title":"«редакция» — editorial office","body":"«редакция» is a newspaper's or journal's editorial office/board. The devil's failed attempt to place a printed 'thank you' in any «редакция» turns on the press's modern unbelief — none will run a notice that takes the devil seriously."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (elided subject я, idiom положить = resolve)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I resolved"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of напечатать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напечатать","gloss":"a thank-you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"газетах","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of напечатать","gloss":"the papers"},{"surface":"напечатать","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"print"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заговорило","gloss":"the feeling"},{"surface":"благодарности","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of gratitude"},{"surface":"заговорило","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"had spoken up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообрази","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (imperative aside)","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking редакции","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies редакции","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"part of the phrase одной","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"редакции","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"editorial office"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (elided subject they, implicit object it)","role":"main verb, parallel clause to пошла","gloss":"would take it"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-c9-s177","source":"«Ретроградно очень будет, говорят, никто не поверит, le diable n’existe point.","translation":"\"It would be very retrograde, they say, no one will believe it, le diable n'existe point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ретроградно","title":"«ретроградно» — 'reactionary, backward'","body":"«ретроградный» ('retrograde, reactionary') was a fashionable polemical word in 1860s–80s Russian intellectual life, branding anything out of step with progress. For the editors, printing a devil's thank-you would be embarrassingly «ретроградно» — backward, superstitious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ретроградно","lemma":"ретроградно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate with будет","gloss":"retrograde"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ретроградно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (they say)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will believe it"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"French definite article","role":"determiner of diable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diable","lemma":"diable","morphology":"French noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of n'existe","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"n’existe","lemma":"exister","morphology":"French verb, present, third, singular, negated","role":"main verb of the French clause","gloss":"does not exist"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"French negation particle","role":"reinforces the negation on n'existe","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-c9-s178","source":"Вы, советуют, напечатайте анонимно».","translation":"You'd better, they advise, print it anonymously.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы, советуют, напечатайте анонимно","title":"Imperative «напечатайте» + parenthetical «советуют»","body":"«напечатайте» is the polite/plural imperative 'print!' (from perfective «напечатать»). «советуют» ('they advise') is dropped in parenthetically as a reportative aside — the editors' counsel embedded inside their own quoted command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напечатайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"советуют","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (elided subject they)","role":"parenthetical (they advise)","gloss":"they advise"},{"surface":"напечатайте","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"print it"},{"surface":"анонимно","lemma":"анонимно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напечатайте","gloss":"anonymously"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-c9-s179","source":"Ну какое же «спасибо», если анонимно.","translation":"Well, what kind of 'thank you' is it if it's anonymous?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну какое же «спасибо», если анонимно.","title":"Rhetorical «какое же» — zero-copula scorn","body":"«Ну какое же „спасибо“» ('well, what kind of thank-you [is it]…') is a verbless rhetorical question; the present copula is absent, as always. «какое же» pairs the interrogative «какой» with emphatic «же» for indignant dismissal — there is no real thanks if it's anonymous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of спасибо","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of elided verb (is)","gloss":"thank-you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"анонимно","lemma":"анонимно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of elided verb (it is)","gloss":"anonymous"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-c9-s180","source":"Смеюсь с конторщиками: «Это в бога, говорю, в наш век ретроградно верить, а ведь я черт, в меня можно».","translation":"I laughed with the clerks: 'It's retrograde, says I, to believe in God in our age — but I'm the devil, you may believe in me.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смеюсь с конторщиками","title":"Reflexive «смеяться» + «с» + instrumental","body":"«смеюсь» is the «-ся» verb «смеяться» ('to laugh'), which exists only in the reflexive form. «с конторщиками» ('with the clerks') is «с» + instrumental of accompaniment — laughing together with them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в наш век ретроградно верить","title":"Impersonal predicate «ретроградно» + infinitive","body":"«ретроградно верить» is an impersonal construction: a neuter predicate adverb «ретроградно» ('[it is] retrograde') + the infinitive «верить» ('to believe'), with «в бога» ('in God') as its object. No subject — a generalised judgement: 'to believe in God is backward in our age'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ведь я черт, в меня можно","title":"«ведь» + impersonal «можно»; the devil's punchline","body":"«ведь» appeals to the supposedly obvious, and «в меня можно [верить]» is impersonal — «можно» ('it is permitted/possible') + the ellipted infinitive, with «в меня» ('in me'). The devil's blasphemous jest: believing in God is backward, but 'in me you may'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конторщиками","title":"«конторщик» — an office clerk","body":"A «конторщик» is a clerk in a «контора» (counting-house, business office) — a lowly white-collar functionary. The devil's joke-trading with such minor clerks keeps him firmly in the petty, modern, commercial Russia the whole monologue inhabits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I laugh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конторщиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"конторщиками","lemma":"конторщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Смеюсь","gloss":"the clerks"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ретроградно (predicate)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (says I)","gloss":"says I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking век","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of век","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"ретроградно","lemma":"ретроградно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate, modifies верить","gloss":"retrograde"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject of Это... ретроградно","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of черт","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use (elided infinitive верить)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"you may believe"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-c9-s181","source":"— «Понимаем, говорят, кто же в черта не верит, а все-таки нельзя, направлению повредить может.","translation":"\"'We understand, they say, who doesn't believe in the devil — but all the same it can't be done, it might harm our line.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же в черта не верит","title":"Rhetorical «кто же… не»","body":"A rhetorical question dressed as a negative: literally «who, then, does NOT believe in the devil?», meaning 'everyone does'. The particle «же» sharpens it into an appeal, and the negation «не» before «верит» is what flips a question into the implied universal claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в черта не верит","title":"«верить в» + accusative","body":"«верить в» (to believe IN) governs the accusative, and «черта» is the animate-accusative form of «чёрт» — borrowing the genitive ending, as animate masculine nouns do. So 'believe in the devil', not the inanimate-looking «в чёрт»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направлению повредить может","title":"«повредить» + dative; fronted object","body":"«повредить» (to harm) takes its object in the dative, hence «направлению» — 'it might harm the line/tendency'. The dative object stands first for emphasis, the verb «может» trailing at the end in the loose, speech-like order of the Devil's chatter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"направление","title":"«направление» — editorial 'line'","body":"Here «направление» is journalistic cant for a periodical's ideological 'tendency' or 'line'. The Devil is recounting how a magazine editor refused his contribution lest it compromise the journal's progressive stance — a sly dig at the polemical press of the 1870s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаем","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we understand"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (they say)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черта","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause: who doesn't believe in the devil","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"part of the phrase таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"it can't be done"},{"surface":"направлению","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of повредить","gloss":"our line"},{"surface":"повредить","lemma":"повредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"might"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-c9-s182","source":"Разве в виде шутки?» Ну в шутку-то, подумал, будет неостроумно.","translation":"Unless as a joke?' Well, as a joke, I thought, it would fall flat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве в виде шутки?","title":"«разве» — incredulous 'unless / surely not?'","body":"«разве» introduces a question coloured with doubt or surprise — here 'unless [perhaps] as a joke?'. It voices the editor's half-hearted concession, the speaker reporting another's tentative suggestion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в шутку-то","title":"Topic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» pins down the just-mentioned topic — 'as for joking…'. It is the emphatic topic particle, distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», singling out «шутку» as the thing now under consideration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет неостроумно","title":"Impersonal predicate + perfective future","body":"A subjectless, impersonal frame: «будет неостроумно» — 'it would be unwitty / fall flat', where «будет» is the simple future of «быть» carrying a neuter predicate. No nominative subject; the assessment hangs in the air."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the question","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (idiom в виде)","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в виде","gloss":"of a joke"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (idiom в шутку)","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неостроумно","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"part of the phrase шутку","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (elided subject я)","role":"parenthetical (I thought)","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"неостроумно","lemma":"неостроумный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of будет","gloss":"pointless"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-c9-s183","source":"Так и не напечатали.","translation":"And so it never got printed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и не напечатали","title":"Subjectless «они» + «так и»","body":"An agentless plural verb «напечатали» ('they didn't print [it]') with no stated subject — Russian's habitual way of saying 'it never got printed'. «так и» seals the outcome: 'and so, [just] like that, it wasn't printed after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (idiom так и не)","role":"modifies напечатали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (idiom так и не)","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напечатали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"напечатали","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (impersonal, elided subject they)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"printed it"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-c9-s184","source":"И веришь ли, у меня даже на сердце это осталось.","translation":"And would you believe it, that even rankled in my heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И веришь ли","title":"Interrogative «ли» — 'would you believe?'","body":"The enclitic «ли» turns «веришь» into a fronted yes/no question, the focused verb first. As a set conversational opener «веришь ли» means 'would you believe it' — buttonholing the listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня даже на сердце это осталось","title":"«у меня» possession-experiencer frame","body":"The «у + genitive» construction («у меня») frames the speaker as the locus of a feeling that 'stayed on his heart'. «осталось» is neuter past agreeing with the neuter subject «это» — 'this remained / rankled'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь (question marker)","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition (idiom у меня осталось)","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuck"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-c9-s185","source":"Самые лучшие чувства мои, как например благодарность, мне формально запрещены единственно социальным моим положением.","translation":"My very best feelings — gratitude, for instance — are formally forbidden me, solely on account of my social position.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне формально запрещены","title":"Short passive participle + dative","body":"«запрещены» is the short-form past passive participle of «запретить», agreeing in plural with «чувства» — 'are forbidden'. The person to whom they are forbidden stands in the dative, «мне». This periphrastic passive states a fixed result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно социальным моим положением","title":"Instrumental of cause/means","body":"«социальным… положением» is instrumental — the means or cause by which the feelings are forbidden: 'solely BY my social position'. The instrumental answers 'by what?', here the agent-like cause of the prohibition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"социальное положение","title":"«социальное положение» — 'social position'","body":"The Devil parodies bureaucratic-sociological jargon: his 'social position' as the cosmic principle of negation forbids him even gratitude. The clinical phrase clashes comically with the metaphysical role he claims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, superlative intensifier","role":"modifies лучшие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лучшие","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive запрещены","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive благодарность","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарность","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"благодарность","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to чувства","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of запрещены","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"формально","lemma":"формально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрещены","gloss":"formally"},{"surface":"запрещены","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are forbidden"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положением","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"социальным","lemma":"социальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положением","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положением","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"положением","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запрещены","gloss":"position"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-c9-s186","source":"— Опять в философию въехал! — ненавистно проскрежетал Иван.","translation":"\"You've climbed into philosophy again!\" Ivan ground out hatefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в философию въехал","title":"Prefixed perfective «въехать», idiomatic","body":"«въехать» (в- 'into' + «ехать» 'ride') literally means 'drove/rode into'; here figuratively 'launched into philosophy'. The directional prefix on a motion verb yields a perfective with a vivid spatial metaphor — Ivan accuses the Devil of veering off into abstraction again."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grate out","body":"From «скрежетать» (to gnash, grind one's teeth) with the perfective «про-» — Ivan 'ground / rasped out' the words. The verb's sonic harshness paints his physical revulsion; paired with the adverb «ненавистно» ('hatefully') it stages his loathing of the apparition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies въехал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking философию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"философию","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of въехал","gloss":"philosophy"},{"surface":"въехал","lemma":"въехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've climbed"},{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проскрежетал","gloss":"hatefully"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-c9-s187","source":"— Боже меня убереги, но ведь нельзя же иногда не пожаловаться.","translation":"\"God preserve me, but one can't help complaining now and then, after all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже меня убереги","title":"Vocative «Боже» + perfective imperative","body":"«Боже» is the old Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» — 'O God', surviving only in such exclamations and prayers. «убереги» is the perfective imperative of «уберечь» ('preserve, guard'): 'God preserve me!', a reflexive disavowal before the Devil complains anyway."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя же иногда не пожаловаться","title":"Double negative «нельзя… не» = 'one can't help'","body":"«нельзя не + infinitive» is a litotes meaning 'one cannot but / can't help but' — here 'one can't help complaining'. The impersonal «нельзя» needs no subject, and «же» softens it into a confiding appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожаловаться","title":"Reflexive-only «жаловаться» / «пожаловаться»","body":"«жаловаться» (to complain) exists only in the «-ся» form — there is no «жаловать себя» here. The «-ся» marks an inherently reflexive verb; «пожаловаться» is its perfective, 'to lodge a single complaint'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убереги","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убереги","lemma":"уберечь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"preserve"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"one can't"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожаловаться","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожаловаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожаловаться","lemma":"пожаловаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"complain"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-c9-s188","source":"Я человек оклеветанный.","translation":"I'm a slandered man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я человек оклеветанный","title":"Zero copula + attributive past passive participle","body":"No verb 'to be' in the present: «Я человек» — 'I [am] a man', nominative predicate. «оклеветанный» is the long-form past passive participle of «оклеветать» ('to slander'), agreeing as an adjective — 'a slandered man'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"оклеветанный","lemma":"оклеветанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"slandered"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-c9-s189","source":"Вот ты поминутно мне, что я глуп.","translation":"Here you keep telling me every minute that I'm stupid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ты поминутно мне, что я глуп","title":"Verb-of-speaking elided after «мне»","body":"A clipped colloquialism: a verb like «говоришь» ('you tell') is dropped after «мне» — 'here you [keep saying] to me every minute that…'. The «что»-clause reports the content. «глуп» is the short-form adjective, predicative only."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поминутно","title":"«поминутно» — 'every minute'","body":"An adverb from «минута» — 'minute by minute, incessantly'. The Devil's reproachful 'you keep telling me every minute' — a faintly bookish, insistent word for ceaseless repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминутно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поминутно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (verb elided)","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поминутно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глуп","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of поминутно","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-c9-s190","source":"Так и видно молодого человека.","translation":"One can see the young man in that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и видно молодого человека","title":"Impersonal «видно» + genitive/accusative object","body":"An impersonal construction: «видно» ('one can see, it's evident') with no subject, taking the animate object «молодого человека» — 'one can see the young man [in you]'. «так и» again adds 'just so, plainly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can see"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видно","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-c9-s191","source":"Друг мой, не в одном уме дело!","translation":"My friend, it isn't all a matter of intellect!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Друг мой","title":"Vocative address + postposed possessive","body":"Direct address with the possessive following the noun — «друг мой» rather than «мой друг» — a warm, slightly literary cadence, 'my friend'. The postposition of «мой» lends an intimate, oratorical lilt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в одном уме дело","title":"«дело в…» + negation","body":"The idiom «дело в (чём-то)» — 'the matter lies in / it's a question of' — here negated: «не в одном уме дело», 'it isn't only a matter of intellect'. «уме» is prepositional after «в»; «одном» means 'intellect alone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies уме","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"intellect"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уме","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-c9-s192","source":"У меня от природы сердце доброе и веселое, «я ведь тоже разные водевильчики». Ты, кажется, решительно принимаешь меня за поседелого Хлестакова, и, однако, судьба моя гораздо серьезнее.","translation":"By nature I have a kind and cheerful heart, 'I too can do all sorts of little vaudevilles.' You seem to take me decidedly for a grayed Khlestakov, and yet my fate is far more serious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня от природы сердце доброе и веселое","title":"«у меня» possession + zero copula","body":"'I have by nature a kind and cheerful heart' — built on «у меня» (genitive) for possession, with no verb 'to be'. «доброе и весёлое» are long-form adjectives agreeing with neuter «сердце»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"водевильчики","title":"«водевильчик» — diminutive of vaudeville","body":"The diminutive «-чик» on «водевиль» (vaudeville, a light comic playlet) gives a self-deprecating 'little vaudevilles'. The Devil quotes himself in quotation marks, casting himself as a maker of frivolous entertainments — the expressive suffix doing the work of mock-modesty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судьба моя гораздо серьезнее","title":"Comparative «серьезнее» + «гораздо»","body":"«серьезнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «серьёзный» ('more serious'), intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much'). Postposed «моя» again gives the rhetorical rhythm: 'my fate is far more serious'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердце (у меня = I have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сердце (от природы = by nature)","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доброе","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with доброе","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of водевильчики (verb elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоже","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разные","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies водевильчики","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"водевильчики","lemma":"водевильчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, head of elided clause","gloss":"little vaudevilles"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies принимаешь","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимаешь","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"принимаешь","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you take"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хлестакова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"поседелого","lemma":"поседелый","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Хлестакова","gloss":"grayed"},{"surface":"Хлестакова","lemma":"Хлестаков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаешь","gloss":"Khlestakov","note":"Khlestakov is the vain, fraudulent hero of Gogol's play The Government Inspector."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судьба clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of серьезнее","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьба","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"серьезнее","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of судьба","gloss":"more serious"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-c9-s193","source":"Каким-то там довременным назначением, которого я никогда разобрать не мог, я определен «отрицать», между тем я искренно добр и к отрицанию совсем не способен. Нет, ступай отрицать, без отрицания-де не будет критики, а какой же журнал, если нет «отделения критики»?","translation":"By some pre-temporal decree, which I have never been able to make out, I am appointed 'to negate,' though in fact I am sincerely good and quite incapable of negation. No, go and negate, they say, for without negation there'd be no criticism, and what sort of journal would it be with no 'criticism section'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого я никогда разобрать не мог","title":"Relative «который» in genitive object","body":"«которого» introduces a relative clause and takes the genitive as the negated object of «разобрать не мог» — 'which I could never make out'. The antecedent is «назначением»; «никогда… не» is the standard negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"довременным назначением","title":"«довременный» — pre-temporal","body":"A bookish, quasi-theological coinage: «до-» ('before') + «время» ('time') — a 'pre-temporal' decree, made before time itself. It frames the Devil's appointment 'to negate' as an eternal, metaphysical assignment, parodying the language of predestination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я определен «отрицать»","title":"Short passive «определён» + infinitive","body":"«определён» is the short-form past passive participle of «определить» — 'I am appointed/assigned', joined to the infinitive «отрицать» ('to negate'). The construction states the Devil's fixed cosmic role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без отрицания-де не будет критики","title":"Reportative particle «-де» + genitive of negation","body":"«-де» is the archaic reportative clitic, flagging quoted hearsay ('they say'). The negated future «не будет критики» puts the absent thing in the genitive — 'there'll be no criticism' — the genitive-of-negation rule under «не будет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of назначением","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the phrase Каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"довременным","lemma":"довременный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies назначением","gloss":"pre-temporal"},{"surface":"назначением","lemma":"назначение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of определен","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine/neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разобрать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"разобрать","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause on назначением","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive определен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"определен","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am appointed"},{"surface":"отрицать","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of определен","gloss":"to negate"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем, modifies добр","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добр","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добр","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"добр","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, coordinated with способен","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отрицанию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отрицанию","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of способен","gloss":"negation"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"отрицать","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ступай","gloss":"negate"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отрицания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"отрицания","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"negation"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reported speech marker","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of журнал","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"журнал","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of elided будет","gloss":"journal"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"conditional clause modifying журнал","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"отделения","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"section"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отделения","gloss":"criticism"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-c9-s194","source":"Без критики будет одна «осанна».","translation":"Without criticism there'd be nothing but 'hosanna.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осанна","title":"«осанна» — Hosanna","body":"A Church-Slavonic liturgical loan from Hebrew via Greek, the cry of praise 'Hosanna' (Matthew 21:9). For the Devil it stands for unbroken, unexamined adoration — life as one endless act of worship — which he claims is insufficient without the testing fire of doubt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без критики будет одна «осанна»","title":"«без» + genitive; «один» as 'nothing but'","body":"«без» governs the genitive «критики». «одна» here is not the numeral 'one' but the limiting 'nothing but, only' — 'without criticism there'd be nothing but hosanna'. «будет» is the simple future of «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking критики","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies осанна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"осанна","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"hosanna"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-c9-s195","source":"Но для жизни мало одной «осанны», надо, чтоб «осанна»-то эта переходила через горнило сомнений, ну и так далее, в этом роде.","translation":"But for life one 'hosanna' is too little; that 'hosanna' must pass through the crucible of doubt, and so on, and so forth, in that vein.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для жизни мало одной «осанны»","title":"Impersonal «мало» + genitive","body":"Quantity word «мало» ('too little') takes the genitive «одной осанны» and frames an impersonal judgment — 'for life one hosanna is too little'. «для жизни» is the genitive of purpose after «для»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо, чтоб «осанна»-то эта переходила","title":"«надо, чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«надо, чтобы» ('it is necessary that…') demands the irrealis: «чтоб… переходила» uses the past-tense form for a willed, non-factual outcome. The «-то» on «осанна» topicalizes it ('that hosanna of ours')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"через горнило сомнений","title":"«горнило» — crucible / furnace","body":"«горнило» is an elevated, archaic-poetic word for a smith's forge or crucible, used figuratively for a trial that purifies. 'Through the crucible of doubts' is the Devil's famous formula — faith proven only by passing through doubt. The phrase recurs as a touchstone of the novel's theology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мало","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too little"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies осанны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"осанны","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мало","gloss":"hosanna"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переходила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переходила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"переходила","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"must pass"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горнило","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"горнило","lemma":"горнило","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходила","gloss":"crucible"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies горнило","gloss":"of doubt"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"forth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel expression, modifies надо","gloss":"vein"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-c9-s196","source":"Я, впрочем, во всё это не ввязываюсь, не я сотворял, не я и в ответе.","translation":"I, however, don't mix myself up in any of it; I didn't create it, and I'm not answerable for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всё это не ввязываюсь","title":"Reflexive «ввязываться» + «не»","body":"«ввязываться» ('to get mixed up in') is an inherently «-ся» verb; here negated, 'I don't get myself involved in any of it'. «во всё это» is accusative of the thing entered into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не я сотворял, не я и в ответе","title":"Contrastive negation of the subject","body":"«не я» negates the subject pronoun itself — 'it wasn't I who created it'. The parallel «не я… не я и…» with the connective «и» drives home the disavowal. «сотворял» echoes the Slavonic verb of Creation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сотворял","title":"«сотворить» — to create (Slavonic)","body":"«сотворить / сотворять» is the elevated verb of divine Creation (cf. «Бог сотворил небо и землю»). The Devil borrows the Creator's own word to deny his authorship — 'I did not create it' — a theologically loaded disclaimer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ввязываюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies ввязываюсь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввязываюсь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ввязываюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ввязываюсь","lemma":"ввязываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get mixed up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сотворял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сотворял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сотворял","lemma":"сотворять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ввязываюсь","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with ввязываюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответе","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответе","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of я (idiom: answerable)","gloss":"answerable"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-c9-s197","source":"Ну и выбрали козла отпущения, заставили писать в отделении критики, и получилась жизнь.","translation":"Well, so they picked a scapegoat, made him write in the criticism section, and out of it came life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"козла отпущения","title":"«козёл отпущения» — scapegoat","body":"The 'goat of sending-away', the Russian calque of the biblical scapegoat (Leviticus 16) driven into the wilderness bearing the people's sins. The Devil casts himself as the cosmic scapegoat, conscripted to write the 'criticism section' of existence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбрали… заставили… получилась","title":"Chain of perfectives + agentless plural","body":"A rapid sequence of perfective past verbs moves the little fable forward event by event: 'they picked… made him write… and there came life'. The subjectless plurals «выбрали, заставили» leave the agents vague; «получилась» is the reflexive 'turned out, resulted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies выбрали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"выбрали","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked"},{"surface":"козла","lemma":"козёл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выбрали","gloss":"scapegoat","note":"«козёл отпущения» is the idiom for \"scapegoat\", literally \"goat of atonement\"."},{"surface":"отпущения","lemma":"отпущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies козла","gloss":"of atonement"},{"surface":"заставили","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбрали","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставили","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отделении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отделении","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of писать","gloss":"section"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отделении","gloss":"of criticism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получилась","lemma":"получиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбрали","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получилась","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-c9-s198","source":"Мы эту комедию понимаем: я, например, прямо и просто требую себе уничтожения.","translation":"We understand this comedy: I, for one, plainly and simply demand my own annihilation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"требую себе уничтожения","title":"«требовать» + genitive; reflexive dative «себе»","body":"«требовать» ('to demand') governs the genitive of the thing demanded, hence «уничтожения». «себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun — 'I demand annihilation FOR myself'. A typical genitive-object verb with a reflexive beneficiary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо и просто","title":"Paired adverbs «прямо и просто»","body":"A near-formulaic adverbial doublet, 'plainly and simply / straight out'. Such balanced pairs of adverbs give the Devil's speech its glib, conversational fluency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комедию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комедию","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаем","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"понимаем","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of требую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies требую","gloss":"for one"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требую","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требую","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаем","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of требую","gloss":"for myself"},{"surface":"уничтожения","lemma":"уничтожение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требую","gloss":"annihilation"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-c9-s199","source":"Нет, живи, говорят, потому что без тебя ничего не будет.","translation":"No, live, they say, because without you there would be nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"живи, говорят","title":"Imperative + reportative «говорят»","body":"«живи» is the imperative of «жить» ('live!'), and «говорят» ('they say') marks it as quoted command from the cosmic powers — 'no, live, they say'. The bare 3rd-plural «говорят» is the standard impersonal 'they say'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без тебя ничего не будет","title":"«без» + genitive; genitive of negation in the future","body":"«без тебя» — 'without you' (genitive after «без»). «ничего не будет» negates existence in the future, putting «ничего» (genitive) under «не будет»: 'nothing will be / there'll be nothing'. Negative concord plus genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"живи","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with живи","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on живи","gloss":"there would be"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-c9-s200","source":"Если бы на земле было всё благоразумно, то ничего бы и не произошло. Без тебя не будет никаких происшествий, а надо, чтобы были происшествия.","translation":"If everything on earth were sensible, nothing would ever happen. Without you there would be no events at all, and there must be events.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы… то ничего бы и не произошло","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… бы»","body":"A textbook contrary-to-fact conditional: «если бы» in the protasis and «бы» again in the apodosis, both verbs in the past form — 'if everything were sensible, nothing would happen'. The doubled «бы» is normal in full counterfactuals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без тебя не будет никаких происшествий","title":"Genitive of negation with «никаких»","body":"«не будет никаких происшествий» — 'there'll be no events of any kind'. The negative «никаких» reinforces «не», and the absent subject «происшествий» stands in the genitive plural under «не будет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а надо, чтобы были происшествия","title":"Contrastive «а» + «надо, чтобы»","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots to the counter-statement, and «надо, чтобы были» again takes the past-form irrealis after «чтобы» — 'but there must be events'. «были» here is irrealis, not literal past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of было","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благоразумно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of благоразумно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"благоразумно","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the main clause произошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of произошло","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of происшествий","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"происшествий","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"there must be"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"происшествия","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"events"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-c9-s201","source":"Вот и служу скрепя сердце, чтобы были происшествия, и творю неразумное по приказу.","translation":"So I serve through gritted teeth, that there may be events, and I work the irrational to order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скрепя сердце","title":"«скрепя сердце» — through gritted teeth","body":"A frozen idiom using «скрепя», an archaic gerund of «скрепить» ('to fasten, brace') — literally 'having braced one's heart', i.e. reluctantly, against one's will. A fossilized old participial form preserved only in this set phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы были происшествия","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы были» expresses purpose with the obligatory past-form irrealis after «чтобы» — 'so that there may be events'. Russian never uses an infinitive of 'to be' here when the subject differs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"творю неразумное по приказу","title":"Neuter adjective as noun + «по» + dative","body":"«неразумное» is a neuter adjective used substantively — 'the irrational / the unreasonable thing'. «по приказу» ('to order, by command') is «по» + dative, the case that preposition governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies служу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies служу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"служу","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I serve"},{"surface":"скрепя","lemma":"скрепить","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, perfective","role":"governs сердце (idiom: reluctantly)","gloss":"steeling","note":"«скрепя сердце» is an idiom meaning \"reluctantly, with a heavy heart\", literally \"having steeled the heart\"."},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of скрепя (idiom)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on служу","gloss":"there may be"},{"surface":"происшествия","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"творю","lemma":"творить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служу","gloss":"I work"},{"surface":"неразумное","lemma":"неразумный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of творю","gloss":"the irrational"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"приказу","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of творю","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-c9-s202","source":"Люди принимают всю эту комедию за нечто серьезное, даже при всем своем бесспорном уме. В этом их и трагедия.","translation":"People take this whole comedy for something serious, even with all their indisputable intellect. Therein lies their tragedy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимают всю эту комедию за нечто серьезное","title":"«принимать за» + accusative","body":"The idiom «принимать (что-то) за (что-то)» — 'to take X for Y' — governs the accusative on both sides: «комедию… за нечто серьёзное». «нечто» is the bookish indefinite 'something'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом их и трагедия","title":"Fronted «в этом» + zero copula","body":"Verbless: 'in this [lies] their tragedy'. «в этом» (prepositional) is fronted for emphasis, «их» possessive, and «и» here is the emphatic 'precisely / just'. A compact topic-comment inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of принимают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комедию","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комедию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комедию","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принимают","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нечто","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"бесспорном","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"intellect"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of трагедия","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трагедия","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate этом)","gloss":"tragedy"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-c9-s203","source":"Ну и страдают, конечно, но… всё же зато живут, живут реально, не фантастически; ибо страдание-то и есть жизнь.","translation":"Well, they suffer, of course, but… still, in return they live, they live really, not fantastically; for suffering is precisely what life is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"живут реально, не фантастически","title":"Adverbs «реально» / «фантастически»","body":"Two manner adverbs in contrast — 'they live really, not fantastically'. The pairing is thematically loaded: real, embodied life versus the spectral, 'fantastic' non-existence the Devil laments for himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо страдание-то и есть жизнь","title":"Archaic «ибо» + emphatic «и есть»","body":"«ибо» is the bookish, period conjunction 'for, because'. «страдание-то и есть жизнь» uses the rare overt present copula «есть» plus emphatic «и» — 'for suffering precisely IS life'. The «-то» topicalizes «страдание»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies страдают","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страдают","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they suffer"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies страдают","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"in return"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живут","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"реально","lemma":"реально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантастически","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фантастически","lemma":"фантастически","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with реально","gloss":"fantastically"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of есть","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-c9-s204","source":"Без страдания какое было бы в ней удовольствие — всё обратилось бы в один бесконечный молебен: оно свято, но скучновато.","translation":"Without suffering, what pleasure would there be in it — everything would turn into one endless church service: it would be holy, but a bit of a bore.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без страдания какое было бы в ней удовольствие","title":"Counterfactual «было бы» in a question","body":"A rhetorical conditional-question: «какое было бы… удовольствие» — 'what pleasure would there be?', with the irrealis «было бы». «без страдания» is genitive after «без»; «в ней» refers back to 'life'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё обратилось бы в один бесконечный молебен","title":"Reflexive «обратиться» in the conditional","body":"«обратилось бы» — perfective reflexive «обратиться» ('to turn into') in the conditional, 'everything would turn into…'. «в один… молебен» is accusative of result after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скучновато","title":"«скучновато» — 'a bit boring'","body":"The suffix «-оват-» attenuates: «скучный» ('boring') → «скучновато» ('rather/somewhat boring, a bit of a bore'). This softening, almost throwaway diminutive of degree is exactly the Devil's flippant register beside the solemn «свято» ('holy')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствие","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would there be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of было","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обратилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обратилось","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional of обратилось","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молебен","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies молебен","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"бесконечный","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молебен","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"молебен","lemma":"молебен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"church service"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свято","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скучновато","lemma":"скучноватый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свято","gloss":"a bit boring"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-c9-s205","source":"Ну а я?","translation":"And I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну а я?","title":"Elliptical «ну а я?»","body":"A bare, verbless question — 'Well, and I?' — pivoting the topic to himself with the contrastive «а» and the conversational filler «ну». Russian readily leaves the predicate to be inferred from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-c9-s206","source":"Я страдаю, а всё же не живу.","translation":"I suffer, and yet I don't live.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я страдаю, а всё же не живу","title":"Contrastive «а всё же» + imperfectives","body":"Both verbs are imperfective presents of state — «страдаю / живу» ('I suffer / I live'). «а всё же» ('and yet, all the same') sets the bitter contrast: he has the suffering but not the life it should buy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of the idiom всё же, modifies живу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of the idiom всё же, modifies живу","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдаю","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-c9-s207","source":"Я икс в неопределенном уравнении.","translation":"I'm the x in an indeterminate equation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я икс в неопределенном уравнении","title":"Zero copula + prepositional location","body":"Verbless equation: 'I [am] the x in an indeterminate equation'. «в… уравнении» is prepositional after «в» (location), and «неопределённом» agrees with it. A mathematician's metaphor for the Devil's undecidable existence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, predicate noun икс (copula omitted)","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"икс","lemma":"икс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, indeclinable","role":"predicate noun of Я","gloss":"the x"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уравнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неопределенном","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уравнении","gloss":"indeterminate"},{"surface":"уравнении","lemma":"уравнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of в, describes икс","gloss":"equation"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-c9-s208","source":"Я какой-то призрак жизни, который потерял все концы и начала, и даже сам позабыл наконец, как и назвать себя.","translation":"I'm some phantom of life that has lost all its ends and beginnings, and has even forgotten at last what to call itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"призрак жизни, который потерял все концы и начала","title":"Relative «который» in nominative","body":"«который» here is the subject of its own clause, so nominative masculine — 'a phantom… which has lost all ends and beginnings'. «потерял» is perfective past; «концы и начала» the accusative objects (inanimate plural = nominative form)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам позабыл наконец, как и назвать себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«сам» intensifies the subject ('even himself / on his own'), and «себя» is the reflexive object of «назвать» — 'forgot at last what even to call himself'. «позабыл» is an emphatic perfective of «забыть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призрак","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first half of какой-то, determiner of призрак","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of какой-то, determiner of призрак","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"призрак","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies призрак","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on призрак","gloss":"has lost"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of концы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"концы","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with концы","gloss":"beginnings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject intensifier for позабыл","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"позабыл","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"has forgotten"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыл","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of назвать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies назвать, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позабыл","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-c9-s209","source":"Ты смеешься… нет, ты не смеешься, ты опять сердишься.","translation":"You're laughing… no, you're not laughing, you're angry again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты смеешься… нет, ты не смеешься, ты опять сердишься","title":"Reflexive-only verbs «смеяться / сердиться»","body":"Both «смеяться» ('to laugh') and «сердиться» ('to be angry') exist only in the «-ся» form. The present-tense self-correction — laughing, not laughing, angry — captures the Devil reading Ivan's twitching face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешься","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, contradicts the previous clause","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешься","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after нет","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"angry"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-c9-s210","source":"Ты вечно сердишься, тебе бы всё только ума, а я опять-таки повторю тебе, что я отдал бы всю эту надзвездную жизнь, все чины и почести за то только, чтобы воплотиться в душу семипудовой купчихи и богу свечки ставить.","translation":"You're forever angry, all you ever want is intellect; and I'll say it to you once more, I'd give up this whole supra-stellar existence, all my ranks and honors, for the one thing of being incarnated in the soul of a seven-pood merchant's wife and setting up candles to God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе бы всё только ума","title":"Dative «тебе» + «бы» = desiderative ellipsis","body":"An elliptical desiderative: dative «тебе» plus «бы» and a verb of wanting elided — 'you'd want nothing but intellect'. «ума» is genitive (object of an implied «хотеть/подавай»). A vivid, very Russian subjectless wish-construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я отдал бы всю эту надзвездную жизнь","title":"Conditional «отдал бы»","body":"«отдал бы» is the conditional — past form of perfective «отдать» plus «бы» — 'I would give up'. It launches the Devil's wistful hypothetical of trading cosmic rank for a humble human soul."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"семипудовой купчихи","title":"«семипудовая купчиха» — seven-pood merchant's wife","body":"A «пуд» is an old Russian weight of about 16.4 kg, so 'seven-pood' (~115 kg) paints a vast, comfortable merchant's wife. «купчиха» is the feminine of «купец» (merchant). The image — heavy, devout, candle-lighting — is the Devil's ideal of warm, unreflective faith."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воплотиться в душу","title":"Reflexive «воплотиться» + «в» accusative","body":"«воплотиться» ('to become incarnate') is a perfective reflexive; «в душу» is accusative of goal — 'to be incarnated INTO the soul of…'. The word carries strong theological weight (the Incarnation), here applied to the Devil's longed-for fleshly existence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer in the desiderative construction тебе бы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/desiderative","role":"marks the desiderative construction тебе бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the тебе бы...ума construction","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object wanted, in тебе бы...ума construction","gloss":"intellect"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повторю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of опять-таки, modifies повторю","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of опять-таки, modifies повторю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"повторю","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"will repeat"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of повторю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повторю","gloss":"would give up"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of отдал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надзвездную","lemma":"надзвёздный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"supra-stellar"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чины","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чины","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жизнь, object of отдал","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почести","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with жизнь, object of отдал","gloss":"honors"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"the one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"воплотиться","lemma":"воплотиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement clause of то","gloss":"being incarnated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of воплотиться","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"семипудовой","lemma":"семипудовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies купчихи","gloss":"seven-pood","note":"A pood is an old Russian unit of weight (~16 kg); \"seven-pood\" jokingly implies a very stout woman."},{"surface":"купчихи","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"merchant's wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ставить","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"свечки","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ставить","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"ставить","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воплотиться, second complement of чтобы","gloss":"setting up"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-c9-s211","source":"— Уж и ты в бога не веришь?","translation":"\"So you don't believe in God either?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж и ты в бога не веришь?","title":"Particle «уж и» + «верить в» negated","body":"«уж и» heightens incredulity — 'so even YOU don't believe in God?'. «верить в бога» takes «в» + accusative; «бога» is the animate-accusative of «Бог». The «не» negates the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты, meaning 'even'","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-c9-s212","source":"— ненавистно усмехнулся Иван.","translation":"Ivan sneered hatefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"A perfective reflexive, 'gave a [crooked, wry] smile, smirked' — narrower and more sardonic than 'smile' («улыбнуться»). With «ненавистно» ('hatefully'), it marks Ivan's bitter, hostile half-smile at the apparition."}],"words":[{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"hatefully"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sneered"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-c9-s213","source":"— То есть как тебе это сказать, если ты только серьезно…","translation":"\"That is — how shall I put it to you, if you mean it seriously…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тебе это сказать","title":"Dative «тебе» + infinitive = deliberative","body":"A deliberative infinitive construction: «как тебе это сказать» — 'how [am I] to put it to you', with the dative «тебе» as the person addressed. Russian uses the bare infinitive for such 'how is one to…?' musings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ты только серьезно","title":"Conditional «если» with elided verb","body":"«если ты только серьёзно…» — 'if only you mean it seriously…', with the verb (e.g. «спрашиваешь») dropped and the sentence trailing off. «только» here means 'only/just', conditioning the whole hesitant reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of то есть, meaning 'that is'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of серьезно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"mean it seriously"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-c9-s214","source":"— Есть бог или нет?","translation":"\"Is there a God or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть бог или нет?","title":"Overt «есть» (existence) + «или нет»","body":"Here «есть» is the existential 'there is' (not a copula) — «есть Бог?» 'is there a God?'. The terse «или нет» ('or not?') makes Ivan's demand brutally direct, the present existence-verb standing where the modern copula would be silent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, existential 'is there'","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"a God"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Есть","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-c9-s215","source":"— опять со свирепою настойчивостью крикнул Иван.","translation":"Ivan shouted again with savage insistence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со свирепою настойчивостью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«свирепою настойчивостью» shows the older literary instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») on the adjective — 'with savage insistence'. «с» + instrumental marks manner; the «-ою» form is a hallmark of 19th-century bookish style."}],"words":[{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свирепою","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настойчивостью","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-c9-s216","source":"— А, так ты серьезно?","translation":"\"Ah, so you're serious?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А, так ты серьезно?","title":"Discourse «а… так» + elided verb","body":"«А, так ты серьёзно?» — 'Ah, so you're serious?', verbless, the predicate adverb «серьёзно» standing for 'mean it seriously'. «так» here is the inferential 'so, then', a frequent dialogue connective."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, opens the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of серьезно","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"serious"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-c9-s217","source":"Голубчик мой, ей-богу, не знаю, вот великое слово сказал.","translation":"My dear fellow, by God, I don't know — there, I've said a great word.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Голубчик мой","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear fellow'","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «голубь» ('dove'): 'little dove, my dear'. A warm, slightly condescending term of endearment — the Devil's cajoling intimacy toward Ivan, the «-чик» suffix carrying the tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ей-богу","title":"«ей-богу» — 'by God, honestly'","body":"A fossilized oath, originally 'to God', now a colloquial 'honestly, I swear'. Ironically sworn by the Devil himself as he confesses, with mock solemnity, that he simply doesn't know whether God exists."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address, not part of the main clause","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Голубчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of the fixed oath ей-богу, meaning 'by God'","gloss":"by","note":"'Ей-богу' is a fixed oath meaning 'by God,' not two separate words."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of the fixed oath ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I've said"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-c9-s218","source":"— Не знаешь, а бога видишь?","translation":"\"You don't know, but you see God?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаешь, а бога видишь?","title":"Contrastive «а» + animate accusative «бога»","body":"«а» pivots between Ivan's jabs — 'you don't know, BUT you see God?'. «бога» is animate-accusative object of «видишь». The blunt present-tense parallelism sharpens Ivan's mockery of the Devil's evasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-c9-s219","source":"Нет, ты не сам по себе, ты — ''я'', ты есть ''я'' и более ничего!","translation":"No, you're not on your own, you are 'I,' you are 'I' and nothing more!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не сам по себе, ты — «я»","title":"«сам по себе» + emphatic dash","body":"«сам по себе» is the idiom 'on one's own, by oneself, independent'. The dash before «я» marks an emphatic zero-copula equation — 'you ARE \"I\"'. Ivan insists the Devil has no autonomous being."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты есть «я» и более ничего","title":"Overt copula «есть» + «более ничего»","body":"The rare explicit copula «есть» is used for solemn insistence — 'you ARE \"I\"'. «более ничего» ('nothing more') closes with negation; «более» is the comparative 'more' fused into the set phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, negates the previous statement","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сам","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"on your own"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"idiom сам по себе, oblique complement of сам","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of я","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal of ты","gloss":"'I'"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to я","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal of ты via есть","gloss":"'I'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with я, predicate complement","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-c9-s220","source":"Ты дрянь, ты моя фантазия!","translation":"You're trash, you're my fancy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ты дрянь","title":"«дрянь» — 'trash, rubbish'","body":"«дрянь» is a contemptuous noun, 'rubbish, worthless trash, a nasty thing'. Hurled at the Devil — 'you're trash, you're my fancy!' — it is Ivan's furious dismissal of the hallucination as his own diseased invention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты моя фантазия","title":"Zero-copula predicate noun","body":"'You [are] my fancy' — present-tense identification with no verb 'to be', the possessive «моя» agreeing with feminine «фантазия». The clipped equational sentences hammer Ivan's claim that the Devil is merely a projection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, предикат дрянь (copula omitted)","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"дрянь","lemma":"дрянь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Ты","gloss":"trash"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of фантазия","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фантазия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with дрянь","gloss":"fancy"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-c9-s221","source":"— То есть, если хочешь, я одной с тобой философии, вот это будет справедливо.","translation":"\"That is — if you like, I'm of one and the same philosophy as you; that would be the just way to put it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я одной с тобой философии","title":"Genitive of characteristic «одной… философии»","body":"A genitive-of-quality predicate: «я одной… философии» — 'I am of one [and the same] philosophy', literally 'of one philosophy with you'. «одной… философии» is genitive feminine; «с тобой» supplies 'with you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот это будет справедливо","title":"Impersonal «будет справедливо»","body":"Impersonal future assessment: «будет справедливо» — 'that would be the fair/just [way to put it]', neuter predicate with «будет» (future of «быть») and no nominative subject beyond the deictic «это»."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of то есть, meaning 'that is'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying the main clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate одной ... философии","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies философии, meaning 'one and the same'","gloss":"one and the same"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of с, comparison with я","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"философии","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (genitive of quality)","gloss":"philosophy"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of справедливо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to справедливо","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the just way"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-c9-s222","source":"Je pense donc je suis, это я знаю наверно, остальное же всё, что кругом меня, все эти миры, бог и даже сам сатана — всё это для меня не доказано, существует ли оно само по себе или есть только одна моя эманация, последовательное развитие моего ''я'', существующего довременно и единолично… словом, я быстро прерываю, потому что ты, кажется, сейчас драться вскочишь. — Лучше бы ты какой анекдот!","translation":"Je pense donc je suis, that much I know for certain; but everything else around me, all these worlds, God, and even Satan himself — none of it is proven to me, whether it exists in itself or is only some emanation of mine, the consistent unfolding of my own 'I,' which exists pre-temporally and singly… in a word, I cut myself off quickly, because you look as though you'll spring up to fight in a moment. — \"You'd do better to tell some anecdote!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"существует ли оно само по себе","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"In an indirect question «ли» means 'whether': «существует ли оно само по себе» — 'whether it exists in itself'. The verb is fronted before «ли», and «само по себе» is again the idiom 'in/by itself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"моего «я», существующего довременно","title":"Present active participle «существующего»","body":"«существующего» is the present active participle of «существовать» ('existing'), in the genitive agreeing with «я» — 'of my \"I\", existing pre-temporally'. It condenses a «которое существует» clause into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, кажется, сейчас драться вскочишь","title":"Perfective future «вскочишь» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«вскочишь» is the simple (perfective) future of «вскочить» ('to leap up') — 'you'll spring up'. The bare infinitive «драться» ('to fight', reflexive) expresses purpose: 'spring up to fight'. «сейчас» here means 'any moment now'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше бы ты какой анекдот!","title":"Optative «лучше бы» with elided verb","body":"«лучше бы» + «бы» forms a wish — 'you'd do better to [tell] some anecdote!', the verb «рассказал» dropped. «какой» here is colloquial 'some [or other]'. A compact desiderative leaning on «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the French phrase Je pense donc je suis","gloss":"I","note":"French: Descartes' cogito ergo sum, 'I think, therefore I am.'"},{"surface":"pense","lemma":"penser","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the French phrase Je pense donc je suis","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"donc","lemma":"donc","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the French phrase Je pense donc je suis","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the French phrase Je pense donc je suis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"suis","lemma":"être","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the French phrase Je pense donc je suis","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"everything else"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остальное, contrastive","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доказано, first item of a long subject list","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition/adverb","role":"governs меня, meaning 'around me'","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of кругом","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of миры","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of миры","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"миры","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with всё, subject list","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всё, subject list","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сатана","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сатана","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всё, subject list","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это, resumes the subject list","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доказано, resumptive","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказано","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказано","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доказано","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the clause это ... не доказано","gloss":"proven"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказано","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует, marks the whether-clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom само по себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"idiom само по себе, modifies само","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with существует","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies эманация","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эманация","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"эманация","lemma":"эманация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"emanation"},{"surface":"последовательное","lemma":"последовательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies развитие","gloss":"the consistent"},{"surface":"развитие","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to эманация","gloss":"unfolding"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of я","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular, used as a noun","role":"object of развитие (genitive: development of my 'I')","gloss":"'I'"},{"surface":"существующего","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies я","gloss":"which exists"},{"surface":"довременно","lemma":"довременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существующего","gloss":"pre-temporally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"единолично","lemma":"единолично","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with довременно","gloss":"singly"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"словом","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"discourse marker, introduces the next clause","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прерываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерываю","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"прерываю","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut myself off"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first half of потому что, introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second half of потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вскочишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, means 'it seems'","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочишь","gloss":"in a moment"},{"surface":"драться","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вскочишь","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"вскочишь","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause потому что...","gloss":"you'll spring up"},{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/desiderative","role":"marks the desiderative construction Лучше бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (implied 'tell')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb (implied 'tell')","gloss":"anecdote"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-c9-s223","source":"— болезненно проговорил Иван.","translation":"Ivan brought out painfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болезненно проговорил","title":"«болезненно» / «проговорить»","body":"«болезненно» ('painfully, with pain') modifies «проговорил» ('brought out, uttered', perfective with «про-»). The pairing conveys that Ivan forces the words out as if physically suffering — the nightmare wears on his nerves."}],"words":[{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-c9-s224","source":"— Анекдот есть и именно на нашу тему, то есть это не анекдот, а так, легенда.","translation":"\"There is an anecdote, and precisely on our theme — that is, it's not an anecdote, but rather a legend.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно на нашу тему","title":"«на тему» + accusative; «именно»","body":"«на нашу тему» — 'on our theme', «на» + accusative in the abstract sense 'on the topic of'. «именно» ('precisely, just') pins it down: 'and precisely on our theme'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легенда","title":"«легенда» vs «анекдот»","body":"The Devil corrects himself from «анекдот» (a brief amusing tale/anecdote) to «легенда» ('legend'), signalling that the story to come — the philosopher condemned to walk a quadrillion kilometres — has the weight of myth, not mere wit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"an anecdote"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the following clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тему","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"theme"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of то есть, meaning 'that is'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate анекдот (copula omitted)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"an anecdote"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легенда, hedging","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with анекдот","gloss":"a legend"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-c9-s225","source":"Ты вот укоряешь меня в неверии: «видишь-де, а не веришь».","translation":"Here you reproach me with unbelief: 'you see, yet you don't believe,' you say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"укоряешь меня в неверии","title":"«укорять в» + prepositional","body":"«укорять (кого) в (чём)» — 'to reproach someone WITH/FOR something' — governs «в» + prepositional, hence «в неверии» ('with unbelief'). A standard reproach-construction with «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видишь-де, а не веришь","title":"Reportative «-де» in quoted reproach","body":"«-де» again flags reported speech — the Devil quotes Ivan's reproach: 'you see [it], they say, yet you don't believe'. The clitic lets him voice the accusation while keeping ironic distance from it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укоряешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укоряешь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"укоряешь","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of укоряешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неверии","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неверии","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of укоряешь","gloss":"unbelief"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"marks quoted/reported speech attached to видишь","gloss":"you say","note":"'-де' marks reported speech, roughly 'he says'; here it flags the accusation as a quoted objection."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видишь, within the quote","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-c9-s226","source":"Но, друг мой, ведь не я же один таков, у нас там все теперь помутились, и всё от ваших наук.","translation":"But, my friend, I'm not the only one like that, after all; over there with us they've all gone muddled now, and all because of your sciences.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь не я же один таков","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же» + «таков»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all'), «же» insists, together softening the claim 'I'm not the only one like that'. «таков» is the predicative demonstrative 'such, like that', a bookish short form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё от ваших наук","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от ваших наук» — 'all because of your sciences', «от» + genitive expressing cause. «всё» ('it's all') is the bare subject. The plural «наук» means the sciences collectively, blamed for the spiritual muddle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помутились","title":"«помутиться» — to grow muddled","body":"From «мутить» ('to make turbid, cloudy'); the perfective reflexive «помутиться» means 'to grow confused, cloud over [in mind]'. 'Over there with us they've all gone muddled' — the Devil drily reporting Hell's own crisis of faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address, not part of the main clause","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков, emphatic","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я, emphatic","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я, meaning 'alone'","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicate, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"am like that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies помутились, locative: 'at our place'","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помутились","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помутились","gloss":"they've all"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помутились","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"помутились","lemma":"помутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone muddled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause, predicate от ваших наук","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наук","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of наук","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"наук","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of от, predicate of всё","gloss":"sciences"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b11-c9-s227","source":"Еще пока были атомы, пять чувств, ' четыре стихии, ну тогда всё кое-как клеилось.","translation":"While there were still atoms, five senses, four elements, well, then everything held together after a fashion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё кое-как клеилось","title":"Reflexive «клеиться» (impf.) + «кое-как»","body":"«клеилось» is the imperfective reflexive of «клеить» ('to glue'), idiomatically 'things held together / hung together'. «кое-как» means 'somehow, after a fashion, any old way' — everything cohered, but barely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пока","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"атомы","lemma":"атом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"atoms"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with атомы","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies стихии","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"стихии","lemma":"стихия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with атомы","gloss":"elements"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клеилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of клеилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of the idiom кое-как, modifies клеилось","gloss":"some-","note":"'Кое-как' is a fixed idiom meaning 'somehow, in a slapdash way.'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of the idiom кое-как","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"клеилось","lemma":"клеиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"held together"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b11-c9-s228","source":"Атомы-то и в древнем мире были.","translation":"Atoms existed even in the ancient world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Атомы-то и в древнем мире были","title":"Topic «-то» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Атомы-то» topicalizes 'atoms' ('as for atoms'), and «и» here is the emphatic 'even / already' — 'atoms existed even in the ancient world'. «были» is the existential past, subject «атомы» first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Атомы","lemma":"атом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"Atoms"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Атомы","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в древнем мире","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древнем","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b11-c9-s229","source":"А вот как узнали у нас, что вы там открыли у себя «химическую молекулу», да «протоплазму», да черт знает что еще — так у нас и поджали хвосты.","translation":"But once it got out among us that you'd discovered over there your 'chemical molecule' and your 'protoplasm' and the devil knows what else — well, then we just tucked our tails between our legs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как узнали у нас, что вы там открыли у себя","title":"Temporal «как» + agentless «узнали»","body":"«как» here is temporal 'once / when'; «узнали у нас» ('it became known among us') is an agentless plural. «открыли у себя» — 'you discovered at your own place', «у себя» the reflexive 'at one's own'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поджали хвосты","title":"«поджать хвост» — to tuck one's tail","body":"The idiom «поджать хвост(ы)» ('to tuck one's tail between the legs') means to lose nerve, become cowed. Hell itself 'tucked its tail' before modern discoveries like the 'chemical molecule' and 'protoplasm' — the Devil's comic capitulation to science."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of узнали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal как-clause","gloss":"it got out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открыли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of открыли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыли","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"открыли","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнали","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of открыли","gloss":"your own place"},{"surface":"химическую","lemma":"химический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молекулу","gloss":"chemical"},{"surface":"молекулу","lemma":"молекула","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открыли","gloss":"molecule"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протоплазму","lemma":"протоплазма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молекулу","gloss":"protoplasm"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to открыли","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of поджали (correlative with как)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поджали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поджали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поджали","lemma":"поджать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tucked"},{"surface":"хвосты","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поджали","gloss":"tails"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b11-c9-s230","source":"Просто сумбур начался; главное — суеверие, сплетни; сплетен ведь и у нас столько же, сколько у вас, даже капельку больше, а, наконец, и доносы, у нас ведь тоже есть такое одно отделение, где принимают известные «сведения».","translation":"Sheer confusion set in; the chief thing — superstition, gossip; for we have just as much gossip as you, even a touch more, and at last informers too, for we likewise have one such department where they take in certain 'intelligence.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сплетен ведь и у нас столько же, сколько у вас","title":"«столько… сколько» + genitive after quantity","body":"A quantity comparison: «столько же… сколько» ('just as much… as'). The measured noun «сплетен» stands in the genitive plural after «столько». «ведь» adds the confiding 'after all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку больше","title":"«капельку» — 'a tiny bit'","body":"The diminutive accusative of «капля» ('drop') used adverbially: «капельку больше» — 'a tiny droplet more'. The endearing little measure-word lightens the Devil's confession that Hell out-gossips earth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумбур начался","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"сумбур","lemma":"сумбур","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set in"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of суеверие","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"суеверие","lemma":"суеверие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of главное","gloss":"superstition"},{"surface":"сплетни","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with суеверие","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"сплетен","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of столько","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сплетен","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies сплетен","gloss":"just as much"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of вас","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сколько","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капельку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"a touch"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with столько же","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies доносы","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"доносы","lemma":"донос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with суеверие","gloss":"denunciations"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отделение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies отделение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"отделение","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"department"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимают","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on отделение","gloss":"take in"},{"surface":"известные","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сведения","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принимают","gloss":"intelligence"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b11-c9-s231","source":"Так вот эта дикая легенда, еще средних наших веков — не ваших, а наших — и никто-то ей не верит даже и у нас, кроме семипудовых купчих, то есть опять-таки не ваших, а наших купчих.","translation":"Well, this wild legend dates from our Middle Ages — not yours, but ours — and not a soul believes it even among us, except the seven-pood merchants' wives, that is, again, not your merchants' wives but ours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то ей не верит даже и у нас","title":"Negative concord «никто… не» + «-то»","body":"«никто… не верит» is obligatory negative concord — 'nobody believes'. The added «-то» on «никто» is the emphatic topic clitic ('not a soul'). «ей» (dative) is the object of «верить» ('believe IN it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще средних наших веков — не ваших, а наших","title":"Possessive contrast in genitive","body":"«средних наших веков» — 'our Middle Ages' (genitive of time-origin, possessive «наших» postposed). The insistent «не ваших, а наших» plays on «а» (contrastive) to stress that Hell has its own history mirroring earth's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of легенда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дикая","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легенда","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the sentence, antecedent of ей (resumed dative object of верит)","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"still of"},{"surface":"средних","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"Middle"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of веков","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies легенда","gloss":"Ages"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваших","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"contrasted with веков (elliptical for ваших веков)","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with ваших","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никто","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of верит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купчих","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"семипудовых","lemma":"семипудовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies купчих","gloss":"seven-pood"},{"surface":"купчих","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"merchants' wives"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies наших купчих","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваших","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"contrasted with наших","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of купчих","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"купчих","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with купчих (w26)","gloss":"merchants' wives"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b11-c9-s232","source":"Всё, что у вас есть, — есть и у нас, это я уж тебе по дружбе одну тайну нашу открываю, хоть и запрещено.","translation":"Everything you have, we have too; this I'm letting you in on out of friendship, one secret of ours, though it's forbidden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по дружбе одну тайну нашу открываю","title":"«по» + dative; imperfective «открываю»","body":"«по дружбе» — 'out of friendship', «по» + dative in its causal/manner sense. «открываю» is imperfective present, 'I am letting you in on / revealing'. «одну тайну» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и запрещено","title":"Concessive «хоть» + short passive «запрещено»","body":"«хоть и» introduces a concession, 'even though'. «запрещено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «запретить», used impersonally — '[it is] forbidden'. The Devil shares the secret in defiance of the rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть (w6)","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть (w5), relative clause on Всё","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть (w5)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Всё","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть (w6)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открываю (fronted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открываю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открываю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дружбе","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"дружбе","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открываю","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies тайну","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открываю, in apposition to это","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайну","gloss":"of ours"},{"surface":"открываю","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reveal"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и, modifies запрещено","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"запрещено","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on открываю","gloss":"forbidden"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b11-c9-s233","source":"Легенда-то эта об рае.","translation":"This legend is about paradise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Легенда-то эта об рае","title":"Topic «-то» + zero copula + «об» + prepositional","body":"Verbless: 'this legend [is] about paradise'. «-то» topicalizes «легенда»; «об рае» is «о/об» + prepositional ('about'). «рай/рае» begins with the consonant р, so this is not the euphonic «об» used before vowels; «об рае» is a colloquial/older variant of «об» before a consonant (cf. об стену), the modern standard being «о рае». «рае» is the prepositional of «рай»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence, predicate is об рае","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Легенда","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Легенда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рае","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"рае","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Легенда","gloss":"paradise"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b11-c9-s234","source":"Был, дескать, здесь у вас на земле один такой мыслитель и философ, «всё отвергал, законы, совесть, веру», а главное — будущую жизнь.","translation":"There was, they say, here on earth among you a certain thinker and philosopher who 'rejected everything — laws, conscience, faith' — and above all the life to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был, дескать, здесь у вас на земле один такой мыслитель","title":"Reportative «дескать» + existential «был»","body":"«дескать» is the colloquial reportative 'they say, supposedly', framing the legend as hearsay. «был… один такой мыслитель» — 'there was a certain such thinker', «один» meaning 'a certain', «такой» 'such [a one]'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будущую жизнь","title":"«будущая жизнь» — the life to come","body":"«будущая жизнь» ('the future life') is the standard Russian term for the afterlife, life beyond death. The philosopher of the legend had above all rejected this — and is comically confronted with it the moment he dies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There was"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Был","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мыслитель","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслитель","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"мыслитель","lemma":"мыслитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"thinker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"философ","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мыслитель","gloss":"philosopher"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"отвергал","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мыслитель","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"законы","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with законы","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with законы","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"будущую","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with законы","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b11-c9-s235","source":"Помер, думал, что прямо во мрак и смерть, ан перед ним — будущая жизнь.","translation":"He died, thinking he was going straight into darkness and death, and lo, before him — the life to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помер","title":"«помереть» — colloquial 'to die'","body":"«помер» (from «помереть») is the plain, folksy verb for 'died', earthier than the neutral «умер». It suits the Devil's chatty, story-telling register as he narrates the philosopher's comeuppance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ан перед ним","title":"«ан» — 'but lo / yet'","body":"«ан» is an archaic-colloquial particle of contradicted expectation: 'but no, and yet, lo and behold'. It marks the comic reversal — he expected oblivion, «ан» before him stands the afterlife he denied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He died"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Помер","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical complement clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мрак","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрак","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of во, within что-clause","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрак","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ан","lemma":"ан","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing contrast","gloss":"but lo"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of перед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"будущая","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, predicate is перед ним","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b11-c9-s236","source":"Изумился и вознегодовал: «Это, говорит, противоречит моим убеждениям».","translation":"He was amazed and outraged: 'This,' says he, 'contradicts my convictions.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изумился и вознегодовал","title":"Perfective reflexive + «воз-» prefix","body":"Two perfective past verbs move the action: «изумился» ('was amazed', reflexive) and «вознегодовал» ('grew indignant'). The «воз-» prefix is bookish-elevated, lending the philosopher's indignation a mock-lofty colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"противоречит моим убеждениям","title":"«противоречить» + dative","body":"«противоречить» ('to contradict') governs the dative, hence «моим убеждениям» — 'contradicts my convictions'. The dative names what is contradicted, in the philosopher's pompous protest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изумился","lemma":"изумиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was amazed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вознегодовал","lemma":"вознегодовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Изумился","gloss":"grew indignant"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of противоречит","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"противоречит","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"contradicts"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of убеждениям","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убеждениям","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of противоречит","gloss":"convictions"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b11-c9-s237","source":"Вот его за это и присудили… то есть, видишь, ты меня извини, я ведь передаю сам, что слышал, это только легенда… присудили, видишь, его, чтобы прошел во мраке квадриллион километров (у нас ведь теперь на километры), и когда кончит этот квадриллион, то тогда ему отворят райские двери и всё простят…","translation":"So for that he was sentenced… that is, you see — forgive me, I'm only passing on what I heard myself, it's only a legend — he was sentenced, you see, to walk a quadrillion kilometers through the dark (we go by kilometers now, you know), and when he'd finished that quadrillion, then the gates of paradise would be opened to him and everything forgiven…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его за это и присудили","title":"Agentless «присудили» + «за» accusative","body":"«присудили» ('they sentenced') is an agentless plural — 'he was sentenced'. «за это» ('for this', «за» + accusative) gives the ground of the sentence; «его» is the animate-accusative object, fronted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы прошел во мраке квадриллион километров","title":"«чтобы» + past-form purpose; accusative of extent","body":"«чтобы прошёл» uses the past form for the content of the sentence ('that he walk…'). «квадриллион километров» is the accusative of distance covered; «километров» is genitive plural governed by the large numeral."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему отворят райские двери и всё простят","title":"Agentless future + dative beneficiary","body":"«отворят… простят» are agentless perfective futures ('they will open… forgive', i.e. 'will be opened/forgiven'). «ему» is the dative beneficiary; «всё» the accusative object of «простят». «отворят» («отворить») is the bookish 'to open [doors]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of присудили (w6)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присудили (w6)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies присудили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"присудили","lemma":"присудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sentenced"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of извини","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of извини","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"передаю","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"am passing on"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause, complement of передаю","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легенда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легенда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a legend"},{"surface":"присудили","lemma":"присудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (resumed)","gloss":"he was sentenced"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of присудили (w22)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of прошел","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause verb","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прошел","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"километров","lemma":"километр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies квадриллион","gloss":"kilometers"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на километры","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking километры","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"километры","lemma":"километр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"kilometers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of кончит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отворят","gloss":"finishes"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of квадриллион","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончит","gloss":"quadrillion"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворят","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворят","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"отворят","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will open"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"paradise's"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отворят","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простят","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворят","gloss":"will forgive"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b11-c9-s238","source":"— А какие муки у вас на том свете, кроме-то квадриллиона?","translation":"\"And what torments do you have in the next world, besides the quadrillion?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие муки у вас на том свете, кроме-то квадриллиона","title":"«у вас» locative + «кроме» + genitive","body":"«у вас на том свете» — 'with you in the next world', «у вас» locating the question in the Devil's realm. «кроме квадриллиона» is «кроме» ('besides') + genitive; the «-то» clitic on «кроме-то» adds insistent topic colour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на том свете","title":"«тот свет» — the other world","body":"«тот свет» (literally 'that light/world') is the idiomatic 'the next world, the afterlife', opposed to «этот свет», the world of the living. Ivan's grim curiosity about its «муки» ('torments') drives him to press the Devil for more."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of муки","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квадриллиона","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to кроме","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"квадриллиона","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"the quadrillion"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b11-c9-s239","source":"— с каким-то странным оживлением прервал Иван.","translation":"Ivan broke in with a kind of strange animation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то странным оживлением прервал","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental of manner","body":"«каким-то странным оживлением» is instrumental of manner ('with a kind of strange animation'), and «какой-то» ('some kind of') flags the indefinite, hard-to-name quality. «прервал» is perfective 'broke in, interrupted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оживлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оживлением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оживлением","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"оживлением","lemma":"оживление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервал","gloss":"animation"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b11-c9-s240","source":"— Какие муки?","translation":"\"What torments?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какие муки?","title":"Interrogative «какой» as echo","body":"«какой» ('what kind of, which') agrees with «муки» (feminine plural) — 'What torments?'. The Devil echoes Ivan's question back as he prepares to answer, the bare verbless phrase typical of clipped dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b11-c9-s241","source":"Ах, и не спрашивай: прежде было и так и сяк, а ныне всё больше нравственные пошли, «угрызения совести» и весь этот вздор.","translation":"Ah, don't even ask: once it was this way and that, but nowadays it's mostly the moral kind that come — 'pangs of conscience' and all that rubbish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и так и сяк","title":"«и так и сяк» — this way and that","body":"A fixed colloquial pairing meaning 'in all sorts of ways, now one way now another'. «сяк» survives almost only in this idiom and a few set phrases; it is the old correlative of «так»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ныне","title":"«ныне» — nowadays","body":"An elevated, bookish-archaic word for 'now / today', felt as loftier than plain «теперь». The devil drops it in to give his chatter a faux-solemn, sermonising flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нравственные пошли","title":"«пошли» as inceptive perfective","body":"The perfective past «пошли» here means not 'walked' but 'started coming / set in', a common idiomatic use of «пойти» for the onset of a phenomenon ('the moral kind started cropping up'). The bare adjective «нравственные» stands in for «нравственные [угрызения]»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, rubbish","body":"A dismissive bookish noun for 'nonsense, twaddle'. It sharpens the devil's mocking tone toward the modern fashion of moral scruple."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"спрашивай","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и так и сяк","gloss":"(both)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сяк","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и так и сяк","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сяк","lemma":"сяк","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies нравственные","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"нравственные","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"the moral kind"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to нравственные","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вздор","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вздор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with угрызения","gloss":"rubbish"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b11-c9-s242","source":"Это тоже от вас завелось, от «смягчения ваших нравов».","translation":"That too got started thanks to you, thanks to 'the softening of your manners.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завелось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as 'came into being'","body":"«завелось» (from «завестись») is a middle/inchoative reflexive: 'got started, sprang up' of its own accord, with no agent. The «-сь» turns the transitive «завести» (to start something) into an intransitive event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от вас","title":"«от» + genitive for source/cause","body":"Twice here «от» governs the genitive («от вас», «от смягчения») to name the origin or cause — 'thanks to you', 'from the softening'. The preposition «от» always takes the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смягчение нравов","title":"«смягчение нравов» — softening of manners","body":"A period catchphrase of the Enlightenment and the era of the Great Reforms: the supposed civilising 'softening of morals/manners'. The devil quotes it ironically, blaming humanitarian progress for the new plague of conscience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of завелось","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завелось","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"thanks to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of завелось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завелось","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got started"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смягчения","gloss":"thanks to"},{"surface":"смягчения","lemma":"смягчение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завелось, coordinated with вас","gloss":"the softening"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of нравов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"нравов","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies смягчения","gloss":"manners"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b11-c9-s243","source":"Ну и кто же выиграл, выиграли одни бессовестные, потому что ж ему за угрызения совести, когда и совести-то нет вовсе.","translation":"Well, and who came out ahead? Only the unscrupulous came out ahead, because what are pangs of conscience to a man when he has no conscience at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же выиграл, выиграли одни бессовестные","title":"Particle «же» and emphatic word order","body":"«же» leans on the question word «кто» to press it ('and who, pray, came out ahead?'); the answer then fronts the verb «выиграли» before its subject «одни бессовестные» for rhetorical weight. «одни» here means 'only, none but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совести-то нет вовсе","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет совести» puts the absent thing in the genitive — the obligatory genitive of a negated existential ('there is no conscience'). The clitic «-то» on «совести» topicalises it ('conscience, that is'), and «вовсе» reinforces 'not at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессовестные","title":"«бессовестный» — without conscience","body":"A transparent compound, «без» (without) + «совесть» (conscience), used here as a substantivised adjective: 'the unscrupulous, the shameless'. It plays directly against «совесть» repeated through the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выиграл","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"выиграл","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out ahead"},{"surface":"выиграли","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выиграл","gloss":"came out ahead"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бессовестные","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бессовестные","lemma":"бессовестный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of выиграли","gloss":"the unscrupulous"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of the clause","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрызения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to совести","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (negative existential), present, indicative","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b11-c9-s244","source":"Зато пострадали люди порядочные, у которых еще оставалась совесть и честь…","translation":"Meanwhile it was the decent people who suffered, the ones who still had some conscience and honor left in them…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которых еще оставалась совесть и честь","title":"Relative «который» + the «у + genitive» possessive","body":"«у которых… оставалась» is the Russian way to say 'who still had': the relative «который» stands in the genitive after «у» to mark the possessor, while the thing possessed («совесть и честь») is the grammatical subject of «оставалась»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порядочные","title":"«порядочные люди» — decent folk","body":"«порядочный» means 'respectable, honest, of integrity' — a key 19th-century social value here set against «бессовестные». Substantivised, «люди порядочные» = 'the decent sort'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"пострадали","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пострадали","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"порядочные","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у, possessor with оставалась","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"оставалась","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on люди","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставалась","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with совесть","gloss":"honor"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b11-c9-s245","source":"То-то вот реформы-то на неприготовленную-то почву, да еще списанные с чужих учреждений, — один только вред!","translation":"That's just it: reforms dropped onto unprepared ground, and copied besides from foreign institutions — nothing but harm comes of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"реформы-то… на неприготовленную-то почву","title":"Repeated topicalising clitic «-то»","body":"The devil sticks «-то» onto «реформы» and «почву» to needle the topic with a knowing, conversational nudge ('reforms, you see… onto unprepared ground, mind you'). Piling up «-то» is a hallmark of his folksy, insinuating register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"списанные с чужих учреждений","title":"Past passive participle «списанные»","body":"«списанные» is a past passive participle ('copied, transcribed') agreeing with «реформы», with the source in «с + genitive». Such participial modifiers compress a whole который-clause ('reforms that were copied from…') into one bookish phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"head of the exclamation То-то","gloss":"that's","note":"«То-то» is a colloquial idiom meaning \"that's just it / I told you so\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom То-то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"реформы","lemma":"реформа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"restates то, topic of the exclamation","gloss":"reforms"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on реформы","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"Colloquial emphatic «-то» attached to the preceding word, not translated separately."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почву","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"неприготовленную","lemma":"неприготовленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почву","gloss":"unprepared"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on неприготовленную","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"почву","lemma":"почва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies списанные","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"списанные","lemma":"списать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies реформы","gloss":"copied"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учреждений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies учреждений","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"учреждений","lemma":"учреждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of списанные","gloss":"institutions"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вред","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вред","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вред","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"harm"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b11-c9-s246","source":"Древний огонек-то лучше бы.","translation":"The old-fashioned little fire would have been better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше бы","title":"Particle «бы» for the counterfactual wish","body":"«лучше бы» with the elided verb 'to be' makes a hypothetical/optative: 'would have been better'. The particle «бы» carries the whole irrealis force, no separate conjugated form needed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огонек","title":"«огонёк» — the diminutive of «огонь»","body":"«огонёк» is the affectionate diminutive 'little fire' (suffix «-ёк»). Coupled with «древний» ('ancient, old-time'), it cosily evokes the old hellfire — the devil missing the good old-fashioned torments before conscience came into fashion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Древний","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огонек","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"огонек","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"little fire"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on огонек","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with лучше","gloss":"would have been"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b11-c9-s247","source":"Ну, так вот этот осужденный на квадриллион постоял, посмотрел и лег поперек дороги: «Не хочу идти, из принципа не пойду!» Возьми душу русского просвещенного атеиста и смешай с душой пророка Ионы, будировавшего во чреве китове три дня и три ночи, — вот тебе характер этого улегшегося на дороге мыслителя.","translation":"Well, so this fellow, sentenced to the quadrillion, stood there, looked around, and lay down crosswise in the road: 'I won't go, on principle I refuse to go!' Take the soul of an enlightened Russian atheist and mix it with the soul of the prophet Jonah, who sulked three days and three nights in the belly of the whale — there you have the character of this thinker stretched out across the road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"постоял, посмотрел и лег","title":"A chain of perfective pasts","body":"Three perfective verbs in a row move the little story forward event by event: he 'stood a while' (delimitative «по-»), 'glanced', and 'lay down'. The «по-» prefix on the first two bounds the action to a short spell."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возьми… и смешай","title":"Perfective imperatives addressed to the reader","body":"«Возьми» and «смешай» are singular imperatives ('take… and mix'), a recipe-like address to Ivan/the reader. Built from the perfective stems, they call for a single completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будировавшего во чреве китове","title":"Past active participle + Church-Slavonic locative","body":"«будировавшего» is a past active participle ('who sulked') agreeing with «пророка Ионы» in the genitive. The phrase «во чреве китове» is frozen Church Slavonic — note the old locative ending «-е» on «китове» (= modern «в чреве кита», 'in the whale's belly')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будировавшего","title":"«будировать» — to sulk (a Gallicism)","body":"From French 'bouder' (to sulk); in 19th-century Russian salon speech «будировать» meant 'to sulk, be in a huff'. Its learned, Frenchified ring is part of the devil's affected diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улегшегося на дороге мыслителя","title":"Reflexive past active participle «улегшегося»","body":"«улегшегося» is a past active participle of the reflexive «улечься» ('who had lain down / stretched out'), genitive to agree with «мыслителя». It packs the whole image of the recumbent thinker into a single modifier before its noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of осужденный","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"осужденный","lemma":"осужденный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постоял","gloss":"condemned man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квадриллион","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood a while"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постоял","gloss":"looked around"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постоял","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"поперек","lemma":"поперёк","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking принципа","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"принципа","lemma":"принцип","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"Возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Возьми","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies атеиста","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"просвещенного","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies атеиста","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"атеиста","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"atheist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смешай","lemma":"смешать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Возьми","gloss":"mix"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешай","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"пророка","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"of the prophet"},{"surface":"Ионы","lemma":"Иона","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пророка","gloss":"Jonah"},{"surface":"будировавшего","lemma":"будировать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пророка","gloss":"who sulked","note":"«Будировать» is famously a malapropism in Russian (from French bouder, \"to sulk\"), used here for Jonah's mood in the whale."},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чреве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чреве","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будировавшего","gloss":"the belly"},{"surface":"китове","lemma":"кит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies чреве","gloss":"of the whale","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic genitive form, echoing the biblical phrase for Jonah's whale."},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будировавшего","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on ночи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дня","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative in вот тебе construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслителя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"улегшегося","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying мыслителя","gloss":"who lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улегшегося","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"мыслителя","lemma":"мыслитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"thinker"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b11-c9-s248","source":"— На чем же он там улегся?","translation":"— And what did he stretch out on there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На чем же он там улегся?","title":"«на чём» — prepositional of «что»","body":"«на чём» is the prepositional of the interrogative «что» governed by «на» ('on what?'). «же» adds an insistent edge to the question, and «улёгся» is the perfective past 'lay/stretched himself out' (with the fleeting vowel «-ё-» of «улечься»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of улегся","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улегся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улегся","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"улегся","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretch out"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b11-c9-s249","source":"— Ну, там, верно, было на чем. Ты не смеешься?","translation":"— Well, there was surely something to lie on. You're not laughing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было на чем","title":"Impersonal «было на чём» — 'there was something to lie on'","body":"An idiomatic subjectless construction: «было на чём [лечь]» = 'there was something to lie on'. The infinitive is left understood; «на чём» functions as an indefinite 'on something', neutral neuter «было» supplying the existential 'there was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не смеешься?","title":"Reflexive-only «смеяться»","body":"«смеяться» (to laugh) exists only in the «-ся» form — there is no «*смеять». Such verbs (бояться, надеяться) wear «-ся» permanently rather than as a live reflexive marker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you laughing"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b11-c9-s250","source":"— Молодец!","translation":"— Splendid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Молодец","title":"«Молодец!» — well done, good for you","body":"An exclamation of approval, 'good lad! / splendid!', literally 'fine young fellow'. Used freely to praise a clever turn, here Ivan applauding the devil's tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendid"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b11-c9-s251","source":"— крикнул Иван, всё в том же странном оживлении.","translation":"— cried Ivan, still in that same strange animation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё в том же странном оживлении","title":"«в том же» — demonstrative + «же» 'the same'","body":"«тот же» means 'the very same'; here in the prepositional «в том же… оживлении» ('in that same animation'). «всё» as an adverb means 'still, all the while', stressing the continuity of Ivan's feverish state."}],"words":[{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оживлении","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оживлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of оживлении","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"странном","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оживлении","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"оживлении","lemma":"оживление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"animation"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b11-c9-s252","source":"Теперь он слушал с каким-то неожиданным любопытством.","translation":"Now he was listening with a kind of unexpected curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то неожиданным любопытством","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner; indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«с… любопытством» uses the instrumental after «с» to express the manner of listening ('with curiosity'). «какой-то» ('a kind of, some sort of') marks the quality as real but hard to pin down — a favourite Dostoevskian hedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker on каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b11-c9-s253","source":"— Ну что ж, и теперь лежит?","translation":"— Well then, is he lying there still?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну что ж, и теперь лежит?","title":"Imperfective present «лежит» for an ongoing state","body":"«лежит» is imperfective present — a continuing posture, 'is (still) lying'. The «и» here means 'even/still now?' and «что ж» (= «что же») is a softened conversational opener, 'well then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom ну что ж","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b11-c9-s254","source":"— То-то и есть, что нет.","translation":"— That's exactly it — he isn't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то и есть, что нет","title":"«То-то и есть» — that's just the point","body":"A set conversational formula meaning 'that's exactly it / there's the rub'. Followed by «что нет» it lands with a neat twist: 'that's just it — he isn't [lying there]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom То-то","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause что нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"he isn't"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b11-c9-s255","source":"Он пролежал почти тысячу лет, а потом встал и пошел.","translation":"He lay there nearly a thousand years, and then he got up and walked on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролежал… а потом встал и пошел","title":"Delimitative «про-» then perfective sequence","body":"«пролежал» (perfective with «про-») bounds a stretch of time — 'lay for a whole [thousand years]'. It then yields to two perfective events «встал и пошёл» ('got up and set off'), the imperfective duration giving way to perfective action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пролежал","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay there"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысячу","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пролежал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролежал","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролежал","gloss":"walked on"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b11-c9-s256","source":"— Вот осел-то!","translation":"— What an ass!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот осел-то!","title":"Exclamatory «вот… -то!»","body":"«вот… -то!» frames an exclamation pointing at the absurd: 'what an ass!'. «вот» presents, the clitic «-то» on «осёл» underlines the verdict with relish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осел","title":"«осёл» — ass, fool","body":"Literally 'donkey', figuratively 'fool, blockhead' — exactly as in English. A blunt insult flung at the stubborn thinker who lay there a thousand years for nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осел","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"осел","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ass"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on осел","gloss":"(emphasis)"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b11-c9-s257","source":"— воскликнул Иван, нервно захохотав, всё как бы что-то усиленно соображая.","translation":"— exclaimed Ivan, laughing nervously, still as though he were working something out with great effort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захохотав, всё как бы что-то усиленно соображая","title":"Two gerunds: perfective «-в» and imperfective «-я»","body":"«захохотав» is a perfective past gerund ('having burst out laughing'), the «за-» marking the onset of laughter; «соображая» is an imperfective present gerund ('working out, all the while'). The pair fixes simultaneous attendant circumstances around «воскликнул»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соображая","title":"«соображать» — to figure out, reckon","body":"'To grasp, work out, put two and two together.' «усиленно соображая» = 'straining to figure something out' — Ivan groping toward the realisation that the anecdote is his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захохотав","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"захохотав","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of соображая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker on что","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"figuring out"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b11-c9-s258","source":"— Не всё ли равно, лежать ли вечно или идти квадриллион верст?","translation":"— Isn't it all the same whether he lies there forever or walks the quadrillion versts?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не всё ли равно, лежать ли вечно или идти…","title":"Interrogative «ли» (twice) and the «всё равно» idiom","body":"«не всё ли равно» = 'isn't it all the same?', with «ли» fronting the focus into a rhetorical question. A second «ли» on «лежать ли… или идти» sets up the 'whether… or' alternative. Both verbs are imperfective infinitives naming open-ended processes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question marker","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"лежать","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject clause of равно","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежать","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежать","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежать","gloss":"to walk"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of идти","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies квадриллион","gloss":"versts"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b11-c9-s259","source":"Ведь это биллион лет ходу?","translation":"Why, that's a billion years of walking, isn't it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь это биллион лет ходу?","title":"Appealing particle «ведь» + genitive «ходу»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared sense — 'why, after all, that's…'. «лет» and «ходу» are genitives: «лет» as the genitive plural counted by «биллион», «ходу» a partitive-style genitive 'of walking'. The whole is a verbless rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies биллион","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of биллион","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"биллион","lemma":"биллион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a billion"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of биллион","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"ходу","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies биллион","gloss":"of walking"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b11-c9-s260","source":"— Даже гораздо больше, вот только нет карандашика и бумажки, а то бы рассчитать можно.","translation":"— Far more than that, in fact; only there's no pencil and paper to hand, or it could be reckoned up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет карандашика и бумажки, а то бы рассчитать можно","title":"Genitive of negation + counterfactual «а то бы»","body":"«нет карандашика и бумажки» negates existence, forcing both nouns into the genitive. «а то бы… можно» is an elliptical counterfactual ('otherwise it could be reckoned'), where «бы» alone signals the hypothetical, the verb 'to be' understood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карандашика и бумажки","title":"Diminutives «карандашик», «бумажка»","body":"Both are diminutives — 'a bit of pencil', 'a scrap of paper' (suffixes «-ик», «-ка»). The cosy, throwaway smallness suits the devil's chatty understatement about the cosmic arithmetic he can't quite do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гораздо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"numeral, comparative","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"карандашика","lemma":"карандашик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"pencil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with карандашика","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom а то","gloss":"else","note":"«А то» is an idiom meaning \"otherwise / or else\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of phrase а то бы","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"рассчитать","lemma":"рассчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to calculate"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it would be possible"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b11-c9-s261","source":"Да ведь он давно уже дошел, и тут-то и начинается анекдот.","translation":"But the thing is he arrived long ago, and that's just where the anecdote begins.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он давно уже дошел","title":"Stacked particles «да ведь» + perfective «дошёл»","body":"«да ведь» combines the resumptive «да» ('but, and') with appealing «ведь» ('after all') to open with insistence. «дошёл» is the perfective of «доходить/дойти» — a completed arrival ('he got there'), the «до-» prefix giving 'reaching all the way'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдот","title":"«анекдот» — not 'anecdote' but a tale/story","body":"A false friend: 19th-century «анекдот» means a curious or pointed little story, a 'piece, a yarn', not necessarily funny. Here it names the whole quadrillion parable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошел","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошел","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинается","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on тут","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинается","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"начинается","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дошел","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинается","gloss":"the story"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b11-c9-s262","source":"— Как дошел!","translation":"— What, he arrived!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как дошел!","title":"Echo-exclamation: fronted «как» + perfective «дошёл»","body":"«Как дошёл!» is not a 'how' question but an astonished echo of the devil's word — 'What, he arrived?!'. The interrogative «как» is fronted for the incredulous repetition, and perfective «дошёл» picks up the completed 'arrived' just stated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, exclamatory","role":"exclamatory particle","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he arrived"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b11-c9-s263","source":"Да где ж он биллион лет взял?","translation":"But where did he get a billion years from?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да где ж он биллион лет взял?","title":"«где же» + the «взять» idiom for 'come by'","body":"«где взял?» idiomatically means 'where did he get [them] from?'. «ж» (= «же») on «где» sharpens the challenge, and «биллион лет» pairs the numeral with its genitive-plural «лет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"биллион","lemma":"биллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"a billion"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he get"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b11-c9-s264","source":"— Да ведь ты думаешь всё про нашу теперешнюю землю!","translation":"— You keep thinking about our present-day earth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты думаешь всё про нашу теперешнюю землю","title":"Imperfective «думаешь всё» — keep on thinking","body":"«думаешь… всё» pairs the imperfective present with adverbial «всё» ('all the while, keep on') to mean 'you keep thinking'. «про + accusative» ('about') is the colloquial counterpart of «о + prepositional»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"теперешнюю","title":"«теперешний» — present-day","body":"A colloquial adjective built off «теперь» ('now') meaning 'present, current'. Slightly homely in flavour next to bookish «нынешний»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep thinking"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of землю","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"теперешнюю","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies землю","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of про","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b11-c9-s265","source":"Да ведь теперешняя земля, может, сама-то биллион раз повторялась; ну, отживала, леденела, трескалась, рассыпалась, разлагалась на составные начала, опять вода, яже бе над твердию, потом опять комета, опять солнце, опять из солнца земля — ведь это развитие, может, уже бесконечно раз повторяется, и всё в одном и том же виде, до черточки. Скучища неприличнейшая…","translation":"But the present earth may itself have repeated a billion times; it lived out its span, froze over, cracked, crumbled to pieces, broke down into its constituent elements, then again the waters that were above the firmament, then again a comet, again a sun, again from the sun an earth — and this whole development may already have repeated an infinite number of times, and always in one and the same form, down to the last little dash. A tedium too unseemly for words…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама-то биллион раз повторялась","title":"Intensive «сама» + clitic «-то»; imperfective «повторялась»","body":"«сама» ('itself') intensifies «земля», with «-то» nudging it as the topic. The imperfective reflexive past «повторялась» ('used to repeat, kept recurring') frames the cosmic cycle as habitual, not a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отживала, леденела, трескалась, рассыпалась, разлагалась","title":"A cascade of imperfective verbs","body":"Five imperfective pasts in a row — 'lived out its span, froze, cracked, crumbled, decomposed' — paint the earth's death as a drawn-out, repeating process. Three carry «-ся/-сь» (intransitive change of state); the imperfective makes each a stage rather than a one-off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"яже бе над твердию","title":"Church-Slavonic relic «яже бе над твердию»","body":"A direct Church-Slavonic quotation (Genesis 1:7): «яже» is the Slavonic relative 'which', «бе» the old imperfect 'was' (modern «была»), and «над твердию» 'above the firmament', with the archaic instrumental «-ию». The sacred cosmology jars deliberately against the devil's nihilist cosmic recurrence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скучища неприличнейшая","title":"Augmentative «скучища» + superlative «-ейший»","body":"«скучища» is an augmentative-pejorative of «скука» (suffix «-ища»): not just boredom but 'monstrous tedium'. «неприличнейшая» is the bookish superlative in «-ейший» ('most indecent/unseemly'). Together: 'a tedium too unseemly for words'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторялась","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"теперешняя","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повторялась","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies повторялась","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies земля","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on сама","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"биллион","lemma":"биллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"a billion"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторялась","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторялась","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated itself"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"отживала","lemma":"отживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to повторялась","gloss":"lived out its span"},{"surface":"леденела","lemma":"леденеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отживала","gloss":"froze over"},{"surface":"трескалась","lemma":"трескаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отживала","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"рассыпалась","lemma":"рассыпаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отживала","gloss":"crumbled apart"},{"surface":"разлагалась","lemma":"разлагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отживала","gloss":"broke down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"составные","lemma":"составной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"constituent"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разлагалась","gloss":"elements"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вода","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with повторялась","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"яже","lemma":"яже","morphology":"pronoun, relative, archaic","role":"relative pronoun introducing clause modifying вода","gloss":"which","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic relative pronoun, quoting Genesis 1:7 (\"the waters which were above the firmament\")."},{"surface":"бе","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, past, archaic (Church Slavonic aorist)","role":"verb of the яже-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердию","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"твердию","lemma":"твердь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular, archaic","role":"complement of над","gloss":"the firmament"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies комета","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies комета","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"комета","lemma":"комета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with повторялась","gloss":"a comet"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солнце","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with повторялась","gloss":"a sun"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солнца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with повторялась","gloss":"an earth"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of развитие","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of развитие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"развитие","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повторяется","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies повторяется","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесконечно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повторяется","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторяется","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"has repeated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with повторяется","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одном","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточки","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of до","gloss":"the last dash"},{"surface":"Скучища","lemma":"скучища","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such tedium"},{"surface":"неприличнейшая","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies Скучища","gloss":"unseemly"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b11-c9-s266","source":"— Ну-ну, что же вышло, когда дошел?","translation":"— Come, come, what came of it when he arrived?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же вышло, когда дошел?","title":"Perfective «вышло» + «когда»-clause","body":"«вышло» (perfective of «выходить/выйти») here means 'came of it, turned out'. The «когда»-clause with perfective «дошёл» pins the result to a single completed moment ('when he arrived'). «Ну-ну» is a coaxing 'come, come'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats Ну for emphasis","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came of it"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышло","gloss":"he arrived"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b11-c9-s267","source":"— А только что ему отворили в рай, и он вступил, то, не пробыв еще двух секунд — и это по часам, по часам (хотя часы его, по-моему, давно должны были бы разложиться на составные элементы у него в кармане дорогой) , — не пробыв двух секунд, воскликнул, что за эти две секунды не только квадриллион, но квадриллион квадриллионов пройти можно, да еще возвысив в квадриллионную степень!","translation":"— No sooner had they opened paradise to him and he had stepped in than, before he had been there even two seconds — and this is by the clock, by the clock (though his watch, to my mind, ought long since to have broken down into its constituent elements in his pocket on the way) — before two seconds were out, he cried that for these two seconds one could traverse not only a quadrillion but a quadrillion of quadrillions, raised besides to the quadrillionth power!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А только что ему отворили в рай, и он вступил, то…","title":"«только что… то» — 'no sooner… than'","body":"The correlative «только что… то» frames 'no sooner had they opened… and he stepped in, than…'. «отворили» is an impersonal-style 3rd-person plural ('they opened' = 'paradise was opened to him'), with «ему» dative for the one to whom it opens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пробыв еще двух секунд","title":"Perfective gerund «пробыв» + genitive of negation","body":"«пробыв» is a perfective past gerund ('having stayed/been'); negated, «не пробыв… двух секунд» throws its object into the genitive ('not having spent even two seconds'). «двух секунд» is genitive after «два»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны были бы разложиться","title":"Counterfactual «должны были бы»","body":"«должны были бы разложиться» stacks the modal «должны» with past «были» and the particle «бы» for a counterfactual obligation: 'ought (by rights) to have broken down'. The «бы» turns plain duty into 'should have, but didn't'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвысив в квадриллионную степень","title":"Perfective gerund «возвысив» of result","body":"«возвысив» ('having raised') is a perfective past gerund tacked on as an afterthought — 'and raised besides to the quadrillionth power'. «в… степень» (accusative) is the mathematical 'to the power'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отворили","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the только что clause","gloss":"they opened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рай","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворили","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворили","gloss":"stepped in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the только что clause, before воскликнул","gloss":"then","note":"Correlative of только что ... то ('no sooner ... than'); the result clause resumes at воскликнул."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробыв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробыв","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"having spent"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies секунд","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробыв","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the parenthetical это по часам","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of это","gloss":"the clock"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"repeats по часам for emphasis","gloss":"the clock"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on должны","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"his watch"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по-моему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase по-моему, parenthetical on должны","gloss":"my opinion"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause, with часы","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula with должны","gloss":"[were]"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks должны были as conditional","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"разложиться","lemma":"разложиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"to break down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking элементы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"составные","lemma":"составной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies элементы","gloss":"constituent"},{"surface":"элементы","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разложиться","gloss":"elements"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разложиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разложиться","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разложиться (adverbial: 'along the way')","gloss":"on the way","note":"Not the adjective 'expensive' — this is the instrumental of дорога ('road'), the adverbial idiom 'по дороге/дорогой' = 'on the way'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробыв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробыв","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"repeats the adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"having spent"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies секунд","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробыв","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he cried"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунды","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of секунды","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies секунды","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of пройти","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of пройти, coordinated with the first квадриллион","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"квадриллионов","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies квадриллион","gloss":"of quadrillions"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to traverse"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысив","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"возвысив","lemma":"возвысить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on можно","gloss":"raising it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степень","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квадриллионную","lemma":"квадриллионный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"the quadrillionth"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвысив","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b11-c9-s268","source":"Словом, пропел «осанну», да и пересолил, так что иные там, с образом мыслей поблагороднее, так даже руки ему не хотели подать на первых порах: слишком-де уж стремительно в консерваторы перескочил.","translation":"In short, he sang his 'hosanna,' and laid it on so thick that some there, those of a nobler cast of mind, would not even shake his hand at first: he had leapt over to the conservatives a shade too eagerly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иные там, с образом мыслей поблагороднее","title":"Substantivised «иные» + softened comparative «поблагороднее»","body":"«иные» ('some, certain others') stands as a noun. «поблагороднее» is a comparative ('nobler') with the «по-» prefix that softens it to 'somewhat nobler, a touch more noble' — a common colloquial mitigation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки ему не хотели подать","title":"Genitive of negation: «руки… не хотели подать»","body":"Under negation the object «руку» shifts to genitive «руки» ('would not give him their hand'), and «ему» is the dative recipient. The whole idiom «подать руку» means to shake hands / acknowledge socially."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пересолил","title":"«пересолить» — to overdo it","body":"Literally 'to over-salt'; figuratively 'to lay it on too thick, overdo it'. The atheist's hosanna was so excessive that the nobler spirits recoiled."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком-де уж стремительно… перескочил","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» marks reported speech — 'he had, so they said, leapt over too eagerly', distancing the narrator from the claim (like «мол»). «уж» here is the intensifying particle, and «перескочил» is perfective 'jumped across'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies пропел","gloss":"In short"},{"surface":"пропел","lemma":"пропеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sang"},{"surface":"осанну","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пропел","gloss":"his hosanna"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пересолил","lemma":"пересолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропел","gloss":"overdid it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the так что result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотели","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"a cast"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"поблагороднее","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"nobler"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the так что clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies порах","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"порах","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подать","gloss":"outset"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремительно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"hearsay particle","role":"modifies перескочил","gloss":"(so it's said)","note":"Reported-speech particle де ('supposedly, so they say') — the narrator distances himself from the judgment."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескочил","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking консерваторы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"консерваторы","lemma":"консерватор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перескочил","gloss":"the conservatives"},{"surface":"перескочил","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пересолил","gloss":"he had leapt over"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b11-c9-s269","source":"Русская натура.","translation":"The Russian temperament.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Русская натура","title":"«натура» — temperament, nature","body":"«натура» (a Latinate borrowing) here means inborn 'temperament, character'. «Русская натура» — 'the Russian temperament' — names the extremism the devil has just described: all-or-nothing, swinging from denial to zealotry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"temperament"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b11-c9-s270","source":"Повторяю: легенда.","translation":"I repeat: it's a legend.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легенда","title":"«легенда» — legend, tale","body":"The devil insists the quadrillion story is merely a 'legend' he is passing on. The label half-disowns it, in keeping with his slippery refusal to be pinned down as a real being."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, elliptical (это) легенда","gloss":"a legend"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b11-c9-s271","source":"За что купил, за то и продал.","translation":"I'm passing it on for what it cost me, no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"За что купил, за то и продал","title":"Proverb: «За что купил, за то и продал»","body":"A folk proverb — 'I sell it for what I bought it for' — meaning 'I pass it on for what it's worth; don't blame me if it's untrue'. The «за что… за то» correlative («for which… for that») is the proverb's backbone."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of купил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"купил","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I bought it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"продал","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with купил","gloss":"I'm selling it"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b11-c9-s272","source":"Так вот еще какие там у нас обо всех этих предметах понятия ходят.","translation":"So those are the sorts of notions that still circulate among us about all these matters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие… понятия ходят","title":"Figurative «ходить» — notions 'circulate'","body":"«понятия ходят» uses the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» figuratively: ideas 'go about, circulate'. «какие… понятия» ('what sorts of notions') frames it as an exclamatory marvel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас… о всех этих предметах","title":"«у нас» 'among us' + «о» + prepositional","body":"«у нас» (lit. 'at us') means 'in our parts, among us' — here the other world the devil hails from. «о всех этих предметах» uses «о» + prepositional for 'about all these matters'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходят","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies понятия","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предметах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of предметах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of предметах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"предметах","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"понятия","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of ходят","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"circulate"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b11-c9-s273","source":"— Я тебя поймал!","translation":"— I've caught you out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя поймал!","title":"Perfective «поймал» — a clinching catch","body":"«поймал» (perfective of «ловить/поймать») marks a single decisive result: 'I've caught you (out)!'. Ivan seizes on the triumph of having traced the tale to himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have caught"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b11-c9-s274","source":"— вскричал Иван с какою-то почти детскою радостью, как бы уже окончательно что-то припомнив, — этот анекдот о квадриллионе лет — это я сам сочинил!","translation":"— cried Ivan with an almost childlike joy, as though something had finally come back to him for good, — this anecdote about the quadrillion of years — I made it up myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то почти детскою радостью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«какою-то… детскою радостью» shows the older bookish feminine instrumental «-ою» (vs modern «-ой») — 'with an almost childlike joy'. Dostoevsky favours the fuller «-ою» for its 19th-century literary cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы уже окончательно что-то припомнив","title":"Perfective gerund «припомнив» + «как бы»","body":"«припомнив» is a perfective past gerund ('having recalled') giving the prior circumstance of his cry. «как бы» ('as if, as though') hedges the certainty, a tic of Dostoevskian narration where inner states are never quite definite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я сам сочинил","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'I myself made it up'","body":"«сам» ('-self') drives home the agent: not borrowed, but his own invention. The fronted «это… я сам» throws the whole stress onto Ivan's authorship — the crux of the scene's horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радостью, part of какою-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"[indef.]"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детскою","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"детскою","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радостью","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнив","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of припомнив, part of что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"[indef.]"},{"surface":"припомнив","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"having recalled"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квадриллионе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"квадриллионе","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"the quadrillion"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies квадриллионе","gloss":"of years"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, topic marker before я сам сочинил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the этот анекдот clause","gloss":"made up"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b11-c9-s275","source":"Мне было тогда семнадцать лет, я был в гимназии… я этот анекдот тогда сочинил и рассказал одному товарищу, фамилия его Коровкин, это было в Москве…","translation":"I was seventeen at the time, I was at the gymnasium… I made up that anecdote then and told it to a schoolfellow, his name was Korovkin, it was in Moscow…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне было тогда семнадцать лет","title":"Dative-subject age construction","body":"Russian states age impersonally: «мне было… семнадцать лет» ('to me there were seventeen years'), the person in the dative, no nominative subject. «лет» is the genitive plural required after the numeral 17."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer with было семнадцать лет","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with семнадцать лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"семнадцать","lemma":"семнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate complement (age) with было","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by семнадцать","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гимназии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the gymnasium"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сочинил","gloss":"told it"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies товарищу","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"товарищу","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"schoolfellow"},{"surface":"фамилия","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided была (his name was Korovkin)","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of фамилия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Коровкин","lemma":"Коровкин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with фамилия","gloss":"[was] Korovkin"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Москве","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b11-c9-s276","source":"Анекдот этот так характерен, что я не мог его ниоткуда взять.","translation":"The anecdote is so distinctive that I couldn't have taken it from anywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог его ниоткуда взять","title":"Negative concord: «не… ниоткуда»","body":"«ниоткуда» ('from nowhere') is an «ни»-word that still requires «не» on the verb — the double negation 'I couldn't have taken it from anywhere'. Russian negative concord stacks «не» and «ни» to a single negative meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"характерен","title":"Short adjective «характерен»","body":"«так характерен» uses the predicative short form ('so distinctive/telling') — 'so characteristic [of me] that…'. Short adjectives carry exactly this assertion of a defining quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of характерен","gloss":"The anecdote"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Анекдот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"характерен","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Анекдот","gloss":"distinctive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause of так характерен","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ниоткуда","lemma":"ниоткуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"from anywhere"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have taken"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b11-c9-s277","source":"Я его было забыл… но он мне припомнился теперь бессознательно — мне самому, а не ты рассказал!","translation":"I had all but forgotten it… but it has come back to me now without my willing it — to me, myself, and not because you told it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я его было забыл","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or all-but-completed, then reversed or undone: 'I had (just about) forgotten it [but…]'. This special «было» is a distinctly Russian nuance of a near-miss outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне припомнился теперь бессознательно","title":"Reflexive «припомнился» + dative experiencer","body":"«припомнился» (reflexive) makes the memory the subject and the rememberer the dative «мне»: 'it recalled itself to me' = 'it came back to me'. The «-ся» turns active recall into something happening to Ivan, underscoring his loss of control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks забыл as a near-realized/undone action","gloss":"had","note":"Particle было ('я было забыл') marks an action begun or nearly completed and then reversed — 'I had all but forgotten it.'"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of припомнился","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"припомнился","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнился","gloss":"unbidden"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"repeats indirect object of припомнился, for emphasis","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты рассказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with припомнился (negated)","gloss":"told it"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b11-c9-s278","source":"Как тысячи вещей припоминаются иногда бессознательно, даже когда казнить везут… во сне припомнился.","translation":"Just as a thousand things come back to one unbidden, even when one is being carted off to execution… it came back to me in a dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда казнить везут","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural «везут» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«казнить везут» = 'they are carting [one] off to execute' — an agentless 3rd-person plural ('they') for an impersonal action, with the bare infinitive «казнить» giving the purpose. No subject is named; it is the generic 'when one is being taken to be executed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как тысячи вещей припоминаются","title":"Reflexive «припоминаются» as middle/passive","body":"«припоминаются» (imperfective reflexive) — 'come back to one, get recalled' — is a middle/passive use of «-ся»: the things are remembered rather than someone actively remembering them. «иногда» and the imperfective frame it as a recurring, involuntary phenomenon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause on припомнился","gloss":"Just as"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies вещей","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of припоминаются","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"припоминаются","lemma":"припоминаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаются","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаются","gloss":"unbidden"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда везут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of везут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"казнить","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of везут","gloss":"to execution"},{"surface":"везут","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on припоминаются","gloss":"one is carted"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнился","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"припомнился","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came back"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b11-c9-s279","source":"Вот ты и есть этот сон!","translation":"And you are that very dream!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ты и есть этот сон!","title":"Emphatic «вот… и есть»","body":"«вот… и есть» is an emphatic identity construction — 'and so YOU are that very dream!'. The rare explicit present-tense «есть» (usually dropped) is retained for force, clinching Ivan's accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with ты","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b11-c9-s280","source":"Ты сон и не существуешь!","translation":"You are a dream and you do not exist!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты сон и не существуешь!","title":"Zero copula vs negated verb «не существуешь»","body":"«Ты сон» needs no copula in the present ('you [are] a dream'), the nominative complement standing bare. The second clause then negates a full verb — «не существуешь» ('you do not exist'), with «не» directly before it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with Ты","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существуешь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"существуешь","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сон","gloss":"exist"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b11-c9-s281","source":"— По азарту, с каким ты отвергаешь меня, — засмеялся джентльмен, — я убеждаюсь, что ты все-таки в меня веришь.","translation":"— By the very fury with which you reject me, — the gentleman laughed, — I'm convinced that you do believe in me all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По азарту, с каким ты отвергаешь меня","title":"«по» + dative of inference; relative «с каким»","body":"«по азарту» ('by/from the ardour') uses «по» + dative to mean 'judging by'. The relative «с каким» ('with which') agrees with «азарт» but takes instrumental case for its own role ('the fury with which you reject me')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я убеждаюсь, что ты… в меня веришь","title":"Reflexive «убеждаюсь» + «что»-clause","body":"«убеждаюсь» (reflexive) — 'I become convinced' — introduces a reported «что»-clause of fact. «всё-таки» ('all the same, after all') concedes the paradox: Ivan's very vehemence proves his belief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"джентльмен","title":"«джентльмен» — the 'gentleman'","body":"The narrator's wry tag for the devil, an English borrowing carrying a whiff of shabby-genteel pretension. It fits his self-presentation as a down-at-heel, sponging Russian gentleman rather than a horned fiend."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азарту","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"азарту","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждаюсь","gloss":"the fury"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергаешь","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвергаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвергаешь","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on азарту","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убеждаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убеждаюсь","lemma":"убеждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждаюсь","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b11-c9-s282","source":"— Нимало!","translation":"— Not in the least!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нимало","title":"«нимало» — not in the least","body":"An emphatic bookish negative adverb, 'not at all, not a whit', built on «ни» + «мало». A clipped, vehement refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Not at all"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b11-c9-s283","source":"На сотую долю не верю!","translation":"I don't believe in you by so much as a hundredth part!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На сотую долю не верю","title":"«на» + accusative of measure with negation","body":"«на сотую долю не верю» = 'I don't believe by [even] a hundredth part', «на + accusative» giving the extent/measure of the (negated) belief. «сотую» is the ordinal 'hundredth' agreeing with «долю»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долю","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"сотую","lemma":"сотый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долю","gloss":"a hundredth"},{"surface":"долю","lemma":"доля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b11-c9-s284","source":"— Но на тысячную веришь.","translation":"— But by a thousandth you do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но на тысячную веришь","title":"Ellipsis and topic contrast with «но»","body":"The devil answers in clipped ellipsis — «на тысячную [долю] веришь» ('by a thousandth you do [believe]'), the noun «долю» understood from before. «но» marks the gentle contrastive correction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячную","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тысячную","lemma":"тысячный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"a thousandth"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you do believe"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b11-c9-s285","source":"Гомеопатические-то доли ведь самые, может быть, сильные.","translation":"Homeopathic doses, after all, are perhaps the very strongest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гомеопатические-то доли ведь самые… сильные","title":"Clitic «-то», «ведь», and superlative «самые сильные»","body":"«-то» topicalises «доли» ('homeopathic doses, those…'), «ведь» appeals to shared sense ('after all'), and «самые сильные» is the analytic superlative ('the very strongest', «самый» declining with the adjective). «может быть» softens to 'perhaps'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гомеопатические","lemma":"гомеопатический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies доли","gloss":"Homeopathic"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Гомеопатические","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"доли","lemma":"доля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сильные","gloss":"doses"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сильные","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сильные","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, parenthetical","gloss":"[perhaps]"},{"surface":"сильные","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of доли","gloss":"strongest"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b11-c9-s286","source":"Признайся, что веришь, ну на десятитысячную… — Ни одной минуты!","translation":"Admit that you believe — well, by a ten-thousandth… — Not for one minute!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признайся, что веришь","title":"Reflexive imperative «признайся» + «что»-clause","body":"«признайся» is the imperative of the reflexive «признаться» ('confess, admit'), the «-ся» built into the verb. It governs a «что»-clause reporting what is to be admitted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни одной минуты!","title":"Emphatic genitive «ни одной минуты»","body":"«ни одной минуты» — 'not for a single minute' — uses «ни» + the genitive «одной минуты» as an absolute denial. The «ни… одной» pattern ('not even one') is the standard intensive negation, the «не верю» understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признайся","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Признайся","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десятитысячную","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"десятитысячную","lemma":"десятитысячный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided веришь","gloss":"a ten-thousandth"},{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуты","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of an elided верю","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b11-c9-s287","source":"— яростно вскричал Иван.","translation":"— Ivan cried furiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яростно","title":"«яростно» — furiously","body":"'Furiously, with rage' (from «ярость», 'fury'). The narrator marks Ivan's escalating vehemence — the very heat that, the devil claims, betrays his half-belief."}],"words":[{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b11-c9-s288","source":"— Я, впрочем, желал бы в тебя поверить!","translation":"— And yet I should like to believe in you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я, впрочем, желал бы в тебя поверить!","title":"Conditional «желал бы» as a softened wish","body":"«желал бы» (past «желал» + «бы») is the polite/wistful conditional — 'I should like, I would wish'. «впрочем» ('and yet, however') marks the sudden, telling reversal of Ivan's denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks желал as conditional","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b11-c9-s289","source":"— странно вдруг прибавил он.","translation":"— he suddenly added, strangely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"странно вдруг прибавил он","title":"Inverted dialogue tag «прибавил он»","body":"In speech tags Russian routinely inverts verb before subject — «прибавил он» ('added he'). «прибавил» (perfective 'added [a word]') with adverbs «странно вдруг» fronted lends the addition its abrupt, uncanny quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b11-c9-s290","source":"— Эге!","translation":"— Aha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эге","title":"«Эге!» — Aha! / Oho!","body":"A colloquial interjection of dawning realisation or sly triumph, 'aha!, oho!'. The devil pounces on Ivan's slip into wishing to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эге","lemma":"эге","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Aha"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b11-c9-s291","source":"Вот, однако, признание!","translation":"There's a confession for you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вот, однако, признание!","title":"«вот… !» presentative + parenthetical «однако»","body":"«вот… признание!» presents the prize triumphantly — 'there's a confession (for you)!'. «однако» wedged in as a parenthetical means 'though, after all', registering the devil's mock surprise at Ivan's admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a confession"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b11-c9-s292","source":"Но я добр, я тебе и тут помогу.","translation":"But I'm kind, I'll help you out here too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но я добр","title":"Short adjective «добр» as predicate","body":"«добр» is the predicative short form of «добрый» ('I am kind'). The short adjective in the predicate is the bookish, assertive choice — 'I am kind [by nature]' — fitting the devil's smooth self-portrait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебе и тут помогу","title":"Perfective future «помогу» + dative «тебе»","body":"«помогу» is the perfective future ('I will help [you out]'), conjugated like a present but with completed future sense. «тебе» is the dative object that «помогать/помочь» governs, and «и тут» means 'here too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добр","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"добр","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing я","gloss":"am kind"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помогу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of помогу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"помогу","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll help"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b11-c9-s293","source":"Слушай: это я тебя поймал, а не ты меня!","translation":"Listen: it's I who caught you, not you who caught me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я тебя поймал, а не ты меня","title":"Cleft emphasis «это я… а не ты» + contrastive «а»","body":"The «это я… а не ты» cleft throws full stress onto the agent: 'it's I who caught you, not you [who caught] me'. The contrastive «а» («а не ты») pivots the opposition — the very hinge of the devil's reversal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive introducing the cleft clause","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the это-cleft clause","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided поймал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of elided поймал","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b11-c9-s294","source":"Я нарочно тебе твой же анекдот рассказал, который ты уже забыл, чтобы ты окончательно во мне разуверился.","translation":"I told you your own anecdote on purpose — the one you'd already forgotten — so that you'd lose all faith in me for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твой же анекдот, который ты уже забыл","title":"Possessive «твой же» + relative «который»","body":"«твой же» ('your own, your very') uses «же» to insist on the possessor. «который» opens the relative clause ('which you'd already forgotten'), taking accusative as the object of «забыл» though agreeing in gender/number with «анекдот»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ты окончательно во мне разуверился","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы ты… разуверился» is a purpose clause — «чтобы» plus the past-form verb (the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы»): 'so that you would lose all faith'. «разувериться во мне» ('to lose belief in me') is the reflexive of disillusionment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твой","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying анекдот","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of разуверился","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разуверился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разуверился","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of разуверился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"разуверился","lemma":"разувериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"lost all faith"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b11-c9-s295","source":"— Лжешь!","translation":"— You're lying!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лжешь!","title":"Imperfective present «лжёшь»","body":"«лжёшь» (2nd sg. of «лгать», 'to lie') is a bald imperfective present — 'you're lying!'. Note the stem alternation «лг-» → «лж-» in this conjugation; the short, present-tense form lands as an accusation in the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лжешь","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You're lying"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b11-c9-s296","source":"Цель твоего появления уверить меня, что ты есь.","translation":"The purpose of your appearing is to persuade me that you exist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цель твоего появления уверить меня","title":"Zero-copula equation + infinitive predicate","body":"«цель… уверить» equates a noun subject with an infinitive predicate across an unspoken 'is' — 'the purpose… is to persuade'. «твоего появления» is the genitive of 'of your appearing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты есь","title":"Colloquial/archaic «есь» for «есть»","body":"«ты есь» is a clipped, archaic-colloquial form of «ты есть» ('that you exist'). Retaining the present 'to be' at all is already emphatic; the worn-down «есь» gives it an old, almost folk-incantatory ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, predicate is уверить","gloss":"The purpose"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of появления","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Цель","gloss":"appearing"},{"surface":"уверить","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate nominal of Цель (with elided есть)","gloss":"is to persuade"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular (archaic form)","role":"clausal complement of уверить","gloss":"exist","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic-flavored form of \"быть\" (to be), used here for a mocking, old-fashioned tone."}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b11-c9-s297","source":"— Именно.","translation":"— Precisely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Именно","title":"«Именно» — precisely, exactly","body":"An emphatic affirmative, 'precisely, just so'. The devil coolly concedes Ivan's charge, owning his aim to make Ivan believe in him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Precisely"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b11-c9-s298","source":"Но колебания, но беспокойство, но борьба веры и неверия — это ведь такая иногда мука для совестливого человека, вот как ты, что лучше повеситься.","translation":"But the wavering, the unrest, the struggle of belief and unbelief — that, you see, is sometimes such torment for a conscientious man like you that hanging oneself would be better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но колебания, но беспокойство, но борьба…","title":"Anaphoric «но» — rhetorical accumulation","body":"The repeated «но» before each noun ('but the wavering, but the unrest, but the struggle') is a rhetorical anaphora piling up the torments — a sermon-like cadence, not three separate contrasts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ведь такая… мука… что лучше повеситься","title":"«такая… что» result + «ведь»","body":"«такая мука… что лучше повеситься» is a 'such… that' result construction ('such torment that it'd be better to hang oneself'). «ведь» pleads shared understanding, and «повеситься» is the reflexive 'to hang oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совестливого","title":"«совестливый» — conscientious, tender of conscience","body":"From «совесть» (conscience): a person acutely governed by conscience, 'scrupulous, conscience-ridden'. The devil names exactly Ivan's affliction — too much conscience to rest in either faith or unbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"колебания","lemma":"колебание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"topic, coordinated with беспокойство, борьба","gloss":"the wavering"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with колебания","gloss":"the unrest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"борьба","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with колебания","gloss":"the struggle"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies борьба","gloss":"of belief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неверия","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веры","gloss":"unbelief"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, resumptive","role":"resumes the subject, subject of мука","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мука","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"совестливого","lemma":"совестливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"conscientious"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ты","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"object of the как-comparison, modifies человека","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of лучше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"повеситься","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to hang oneself"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b11-c9-s299","source":"Я именно, зная, что ты капельку веришь в меня, подпустил тебе неверия уже окончательно, рассказав этот анекдот.","translation":"Knowing that you believe in me a little, I deliberately instilled in you a final dose of unbelief by telling that anecdote.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная, что ты капельку веришь… подпустил тебе неверия","title":"Imperfective gerund «зная» + genitive object «неверия»","body":"«зная» is an imperfective present gerund ('knowing'), framing the simultaneous motive. «подпустил… неверия» takes a partitive genitive ('let in some unbelief'), and «капельку» ('a wee drop') is an adverbial diminutive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказав этот анекдот","title":"Perfective gerund «рассказав» of means","body":"«рассказав» ('by telling') is a perfective past gerund expressing the means by which the devil instilled the unbelief — 'by having told that anecdote'. It shares the main subject and closes the sentence with the decisive act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подпустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подпустил","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of degree modifying веришь","gloss":"a little bit"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подпустил","lemma":"подпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"instilled"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подпустил","gloss":"in you"},{"surface":"неверия","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"partitive direct object of подпустил","gloss":"a dose of unbelief"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подпустил","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"рассказав","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подпустил","gloss":"by telling"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказав","gloss":"anecdote"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b11-c9-s300","source":"Я тебя вожу между верой и безверием попеременно, и тут у меня своя цель.","translation":"I lead you to and fro between faith and unfaith, and in this I have a purpose of my own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя вожу между верой и безверием","title":"Multidirectional «вожу» + «между» + instrumental","body":"«вожу» is the multidirectional motion verb «водить» ('lead back and forth'), here figurative — leading Ivan to and fro. «между верой и безверием» uses «между» + instrumental for 'between faith and unfaith'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня своя цель","title":"Reflexive possessive «своя» + «у меня»","body":"«своя цель» ('a purpose of my own') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's subject (the devil himself). «у меня… цель» is the «у + genitive» possessive, 'I have a purpose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вожу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вожу","lemma":"водить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вожу","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безверием","lemma":"безверие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with верой","gloss":"unfaith"},{"surface":"попеременно","lemma":"попеременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вожу","gloss":"alternately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the у-construction","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"своя","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause (elided есть)","gloss":"purpose"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b11-c9-s301","source":"Новая метода-с: ведь когда ты во мне совсем разуверишься, то тотчас меня же в глаза начнешь уверять, что я не сон, а есмь в самом деле, я тебя уж знаю; вот я тогда и достигну цели.","translation":"A new method, sir: when you've lost all faith in me, you'll set at once to assuring me to my face that I'm no dream but truly am, in very fact — I know you by now; and that is when I'll attain my end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"метода-с","title":"«метода» with the deferential -с","body":"«метода» is an older feminine variant of «метод» (method), common in 19th-century speech. The clipped «-с» tacked on is the «словоерс» — a fossilized «сударь» (sir) that signals servile or mock-deferential politeness, exactly the devil's register here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ты во мне совсем разуверишься, то тотчас меня же... начнешь уверять","title":"Perfective futures chaining the conditional","body":"«разуверишься» and «начнёшь» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, but they carry future meaning — 'once you lose faith… you'll begin.' Russian uses this simple future to plot a sequence of completed events, here keyed by «когда… то…» ('when… then…')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know' — drawing Ivan into the devil's reasoning as if it were obvious. It has no English word of its own; we hear it only as a coaxing tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"есмь","title":"«есмь» — the archaic 'I am'","body":"«есмь» is the Church-Slavonic first-person form of «быть» (to be), long dead in ordinary Russian, which drops the present copula entirely. The devil uses it for solemn, almost scriptural weight: 'I am, in very fact' — a mocking echo of God's 'I AM.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies метода","gloss":"A new"},{"surface":"метода","lemma":"метода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"method"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix \"-с\")","role":"polite suffix attached to метода","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начнешь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разуверишься","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разуверишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of разуверишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разуверишься","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"разуверишься","lemma":"разувериться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда clause","gloss":"lose faith"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the когда-clause, introduces начнешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнешь","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of начнешь уверять","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"idiom \"в глаза\", modifies начнешь","gloss":"my face"},{"surface":"начнешь","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, apodosis of когда...то","gloss":"you'll begin"},{"surface":"уверять","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнешь","gloss":"assuring"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сон","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, clausal complement of уверять","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular (archaic form)","role":"predicate, coordinated with сон","gloss":"truly am","note":"Archaic first-person form of \"быть\" (to be), used mockingly for solemn effect."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom \"в самом деле\", modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom, modifies есмь","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достигну, correlative with тогда","gloss":"that's when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of достигну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies достигну","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"достигну","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"I'll attain"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигну","gloss":"my end"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b11-c9-s302","source":"А цель моя благородная.","translation":"And my end is a noble one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А цель моя благородная","title":"Zero copula and the contrastive «а»","body":"There is no verb 'is' — the present-tense copula is simply absent, so «цель моя благородная» reads 'my end [is] a noble one.' The opening «а» is the mild contrastive conjunction, shifting topic with a faint 'and yet' rather than a real 'but.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of благородная","gloss":"my purpose"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"благородная","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing цель","gloss":"is noble"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b11-c9-s303","source":"Я в тебя только крохотное семечко веры брошу, а из него вырастет дуб — да еще такой дуб, что ты, сидя на дубе-то, в «отцы пустынники и в жены непорочны» пожелаешь вступить; ибо тебе оченно, оченно того втайне хочется, акриды кушать будешь, спасаться в пустыню потащишься!","translation":"I'll cast into you only a tiny seed of faith, and from it an oak will grow — and such an oak that, sitting up in it, you'll long to join 'the fathers of the desert and the blameless wives'; for you want it dreadfully, dreadfully, in your secret heart — you'll take to eating locusts, you'll go dragging yourself off into the wilderness to be saved!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крохотное семечко","title":"«крохотное семечко» — a tiny little seed","body":"«семечко» is the diminutive of «семя» (seed), and «крохотное» ('teeny') doubles the smallness with affection. The phrase plants the Gospel parable of the mustard seed (Matthew 13) in the devil's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя на дубе-то","title":"Gerund «сидя» + the topic clitic «-то»","body":"«сидя» is an imperfective adverbial participle (деепричастие), 'while sitting,' describing Ivan's state simultaneously with the main verb. The clitic «-то» on «дубе» highlights the oak as the known topic — 'up in that oak, mind you' — a colloquial nudge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно","title":"«оченно» — folksy 'very'","body":"«оченно» is a substandard, peasant-flavored form of «очень» (very). The devil drops into low colloquial speech, repeating it for comic emphasis: 'dreadfully, dreadfully.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"акриды кушать","title":"«акриды» — locusts of the desert","body":"«акриды» is the bookish Greek-derived word for the locusts John the Baptist ate in the wilderness (Mark 1:6); «кушать» is a genteel-folksy 'to eat.' The image evokes the hermit's diet Ivan is mockingly destined for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of брошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крохотное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"крохотное","lemma":"крохотный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семечко","gloss":"a tiny"},{"surface":"семечко","lemma":"семечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of брошу","gloss":"seed"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семечко","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"брошу","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll cast"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырастет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вырастет","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брошу, main verb","gloss":"will grow"},{"surface":"дуб","lemma":"дуб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырастет","gloss":"an oak"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дуб","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дуб","lemma":"дуб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"restates дуб, head of the result clause","gloss":"an oak"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of пожелаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пожелаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожелаешь","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дубе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дубе","lemma":"дуб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"the oak"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on дубе","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцы, complement of вступить","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступить, part of quoted phrase","gloss":"the fathers"},{"surface":"пустынники","lemma":"пустынник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"appositive to отцы","gloss":"hermits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жены, complement of вступить","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступить, coordinated with отцы","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"непорочны","lemma":"непорочный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"пожелаешь","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"you'll long"},{"surface":"вступить","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелаешь","gloss":"to join"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of хочется","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of хочется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"втайне","lemma":"втайне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, impersonal, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"акриды","lemma":"акриды","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of кушать","gloss":"locusts"},{"surface":"кушать","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будешь","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming future with кушать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"спасаться","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of потащишься","gloss":"to be saved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"пустыню","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потащишься","gloss":"the wilderness"},{"surface":"потащишься","lemma":"потащиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочется, second main clause","gloss":"you'll drag yourself off"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b11-c9-s304","source":"— Так ты, негодяй, для спасения моей души стараешься?","translation":"— So you, scoundrel, are laboring for the salvation of my soul?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодяй","title":"«негодяй» — scoundrel","body":"A strong term of abuse, 'good-for-nothing, scoundrel,' from «не годиться» (to be unfit). Ivan flings it at the devil as a vocative-like insult set off from the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для спасения моей души","title":"Genitive after «для» and the genitive of 'of'","body":"«для» governs the genitive — «спасения» — and that noun in turn governs another genitive, «моей души» ('of my soul'), stacking 'for the salvation of my soul.' This nesting of genitives is the workhorse way Russian builds such 'of' chains."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стараешься","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стараешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"негодяй","lemma":"негодяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to ты","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стараешься","gloss":"the salvation"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спасения","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"стараешься","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laboring"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b11-c9-s305","source":"— Надо же хоть когда-нибудь доброе дело сделать.","translation":"— One has to do a good deed at least once in a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо же хоть когда-нибудь доброе дело сделать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + the indefinite «когда-нибудь»","body":"«надо» is an impersonal predicate of necessity with no subject — 'one has to' — taking an infinitive «сделать». «когда-нибудь» uses the non-specific particle «-нибудь»: 'at some time or other, ever,' here 'once in a while.' The «же» adds resigned insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"One has to"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Надо","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b11-c9-s306","source":"Злишься-то ты, злишься, как я погляжу!","translation":"How angry you are, though — how angry, as far as I can see!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Злишься-то ты, злишься","title":"Reflexive «злиться» with emphatic «-то» and repetition","body":"«злишься» is the reflexive verb «злиться» (to be angry), where «-ся» makes a stative middle, not a true reflexive. The clitic «-то» fronts and stresses the verb, and the repetition («злишься… злишься») is expressive: 'how angry you are, angry indeed.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я погляжу","title":"Perfective «погляжу» as 'as I see'","body":"«погляжу» is the perfective future of «поглядеть» but here reads as a fixed conversational tag, 'as far as I can see / as I observe.' The «по-» prefix gives a brief, single look rather than ongoing watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Злишься","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You're angry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on Злишься","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Злишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злишься","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats Злишься for emphasis","gloss":"you're angry"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погляжу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of погляжу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"погляжу","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of как","gloss":"can see"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b11-c9-s307","source":"— Шут!","translation":"— Buffoon!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шут","title":"«Шут» — buffoon, jester","body":"A «шут» is a court fool or clown; as an insult it brands the devil a frivolous mountebank. The word also feeds «шут гороховый» (a pea-jester, a contemptible buffoon) and Dostoevsky's whole theme of the comic, undignified devil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Buffoon"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b11-c9-s308","source":"А искушал ты когда-нибудь вот этаких-то, вот что акриды-то едят, да по семнадцати лет в голой пустыне молятся, мохом обросли?","translation":"And have you ever tempted the likes of those — the ones who eat locusts, you know, who pray seventeen years in the bare desert and have grown over with moss?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот этаких-то, вот что акриды-то едят","title":"Demonstrative «этакий» + insistent «вот… -то»","body":"«этаких» is the colloquial demonstrative «этакий» ('such, the likes of these'), here in the animate accusative-genitive plural as object of «искушал». The piled-up «вот… вот… -то» is gesturing, button-holing speech: 'those very ones, you know, the ones that…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по семнадцати лет","title":"«по» + 'seventeen years' as distributive duration","body":"«по семнадцати лет» uses «по» loosely for an extended span, 'for seventeen years at a stretch'; «лет» is the genitive plural that numerals above four demand. The old dative «семнадцати» is the bookish shape of the numeral."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мохом обросли","title":"«мохом обросли» — grown over with moss","body":"«обрасти» (to grow over, become overgrown) takes the instrumental «мохом» ('with moss') for the covering material. The image — desert hermits so still they sprout moss — is hyperbolic hagiography."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"искушал","lemma":"искушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have tempted"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искушал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies искушал","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies искушал","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этаких","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of искушал","gloss":"the likes of these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on этаких","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"subject of едят, refers to этаких","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"акриды","lemma":"акриды","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of едят","gloss":"locusts"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on акриды","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"едят","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying этаких","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"семнадцати","lemma":"семнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of молятся","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голой","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыне","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молятся","gloss":"the desert"},{"surface":"молятся","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едят","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"мохом","lemma":"мох","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обросли","gloss":"with moss"},{"surface":"обросли","lemma":"обрасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with едят","gloss":"have grown over"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b11-c9-s309","source":"— Голубчик мой, только это и делал.","translation":"— My dear fellow, it's the only thing I have done.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Голубчик мой","title":"«Голубчик» — 'my dear little dove'","body":"«голубчик» is the affectionate diminutive of «голубь» (dove/pigeon), a warm term of endearment between intimates, 'my dear fellow.' The devil's coziness is its own kind of menace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только это и делал","title":"Emphatic «только… и» — 'did nothing but'","body":"The frame «только это и делал» means 'this was the only thing I did' — «только… и» before the verb is a fixed emphatic exclusive, restricting the action to one thing alone. The imperfective «делал» views it as the whole occupation of his existence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"My dear fellow"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Голубчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies делал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, subject elided (я)","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b11-c9-s310","source":"Весь мир и миры забудешь, а к одному этакому прилепишься, потому что бриллиант-то уж очень драгоценен; одна ведь такая душа стоит иной раз целого созвездия — у нас ведь своя арифметика.","translation":"You forget the whole world and all the worlds, and fasten on one such man, because the diamond is so very precious; one such soul is sometimes worth a whole constellation — for we have our own arithmetic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к одному этакому прилепишься","title":"Perfective «прилепишься» + «к» governing the dative","body":"«прилепиться» (to cling, fasten onto) is reflexive in «-ся» and governs «к» + dative, «к одному этакому» ('to one such [man]'). The future-perfective «прилепишься» here generalizes — 'you fasten on,' the way one would."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бриллиант-то","title":"«бриллиант» — the precious diamond soul","body":"«бриллиант» is a cut diamond (as opposed to «алмаз», the raw stone). The devil's metaphor turns a single struggling soul into a brilliant worth a whole «созвездие» (constellation) — 'we have our own arithmetic,' a divine economy of value."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас ведь своя арифметика","title":"«у нас» possession + reflexive «своя»","body":"«у нас… своя арифметика» is the «у» + genitive possessive frame ('we have'), with «своя» — the reflexive possessive 'our own' — pointing back to the subject 'we.' «ведь» again appeals: 'for, you see, we have our own arithmetic.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"The whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забудешь","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"миры","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мир","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"забудешь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll forget"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этакому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies этакому","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"этакому","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилепишься","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"прилепишься","lemma":"прилепиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забудешь","gloss":"you'll cling"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of compound conjunction)","role":"introduces the causal clause of драгоценен","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"бриллиант","lemma":"бриллиант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of драгоценен","gloss":"the diamond"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on бриллиант","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies драгоценен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"драгоценен","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of бриллиант, causal clause","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"a soul"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom \"иной раз\", modifies стоит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies созвездия","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"созвездия","lemma":"созвездие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"constellation"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the у-construction with арифметика","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies арифметика","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"своя","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of арифметика","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"арифметика","lemma":"арифметика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause (elided есть)","gloss":"arithmetic"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b11-c9-s311","source":"Победа-то драгоценна!","translation":"The victory is precious!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Победа-то драгоценна","title":"Short adjective «драгоценна» as predicate","body":"«драгоценна» is the short (predicative) form of «драгоценный» (precious), agreeing in feminine singular with «победа». The short form, more bookish, states the quality as a verdict — 'the victory is precious!' — while «-то» marks 'the victory' as the point at issue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Победа","lemma":"победа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of драгоценна","gloss":"The victory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial suffix \"-то\")","role":"emphatic suffix on Победа","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"драгоценна","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Победа","gloss":"is precious"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b11-c9-s312","source":"А ведь иные из них, ей-богу, не ниже тебя по развитию, хоть ты этому и не поверишь: такие бездны веры и неверия могут созерцать в один и тот же момент, что, право, иной раз кажется, только бы еще один волосок — и полетит человек «вверх тормашки», как говорит актер Горбунов.","translation":"And some of them, by God, are no lower than you in development, though you won't believe it: they can contemplate such abysses of belief and unbelief in one and the same moment that, truly, it sometimes seems a man needs only one more hair and he'll go 'head over heels,' as the actor Gorbunov says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ниже тебя по развитию","title":"Comparative «ниже» governing the genitive","body":"«ниже» is the comparative of «низкий» (low); in this older, bookish construction it takes the genitive of comparison directly — «тебя» ('than you') — rather than «чем ты». 'No lower than you in development.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть ты этому и не поверишь","title":"Concessive «хоть» + dative object of «поверить»","body":"«хоть» here is concessive, 'though, even if'; «поверить» (to believe) governs the dative, «этому» ('this'). The «и» before «не поверишь» is an emphatic 'even,' and «не» negates — 'though you won't believe it for a moment.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вверх тормашки","title":"«вверх тормашки» — head over heels","body":"A frozen colloquial idiom meaning 'topsy-turvy, head over heels'; «тормашки» survives only here. The devil quotes it as a stage line, framing a man's plunge from faith to unbelief as slapstick."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying the clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ей-богу","gloss":"by","note":"«ей-богу» ('by God, honestly') is a fixed idiom, split here into two tokens by the hyphen."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ниже","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of иные","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развитию","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"развитию","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверишь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверишь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверишь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверишь","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of бездны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бездны","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неверия","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веры","gloss":"of unbelief"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, governs созерцать","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"contemplate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созерцать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying кажется","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз, idiom иной раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying кажется","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только бы (if only)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the idiom только бы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies волосок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"волосок","lemma":"волосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of the omitted verb (only one hair needed)","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полетит","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis introduced by и","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полетит","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom вверх тормашки (head over heels)","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"тормашки","lemma":"тормашки","morphology":"noun, plural (idiomatic form)","role":"predicate complement of полетит","gloss":"heels","note":"«вверх тормашки/тормашками» is a fixed idiom meaning 'head over heels, topsy-turvy.'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying полетит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"актер","lemma":"актёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"actor"},{"surface":"Горбунов","lemma":"горбунов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to актер","gloss":"Gorbunov"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b11-c9-s313","source":"— Ну и что ж, отходил с носом?","translation":"— Well, and so — did he come away with his nose put out of joint?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходил с носом","title":"«остаться с носом» — to be left in the lurch","body":"«с носом» here is the idiom «остаться/отойти с носом» — 'to come away empty-handed, be left holding the bag, be made a fool of' (the «нос» is an old word for a rejected bribe-offering). Ivan asks whether the devil's seduction failed — setting up the whole 'nose' pun that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ж","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ж (so, then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"что ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходил","gloss":"his nose","note":"«уйти/отойти с носом» is an idiom meaning 'to come away empty-handed, disappointed' — literally 'to leave with [only] one's nose.'"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b11-c9-s314","source":"— Друг мой, — заметил сентенциозно гость, — с носом всё же лучше отойти, чем иногда совсем без носа, как недавно еще изрек один болящий маркиз (должно быть, специалист лечил) на исповеди своему духовному отцу-иезуиту.","translation":"— My friend, — the guest observed sententiously, — it's still better to come away with one's nose put out than at times to come away without a nose at all, as a certain ailing marquis recently declared (a specialist must have been treating him) at confession to his Jesuit spiritual father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил сентенциозно гость","title":"Inverted attribution, verb-first","body":"The speech tag inverts to verb–adverb–subject, «заметил сентенциозно гость» ('observed sententiously the guest'), a literary attribution order. «сентенциозно» (sententiously, in a moralizing way) is a bookish Latinate adverb suiting the devil's pompous pose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болящий маркиз","title":"«болящий» — the ailing one","body":"«болящий» is an archaic/Church-Slavonic-flavored present active participle of «болеть» (to be ill), used as a noun, 'the sick man.' Its elevated tone clashes comically with the marquis's very unspiritual complaint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«изрёк» — 'pronounced, uttered'","body":"«изречь» is a bookish, solemn perfective 'to utter, pronounce' (related to «речь», speech), far loftier than «сказать». The mock-grand verb gilds a ridiculous confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отойти","gloss":"a nose"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же (still, nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the main clause","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"отойти","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause (than to leave without a nose)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без носа","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"носа","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided отойти","gloss":"a nose"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изрек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies маркиз","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"болящий","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies маркиз","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"маркиз","lemma":"маркиз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"marquis"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"predicative, parenthetical (idiom должно быть)","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom должно быть","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"специалист","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лечил","gloss":"a specialist"},{"surface":"лечил","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was treating"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповеди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"духовному","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of изрек","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"иезуиту","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу (compound отцу-иезуиту)","gloss":"Jesuit"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b11-c9-s315","source":"Я присутствовал — просто прелесть.","translation":"I was present — simply delightful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просто прелесть","title":"«просто прелесть» — 'simply delightful'","body":"«прелесть» means 'charm, delight'; the casual exclamation «просто прелесть» ('just delightful') is the devil relishing the scene. Note the religious irony: in Church Slavonic «прелесть» means spiritual delusion, the soul's seduction by evil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of присутствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"присутствовал","lemma":"присутствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was present"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прелесть","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"прелесть","lemma":"прелесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of an elliptical exclamatory clause","gloss":"delightful"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b11-c9-s316","source":"«Возвратите мне, говорит, мой нос!» И бьет себя в грудь.","translation":"'Give me back,' he says, 'my nose!' And he beats his breast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возвратите мне... мой нос","title":"Perfective imperative «возвратите»","body":"«возвратите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «возвратить» (to give back), demanding a single completed act — 'give me back!' «мне» is the dative recipient. The perfective fits an urgent one-off demand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бьет себя в грудь","title":"«бить себя в грудь» — to beat one's breast","body":"The reflexive pronoun «себя» ('himself') marks the marquis striking his own chest. «бить себя в грудь» is a set gesture of penitence or vehement protest — milked here for farce."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвратите","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Возвратите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause (he says)","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Возвратите","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"the chest"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b11-c9-s317","source":"«Сын мой, — виляет патер, — по неисповедимым судьбам провидения всё восполняется и видимая беда влечет иногда за собою чрезвычайную, хотя и невидимую выгоду.","translation":"'My son,' the priest hedges, 'by the inscrutable decrees of providence all things are made good, and a visible misfortune sometimes draws after it an extraordinary, if invisible, advantage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виляет патер","title":"«вилять» — to dodge, equivocate","body":"«вилять» literally means 'to wag (a tail), swerve'; figuratively 'to dodge, prevaricate.' The narrator's verb-first tag «виляет патер» ('the priest wriggles') exposes the casuist's evasion before he even speaks. «патер» is the Latin-derived word for a Catholic priest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по неисповедимым судьбам провидения","title":"«по» + dative; «неисповедимый» bookish","body":"«по» governs the dative «судьбам» ('by the decrees of'). «неисповедимый» (inscrutable, unsearchable) is an elevated theological adjective — Romans 11:33, 'his ways past finding out' — lending the dodge a pulpit grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влечет иногда за собою","title":"Reflexive «за собою» — 'in its train'","body":"«влечь за собою» means 'to draw after itself, entail'; «собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя», pointing back to the misfortune as subject. The idiom frames a hidden good following 'in the wake of' a visible evil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"виляет","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"hedges"},{"surface":"патер","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виляет","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"неисповедимым","lemma":"неисповедимый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies судьбам","gloss":"inscrutable"},{"surface":"судьбам","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восполняется","gloss":"decrees"},{"surface":"провидения","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судьбам","gloss":"of providence"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of восполняется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"восполняется","lemma":"восполняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is made up for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимая","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влечет","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"влечет","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восполняется","gloss":"draws"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влечет","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of влечет","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"чрезвычайную","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выгоду","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical concessive phrase (хотя и невидимую)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невидимую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невидимую","lemma":"невидимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выгоду","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"выгоду","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of влечет","gloss":"advantage"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b11-c9-s318","source":"Если строгая судьба лишила вас носа, то выгода ваша в том, что уже никто во всю вашу жизнь не осмелится вам сказать, что вы остались с носом».","translation":"If a stern fate has deprived you of your nose, your advantage lies in this: that for the rest of your life no one will dare tell you that you've been left with a nose.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если строгая судьба лишила вас носа","title":"Conditional «если» + «лишить» governing genitive","body":"«если» opens a real conditional (indicative, not «бы»). «лишить» (to deprive) takes the person in accusative «вас» and the thing in genitive «носа» ('of [a] nose') — a verb whose government leans on the genitive of what is taken away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто... не осмелится вам сказать","title":"Negative concord with «никто… не»","body":"Russian requires double negation: the negative pronoun «никто» ('no one') must still be paired with «не» on the verb, «не осмелится» — two negatives, one meaning. «осмелиться» (to dare) governs the infinitive «сказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишила","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"строгая","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"a stern"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лишила","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"лишила","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"deprived"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of лишила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"носа","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of лишила","gloss":"of a nose"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the если-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выгода","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate том)","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выгода","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate phrase в том, что...","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмелится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмелится","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of осмелится","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your whole"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осмелится","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмелится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осмелится","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will dare"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелится","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"were left"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"a nose","note":"«остаться с носом» normally means 'to be left with nothing, duped' — here the marquis's story puns on it literally, since he has actually lost his nose."}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b11-c9-s319","source":"— «Отец святой, это не утешение! — восклицает отчаянный, — я был бы, напротив, в восторге всю жизнь каждый день оставаться с носом, только бы он был у меня на надлежащем месте!» — «Сын мой, — вздыхает патер, — всех благ нельзя требовать разом, и это уже ропот на провидение, которое даже и тут не забыло вас; ибо если вы вопиете, как возопили сейчас, что с радостью готовы бы всю жизнь оставаться с носом, то и тут уже косвенно исполнено желание ваше: ибо, потеряв нос, вы тем самым всё же как бы остались с носом…»","translation":"— 'Holy father, that's no consolation!' the desperate man exclaims; 'on the contrary, I'd be delighted to go on without a nose every day of my life, if only it were in its proper place!' — 'My son,' the priest sighs, 'one cannot demand every blessing at once, and this is already a murmuring against providence, which even here has not forgotten you; for if you cry out, as you cried out just now, that you'd gladly go on without a nose all your life, then even here your wish is already obliquely fulfilled: for, having lost your nose, you have by that very fact, after a fashion, been left with a nose after all…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я был бы... в восторге всю жизнь каждый день оставаться с носом","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'I would be delighted'","body":"«был бы в восторге» is the irrealis: past-tense «был» plus the particle «бы» yields 'I would be delighted.' «бы» here leans on the first word; «оставаться с носом» (imperfective infinitive) names the ongoing hypothetical state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы он был у меня на надлежащем месте","title":"«только бы» — wishful 'if only'","body":"«только бы» plus a past-form verb expresses a bare wish, 'if only it were' — the «бы» without «если» carries the whole conditional force. «надлежащий» (proper, due) is a bookish present active participle turned adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопиете, как возопили","title":"«вопиять / возопить» — to cry aloud","body":"«вопиять» (to cry out, clamor) and its perfective «возопить» are Church-Slavonic-flavored, the verb of biblical lamentation — 'the stones will cry out,' 'a voice crying in the wilderness.' The priest dresses the marquis's wail in scriptural solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем самым всё же как бы остались с носом","title":"«тем самым» + softening «как бы»","body":"«тем самым» ('by that very means') is an instrumental adverbial of result; «как бы» ('as it were, after a fashion') hedges the punning conclusion. The whole sentence turns on the double sense of «остаться с носом» — left with [a] nose / left in the lurch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Отец","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of утешение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утешение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утешение","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это (main clause)","gloss":"a consolation"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause (he exclaims)","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"отчаянный","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the desperate man"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставаться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of оставаться","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of оставаться","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb (on the contrary)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying оставаться","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying оставаться","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of был бы","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"a nose"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только бы (if only)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the idiom только бы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был (copula)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to месте","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"part of the prepositional phrase у меня, modifying месте","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"надлежащем","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"Сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вздыхает","lemma":"вздыхать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause (he sighs)","gloss":"sighs"},{"surface":"патер","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздыхает","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of благ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive object of требовать","gloss":"blessings"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, main clause","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"требовать","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of требовать (at once)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ропот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ропот","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ропот","lemma":"ропот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это (main clause)","gloss":"a murmuring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking провидение","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"провидение","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ропот","gloss":"providence"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of забыло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыло","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on провидение","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забыло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исполнено","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вопиете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вопиете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вопиете","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возопили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"возопили","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вопиете","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возопили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готовы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовы","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of вопиете (that-clause)","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of готовы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying оставаться","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"a nose"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the если-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies косвенно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"косвенно","lemma":"косвенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"indirectly"},{"surface":"исполнено","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the то-clause (passive)","gloss":"is fulfilled"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive исполнено","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остались","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"your nose"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым (thereby), modifying остались","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остались, part of idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if), modifies остались","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"have been left"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"a nose"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b11-c9-s320","source":"— Фу, как глупо!","translation":"— Pah, how stupid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Фу, как глупо","title":"«Фу» — disgust interjection","body":"«Фу» is an interjection of revulsion or contempt, 'ugh, pah.' Followed by the impersonal exclamation «как глупо» ('how stupid'), it is Ivan's curt verdict on the laboured nose-joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"pah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"exclamatory modifier of глупо (how)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b11-c9-s321","source":"— крикнул Иван.","translation":"— cried Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул Иван","title":"Perfective «крикнул», verb-first tag","body":"«крикнул» is the perfective of «кричать» (to shout) — «крик-ну-ть» with the «-ну-» suffix marking a single, momentary cry rather than continuous shouting. The inverted verb–subject order is standard for speech attributions."}],"words":[{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b11-c9-s322","source":"— Друг мой, я хотел только тебя рассмешить, но, клянусь, это настоящая иезуитская казуистика, и, клянусь, всё это случилось буква в букву, как я изложил тебе.","translation":"— My friend, I only wanted to make you laugh, but I swear it's genuine Jesuit casuistry, and I swear it all happened to the letter, exactly as I've set it out for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел только тебя рассмешить","title":"Causative «рассмешить» — 'to make laugh'","body":"«рассмешить» (perfective) is the causative 'to make [someone] laugh,' built from «смех» (laughter); «тебя» is its accusative object. «хотел… рассмешить» chains a wish-verb with an infinitive of purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иезуитская казуистика","title":"«казуистика» — Jesuit casuistry","body":"«казуистика» is moral reasoning by individual 'cases' (Latin casus), proverbially associated with Jesuit confessors and, in Russian usage, with sophistical hair-splitting. The devil prizes it as genuine art."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"буква в букву","title":"«буква в букву» — to the letter","body":"An idiom, literally 'letter into letter,' meaning 'exactly, word for word, to the letter.' The devil swears his absurd tale is reported with perfect fidelity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of рассмешить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассмешить","lemma":"рассмешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"make laugh"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (I swear)","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казуистика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казуистика","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"иезуитская","lemma":"иезуитский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казуистика","gloss":"Jesuit"},{"surface":"казуистика","lemma":"казуистика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"casuistry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (I swear)","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"буква","lemma":"буква в букву","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom буква в букву (to the letter), adverbial modifier of случилось","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"буква в букву","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom буква в букву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"букву","lemma":"буква в букву","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom буква в букву","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изложил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on случилось","gloss":"set it out"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of изложил","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b11-c9-s323","source":"Случай этот недавний и доставил мне много хлопот.","translation":"The case is a recent one and gave me a great deal of trouble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доставил мне много хлопот","title":"«много» + genitive plural «хлопот»","body":"«много хлопот» ('much trouble/bother') uses the quantifier «много», which governs the genitive plural — «хлопот», a plurale-tantum noun. «доставить хлопот кому-то» ('to give someone trouble') takes the affected person in the dative, «мне»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of недавний","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"недавний","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Случай (main clause)","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доставил","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with недавний","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on хлопот","gloss":"a lot of"},{"surface":"хлопот","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of доставил","gloss":"trouble"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b11-c9-s324","source":"Несчастный молодой человек, возвратясь домой, в ту же ночь застрелился; я был при нем неотлучно до последнего момента…","translation":"The unfortunate young man, returning home, shot himself that very night; I was at his side without leaving him until the last moment…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвратясь домой","title":"Perfective gerund «возвратясь»","body":"«возвратясь» is a perfective past adverbial participle (деепричастие) in «-сь», 'having returned home' — a prior, completed act framing the main verb «застрелился». It shares the subject 'the young man.' The «-я(сь)» shape is the bookish alternative to «-вши»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"застрелился","title":"Reflexive «застрелиться» — to shoot oneself","body":"«застрелиться» is reflexive in «-ся»: the «-ся» is a true reflexive here, the action turned back on the agent — 'shot himself.' The perfective and «за-» mark the single fatal completed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неотлучно","title":"«неотлучно» — without leaving his side","body":"«неотлучно» (from «не отлучаться», not to absent oneself) means 'constantly present, without ever leaving.' The devil's grimly tender vigil over the suicide is a chilling self-portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застрелился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on застрелился","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратясь","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застрелился","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"застрелился","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shot himself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"неотлучно","lemma":"неотлучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"without leaving"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момента","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момента","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"момента","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b11-c9-s325","source":"Что же до исповедальных этих иезуитских будочек, то это воистину самое милое мое развлечение в грустные минуты жизни.","translation":"As for those little Jesuit confessional booths, they are truly my dearest amusement in life's dreary hours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до исповедальных этих иезуитских будочек","title":"«что же до…» — 'as for…'","body":"«что (же) до» + genitive is a fixed framing phrase, 'as for, as regards' — «до» governs the genitive «будочек». The «же» adds a turn-of-topic emphasis. Note the bookish word order with the demonstrative «этих» tucked after the first adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будочек","title":"«будочка» — little booth","body":"«будочка» is the diminutive of «будка» (booth, sentry-box), here the confessional box; the genitive plural is «будочек». The dismissive little-suffix turns the sacrament's setting into a cozy toy theatre for the devil's amusement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlates with то (idiom: as for)","gloss":"as for","note":"«Что до X, то Y» is a fixed construction meaning 'as for X, Y'."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будочек","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"исповедальных","lemma":"исповедальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies будочек","gloss":"confessional"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of будочек","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"иезуитских","lemma":"иезуитский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies будочек","gloss":"Jesuit"},{"surface":"будочек","lemma":"будочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"booths"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumes the что-clause (correlative)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of развлечение","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развлечение","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies милое","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies развлечение","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of развлечение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"развлечение","lemma":"развлечение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грустные","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies развлечение","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"of life"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b11-c9-s326","source":"Вот тебе еще один случай, совсем уж на днях.","translation":"Here's another case for you, only just the other day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот тебе еще один случай","title":"Ethical dative «тебе» — 'here's one for you'","body":"«тебе» is an ethical/benefactive dative: not strictly required, it draws the listener in — 'here's another one for you.' «вот» presents the new item; the whole phrase is conversational scene-setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies случай","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"presented by Вот (topic)","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на днях","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днях","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"днях","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies случай (idiom: the other day)","gloss":"day","note":"«На днях» is an idiom meaning 'the other day/recently'."}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b11-c9-s327","source":"Приходит к старику патеру блондиночка, норманочка, лет двадцати, девушка.","translation":"A little blonde comes to an old priest, a little Norman, a girl of about twenty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходит к старику патеру блондиночка","title":"Historic present + verb-first staging","body":"«Приходит» is the imperfective present used as a vivid 'historic present' to narrate a past anecdote as if unfolding now. The verb leads, the subject «блондиночка» trails — focus falls on the new arrival. «к старику патеру» is «к» + dative ('to the old priest')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блондиночка, норманочка","title":"Diminutives «блондиночка», «норманочка»","body":"«блондиночка» (a little blonde) and «норманочка» (a little Norman[dy] girl) pile «-очка» diminutives to ogle her smallness and youth. The leering tenderness is the devil's, savoring the scene to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приходит","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"патеру","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старику","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"блондиночка","lemma":"блондиночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Приходит","gloss":"a little blonde"},{"surface":"норманочка","lemma":"норманочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to блондиночка","gloss":"a little Norman"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies блондиночка (age phrase)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to блондиночка","gloss":"a girl"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b11-c9-s328","source":"Красота, телеса, натура — слюнки текут.","translation":"Such beauty, such a figure, such a nature — the mouth waters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Красота, телеса, натура","title":"«телеса» — bodily flesh (archaic plural)","body":"«телеса» is an archaic, expressive plural of «тело» (body), meaning the fleshly, full figure — somewhat ironic-bookish. Stacked with «красота» (beauty) and «натура» (nature, physique), it builds the devil's appraising, lecherous list."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слюнки текут","title":"«слюнки текут» — the mouth waters","body":"«слюнки» is the diminutive of «слюна» (saliva); «слюнки текут» ('the spittle flows') is the idiom 'one's mouth waters.' The subjectless impersonal clause makes the appetite seem to belong to no one and everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory list","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"телеса","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Красота","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Красота","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"слюнки","lemma":"слюнка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of текут","gloss":"saliva","note":"«Слюнки текут» literally 'saliva runs' — idiom for 'mouth-watering'."},{"surface":"текут","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waters"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b11-c9-s329","source":"Нагнулась, шепчет патеру в дырочку свой грех.","translation":"She leans down and whispers her sin to the priest through the little grille.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нагнулась, шепчет патеру в дырочку свой грех","title":"Perfective then present; dative + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Нагнулась» (perfective past, 'bent down') sets the completed posture; «шепчет» (present) then narrates the whispering vividly. «патеру» is the dative addressee, «свой грех» the object — «свой» ('her own') reflexively bound to the subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в дырочку","title":"«дырочка» — the little grille","body":"«дырочка» is the diminutive of «дыра» (hole), the small opening of the confessional screen. The cozy little-suffix shrinks the sacred apparatus to something intimate and slightly comic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нагнулась","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leans down"},{"surface":"шепчет","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Нагнулась","gloss":"whispers"},{"surface":"патеру","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of шепчет","gloss":"to the priest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дырочку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дырочку","lemma":"дырочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шепчет","gloss":"grille"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of шепчет","gloss":"sin"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b11-c9-s330","source":"«Что вы, дочь моя, неужели вы опять уже пали?..","translation":"'What's this, my daughter, can you really have fallen again?..'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели вы опять уже пали","title":"Incredulous particle «неужели» + «уже»","body":"«неужели» is the particle of astonished disbelief, 'can it really be that…?' Combined with «опять» ('again') and «уже» ('already'), it conveys the priest's weary shock. «пали» is the perfective past of «пасть» (to fall — here, into sin)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пали","title":"«пасть» — to fall (into sin)","body":"«пасть» (perfective) is the solemn, bookish 'to fall,' used of moral or sexual lapse — a «падшая женщина» is a fallen woman. The lofty verb sets up the priest's own imminent fall as bitter irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory 'what' (idiom: what's this)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"head of 'что вы' exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пали","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пали","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b11-c9-s331","source":"— восклицает патер.","translation":"— the priest exclaims.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицает патер","title":"Historic present attribution «восклицает»","body":"«восклицает» (imperfective present, 'exclaims') keeps the anecdote in the vivid historic present, verb before subject. «восклицать» is a bookish 'to exclaim,' loftier than «кричать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"патер","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the priest"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b11-c9-s332","source":"— О Sancta Maria, что я слышу: уже не с тем.","translation":"— 'O Sancta Maria, what do I hear: and not with the same man.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не с тем","title":"Ellipsis + «с» + instrumental «тем»","body":"«с тем» is «с» (with) + instrumental of the demonstrative «тот», 'with that one [man].' The clause is elliptical — 'and [it's] no longer with the same one' — the verb 'fell' understood from before, a clipped spoken shorthand."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation Sancta Maria","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Sancta","lemma":"sancta","morphology":"word","role":"head of the Latin phrase","gloss":"Sancta"},{"surface":"Maria","lemma":"maria","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Sancta","gloss":"Maria"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement in elliptical clause (understood verb omitted)","gloss":"him","note":"«Уже не с тем» is elliptical: 'no longer with the same man', verb omitted."}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b11-c9-s333","source":"Но доколе же это продолжится, и как вам это не стыдно!» — «Ah mon père, — отвечает грешница, вся в покаянных слезах.","translation":"But how long is this to go on, and aren't you ashamed of yourself!' — 'Ah mon père,' answers the sinful woman, all in tears of penitence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доколе же это продолжится","title":"Archaic «доколе» — 'how long?'","body":"«доколе» is an archaic/Church-Slavonic interrogative, 'until when, how long?' — the diction of the Psalms ('how long, O Lord'). «продолжится» is the reflexive perfective future, 'will this go on.' The «же» sharpens the exasperation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вам это не стыдно","title":"Dative-subject «вам… стыдно»","body":"«вам не стыдно» is a classic impersonal: the experiencer in the dative «вам» plus the neuter predicate «стыдно» ('[it is] shameful'), with no nominative subject — 'aren't you ashamed?' This dative-of-feeling pattern is everywhere in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешница","title":"«грешница» — the sinful woman","body":"«грешница» is the feminine of «грешник» (sinner), the «-ица» suffix marking the female. The word carries the full biblical weight of 'the sinful woman' (Luke 7), in heavy ironic contrast to her cheerful French excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доколе","lemma":"доколе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжится","gloss":"how long"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доколе","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of продолжится","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"продолжится","lemma":"продолжиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стыдно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдный","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with продолжится","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"word","role":"head of the French quotation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ah","gloss":"mon"},{"surface":"père","lemma":"père","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ah","gloss":"père"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to продолжится","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"грешница","lemma":"грешница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"the sinner"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грешница","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"покаянных","lemma":"покаянный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies слезах","gloss":"penitent"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"completes вся (all in tears)","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b11-c9-s334","source":"— Ça lui fait tant de plaisir et à moi si peu de peine!» Ну, представь себе такой ответ!","translation":"— 'Ça lui fait tant de plaisir et à moi si peu de peine!' Now just imagine such an answer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представь себе такой ответ","title":"Imperative «представь себе» — 'just imagine'","body":"«представь» is the imperative of «представить» (to imagine, picture); «себе» is the dative reflexive in the fixed phrase «представь себе» ('imagine to yourself, just fancy'). The devil turns to Ivan as confidant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ça","lemma":"ça","morphology":"word","role":"head of the French quotation","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"fait","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"tant","lemma":"tant","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaisir","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"peu","lemma":"peu","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"peine","lemma":"peine","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Ça","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответ","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представь","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b11-c9-s335","source":"Тут уж и я отступился: это крик самой природы, это, если хочешь, лучше самой невинности!","translation":"At that even I drew back: it's the cry of nature herself, it's — if you like — better than innocence itself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут уж и я отступился","title":"Reflexive «отступиться» + emphatic «уж… и»","body":"«отступиться» (reflexive perfective, 'to draw back, give up on') marks the devil's own retreat. «уж» and «и» stack emphasis on «я» — 'even I, at that point, backed off.' The «-ся» here gives a middle 'desist' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше самой невинности","title":"Comparative «лучше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» (good/well), governing the genitive «самой невинности» ('than innocence itself') without «чем». «самой» is the intensifier «сам» agreeing in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отступился","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отступился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отступился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отступился","lemma":"отступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"backed down"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of крик","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природы","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лучше","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with крик","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невинности","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"innocence"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b11-c9-s336","source":"Я тут же отпустил ей грех и повернулся было идти, но тотчас же принужден был и воротиться: слышу, патер в дырочку ей назначает вечером свидание, а ведь старик — кремень, и вот пал в одно мгновение!","translation":"I absolved her of her sin on the spot and was about to turn to go, but at once I was forced to come back: I hear the priest, through the little grille, arranging a rendezvous with her for that evening — and the old man was flint, mind you, yet there he fell in a single instant!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся было идти","title":"The particle «было» — 'was about to / started to'","body":"«было» after a perfective verb marks an action begun or intended but cut off — 'I had turned to go (but…).' Here «повернулся было идти» means 'was just about to turn away,' immediately reversed by «принужден был воротиться.' A subtle, very 19th-century device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышу, патер... ей назначает... свидание","title":"Present «слышу» + dative «ей»","body":"«слышу» drops into the present mid-narration for immediacy ('I hear…'). «назначает свидание ей» — «назначить свидание» ('to set up a rendezvous') gives the person in the dative, «ей» ('with her, for her')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старик — кремень","title":"«кремень» — flint, an unyielding man","body":"«кремень» is flint; calling the old priest «кремень» means he is hard, steadfast, unbreakable. The metaphor sets up the shock of «пал в одно мгновение» — even flint cracks in an instant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отпустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустил","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отпустил","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"absolved"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отпустил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустил","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпустил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повернулся (interrupted-action particle)","gloss":"was about to","note":"«Было» after a past-tense verb marks an action begun but interrupted."},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повернулся","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принужден","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпустил","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принужден","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the reported clause of назначает","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"патер","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назначает","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дырочку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дырочку","lemma":"дырочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назначает","gloss":"grille"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of назначает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"назначает","lemma":"назначать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause (complement of слышу)","gloss":"arranges"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назначает","gloss":"that evening"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назначает","gloss":"rendezvous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кремень","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"кремень","lemma":"кремень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of старик","gloss":"flint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"пал","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пал","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b11-c9-s337","source":"Природа-то, правда-то природы взяла свое!","translation":"Nature, the truth of nature, had its way!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Природа-то, правда-то природы взяла свое","title":"Topic «-то» + idiom «взять своё»","body":"The clitic «-то» twice marks the topic emphatically — 'nature, mind you; the truth of nature.' «взять своё» ('to take what is one's own') is an idiom meaning 'to assert itself, win out, have its way.' «свое» is the reflexive possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Природа","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Природа (emphatic particle)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда (emphatic particle)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда (genitive complement, \"of nature\")","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"its own","note":"«Взять своё» is an idiom meaning 'to prevail/have its way'."}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b11-c9-s338","source":"Что, опять воротишь нос, опять сердишься?","translation":"What, turning up your nose again, angry again?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротишь нос","title":"«воротить нос» — to turn up one's nose","body":"«воротить нос (от чего-то)» is the idiom 'to turn up one's nose, recoil in disdain.' The devil teases Ivan with it, keeping the running nose-motif alive. «воротишь» is the colloquial imperfective present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять сердишься","title":"Reflexive «сердиться» — to be angry","body":"«сердишься» is the «-ся» stative verb «сердиться» (to be/grow angry), built on «сердце» (heart). Like «злиться», the «-ся» gives an intransitive 'be in an emotional state' reading, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротишь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"воротишь","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn up","note":"«Воротить нос» is an idiom meaning 'to turn up one's nose, be displeased'."},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воротишь","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воротишь","gloss":"are angry"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b11-c9-s339","source":"Не знаю уж, чем и угодить тебе… — Оставь меня, ты стучишь в моем мозгу как неотвязный кошмар, — болезненно простонал Иван, в бессилии пред своим видением, — мне скучно с тобою, невыносимо и мучительно!","translation":"I really don't know how to please you anymore… — Leave me, you hammer in my brain like an inescapable nightmare, — Ivan groaned in anguish, powerless before his vision, — you bore me, you're unbearable, you're a torment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем и угодить тебе","title":"«чем угодить» — instrumental of means + dative","body":"«угодить кому-то» ('to please someone') takes the dative «тебе»; «чем» is the instrumental of «что» asking 'by what means.' 'I don't even know how (with what) to please you.' The «и» adds 'even.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставь меня","title":"Perfective imperative «Оставь»","body":"«Оставь» is the singular imperative of perfective «оставить» (to leave [alone]). The perfective demands one decisive act — 'leave me, be done with me' — Ivan's tormented command to his vision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне скучно с тобою","title":"Dative-subject «мне скучно»","body":"«мне скучно с тобою» is the dative-experiencer pattern: «мне» (dative) + the neuter predicate «скучно» ('[it is] dull/wearisome') — 'I'm bored.' «с тобою» is «с» + instrumental ('with you'). No nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неотвязный кошмар","title":"«неотвязный кошмар» — an inescapable nightmare","body":"«неотвязный» (from «не отвязаться», not to be shaken off) means 'clinging, importunate, that won't let go'; «кошмар» is 'nightmare.' The phrase names the chapter itself — «Кошмар Ивана Фёдоровича»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угодить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"угодить","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to please"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of угодить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (imperative)","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Оставь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стучишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стучишь","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Оставь","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мозгу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучишь","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кошмар","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"неотвязный","lemma":"неотвязный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кошмар","gloss":"inescapable"},{"surface":"кошмар","lemma":"кошмар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучишь","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонал","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"простонал","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простонал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простонал","gloss":"powerlessness"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видением","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of видением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"видением","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессилии","gloss":"vision"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скучно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"tiresome"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of скучно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"невыносимо","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скучно","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скучно","gloss":"tormenting"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b11-c9-s340","source":"Я бы много дал, если бы мог прогнать тебя!","translation":"I'd give a great deal if I could drive you away!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы много дал, если бы мог прогнать тебя","title":"Doubled «бы» conditional","body":"A textbook unreal conditional: the apodosis «я бы много дал» ('I'd give much') and the protasis «если бы мог» ('if I could') each carry «бы» with a past-form verb. «прогнать» (to drive away) is the perfective goal — a single decisive expulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"прогнать","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"drive away"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прогнать","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b11-c9-s341","source":"— Повторяю, умерь свои требования, не требуй от меня «всего великого и прекрасного» и увидишь, как мы дружно с тобой уживемся, — внушительно проговорил джентльмен.","translation":"— I repeat, moderate your demands, don't ask of me 'all that is great and beautiful,' and you'll see how amicably we two shall get along, — the gentleman said impressively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умерь свои требования, не требуй... всего великого и прекрасного","title":"Imperative aspect: perfective vs imperfective with «не»","body":"«умерь» (perfective imperative, 'moderate') asks one decisive adjustment; «не требуй» (imperfective imperative) is the normal shape of a negative command, 'don't (keep) demanding.' Negated imperatives default to the imperfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мы дружно с тобой уживемся","title":"Reflexive «ужиться» — to get along","body":"«ужиться (с кем-то)» is a «-ся» perfective, 'to settle in together, get on with someone'; «с тобой» is «с» + instrumental. «уживёмся» is the perfective future — a successful future outcome of cohabitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"умерь","lemma":"умерить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Повторяю","gloss":"moderate"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of требования","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"требования","lemma":"требование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of умерь","gloss":"demands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требуй","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"требуй","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Повторяю","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of требуй","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies великого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of требуй","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великого","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Повторяю","gloss":"you'll see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уживемся","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уживемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дружно","lemma":"дружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уживемся","gloss":"amicably"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of уживемся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уживемся","lemma":"ужиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause (complement of увидишь)","gloss":"get along"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"джентльмен","lemma":"джентльмен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"gentleman"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b11-c9-s342","source":"— Воистину ты злишься на меня за то, что я не явился тебе как-нибудь в красном сиянии, «гремя и блистая», с опаленными крыльями, а предстал в таком скромном виде.","translation":"— You're truly angry with me because I didn't appear to you somehow in a red glow, 'with thunder and lightning,' my wings scorched, but presented myself instead in such a modest guise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Воистину","title":"«Воистину» — verily, truly","body":"«воистину» is an archaic, churchly intensifier, 'truly, verily' — most famous in the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе!» ('Truly He is risen!'). The devil's solemn 'verily' is wryly blasphemous in his mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что я не явился тебе","title":"«за то, что» + reflexive «явиться» + dative","body":"«за то, что» ('because, for the fact that') introduces a causal clause. «явиться» is the reflexive perfective 'to appear,' governing the dative of the one appeared-to, «тебе» — 'I did not appear to you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злишься","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of злишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"злишься","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are angry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of злишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of злишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of явился","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"somehow","note":"«Как-нибудь» ('somehow') is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"красном","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сиянии","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"сиянии","lemma":"сияние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"radiance"},{"surface":"гремя","lemma":"греметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying явился (quoted phrase)","gloss":"thundering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"блистая","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гремя","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"опаленными","lemma":"опалить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies крыльями","gloss":"scorched"},{"surface":"крыльями","lemma":"крыло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies явился (parallel manner phrase)","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"предстал","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"presented himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скромном","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"скромном","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"guise"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b11-c9-s343","source":"Ты оскорблен, во-первых, в эстетических чувствах твоих, а во-вторых, в гордости: как, дескать, к такому великому человеку мог войти такой пошлый черт?","translation":"You're offended, first, in your aesthetic sensibilities, and secondly, in your pride: how, you think, could so vulgar a devil walk in on so great a man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оскорблен... в эстетических чувствах","title":"Short passive participle «оскорблён»","body":"«оскорблён» is the short-form past passive participle of «оскорбить» (to offend), forming a stative passive — 'you are offended.' The short participle, like a short adjective, predicates a resulting state; «в… чувствах» specifies in what respect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как, дескать, к такому великому человеку мог войти такой пошлый черт","title":"Reportive particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported or attributed thought — 'as if to say, you think.' Here the devil voices Ivan's inner protest. «к… человеку… войти» is «к» + dative of motion-toward; «пошлый» means 'vulgar, banal,' a key Dostoevskian word for the devil's triviality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive оскорблен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оскорблен","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are offended"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, modifies оскорблен","gloss":"in","note":"во-первых together is the idiom 'firstly'."},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, modifies оскорблен","gloss":"the first (place)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эстетических","lemma":"эстетический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"aesthetic"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оскорблен","gloss":"sensibilities"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых, modifies (elided) оскорблен","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых, modifies (elided) оскорблен","gloss":"the second (place)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of (elided) оскорблен","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported/implied thought, modifies мог","gloss":"so to speak","note":"дескать is a discourse particle flagging quoted/imagined speech, not a verb."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеку","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"walk in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of черт","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пошлый","lemma":"пошлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"vulgar"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a devil"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b11-c9-s344","source":"Нет, в тебе таки есть эта романтическая струйка, столь осмеянная еще Белинским.","translation":"No, there's that romantic streak in you after all — the very one that Belinsky once mocked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"романтическая струйка","title":"«струйка» — a little streak","body":"«струйка» is the diminutive of «струя» (stream, jet); figuratively 'a vein, streak, strain' — here a 'romantic streak' in Ivan. The little-suffix makes it a faintly mocking, residual trace. «таки» ('after all, despite everything') sharpens the dig."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмеянная еще Белинским","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«осмеянная» is the long-form past passive participle of «осмеять» (to deride), agreeing with «струйка». The agent of the passive stands in the instrumental — «Белинским» ('by Belinsky') — Russian's regular way to name the doer of a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, independent","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there is')","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of струйка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"романтическая","lemma":"романтический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies струйка","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"струйка","lemma":"струйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеянная","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"осмеянная","lemma":"осмеять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying струйка","gloss":"mocked"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеянная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Белинским","lemma":"Белинский","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of осмеянная","gloss":"Belinsky"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b11-c9-s345","source":"Что делать, молодой человек.","translation":"It can't be helped, young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что делать","title":"«Что делать» — 'what's to be done'","body":"«что делать» literally 'what to do,' here the resigned idiom 'it can't be helped, there's nothing for it.' (It is also the title of Chernyshevsky's 1863 radical novel — a phrase saturated with the era's debates.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is to be done"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b11-c9-s346","source":"Я вот думал давеча, собираясь к тебе, для шутки предстать в виде отставного действительною статского советника, служившего на Кавказе, со звездой Льва и Солнца на фраке, но решительно побоялся, потому ты избил бы меня только за то, как я смел прицепить на фрак Льва и Солнце, а не прицепил по крайней мере Полярную звезду али Сириуса.","translation":"Just now, as I was getting ready to come to you, I did think, for a joke, of presenting myself as a retired actual state councillor who had served in the Caucasus, with the Star of the Lion and the Sun on my dress coat, but I decidedly took fright, because you'd have thrashed me simply for daring to pin the Lion and the Sun to my coat instead of, at the very least, the Polar Star or Sirius.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собираясь к тебе... предстать в виде","title":"Gerund «собираясь» framing the main thought","body":"«собираясь» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие), 'while getting ready (to come) to you,' simultaneous with «думал». It must share the subject 'I.' «предстать в виде» means 'to present oneself in the guise of.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folksy 'or'","body":"«али» is a dialectal, archaic variant of «или» (or), giving the line a peasant, fairy-tale lilt. The devil keeps slipping between high officialese and low folk speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"a while ago","note":"давеча is a colloquial time adverb ('a short while ago'), not a proper noun."},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on думал","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of собираясь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстать","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"предстать","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to present myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстать","gloss":"the guise"},{"surface":"отставного","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советника","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"действительною","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советника","gloss":"actual","note":"действительный статский советник is the historical civil rank 'Active State Councillor'; the surface ending is archaic/irregular."},{"surface":"статского","lemma":"статский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советника","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"советника","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of виде","gloss":"councillor"},{"surface":"служившего","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying советника","gloss":"who had served"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кавказе","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служившего","gloss":"the Caucasus"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звездой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"звездой","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстать","gloss":"the star"},{"surface":"Льва","lemma":"лев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies звездой","gloss":"of the Lion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Льва","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фраке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фраке","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies звездой","gloss":"my coat"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побоялся","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause, modifies побоялся","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of избил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"would have thrashed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of избил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"прицепить","lemma":"прицепить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смел","gloss":"to pin"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фрак","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фрак","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прицепить","gloss":"my coat"},{"surface":"Льва","lemma":"лев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прицепить","gloss":"the Lion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Льва","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прицепил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прицепил","lemma":"прицепить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прицепить (w41)","gloss":"pinned"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере, modifies прицепил","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"Полярную","lemma":"полярный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies звезду","gloss":"Polar"},{"surface":"звезду","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прицепил","gloss":"Star"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Сириуса with звезду","gloss":"or","note":"али is a dialectal/archaic form of или ('or')."},{"surface":"Сириуса","lemma":"Сириус","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with звезду, direct object of прицепил","gloss":"Sirius"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b11-c9-s347","source":"И всё ты о том, что я глуп.","translation":"And it's always the same with you — that I'm stupid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё ты о том, что я глуп","title":"Elliptical «всё ты о том» + short adjective «глуп»","body":"The verb of speaking is omitted — «всё ты о том» means 'you're forever on about that,' «всё» as 'always, again and again.' «глуп» is the short predicative form of «глупый» (stupid), the bookish way to assert the quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (go on/talk)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (go on/talk)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глуп","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"am stupid"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b11-c9-s348","source":"Но бог мой, я и претензий не имею равняться с тобой умом.","translation":"But, good God, I make no pretension to rival you in intellect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"претензий не имею равняться с тобой умом","title":"Genitive of negation + instrumental of respect","body":"Under negation the object «претензии» shifts to genitive «претензий» — the genitive of negation ('I have no pretension'). «равняться с тобой умом»: «с тобой» (instrumental of comparison via «с») and «умом» (instrumental of respect, 'in intellect')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, independent of the main clause","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies имею","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"претензий","lemma":"претензия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"pretensions"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"равняться","lemma":"равняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of имею","gloss":"to rival"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of равняться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of равняться","gloss":"in intellect"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b11-c9-s349","source":"Мефистофель, явившись к Фаусту, засвидетельствовал о себе, что он хочет зла, а делает лишь добро.","translation":"Mephistopheles, when he appeared to Faust, testified of himself that he wills evil yet does only good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явившись к Фаусту, засвидетельствовал","title":"Perfective gerund «явившись» + reflexive «засвидетельствовать»","body":"«явившись» is a perfective past gerund, 'having appeared (to Faust),' a prior act framing «засвидетельствовал». «засвидетельствовать о себе» ('to testify of oneself') uses «о» + prepositional reflexive «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мефистофель","lemma":"Мефистофель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засвидетельствовал","gloss":"Mephistopheles"},{"surface":"явившись","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on засвидетельствовал","gloss":"having appeared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фаусту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Фаусту","lemma":"Фауст","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явившись","gloss":"Faust"},{"surface":"засвидетельствовал","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of засвидетельствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of засвидетельствовал","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добро","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b11-c9-s350","source":"Ну, это как ему угодно, я же совершенно напротив.","translation":"Well, that's as he pleases; I am the exact opposite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это как ему угодно, я же совершенно напротив","title":"«как угодно» + dative; contrastive «же»","body":"«как ему угодно» ('as he pleases') is a dative-experiencer idiom, «ему» the dative. The «же» on «я» is contrastive-emphatic — 'I, on the other hand,' setting Dostoevsky's devil against Goethe's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, independent","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of угодно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напротив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of я, contrasted with угодно clause","gloss":"the opposite"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b11-c9-s351","source":"Я, может быть, единственный человек во всей природе, который любит истину и искренно желает добра.","translation":"I am perhaps the only man in all of nature who loves the truth and sincerely desires the good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственный человек... который любит истину","title":"Relative «который» in the nominative","body":"«который» introduces the relative clause and stands in the nominative because it is the subject of «любит» within that clause — 'the only man who loves the truth.' It agrees in masculine singular with «человек»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"желает добра","title":"«желать добра» — genitive object","body":"«желать» (to wish, desire) characteristically governs the genitive of the thing wished — «добра» ('the good'), not accusative. The devil's claim to 'desire the good' is the chapter's central, troubling paradox."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть', modifies человек","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with Я","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желает","gloss":"the good"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b11-c9-s352","source":"Я был при том, когда умершее на кресте Слово восходило в небо, неся на персях своих душу распятого одесную разбойника, я слышал радостные взвизги херувимов, поющих и вопиющих: «Осанна», и громовый вопль восторга серафимов, от которого потряслось небо и всё мироздание.","translation":"I was present when the Word, having died on the cross, ascended into heaven, bearing on its breast the soul of the thief crucified at its right hand; I heard the joyful shrieks of the cherubim, singing and crying aloud, 'Hosanna,' and the thunderous cry of rapture from the seraphim, at which heaven and all creation shook.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одесную","title":"«одесную» — at the right hand","body":"«одесную» is a Church-Slavonic adverb, 'at the right hand,' from «десница» (right hand) — the diction of the Creed, 'seated at the right hand of the Father.' Solemn, liturgical, and pointedly placed on the devil's tongue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на персях своих","title":"«перси» — bosom (archaic)","body":"«перси» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic word for 'breast, bosom' (cf. modern «грудь»), with the reflexive possessive «своих» ('on its own breast'). The high diction lifts the image of the Word bearing the saved soul upward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизги херувимов... вопль... серафимов","title":"Cherubim and seraphim","body":"«херувим» and «серафим» are the two highest angelic orders; their joy is rendered with startling words — «взвизги» (shrill shrieks/squeals) and «вопль» (a wail/howl) — making heaven's rapture almost animal and overwhelming. «Осанна» (Hosanna) is the Hebrew cry of praise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom был при том","gloss":"present at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom был при том","gloss":"that (moment)"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восходило","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"умершее","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Слово","gloss":"having died"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кресте","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умершее","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"Слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of восходило","gloss":"the Word"},{"surface":"восходило","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"was ascending"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходило","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"неся","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восходило","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking персях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"персях","lemma":"перси","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неся","gloss":"its breast"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of персях","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of неся","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"распятого","lemma":"распять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies разбойника","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"одесную","lemma":"одесную","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распятого","gloss":"at the right hand","note":"одесную is archaic Church Slavonic for 'at the right hand (of)'."},{"surface":"разбойника","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of душу","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"радостные","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies взвизги","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"взвизги","lemma":"взвизг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"shrieks"},{"surface":"херувимов","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies взвизги","gloss":"of the cherubim"},{"surface":"поющих","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying херувимов","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вопиющих","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поющих","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"Осанна","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted exclamation, complement of вопиющих","gloss":"Hosanna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громовый","lemma":"громовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"thunderous"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with взвизги","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"of rapture"},{"surface":"серафимов","lemma":"серафим","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"of the seraphim"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потряслось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"потряслось","lemma":"потрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вопль","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потряслось","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мироздание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мироздание","lemma":"мироздание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"creation"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b11-c9-s353","source":"И вот, клянусь же всем, что есть свято, я хотел примкнуть к хору и крикнуть со всеми: «Осанна!» Уже слетало, уже рвалось из груди… я ведь, ты знаешь, очень чувствителен и художественно восприимчив.","translation":"And then — I swear by all that is holy — I wanted to join the choir and cry out with the rest, 'Hosanna!' It was already flying from me, already bursting out of my breast… for I am, you know, very sensitive and artistically responsive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"клянусь же всем, что есть свято","title":"Reflexive «клясться» + instrumental + correlative «всем, что»","body":"«клясться» (to swear) takes the instrumental of what one swears by — «всем» ('by all'). «всем, что есть свято» uses the correlative «то(всё)… что», 'all that is holy.' «свято» is the short neuter predicate of «святой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уже слетало, уже рвалось из груди","title":"Imperfective past for the cresting impulse","body":"«слетало» and «рвалось» are imperfective past (the latter reflexive «-ся»), picturing the 'Hosanna' as a process in mid-surge — 'it was already flying, already tearing out of my breast.' The imperfective holds the moment open before «здравый смысл» cuts it off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"художественно восприимчив","title":"«восприимчив» — receptive, susceptible","body":"«восприимчив» is the short adjective of «восприимчивый» (receptive, impressionable); with «художественно» ('artistically'), 'artistically responsive.' The devil flatters himself as an aesthete — vanity that helps make him so vivid."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клянусь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main clause, independent","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клянусь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"by all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of есть","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"примкнуть","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to join"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хору","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примкнуть","gloss":"the choir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крикнуть","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with примкнуть","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of крикнуть","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"Осанна","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted exclamation, complement of крикнуть","gloss":"Hosanna!"},{"surface":"Уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетало","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"слетало","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flying off"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рвалось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"рвалось","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слетало","gloss":"was bursting"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвалось","gloss":"my breast"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствителен (elided copula)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies чувствителен clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, independent","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствителен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чувствителен","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of я (elided copula)","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"художественно","lemma":"художественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восприимчив","gloss":"artistically"},{"surface":"восприимчив","lemma":"восприимчивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with чувствителен","gloss":"responsive"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b11-c9-s354","source":"Но здравый смысл — о, самое несчастное свойство моей природы — удержал меня и тут в должных границах, и я пропустил мгновение!","translation":"But sound common sense — oh, the most wretched trait of my nature — held me here too within proper bounds, and I let the moment slip!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удержал меня и тут в должных границах","title":"«в границах» + «должный» bookish","body":"«удержать в границах» ('to hold within bounds') uses «в» + prepositional «границах» for location/state. «должный» here means 'due, proper,' a bookish participle-adjective. «и тут» = 'here too,' linking to the earlier missed leap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я пропустил мгновение","title":"Perfective «пропустил» — the missed instant","body":"«пропустить» (perfective, 'to let slip, miss') views the lost chance as one completed, irreversible event — 'I let the moment slip.' Aspect makes the regret final, sealing the devil's eternal exclusion from the chorus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"здравый","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удержал","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, independent","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несчастное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"несчастное","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свойство","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"свойство","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to смысл","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свойство","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"удержал","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удержал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies тут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удержал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"должных","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies границах","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"границах","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of удержал","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пропустил","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удержал","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пропустил","gloss":"the moment"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b11-c9-s355","source":"Ибо что же, — подумал я в ту же минуту, — что же бы вышло после моей-то «осанны»?","translation":"For what then, — I thought in that same instant, — what then would have come of my 'hosanna'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо что же","title":"«Ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic conjunction 'for, because' (cf. plain «потому что»), the diction of Scripture and high oratory. On the devil's lips it sustains his mock-homiletic grandeur. «что же» = 'what indeed.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же бы вышло после моей-то «осанны»","title":"Conditional «бы» in a rhetorical question + «-то»","body":"«что бы вышло» is the conditional — past-form «вышло» (perfective of «выйти», 'come of') plus «бы» — 'what would have come of it?' The «-то» on «моей» stresses 'my hosanna in particular.' A hypothetical posed and answered in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence, introduces the thought","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, independent","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, predicate of что","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осанны","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to моей","gloss":"very","note":"-то here is a colloquial emphatic enclitic, not the determiner то."},{"surface":"осанны","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"hosanna"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b11-c9-s356","source":"Тотчас бы всё угасло на свете и не стало бы случаться никаких происшествий.","translation":"At once everything in the world would have gone out, and no more events would befall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тотчас бы всё угасло на свете","title":"Conditional «бы» continued","body":"The apodosis continues from the prior question: «угасло бы» ('would go out') with «бы» on a past-form perfective verb. «угаснуть» (to be extinguished, die out) pictures the world's light snuffed if good triumphed outright."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стало бы случаться никаких происшествий","title":"Genitive of negation under «не стало» + concord","body":"«не стало бы случаться… происшествий»: the negated existential «не стало» forces its subject into the genitive — «никаких происшествий» ('no events'). «никаких» triggers negative concord with «не». 'No events would happen anymore.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угасло","gloss":"At once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of угасло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угасло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"угасло","lemma":"угаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угасло","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угасло","gloss":"would come to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"случаться","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of происшествий","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"происшествий","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of случаться","gloss":"events"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b11-c9-s357","source":"И вот единственно по долгу службы и по социальному моему положению я принужден был задавить в себе хороший момент и остаться при пакостях.","translation":"And so, solely from a sense of duty and by virtue of my social position, I was forced to stifle the good moment in myself and stick to my dirty work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по долгу службы и по социальному... положению","title":"«по» + dative of cause/role","body":"«по долгу службы» ('out of duty, in the line of duty') and «по… положению» ('by virtue of position') both use «по» + dative to express grounds or capacity. The bureaucratic phrasing casts cosmic evil as a civil servant's job description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остаться при пакостях","title":"«пакости» — dirty tricks, filth","body":"«пакость» is a 'nasty/dirty deed, vile trick'; «остаться при пакостях» ('to stick to the dirty work'). The deflating low word — petty mischief, not grand evil — defines this devil's whole shabby vocation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и вот ('and so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по долгу службы","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долгу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"долгу","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, object of по","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"службы","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долгу","gloss":"of service"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"социальному","lemma":"социальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положению","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положению","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"положению","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по (paired with долгу службы)","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принужден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence, with был","gloss":"was forced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"задавить","lemma":"задавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to stifle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of задавить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задавить","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with задавить, complement of принужден","gloss":"stick to"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакостях","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пакостях","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остаться","gloss":"dirty work"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b11-c9-s358","source":"Честь добра кто-то берет всю себе, а мне оставлены в удел только пакости.","translation":"Someone takes all the credit for the good to himself, while to me are allotted only the dirty tricks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне оставлены в удел только пакости","title":"Short passive participle «оставлены» + dative","body":"«оставлены» is the short past passive participle of «оставить», forming a stative passive — 'are allotted/left'; the recipient is the dative «мне». «в удел» ('as one's lot, portion') is an archaic-flavored idiom of fate's apportioning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Честь добра кто-то берет всю себе","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» + reflexive «себе»","body":"«кто-то» ('someone' — specific but unnamed, the «-то» series) leaves the credit-taker pointedly anonymous; «себе» is the reflexive dative, 'takes to himself.' The fronted «честь добра» ('the honor of the good') is the topic, «всю» emphasizing 'all of it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of берет","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Честь","gloss":"for the good"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of берет, part of кто-то ('someone')","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кто-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Честь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of берет","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of оставлены","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"оставлены","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with берет","gloss":"are allotted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"удел","lemma":"удел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлены","gloss":"a portion"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пакости","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оставлены","gloss":"dirty tricks"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b11-c9-s359","source":"Но я не завидую чести жить на шаромыжку, я не честолюбив.","translation":"But I don't envy the honor of living as a sponger; I'm not ambitious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жить на шаромыжку","title":"«на шаромыжку» — to sponge, freeload","body":"«шаромыжка» is slang for a sponger or cadger; «жить на шаромыжку» ('to live off others, scrounge'). Folk etymology ties it to French «cher ami» begged by the retreating Grande Armée of 1812 — a vivid period word for a parasite's life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не завидую чести... я не честолюбив","title":"«завидовать» + dative; short adjective «честолюбив»","body":"«завидовать» (to envy) governs the dative — «чести» ('the honor'). «честолюбив» is the short predicative form of «честолюбивый» (ambitious, lit. 'honor-loving') — 'I'm not ambitious,' a bookish flat statement of trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of завидую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завидую","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"завидую","lemma":"завидовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of завидую (завидовать + dative)","gloss":"the honor"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies чести","gloss":"of living"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шаромыжку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шаромыжку","lemma":"шаромыжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"a sponger","note":"жить на шаромыжку is an old idiom meaning to live off others, sponging/freeloading."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of честолюбив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies честолюбив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"честолюбив","lemma":"честолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"ambitious"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b11-c9-s360","source":"Почему изо всех существ в мире только я лишь один обречен на проклятия ото всех порядочных людей и даже на пинки сапогами, ибо, воплощаясь, должен принимать иной раз и такие последствия?","translation":"Why, out of all the beings in the world, am I alone condemned to the curses of all decent people and even to kicks from their boots, since, taking on flesh, I must sometimes accept such consequences as well?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только я лишь один обречен на проклятия... и даже на пинки","title":"Short passive «обречён» + «на» + accusative","body":"«обречён» is the short past passive participle of «обречь» (to doom, condemn), a stative passive — 'I am doomed.' «обречь на» governs «на» + accusative of the fate: «на проклятия… на пинки» ('to curses… to kicks'). The stacked «только… лишь… один» triple-marks his uniqueness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо, воплощаясь, должен принимать","title":"«ибо» + reflexive gerund «воплощаясь»","body":"«воплощаясь» is an imperfective present gerund of the «-ся» verb «воплощаться» (to become incarnate, take flesh), 'while incarnating' — simultaneous with the obligation «должен принимать». «ибо» again supplies the lofty 'for.' Even the devil suffers an incarnation, with its bodily indignities."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пинки сапогами","title":"«пинки сапогами» — kicks with boots","body":"«пинок» (a kick, plural «пинки») with the instrumental «сапогами» ('with boots') — the means of the kicking. The bathos is the point: the incarnate devil is liable to literal boots, the lowest of bodily humiliations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обречен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существ","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of существ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обречен","gloss":"beings"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обречен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я ('I alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"обречен","lemma":"обречённый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am condemned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проклятия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"проклятия","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обречен","gloss":"curses"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"порядочных","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies проклятия","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пинки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пинки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пинки","lemma":"пинок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with проклятия","gloss":"kicks"},{"surface":"сапогами","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пинки","gloss":"of boots"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"воплощаясь","lemma":"воплощаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"taking on flesh"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to обречен","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom иной раз ('sometimes')","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial idiom иной раз, modifies принимать","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of последствия","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"последствия","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"consequences"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b11-c9-s361","source":"Я ведь знаю, тут есть секрет, но секрет мне ни за что не хотят открыть, потому что я, пожалуй, тогда, догадавшись в чем дело, рявкну «осанну», и тотчас исчезнет необходимый минус и начнется во всем мире благоразумие, а с ним, разумеется, и конец всему, даже газетам и журналам, потому что кто ж на них тогда станет подписываться.","translation":"For I know there is a secret here, but they will on no account disclose the secret to me, because then, perhaps, having guessed what is afoot, I would roar out my 'hosanna,' and the necessary minus would vanish at once, and good sense would set in over all the world, and with it, of course, the end of everything, even of the newspapers and journals, for who would go on subscribing to them then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь знаю","title":"The particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all', 'you know'. The Devil opens with it to draw Ivan into a confidence, a tiny word that frames the whole boast as something they both already understand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадавшись в чем дело","title":"Perfective gerund «догадавшись»","body":"The «деепричастие» in -вши/-вшись names a prior, completed action sharing the main subject: 'having guessed what was afoot'. Perfective aspect sets the realization before the main verb «рявкну»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рявкну «осанну»","title":"«рявкнуть» — to bark, roar out","body":"«рявкнуть» is a coarse, animal verb (a dog's bark, a sergeant's bellow), comically yoked here to the sacred «осанна» (Hosanna). The clash of registers is the Devil's whole self-mocking joke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж на них тогда станет подписываться","title":"Emphatic «ж» and compound future","body":"«ж» (a clipped «же») sharpens the rhetorical question — 'who on earth then?'. «станет подписываться» is the imperfective compound future of an ongoing action, here with «стать» rather than «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"необходимый минус","title":"«минус» as cosmic necessity","body":"The Devil casts himself as 'the necessary minus' — negation that the world's moral arithmetic requires. The mathematical metaphor (carried on into «квадриллион» below) is his signature register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открыть","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыть","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что ('on no account')","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom ни за что, modifies хотят","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with знаю via но","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to disclose"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что ('because')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рявкну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies рявкну","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рявкну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"догадавшись","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рявкну","gloss":"having guessed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement in the clause в чём дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"object clause of догадавшись ('what's going on')","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"рявкну","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with знаю via потому что","gloss":"I'll roar out"},{"surface":"осанну","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рявкну","gloss":"'hosanna'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезнет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"исчезнет","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рявкну","gloss":"will vanish"},{"surface":"необходимый","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минус","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"минус","lemma":"минус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчезнет","gloss":"minus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исчезнет","gloss":"will begin"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начнется","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"благоразумие","lemma":"благоразумие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начнется","gloss":"good sense"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец ('along with it')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to конец","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with начнется","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of конец ('the end of')","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies газетам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"газетам","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with всему","gloss":"the newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"журналам","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with всему","gloss":"the journals"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что ('for')","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies кто","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of подписываться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with конец via потому что","gloss":"would go on"},{"surface":"подписываться","lemma":"подписываться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"subscribing"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b11-c9-s362","source":"Я ведь знаю, в конце концов я помирюсь, дойду и я мой квадриллион и узнаю секрет.","translation":"For I know that in the end I shall be reconciled, I too shall walk out my quadrillion and learn the secret.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я помирюсь, дойду и я","title":"Perfective simple future","body":"«помирюсь» and «дойду» are perfective verbs conjugated like presents but meaning a single completed future act — 'I shall be reconciled', 'I shall walk out'. The repeated «и я» ('I too') insists even the Devil is included in the final pardon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов ('in the end')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов","gloss":"of ends"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помирюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помирюсь","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"shall be reconciled"},{"surface":"дойду","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помирюсь","gloss":"I shall reach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies я ('I too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дойду (emphatic 'I too')","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of квадриллион","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of дойду","gloss":"quadrillion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дойду","gloss":"shall learn"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнаю","gloss":"the secret"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b11-c9-s363","source":"Но пока это произойдет, будирую и скрепя сердце исполняю мое назначение: губить тысячи, чтобы спасся один.","translation":"But until that comes to pass, I sulk and, with a heavy heart, carry out my appointed task: to ruin thousands so that one may be saved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будирую","title":"«будировать» — to sulk (a Gallicism)","body":"A pretentious 19th-century borrowing from French 'bouder' (to sulk), used by educated Russians to mean 'sulk, hold aloof'. The Devil's slightly affected, salon-flavoured diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скрепя сердце","title":"Idiom «скрепя сердце»","body":"A fixed idiom, 'with a heavy heart / reluctantly', literally 'having braced the heart'. The «скрепя» preserves an old gerund of «скрепить» — the phrase is frozen, so don't read it as live grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"губить тысячи, чтобы спасся один","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + reflexive past","body":"«чтобы» governs the irrealis past form «спасся» — 'in order that one may be saved'. «спасся» is the -ся (here -ся after a consonant) reflexive of «спасти», giving an intransitive 'be saved'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исполняю","gloss":"comes to pass"},{"surface":"будирую","lemma":"будировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with исполняю","gloss":"I sulk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрепя","lemma":"скрепить","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), perfective","role":"part of the idiom скрепя сердце, adverbial modifier of исполняю","gloss":"with a heavy heart","note":"скрепя сердце is a fixed idiom meaning 'reluctantly, with a heavy heart.'"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрепя (idiom скрепя сердце)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"исполняю","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I carry out"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of назначение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"назначение","lemma":"назначение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполняю","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"губить","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"in apposition to назначение, explaining it","gloss":"to ruin"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of губить","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасся","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"спасся","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on губить","gloss":"may be saved"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасся","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b11-c9-s364","source":"Сколько, например, надо было погубить душ и опозорить честных репутаций, чтобы получить одного только праведного Иова, на котором меня так зло поддели во время о́но!","translation":"How many souls, for instance, had to be ruined and how many honest reputations disgraced in order to obtain a single righteous Job — the one over whom I was so spitefully tripped up in the days of old!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было погубить","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless necessity construction: invariable «надо» plus the neuter past «было» plus a perfective infinitive — 'it was necessary to ruin'. No nominative subject; the doer (the Devil) is left implicit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во время о́но","title":"Church-Slavonic «во время оно»","body":"A solemn Scriptural tag, 'in those days / in days of old', from the Gospel openings. «оно» here is the archaic demonstratine «оный» ('that aforesaid'), not the pronoun 'it'; the stress mark «о́но» preserves the old reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to надо","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to ruin"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of погубить (partitive genitive under сколько)","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опозорить","lemma":"опозорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with погубить","gloss":"to disgrace"},{"surface":"честных","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies репутаций","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"репутаций","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of опозорить (partitive genitive under сколько)","gloss":"reputations"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of получить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on надо","gloss":"to obtain"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies Иова","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies праведного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"праведного","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иова","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"Иова","lemma":"иов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"Job"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поддели","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поддели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поддели","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"поддели","lemma":"поддеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on котором","gloss":"tripped up"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во время оно ('in days of old')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom во время оно","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"о́но","lemma":"оный","morphology":"adjective (archaic), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время (idiom во время оно)","gloss":"of old"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b11-c9-s365","source":"Нет, пока не открыт секрет, для меня существуют две правды: одна тамошняя, ихняя, мне пока совсем неизвестная, а другая моя.","translation":"No, until the secret is disclosed, two truths exist for me: one over there, theirs, which is still wholly unknown to me, and the other my own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока не открыт секрет","title":"Short passive participle «открыт»","body":"«открыт» is the predicative short form of the past passive participle «открытый» — 'is/has been disclosed'. With «пока не» it means 'until [it] is disclosed', a result-state passive without an explicit «быть» in the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тамошняя, ихняя","title":"Colloquial «тамошний» and «ихний»","body":"«тамошняя» ('the over-there one', from «там») is a real adjective; «ихняя» ('theirs') is a substandard, folksy possessive for «их». The Devil slips into low colloquial register to gesture vaguely at the other world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для меня существуют две правды","title":"Word order: predicate before subject","body":"The verb «существуют» precedes its subject «две правды», throwing the weight onto the new information — that two truths exist. Russian's free order lets the comment ('two truths') land last for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to существуют","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открыт","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открыт","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"открыт","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the пока-clause","gloss":"is disclosed"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive открыт","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of существуют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on правды","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of существуют","gloss":"truths"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies тамошняя","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тамошняя","lemma":"тамошний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to правды","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"ихняя","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тамошняя","gloss":"theirs"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of неизвестная","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестная","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестная","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неизвестная","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тамошняя","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тамошняя (the other truth)","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies другая ('mine')","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b11-c9-s366","source":"И еще неизвестно, которая будет почище…","translation":"And it is still unknown which of the two will turn out the cleaner…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая будет почище","title":"Comparative «почище» with «по-»","body":"«почище» is the predicative comparative of «чистый» ('cleaner') softened by the prefix «по-» ('somewhat, a bit'). The whole phrase teases: which of the two truths will turn out the 'cleaner' — i.e. the better."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of почище","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to почище","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"почище","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of которая (relative clause on неизвестно)","gloss":"cleaner"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b11-c9-s367","source":"Ты заснул?","translation":"Have you dozed off?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты заснул?","title":"Perfective past «заснул»","body":"«заснул» is the perfective past of «заснуть» ('to fall asleep'), the «за-» marking the onset of the state — 'Have you dropped off?'. Perfective views the falling-asleep as a single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заснул","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dozed off"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b11-c9-s368","source":"— Еще бы, — злобно простонал Иван, — всё, что ни есть глупого в природе моей, давно уже пережитого, перемолотого в уме моем, отброшенного, как падаль, — ты мне же подносишь как какую-то новость!","translation":"\"I should think so!\" Ivan groaned spitefully, \"everything stupid in my nature, long ago lived through, ground over in my mind, and cast off like carrion — you serve it back up to me as if it were some piece of news!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что ни есть глупого в природе моей","title":"«что ни есть» + genitive of quality","body":"«что ни есть глупого» is an emphatic 'everything whatsoever that is stupid'; the «ни» intensifies inside the negation-flavoured idiom, and «глупого» stands in the genitive as a partitive ('of the stupid sort')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пережитого, перемолотого, отброшенного","title":"Chain of past passive participles","body":"Three past passive participles in the genitive agree with «глупого»: 'long lived through, ground over, cast off'. Stacking participles into one breath is a hallmark of literary Russian and of Ivan's overheated mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как падаль","title":"«падаль» — carrion","body":"Carrion, rotting carcass — a deliberately disgusting word for what Ivan says he long ago discarded. The Devil's crime is serving it back up «как какую-то новость» ('as some piece of news')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы ('I should think so')","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонал","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"простонал","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простонал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подносишь (fronted, resumed by the following relative clause)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ни есть ('whatever')","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"глупого","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of что, modifies всё","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глупого","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пережитого","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пережитого","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пережитого","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies всё (parallel participial phrase)","gloss":"lived through"},{"surface":"перемолотого","lemma":"перемолоть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пережитого","gloss":"ground over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перемолотого","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отброшенного","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пережитого","gloss":"cast off"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"marking падаль","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"падаль","lemma":"падаль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отброшенного","gloss":"carrion"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подносишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подносишь","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies мне","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"подносишь","lemma":"подносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"serve up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking новость","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of новость, part of какую-то ('some')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker, part of какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"новость","lemma":"новость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подносишь","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b11-c9-s369","source":"— Не потрафил и тут!","translation":"\"I have not pleased you even there!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не потрафил","title":"«потрафить» — to please, hit the mark","body":"A colloquial, slightly low verb meaning 'to manage to please / suit someone', here negated: 'I have not pleased you'. «и тут» — 'even there / in this too' — adds the Devil's mock self-pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потрафил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потрафил","lemma":"потрафить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implied subject 'I')","gloss":"didn't please [you]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies тут ('even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрафил ('even here')","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b11-c9-s370","source":"А я-то думал тебя даже литературным изложением прельстить: эта «осанна»-то в небе, право, недурно ведь у меня вышло?","translation":"And here I thought to charm you even with the literary turn of it: that 'hosanna' up in the sky — really, it came off rather well with me, did it not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то думал","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"Here «-то» is the topic-emphasis clitic, not the indefinite suffix: 'And I, for my part, thought…'. It throws the Devil's wounded self into relief, contrasting his good intentions with Ivan's contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"литературным изложением прельстить","title":"Instrumental of means «изложением»","body":"«изложением» ('with the literary turn / exposition') stands in the instrumental as the means by which he hoped to charm — 'to charm you by the very telling of it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"недурно ведь у меня вышло","title":"Litotes «недурно» and «у меня вышло»","body":"«недурно» ('not badly' = quite well) is understated praise; «у меня вышло» is the idiomatic 'it came off for me / turned out', the doer marked by «у + genitive». «ведь» fishes for Ivan's agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, part of я-то","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прельстить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изложением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"литературным","lemma":"литературный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изложением","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"изложением","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of прельстить","gloss":"presentation"},{"surface":"прельстить","lemma":"прельстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to charm"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанна, subject of вышло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies осанна","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies вышло","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"недурно","lemma":"недурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"rather well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b11-c9-s371","source":"Затем сейчас этот саркастический тон à la Гейне, а, не правда ли?","translation":"And then, just now, this sarcastic tone à la Heine — eh, is it not so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а, не правда ли?","title":"Tag question «не правда ли?»","body":"The standard polite tag, 'is it not so?', inviting agreement. Together with the conversational «а» it keeps the Devil fishing for Ivan's approval, conversational rather than assertive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence-initial adverb, introduces the clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"саркастический","lemma":"саркастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тон","gloss":"sarcastic"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"word (French)","role":"part of the phrase à la Гейне, in apposition to тон","gloss":"à la"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on à","gloss":"à la"},{"surface":"Гейне","lemma":"гейне","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on à","gloss":"Heine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate, head of the tag question не правда ли","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b11-c9-s372","source":"— Нет, я никогда не был таким лакеем!","translation":"\"No, I was never such a lackey!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не был таким лакеем","title":"Negative concord + instrumental predicate","body":"«никогда … не был» pairs the ни-adverb with «не» (double negation, one meaning). «таким лакеем» is the instrumental predicate after «был» — 'was never such a lackey'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей","title":"«лакей» — lackey, footman","body":"Literally a liveried servant, but as an insult it means a servile, second-rate flunkey of the soul. Ivan's deepest horror is that his nightmare-Devil is petty and vulgar — a 'lackey' — not a grand Miltonic Satan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to лакеем","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакеем","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"лакеем","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a lackey"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b11-c9-s373","source":"Почему же душа моя могла породить такого лакея, как ты?","translation":"How could my soul have given birth to such a lackey as you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла породить","title":"«могла» agreeing with «душа»","body":"The past «могла» takes the feminine -ла because its subject «душа» is feminine — the past tense agrees in gender, not person. 'How could my soul have given birth…'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"породить","lemma":"породить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"give birth to"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакея","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of породить","gloss":"a lackey"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to лакея","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b11-c9-s374","source":"— Друг мой, я знаю одного прелестнейшего и милейшего русского барчонка: молодого мыслителя и большого любителя литературы и изящных вещей, автора поэмы, которая обещает, под названием: «Великий инквизитор»…","translation":"\"My friend, I know one most charming and most amiable young Russian gentleman: a youthful thinker and a great lover of literature and of elegant things, the author of a poem — a promising one — under the title 'The Grand Inquisitor'…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прелестнейшего и милейшего","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«прелестнейший» (most charming), «милейший» (most amiable) are bookish superlatives in -ейший, declined here into the genitive/accusative. The mannered superlatives drip with the Devil's mock-flattery of Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русского барчонка","title":"«барчонок» — young master","body":"An affectionate-belittling diminutive of «барин» (gentleman, master) via «барчук»: a pampered young gentleman's son, a privileged boy. The suffix carries faint condescension — exactly how the Devil frames Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive (accusative-animate), masculine, singular","role":"quantifies барчонка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"прелестнейшего","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive (accusative-animate), masculine, singular","role":"modifies барчонка","gloss":"most charming"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милейшего","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелестнейшего","gloss":"most amiable"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барчонка","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"барчонка","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, genitive (accusative-animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мыслителя","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"мыслителя","lemma":"мыслитель","morphology":"noun, genitive (accusative-animate), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to барчонка","gloss":"thinker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любителя","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"любителя","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мыслителя","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"литературы","lemma":"литература","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любителя","gloss":"of literature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изящных","lemma":"изящный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вещей","gloss":"elegant"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with литературы","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"автора","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to барчонка","gloss":"author"},{"surface":"поэмы","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies автора","gloss":"of a poem"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обещает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обещает","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on поэмы","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking названием","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"названием","lemma":"название","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поэмы","gloss":"the title"},{"surface":"Великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизитор","gloss":"Grand"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to названием","gloss":"Inquisitor"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b11-c9-s375","source":"Я его только и имел в виду!","translation":"He is the only one I had in mind!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"только и имел в виду","title":"Restrictive «только и»","body":"«только и … имел в виду» — 'had in mind none but him', the «и» reinforcing «только» to mean 'precisely and exclusively'. «иметь в виду» is the fixed idiom 'to have in mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"mind","note":"иметь в виду is a fixed idiom meaning 'to have in mind'."}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b11-c9-s376","source":"— Я тебе запрещаю говорить о «Великом инквизиторе», — воскликнул Иван, весь покраснев от стыда.","translation":"\"I forbid you to speak of 'The Grand Inquisitor,'\" Ivan cried out, flushing all over with shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе запрещаю говорить","title":"Dative «тебе» of the person forbidden","body":"«запрещать» takes a dative of the person and an infinitive of the act — 'I forbid you to speak'. The dative marks the one to whom the prohibition is addressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь покраснев от стыда","title":"Perfective gerund «покраснев»","body":"«покраснев» is the perfective past gerund, 'having flushed all over with shame'. «от стыда» uses «от» + genitive for cause ('from shame'); «весь» intensifies — flushing entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запрещаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of запрещаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"запрещаю","lemma":"запрещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of запрещаю","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инквизиторе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизиторе","gloss":"Grand"},{"surface":"инквизиторе","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"Inquisitor"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel to запрещаю","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покраснев","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснев","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"flushing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснев","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b11-c9-s377","source":"— Ну, а «Геологический-то переворот»?","translation":"\"And what of the 'Geological Cataclysm,' then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Геологический-то переворот»","title":"Emphatic «-то» on a title","body":"The clitic «-то» attaches to the adjective to needle Ivan — 'and that Geological Cataclysm of yours, then?'. It singles the title out as the pointed new topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Геологический","lemma":"геологический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переворот","gloss":"Geological"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Геологический","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"переворот","lemma":"переворот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Cataclysm"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b11-c9-s378","source":"Помнишь?","translation":"Remember it?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b11-c9-s379","source":"Вот это так уж поэмка!","translation":"Now there was a little poem!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поэмка","title":"Diminutive «поэмка»","body":"The diminutive of «поэма» ('long poem / prose-poem'): a 'little poem'. In the Devil's mouth it is half-fond, half-mocking — patronizing Ivan's grand composition as a charming trifle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот это так уж поэмка!","title":"Stacked emphatic particles","body":"A pile-up of intensifiers — «вот», «это», «так», «уж» — that English can only render with stress: 'Now THERE was a poem!'. Such particle clusters carry the spoken voice's whole attitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поэмка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поэмка","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поэмка","lemma":"поэмка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little poem"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b11-c9-s380","source":"— Молчи, или я убью тебя!","translation":"\"Be quiet, or I will kill you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи, или я убью тебя!","title":"Imperative «молчи» + perfective future threat","body":"«молчи» is the imperative of «молчать» ('be silent'); «убью» is the perfective simple future of «убить» — a single, completed 'I will kill'. The «или» links command and consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b11-c9-s381","source":"— Это меня-то убьешь?","translation":"\"Kill me, will you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это меня-то убьешь?","title":"Mocking «-то» echo","body":"The Devil throws Ivan's threat back with «меня-то» ('ME, will you?'), the clitic «-то» dripping irony. Fronting «это … меня» turns the words into a sneering rhetorical echo."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with убьешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying меня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убьешь","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b11-c9-s382","source":"Нет, уж извини, выскажу.","translation":"No, forgive me, but I shall have my say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж извини, выскажу","title":"Particle «уж» + perfective future","body":"«уж» softens-but-insists ('well now, no — excuse me, but…'); «выскажу» is the perfective future of «высказать(ся)» — 'I shall speak my mind out [in full]'. The «вы-» marks completing the utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies извини","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"выскажу","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with извини","gloss":"I'll speak"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b11-c9-s383","source":"Я и пришел, чтоб угостить себя этим удовольствием.","translation":"I came precisely to treat myself to that pleasure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел, чтоб угостить себя","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») + infinitive gives purpose, 'in order to treat'; «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject — 'to treat myself'. Note «себя» (full pronoun), not the verbal -ся."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угостить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"угостить","lemma":"угостить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пришел","gloss":"to treat"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of угостить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of угостить","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b11-c9-s384","source":"О, я люблю мечты пылких, молодых, трепещущих жаждой жизни друзей моих! «Там новые люди, — решил ты еще прошлою весной, сюда собираясь, — они полагают разрушить всё и начать с антропофагии.","translation":"Oh, I love the daydreams of my fervent, youthful friends, all aquiver with the thirst for life! 'There, new men,' you decided just this past spring, as you were making ready to come here, 'they propose to demolish everything and to begin with cannibalism.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пылких, молодых, трепещущих жаждой жизни друзей моих","title":"Present active participle «трепещущих»","body":"«трепещущих» is the present active participle of «трепетать» ('quiver'), declined into the genitive to agree with «друзей»: 'friends all aquiver with the thirst for life'. «жаждой» is the instrumental of cause/means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сюда собираясь","title":"Present gerund «собираясь»","body":"The imperfective present gerund 'as you were making ready', simultaneous with the framed decision «решил». «собираться сюда» is 'to be getting ready to come here'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"антропофагии","title":"«антропофагия» — cannibalism","body":"A bookish Graeco-Latin term for cannibalism (anthropophagy), pointedly learned where a plain «людоедство» would do. The clinical word makes the new men's program sound like a philosophical thesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing люблю","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"мечты","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"the daydreams"},{"surface":"пылких","lemma":"пылкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"трепещущих","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"жаждой","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепещущих","gloss":"with thirst"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жаждой","gloss":"for life"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мечты","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topicalized, resumed by они","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весной","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прошлою","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весной","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"весной","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решил","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собираясь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полагают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"полагают","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to решил","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"разрушить","lemma":"разрушить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of полагают","gloss":"to demolish"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разрушить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разрушить","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антропофагии","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"антропофагии","lemma":"антропофагия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"cannibalism"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b11-c9-s385","source":"Глупцы, меня не спросились!","translation":"The fools, they never asked me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня не спросились","title":"Reflexive «спроситься» + genitive of negation","body":"«спроситься» (-ся reflexive of «спросить») means 'to ask permission'; «меня не спросились» — 'they didn't ask me [for leave]', the negated object «меня» drawn into the genitive form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Глупцы","title":"«глупец» — fool","body":"A bookish, scornful word for 'fool' (loftier than «дурак»). Set as a bare exclamation, it lets the Devil sneer down at the would-be world-remakers from above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупцы","lemma":"глупец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of спросились","gloss":"the fools"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросились","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спросились","lemma":"спроситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b11-c9-s386","source":"По-моему, и разрушать ничего не надо, а надо всего только разрушить в человечестве идею о боге, вот с чего надо приняться за дело!","translation":"To my mind, there is no need to demolish anything at all; one need only demolish the idea of God in mankind — that is where one must set to work!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрушать ничего не надо, а надо всего только разрушить","title":"Aspect contrast разрушать / разрушить","body":"The imperfective «разрушать» (the general activity of demolishing) versus the perfective «разрушить» (one decisive act). 'No need to go demolishing anything — one need only demolish [outright] the idea of God.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрушать ничего не надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + negative concord","body":"Subjectless «надо» ('one must / needs') with double negation «ничего … не»: 'there is no need to demolish anything'. The contrastive «а» then pivots to what one MUST do."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"completes phrase по-моему, modifies надо","gloss":"my","note":"по-моему is a fixed idiom meaning 'in my opinion, to my mind'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрушать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"разрушать","lemma":"разрушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to demolish"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разрушать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрушить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разрушить","lemma":"разрушить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to demolish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрушить","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разрушить","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боге","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"боге","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"приняться","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"set to work"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняться","gloss":"the task"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b11-c9-s387","source":"С этого, с этого надобно начинать — о слепцы, ничего не понимающие!","translation":"With that, with that one must begin — oh, you blind men who understand nothing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не понимающие","title":"Negated present active participle","body":"«понимающие» is the present active participle of «понимать», nominative plural to agree with «слепцы»: 'who understand nothing', with «ничего … не» negative concord built into the participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о слепцы","title":"«слепцы» — blind men (prophetic «о»)","body":"«слепец» is the elevated word for a blind man (vs neutral «слепой»), and the interjection «о» before it strikes a biblical-prophetic note — echoing Christ's 'blind guides'. Mock-scripture in the Devil's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative address","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"слепцы","lemma":"слепец","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"blind men"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимающие","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимающие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимающие","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies слепцы","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b11-c9-s388","source":"Раз человечество отречется поголовно от бога (а я верю, что этот период — параллель геологическим периодам — совершится), то само собою, без антропофагии, падет всё прежнее мировоззрение и, главное, вся прежняя нравственность, и наступит всё новое.","translation":"Once mankind, every last man, renounces God (and I believe that this period — a parallel to the geological epochs — will come to pass), then of itself, without cannibalism, the whole former worldview will fall, and above all the whole former morality, and everything will begin anew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раз человечество отречется поголовно от бога","title":"«Раз» = 'once / if' + perfective future","body":"«раз» here is a conditional-temporal conjunction, 'once / as soon as / given that'. «отречется» is the perfective future of «отречься» ('renounce'), governing «от + genitive»: 'renounce God'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"само собою … падет","title":"«само собою» + perfective future «падет»","body":"«само собою» — 'of itself, automatically' (instrumental of the reflexive «сам»). «падет» is the bookish perfective future of «пасть» ('fall'), loftier than «упадёт» — 'will fall, will collapse'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мировоззрение","title":"«мировоззрение» — worldview","body":"A weighty philosophical compound, 'world-view / Weltanschauung' (lit. 'world-beholding'), a 19th-century coinage for a whole system of belief. Its abstract heft suits the cosmic scale of the Devil's prophecy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отречется","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отречется","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"отречется","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renounces"},{"surface":"поголовно","lemma":"поголовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отречется","gloss":"universally"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отречется","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отречется","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of период","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"период","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершится","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"параллель","lemma":"параллель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of период (parenthetical)","gloss":"a parallel"},{"surface":"геологическим","lemma":"геологический","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies периодам","gloss":"geological"},{"surface":"периодам","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of параллель","gloss":"to the epochs"},{"surface":"совершится","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, present-future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of падет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies падет","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies падет","gloss":"of itself"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антропофагии","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"антропофагии","lemma":"антропофагия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падет","gloss":"cannibalism"},{"surface":"падет","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отречется","gloss":"will fall"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мировоззрение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мировоззрение","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"мировоззрение","lemma":"мировоззрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of падет","gloss":"worldview"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifier of нравственность clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нравственность","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"прежняя","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нравственность","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"нравственность","lemma":"нравственность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мировоззрение","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with падет","gloss":"will begin"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b11-c9-s389","source":"Люди совокупятся, чтобы взять от жизни всё, что она может дать, но непременно для счастия и радости в одном только здешнем мире.","translation":"Men will join together to take from life everything it can give, but solely for the sake of happiness and joy in this present world alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люди совокупятся, чтобы взять","title":"Perfective future + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«совокупятся» (perfective future of reflexive «совокупиться», 'join together') plus a «чтобы»-purpose infinitive «взять» — 'will join together in order to take'. The reflexive -ся gives the reciprocal 'unite'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"здешнем мире","title":"«здешний» — of this world, here-and-now","body":"The adjective from «здесь» ('here'): 'the here-world', this present earthly life, set against the heavenly beyond. Its plainness underlines the new creed's confinement to the merely temporal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of совокупятся","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"совокупятся","lemma":"совокупиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will join together"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взять","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on совокупятся","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совокупятся","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"purpose complement of совокупятся","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with счастия","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мире","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здешнем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"здешнем","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счастия, радости","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b11-c9-s390","source":"Человек возвеличится духом божеской, титанической гордости и явится человеко-бог.","translation":"Man will be exalted in spirit with a divine, titanic pride, and the man-god will appear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвеличится духом … гордости","title":"Instrumental of means «духом»","body":"«возвеличится» (perfective future reflexive, 'will be exalted') is filled out by instrumentals: «духом … гордости», 'in / by the spirit of … pride'. The instrumental answers 'exalted by what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвеличится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"возвеличится","lemma":"возвеличиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be exalted"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвеличится","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"божеской","lemma":"божеский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"титанической","lemma":"титанический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with божеской","gloss":"titanic"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies духом","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвеличится","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"человеко","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, combining form, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог (compound человеко-бог)","gloss":"man-"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явится","gloss":"god"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b11-c9-s391","source":"Ежечасно побеждая уже без границ природу, волею своею и наукой, человек тем самым ежечасно будет ощущать наслаждение столь высокое, что оно заменит ему все прежние упования наслаждений небесных.","translation":"Conquering nature hourly, now without limit, by his will and by science, man will thereby feel hourly a delight so lofty that it will replace for him all the former hopes of heavenly delights.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ежечасно побеждая … природу","title":"Present gerund «побеждая»","body":"The imperfective present gerund 'conquering [hourly]', a circumstance running alongside the main «будет ощущать». The fronted gerund clause is the bookish, weighty opening typical of this oration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет ощущать","title":"Imperfective compound future","body":"«будет ощущать» = future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive: an ongoing, repeated 'will keep feeling'. The imperfective fits the «ежечасно» ('hourly') of perpetual sensation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь высокое, что оно заменит","title":"Result clause «столь … что»","body":"«столь высокое, что…» — 'so lofty that…', the bookish «столь» (for «так») introducing a result clause with perfective future «заменит» ('will replace'). The register is markedly literary-archaic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ежечасно","lemma":"ежечасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побеждая","gloss":"hourly"},{"surface":"побеждая","lemma":"побеждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ощущать","gloss":"conquering"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies границ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границ","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"границ","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of побеждая","gloss":"limits"},{"surface":"природу","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of побеждая","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"волею","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побеждая","gloss":"by will"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волею","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наукой","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with волею","gloss":"by science"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущать","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущать (idiom тем самым)","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ежечасно","lemma":"ежечасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущать","gloss":"hourly"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ощущать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ощущать","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"наслаждение","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущать","gloss":"a delight"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"высокое","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наслаждение","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заменит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заменит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заменит","lemma":"заменить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"result clause modifying высокое","gloss":"will replace"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заменит","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of упования","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies упования","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"упования","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of заменит","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"наслаждений","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies упования","gloss":"of delights"},{"surface":"небесных","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies наслаждений","gloss":"heavenly"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b11-c9-s392","source":"Всякий узнает, что он смертен весь, без воскресения, и примет смерть гордо и спокойно, как бог.","translation":"Each man will know that he is wholly mortal, with no resurrection, and will accept death proudly and calmly, like a god.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он смертен весь","title":"Short adjective «смертен»","body":"«смертен» is the predicative short form of «смертный» ('mortal'): 'he is mortal'. The short form states an absolute condition, and «весь» ('wholly') drives home the materialist claim — mortal through and through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"примет смерть … как бог","title":"Perfective future «примет»","body":"«примет» is the perfective future of «принять» ('accept') — a single resolute act, 'will accept death proudly'. «как бог» ('like a god') seals the man-god theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"each man"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смертен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смертен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смертен","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of узнает","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смертен","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"воскресения","lemma":"воскресение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смертен","gloss":"resurrection"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнает","gloss":"will accept"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of примет","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примет","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with гордо","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with бог","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to Всякий","gloss":"a god"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b11-c9-s393","source":"Он из гордости поймет, что ему нечего роптать за то, что жизнь есть мгновение, и возлюбит брата своего уже безо всякой мзды.","translation":"Out of pride he will understand that he has nothing to complain of in life being but a moment, and he will love his brother with no need of any reward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему нечего роптать","title":"Impersonal «нечего» + dative + infinitive","body":"«нечего» ('there is nothing to') governs a dative experiencer «ему» and an infinitive «роптать»: 'he has nothing to complain about'. A classic subjectless dative construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возлюбит брата своего","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + «возлюбить»","body":"«свой» ('his own') refers to the clause's subject — he will love HIS OWN brother. «возлюбить» is an elevated, Slavonic-tinged perfective of «любить» ('to come to love'), echoing the Gospel command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всякой мзды","title":"«мзда» — reward, hire (archaic)","body":"«мзда» is an old, bookish-Slavonic word for 'reward, recompense, bribe', familiar from Scripture. 'Without any reward' means man will love disinterestedly — and «безо» is the expanded form of «без» before a cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймет","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нечего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of нечего","gloss":"he has"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun, invariant","role":"clausal complement of поймет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"роптать","lemma":"роптать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of роптать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of есть","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возлюбит","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймет","gloss":"will love"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбит","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive (accusative-animate), masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мзды","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мзды","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"мзды","lemma":"мзда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возлюбит","gloss":"reward"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b11-c9-s394","source":"Любовь будет удовлетворять лишь мгновению жизни, но одно уже сознание ее мгновенности усилит огонь ее настолько, насколько прежде расплывалась она в упованиях на любовь загробную и бесконечную»… ну и прочее, и прочее в том же роде.","translation":"Love will satisfy only the moment of life, yet the very awareness of its fleetingness will fan its fire so much the stronger, in proportion as it once spread itself thin in hopes of a love beyond the grave and without end'… well, and so on, and so forth in the same vein.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно уже сознание ее мгновенности усилит","title":"Subject-heavy clause + perfective future","body":"The long subject 'the very awareness of its fleetingness' fronts the perfective future «усилит» ('will intensify'). «ее мгновенности» chains genitives — 'awareness of its momentariness'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"насколько прежде расплывалась она","title":"Imperfective past «расплывалась» + inversion","body":"«расплывалась» (imperfective past, 'used to spread itself thin / dissipate') describes the old habitual diffusion of love into otherworldly hopes; «расплываться» is a -ся middle verb. Subject «она» follows the verb for rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любовь загробную","title":"«загробный» — beyond the grave","body":"«загробный» literally 'beyond-the-coffin' (за + гроб): pertaining to the afterlife. 'A love beyond the grave and endless' is exactly the heavenly hope the new man is to renounce for the burning of the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of удовлетворять","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of удовлетворять","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"удовлетворять","lemma":"удовлетворять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновению","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мгновению","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of удовлетворять","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мгновению","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies сознание","gloss":"the mere"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of усилит","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мгновенности","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"мгновенности","lemma":"мгновенность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"fleetingness"},{"surface":"усилит","lemma":"усилить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удовлетворять","gloss":"will fan"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усилит","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies огонь","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"настолько","lemma":"настолько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усилит","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"насколько","lemma":"насколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of расплывалась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расплывалась","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"расплывалась","lemma":"расплываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on настолько","gloss":"spread itself thin"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расплывалась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упованиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"упованиях","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of расплывалась","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies упованиях","gloss":"a love"},{"surface":"загробную","lemma":"загробный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"beyond the grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесконечную","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with загробную","gloss":"without end"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прочее","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прочее","gloss":"vein"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b11-c9-s395","source":"Премило!","translation":"Charming!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Премило!","title":"Intensifying prefix «пре-»","body":"«пре-» raises an adjective/adverb to a high degree — «премило» = 'most charming, ever so sweet'. As a one-word exclamation it lets the Devil purr ironic approval of his own recital."}],"words":[{"surface":"Премило","lemma":"премило","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"Charming!","note":"Intensifying prefix пре- + мило ('nicely'); a predicate exclamation, not a verb."}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b11-c9-s396","source":"Иван сидел, зажав себе уши руками и смотря в землю, но начал дрожать всем телом.","translation":"Ivan sat with his hands clapped over his ears and his eyes fixed on the ground, but he had begun to tremble all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зажав себе уши руками и смотря в землю","title":"Two gerunds: perfective «зажав» + imperfective «смотря»","body":"«зажав» (perfective past gerund, 'having clamped') gives the completed posture; «смотря» (imperfective present gerund, 'gazing') the simultaneous one. «себе … руками» — dative of the body part plus instrumental of means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал дрожать всем телом","title":"Phasal «начал» + instrumental «всем телом»","body":"«начал дрожать» — the phasal verb «начать» takes an imperfective infinitive ('began to tremble'). «всем телом» is the instrumental of manner/extent: 'with his whole body, all over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"зажав","lemma":"зажать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"having clapped"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of зажав","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of зажав","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of зажав","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зажав","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"дрожать","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to tremble"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожать","gloss":"body"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b11-c9-s397","source":"Голос продолжал:","translation":"The voice went on:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голос продолжал","title":"Imperfective past «продолжал»","body":"«продолжал» (imperfective past of «продолжать») holds the scene open as background — 'the voice went on, kept going'. The imperfective is the standing backdrop against which Ivan's outburst will erupt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"The voice"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b11-c9-s398","source":"— Вопрос теперь в том, думал мой юный мыслитель: возможно ли, чтобы такой период наступил когда-нибудь или нет?","translation":"\"The question now is this, thought my young thinker: is it possible for such a period ever to arrive or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возможно ли, чтобы такой период наступил","title":"«ли» question + «чтобы» + irrealis past","body":"«возможно ли» frames a yes/no question with the particle «ли»; «чтобы … наступил» uses the past-form irrealis after «чтобы» to express the merely possible event — 'is it possible that such a period should arrive?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"The question"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies том","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслитель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"юный","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мыслитель","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"мыслитель","lemma":"мыслитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"thinker"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, introduces content clause","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of период","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"период","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступил","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"наступил","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of возможно","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступил","gloss":"ever","note":"когда + нибудь together form the indefinite adverb 'когда-нибудь' (ever)."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наступил","gloss":"(ever)"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with наступил","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b11-c9-s399","source":"Если наступит, то всё решено, и человечество устроится окончательно.","translation":"If it arrives, then all is settled, and mankind will be ordered once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё решено","title":"Short passive participle «решено»","body":"«решено» is the neuter short past passive participle of «решить» — an impersonal result state, 'all is settled / decided'. No «быть» surfaces in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человечество устроится окончательно","title":"Reflexive «устроится» (middle)","body":"«устроится» (perfective future of «устроиться») is a middle -ся verb: mankind 'will get itself ordered / arrange itself' once and for all. The -ся makes the verb intransitive, no external agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решено","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решено","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive решено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is settled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устроится","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"устроится","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решено","gloss":"will be ordered"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроится","gloss":"once and for all"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b11-c9-s400","source":"Но так как, ввиду закоренелой глупости человеческой, это, пожалуй, еще и в тысячу лет не. устроится, то всякому, сознающему уже и теперь истину, позволительно устроиться совершенно как ему угодно, на новых началах.","translation":"But since, in view of the ingrained stupidity of mankind, it may well not be ordered even in a thousand years, then anyone who already now recognizes the truth is permitted to order his life entirely as he pleases, on the new foundations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как, ввиду … глупости человеческой","title":"Causal «так как» + «ввиду» + genitive","body":"«так как» ('since, because') opens the causal clause; «ввиду» ('in view of') is a compound preposition governing the genitive «глупости человеческой» — 'in view of mankind's stupidity'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякому, сознающему … истину, позволительно устроиться","title":"Dative «всякому» + participle + impersonal predicate","body":"Impersonal «позволительно» ('it is permitted') takes a dative experiencer «всякому», expanded by the present active participle «сознающему» ('who recognizes'), and an infinitive «устроиться». A dense dative-subject construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ему угодно","title":"Idiom «как угодно» + dative","body":"«как ему угодно» — 'however it pleases him', the old predicative «угодно» governing a dative. A fixed, slightly formal way to say 'as one likes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроится","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупости","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"закоренелой","lemma":"закоренелый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"ingrained"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of ввиду","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устроится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроится","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устроится","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устроится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"устроится","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by как","gloss":"will be ordered"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволительно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of позволительно","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"сознающему","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying всякому","gloss":"who recognizes"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознающему","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознающему","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"позволительно","lemma":"позволительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволительно","gloss":"to arrange his life"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the как-clause","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies началах","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"началах","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of устроиться","gloss":"foundations"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b11-c9-s401","source":"В этом смысле ему «всё позволено».","translation":"In that sense, for him 'everything is permitted.'","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволено","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволено","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b11-c9-s402","source":"Мало того: если даже период этот и никогда не наступит, но так как бога и бессмертия все-таки нет, то новому человеку позволительно стать человеко-богом, даже хотя бы одному в целом мире, и, уж конечно, в новом чине, с легким сердцем перескочить всякую прежнюю нравственную преграду прежнего раба-человека, если оно понадобится.","translation":"More than that: even if this period should never arrive at all, then, since there is no God and no immortality anyway, the new man is permitted to become a man-god — even if he be the only one in the whole world — and, of course, in his new rank, to leap lightheartedly over any former moral barrier of the former man-slave, should the need arise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если даже … и никогда не наступит","title":"Concessive «если даже … и»","body":"«если даже … и» builds a concessive 'even if … should never arrive', with «и» reinforcing «даже». «не наступит» is the negated perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволительно стать человеко-богом","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"«стать» takes its predicate noun in the instrumental: «стать человеко-богом» — 'to become a man-god'. The instrumental frames the assumed new role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раба-человека","title":"«раб-человек» — the man-slave","body":"Coined as the foil to «человеко-бог»: «раб» is 'slave / bondman', with deep biblical resonance ('servant of God'). The new man is to leap over the moral barriers of the old 'man-slave' who cowered before God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"More"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Мало","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"период","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of период","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступит","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наступит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позволительно","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бога","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"(anyway)"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволительно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of позволительно","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"позволительно","lemma":"позволительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on позволительно","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"человеко","lemma":"человекобог","morphology":"noun, combining form","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"man-","note":"Combining form of 'человек' in the compound noun 'человекобог' (man-god)."},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"человекобог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"-god"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"(if only)"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одному","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies перескочить","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чине","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чине","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочить","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"легким","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочить","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"перескочить","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with стать","gloss":"to leap over"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of преграду","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"прежнюю","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies преграду","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"нравственную","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies преграду","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"преграду","lemma":"преграда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перескочить","gloss":"barrier"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раба","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"раба","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"slave-"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преграду","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понадобится","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понадобится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"понадобится","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перескочить","gloss":"be needed"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b11-c9-s403","source":"Для бога не существует закона!","translation":"For God there exists no law!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для бога не существует закона","title":"Genitive of negation «закона»","body":"The subject of the negated existential «не существует» drops into the genitive: «закона» ('no law exists'). «для бога» ('for God') is «для» + genitive. The whole proposition denies the very existence of a law over God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"закона","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b11-c9-s404","source":"Где станет бог — там уже место божие!","translation":"Where God stands — there is the place of God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где станет бог — там … место божие","title":"Correlative «где … там»","body":"The correlative pair «где … там» ('wherever … there') links place to consequence, with «станет» the perfective future of «стать» ('take one's stand'). The clipped, parallel syntax gives the line a slogan's force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"место божие","title":"«божий» — God's, divine","body":"«божий» is the possessive adjective 'God's' (here neuter «божие», with the bookish full ending). 'The place of God' — wherever God stands becomes holy ground; the next line blasphemously swaps in 'I'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies место","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies место","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"божие","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"of God"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b11-c9-s405","source":"Где стану я, там сейчас же будет первое место…","translation":"Where I take my stand, there at once will be the first place…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где стану я, там … будет первое место","title":"Parallel correlative with «я»","body":"The exact structure of the previous line is reused with «я» swapped for «бог» — the man-god usurps God's place. «стану» (perfective future of «стать») and «будет» (future of «быть») mirror the divine sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I take my stand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(at once)"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b11-c9-s406","source":"«всё дозволено», и шабаш!","translation":"'everything is permitted,' and that is the end of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и шабаш","title":"«шабаш» — and that's that!","body":"From Hebrew 'sabbath' via workmen's slang, «шабаш!» means 'knock off, finished, that's the end of it'. The earthy, low exclamation deflates the grand blasphemy of «всё дозволено» into a shrug."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«всё дозволено»","title":"«дозволено» vs «позволено»","body":"«дозволено» is the slightly more formal,官-flavoured synonym of «позволено» ('permitted, allowed') — both render 'everything is permitted'. The shift in prefix gives the motto an official, edict-like ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дозволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дозволено","lemma":"дозволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шабаш","lemma":"шабаш","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дозволено","gloss":"that's the end of it"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b11-c9-s407","source":"Всё это очень мило; только если захотел мошенничать, зачем бы еще, кажется, санкция истины?","translation":"All this is very fine; only, if one has set out to be a scoundrel, why, it would seem, does one still need the sanction of truth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если захотел мошенничать, зачем бы … санкция истины?","title":"Conditional «бы» in a rhetorical question","body":"The mobile particle «бы» makes the question hypothetical-rhetorical: 'why, it would seem, would one still need…?'. «захотел … мошенничать» — perfective «захотеть» ('came to want') + imperfective infinitive ('to cheat')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"санкция истины","title":"«санкция» — sanction, warrant","body":"A learned borrowing, 'sanction / authorization'. The Devil's barb: why, if you've decided to be a scoundrel, do you still crave 'the sanction of truth' to license it? — skewering the intellectual's need to justify his sin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мило","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мило","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мило","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мило","gloss":"has set out"},{"surface":"мошенничать","lemma":"мошенничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to be a scoundrel"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical predicate","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies санкция","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"санкция","lemma":"санкция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"sanction"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies санкция","gloss":"of truth"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b11-c9-s408","source":"Но уж таков наш русский современный человечек: без санкции и смошенничать не решится, до того уж истину возлюбил…","translation":"But such is our modern little Russian man: without a sanction he will not even bring himself to cheat, so deeply has he come to love the truth…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русский современный человечек","title":"Diminutive «человечек»","body":"«человечек» ('little man') is the diminutive of «человек», dripping with the Devil's condescension toward the puffed-up modern Russian intellectual — a small soul with vast pretensions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и смошенничать не решится","title":"Negated perfective future + emphatic «и»","body":"«не решится» (perfective future reflexive of «решиться», 'bring oneself to') is sharpened by «и» ('not even'): 'he won't even bring himself to cheat'. The -ся gives 'dare / resolve oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того уж истину возлюбил","title":"«до того … что»-type intensifier","body":"«до того … возлюбил» — 'so [much] has he come to love [the truth]', «до того» marking degree. «возлюбил» again borrows the Slavonic-elevated perfective of «любить», heavy with ironic piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человечек","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"современный","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решится","gloss":"little man"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking санкции","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"санкции","lemma":"санкция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решится","gloss":"a sanction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смошенничать","lemma":"смошенничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решится","gloss":"to cheat"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решится","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with таков","gloss":"will bring himself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возлюбил","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возлюбил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбил","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"возлюбил","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with таков","gloss":"has come to love"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b11-c9-s409","source":"Гость говорил, очевидно увлекаясь своим красноречием, всё более и более возвышая голос и насмешливо поглядывая на хозяина; но ему не удалось докончить: Иван вдруг схватил со стола стакан и с размаху пустил в оратора.","translation":"The guest spoke on, plainly carried away by his own eloquence, raising his voice higher and higher and glancing mockingly at his host; but he was not allowed to finish: Ivan suddenly snatched a glass from the table and flung it with all his might at the orator.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлекаясь … и … поглядывая","title":"Two imperfective present gerunds","body":"«увлекаясь» ('being carried away') and «поглядывая» ('glancing now and then') are imperfective present gerunds describing the guest's manner while he speaks. «поглядывать» adds the iterative 'every so often' nuance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему не удалось докончить","title":"Impersonal «не удалось» + dative","body":"«удаться» works impersonally with a dative experiencer: «ему не удалось докончить» — 'he did not manage to finish'. The dative «ему» is the one to whom success failed to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил … и … пустил","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"«схватил» and «пустил» (perfective pasts) move the action forward event by event — snatched, then flung — against the imperfective background of the guest's talk. «пустить в кого-то» = 'to hurl at'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"The guest"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увлекаясь","gloss":"obviously"},{"surface":"увлекаясь","lemma":"увлекаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of красноречием","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"красноречием","lemma":"красноречие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлекаясь","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвышая","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"возвышая","lemma":"возвышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвышая","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывая","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"поглядывая","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возвышая","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывая","gloss":"his host"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удалось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"докончить","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"размаху","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"a swing"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"flung it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оратора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"оратора","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"the orator"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b11-c9-s410","source":"— Ah, mais c’est bête enfin!","translation":"\"Ah, mais c'est bête enfin!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ah to the clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"pronoun + verb (contraction)","role":"subject and copula of the clause","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"bête","lemma":"bête","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective of c’est","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"enfin","lemma":"enfin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bête","gloss":"after all"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b11-c9-s411","source":"— воскликнул тот, вскакивая с дивана и смахивая пальцами с себя брызги чаю, — вспомнил Лютерову чернильницу!","translation":"the other cried out, springing up from the sofa and flicking the spatters of tea off himself with his fingers, \"he has remembered Luther's inkwell!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскакивая … и смахивая","title":"Simultaneous present gerunds","body":"«вскакивая» ('springing up') and «смахивая» ('flicking off') are imperfective present gerunds giving the actions accompanying «воскликнул» — he cried out while leaping up and brushing himself. «с себя» — 'off himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"вскакивая","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"springing up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивая","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смахивая","lemma":"смахивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскакивая","gloss":"flicking off"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смахивая","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of смахивая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"брызги","lemma":"брызги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of смахивая","gloss":"the spatters"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"modifies брызги","gloss":"of tea"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to воскликнул","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"Лютерову","lemma":"Лютеров","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чернильницу","gloss":"Luther's"},{"surface":"чернильницу","lemma":"чернильница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"inkwell"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b11-c9-s412","source":"Сам же меня считает за сон и кидается стаканами в сон!","translation":"He takes me for a dream himself, and yet throws glasses at a dream!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам же меня считает за сон","title":"Intensifier «сам» + particle «же»","body":"«сам» ('he himself') plus the insistent «же» drives the contradiction home: 'he himself takes me for a dream, and yet…'. «считать за сон» = 'reckon as a dream'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кидается стаканами","title":"Instrumental with «кидаться»","body":"«кидаться» ('to throw [things]') governs the instrumental of what is thrown — «кидается стаканами», 'throws glasses about'. The imperfective and the instrumental together give a habitual, scattershot 'flinging'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject of считает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считает","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кидается","lemma":"кидаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считает","gloss":"throws"},{"surface":"стаканами","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кидается","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кидается","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b11-c9-s413","source":"Это по-женски!","translation":"That is just like a woman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-женски","title":"Adverb «по-женски»","body":"The «по-…-ски» pattern forms manner adverbs: «по-женски» = 'in a womanish way, like a woman' (cf. «по-русски» 'in Russian'). The Devil's sneer that throwing things is a feminine loss of self-control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-женски","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in the way"},{"surface":"женски","lemma":"по-женски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по","gloss":"of a woman"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b11-c9-s414","source":"А ведь я так и подозревал, что ты делал только вид, что заткнул свои уши, а ты слушал…","translation":"And I suspected as much, that you were only pretending to have stopped up your ears, while in fact you were listening…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь я так и подозревал","title":"«ведь» + «так и» of confirmed expectation","body":"«ведь» appeals to the shared truth now revealed; «так и подозревал» — 'suspected exactly as much, just so'. The «так и» idiom signals a guess that proved right."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делал только вид, что заткнул … а ты слушал","title":"Aspect: «делал», «заткнул», «слушал»","body":"«делал вид» (imperfective, 'was pretending') and «слушал» (imperfective, 'were listening') frame ongoing states, while «заткнул» (perfective, 'had stopped up') is the completed act feigned. «делать вид, что» = 'to pretend that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"just as much","note":"«так и подозревал» = «suspected as much»."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подозревал","gloss":"were making","note":"«делал вид» is the idiom «pretended»."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"a show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заткнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заткнул","lemma":"заткнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вид","gloss":"had stopped up"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of уши","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of заткнул","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делал","gloss":"were listening"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b11-c9-s415","source":"В раму окна вдруг раздался со двора твердый и настойчивый стук.","translation":"At the window frame, a firm and insistent knocking suddenly sounded from the yard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В раму окна … раздался … стук","title":"Verb-first presentational order","body":"The clause delays its subject «стук» ('a knock') to the very end, after the verb «раздался» and the locative phrase — the standard Russian way to introduce brand-new information: 'there suddenly sounded… a knock'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался … стук","title":"Reflexive «раздаться»","body":"«раздался» is the perfective past of the -ся verb «раздаться» ('to ring out, resound'). The -ся makes it intransitive — a sound that arises of itself, with no stated agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раму","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"раму","lemma":"рама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раму","gloss":"of the window"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стук","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчивый","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with твердый","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"knocking"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b11-c9-s416","source":"Иван Федорович вскочил с дивана.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich leapt up from the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b11-c9-s417","source":"— Слышишь, лучше отвори, — вскричал гость, — это брат твой Алеша с самым неожиданным и любопытным известием, уж я тебе отвечаю!","translation":"\"Listen, better open up,\" cried the guest, \"it is your brother Alyosha with the most unexpected and curious piece of news — I give you my word!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше отвори","title":"Imperative «отвори» + advisory «лучше»","body":"«отвори» is the imperative of «отворить» ('open [a door]'), a slightly archaic-literary verb beside everyday «открой». «лучше» softens it to advice: 'better open up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж я тебе отвечаю","title":"«отвечать за» = vouch + dative «тебе»","body":"Here «отвечать» means 'to answer for, vouch / give one's word', the dative «тебе» the one assured. «уж» adds emphatic certainty: 'I give you my word, depend on it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвори","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"отвори","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Слышишь","gloss":"open up"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышишь","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of брат","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неожиданным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известием","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любопытным","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неожиданным","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"известием","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"piece of news"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышишь","gloss":"give my word","note":"«я тебе отвечаю» is a colloquial vouch: «I promise you»."}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b11-c9-s418","source":"— Молчи, обманщик, я прежде тебя знал, что это Алеша, я его предчувствовал, и, уж конечно, он недаром, конечно с «известием»!.. — воскликнул исступленно Иван.","translation":"\"Be silent, deceiver, I knew before you that it was Alyosha, I had a presentiment of him, and of course he has not come for nothing, of course with 'news'!..\" Ivan cried out in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я прежде тебя знал","title":"«прежде» + genitive «тебя»","body":"«прежде» ('before, earlier than') governs the genitive «тебя»: 'I knew before you [did]'. A compact comparative-of-time construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обманщик","title":"«обманщик» — deceiver","body":"Agent noun from «обмануть» ('to deceive'): 'deceiver, cheat'. Ivan hurls it at the Devil — and at himself, since the Devil is his own mind insisting it knows things Ivan won't admit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воскликнул исступленно","title":"Adverb «исступлённо»","body":"«исступлённо» ('frenziedly, in a transport'), from «исступление» (frenzy, ecstatic derangement), pins the pitch of Ivan's cry. A markedly literary, emotionally charged adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"обманщик","lemma":"обманщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"deceiver"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Алеша","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Алеша","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"had a premonition of"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to недаром","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of недаром","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"not for nothing"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известием","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"известием","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of конечно","gloss":"news","note":"The scare quotes on «известием» mock how much Ivan already knew."},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"frenziedly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b11-c9-s419","source":"— Отопри же, отопри ему.","translation":"\"Unlock it, then, unlock it for him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отопри же, отопри ему","title":"Imperative «отопри» + insistent «же» + dative","body":"«отопри» is the imperative of «отпереть» ('to unlock'), repeated for urgency, with «же» pushing — 'unlock it, do!'. «ему» is the dative beneficiary: 'unlock it for him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отопри","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unlock it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Отопри","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отопри","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Отопри","gloss":"unlock it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отопри","gloss":"for him"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b11-c9-s420","source":"На дворе метель, а он брат твой.","translation":"There is a blizzard out in the yard, and he is your brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На дворе метель, а он брат твой","title":"Zero copula + contrastive «а»","body":"Two verbless present-tense clauses — 'there's a blizzard out in the yard' and 'he is your brother' — joined by the mild contrastive «а». Russian needs no 'is'; «а» pivots from the cold outside to the claim of kinship."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"метель","title":"«метель» — snowstorm, blizzard","body":"A whirling snowstorm (feminine soft-sign noun). The blizzard at the window, recurring through Dostoevsky, mirrors the storm in Ivan's mind as Alyosha arrives with the news of Smerdyakov's death."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"метель","lemma":"метель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дворе","gloss":"a blizzard"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with метель","gloss":"is your brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b11-c9-s421","source":"Monsieur, sait-il le temps qu’il fait?","translation":"Monsieur, sait-il le temps qu'il fait?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sait-il","title":"Mock-deferential third person","body":"Addressing \"Monsieur\" but speaking of him in the third person («sait-il» — 'does he know') is an exaggeratedly servile, lackey-like French politeness — the devil playing the obsequious flunkey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Monsieur","lemma":"monsieur","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Monsieur"},{"surface":"sait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does he know","note":"French song couplet the devil sings to Ivan; not Russian."},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, third, singular, masculine","role":"subject of sait","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"temps","lemma":"temps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sait","gloss":"weather"},{"surface":"qu’il","lemma":"que + il","morphology":"conjunction + pronoun","role":"subject of fait, introduces relative clause on temps","gloss":"that it"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular","role":"relative clause modifying temps","gloss":"is like"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b11-c9-s422","source":"C’est à ne pas mettre un chien dehors…","translation":"C'est à ne pas mettre un chien dehors…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"C'est à ne pas mettre un chien dehors","title":"\"Not fit to put a dog out\"","body":"A stock French idiom for foul weather — literally 'one wouldn't put a dog out in it'. The English equivalent is \"not fit weather for a dog.\" The devil reaches for a worn cliché, fitting his second-rate sophistication."}],"words":[{"surface":"C’est","lemma":"ce + être","morphology":"pronoun + verb, present, indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it's","note":"Continuation of the French song couplet; not Russian."},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause of mettre","gloss":"fit to"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"negative particle","role":"part of the negation ne...pas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"negative particle","role":"part of the negation ne...pas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mettre","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of C’est","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"indefinite article, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chien","lemma":"chien","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mettre","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"dehors","lemma":"dehors","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mettre","gloss":"outside","note":"French weather idiom: too foul even for a dog outdoors."}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b11-c9-s423","source":"Стук продолжался.","translation":"The knocking went on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжался","title":"Imperfective for the ongoing knock","body":"«продолжался» (imperfective past of «продолжаться», with reflexive -ся) frames the knocking as a continuing process, not a single event — the very meaning of the imperfective. The reflexive -ся here makes the verb intransitive: the knocking 'continues itself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжался","gloss":"the knocking"},{"surface":"продолжался","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b11-c9-s424","source":"Иван хотел было кинуться к окну; но что-то как бы вдруг связало ему ноги и руки.","translation":"Ivan made to throw himself at the window; but something seemed all at once to bind his legs and arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было кинуться","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and arrested","body":"«было» after a past-tense verb marks an action that was set in motion but immediately checked or undone: Ivan was on the point of throwing himself at the window — and didn't. This frozen particle (always invariable «было») is a characteristic 19th-century narrative touch for the interrupted impulse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то","title":"Indefinite «что-то» — a 'something' unknown","body":"«что-то» ('something') is «что» plus the clitic -то, marking a specific but unidentified force. The vagueness is the point: an unnamed something binds him, keeping the dream-logic of the nightmare alive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связало ему ноги и руки","title":"Dative «ему» of the affected person","body":"Russian says 'bound the legs and arms to him' — «ему» is dative, naming the person to whom the bound limbs belong, rather than a possessive 'his'. This dative of the affected party is idiomatic for parts of the body and the experiencer of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотел","gloss":"started to","note":"«хотел было» = began to but didn't complete the action."},{"surface":"кинуться","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"throw himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинуться","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of связало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies связало","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"связало","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of связало","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of связало","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ноги","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b11-c9-s425","source":"Изо всех сил он напрягался как бы порвать свои путы, но тщетно.","translation":"With all his strength he strained as if to tear his bonds apart, but in vain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Изо всех сил","title":"«изо всех сил» — with all one's might","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'out of all (one's) strengths'. «изо» is the variant of «из» (+ genitive) used before a consonant cluster, and «сил» is genitive plural of «сила». The whole idiom means straining with every ounce of force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы порвать свои путы","title":"«как бы» + infinitive — 'as if to'","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, as if') softens and hypothesizes: he strained 'as if to tear' his bonds. «свои» is the reflexive possessive «свой» — the bonds binding the subject himself — and «бы» here is fused into «как бы» rather than forming a full conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"путы","title":"«путы» — fetters, bonds","body":"«путы» (plurale tantum) are shackles or hobbles, originally the cord tying a horse's legs. The word carries a heavier, more archaic-poetic charge than a plain 'rope', suiting the nightmare's mythic feel. «тщетно» ('in vain') that closes the sentence is likewise bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of напрягался","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напрягался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"напрягался","lemma":"напрягаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порвать","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"порвать","lemma":"порвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of напрягался","gloss":"to tear apart"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of путы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"путы","lemma":"путы","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of порвать","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тщетно","lemma":"тщетно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with напрягался","gloss":"in vain"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b11-c9-s426","source":"Стук в окно усиливался всё больше и громче.","translation":"The knocking at the window grew ever louder and stronger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усиливался всё больше и громче","title":"Imperfective of mounting intensity","body":"«усиливался» (imperfective, reflexive -ся) paints the knocking as steadily intensifying. «всё больше» ('more and more') with a comparative is the standard way to express a gradient process — the «всё» pushing the comparatives «больше» and «громче» toward an ever-rising scale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усиливался","gloss":"the knocking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усиливался","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"усиливался","lemma":"усиливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew stronger"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усиливался","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громче","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"louder"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b11-c9-s427","source":"Наконец вдруг порвались путы, и Иван Федорович вскочил на диване.","translation":"At last the bonds suddenly snapped, and Ivan Fyodorovich sprang up on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"порвались путы","title":"Perfective snap, with topic-comment inversion","body":"«порвались» (perfective, -ся) marks the single completed event — the bonds snap, all at once. The verb precedes its subject «путы», throwing the new, decisive action to the front after «вдруг» ('suddenly'); the released subject «путы» lands last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил на диване","title":"Prepositional «на диване» — location, not motion","body":"«на диване» is prepositional (location) — Ivan springs up while on the sofa, sitting bolt upright, rather than jumping onto it (which would take the accusative «на диван»). The «в-» prefix on «вскочил» gives the abrupt upward jerk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порвались","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порвались","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"порвались","lemma":"порваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"путы","lemma":"путы","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of порвались","gloss":"the bonds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with порвались","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b11-c9-s428","source":"Он дико осмотрелся.","translation":"He looked wildly about him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмотрелся","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: looked about him","body":"«осмотреться» (perfective, with -ся) means to look round oneself, take in one's surroundings — the -ся turning the act of looking back upon the looker. «дико» ('wildly') colours the verb, registering Ivan's disordered state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмотрелся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмотрелся","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"осмотрелся","lemma":"осмотреться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked about"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b11-c9-s429","source":"Обе свечки почти догорели, стакан, который он только что бросил в своего гостя, стоял пред ним на столе, а на противоположном диване никого не было.","translation":"Both candles had nearly burned down, the glass he had just thrown at his guest stood before him on the table, and on the sofa opposite there was no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который он только что бросил в своего гостя","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«который» agrees with its antecedent «стакан» (masc. sing.) but takes the case its own clause demands — here accusative as the object of «бросил» ('which he had just thrown'). «своего гостя» is reflexive possessive «свой» + animate accusative = genitive on «гостя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого не было","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"'There was no one' — «никого» is the genitive of «никто», obligatory with the negated existential «не было», which is invariable neuter. Note the negative concord: the ни-pronoun «никого» still requires «не» on the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ним","title":"«пред» — the bookish «перед»","body":"«пред» ('before, in front of', + instrumental «ним») is the elevated, shortened literary variant of «перед». The non-pleophonic short form belongs to the high written register of 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on свечки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"свечки","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of догорели","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догорели","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"догорели","lemma":"догореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had burned down"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on стакан","gloss":"had thrown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гостя","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with догорели","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"противоположном","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b11-c9-s430","source":"Стук в оконную раму хотя и продолжался настойчиво, но совсем не так громко, как сейчас только мерещилось ему во сне, напротив, очень сдержанно.","translation":"The knocking at the window frame, though it did go on insistently, was not nearly so loud as it had seemed to him just now in his dream — on the contrary, it was quite restrained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и продолжался настойчиво, но","title":"Concessive «хотя… но» frame","body":"«хотя (и)… но» ('although… yet') is a paired concessive–adversative construction: the knocking did go on, but not loudly. The «и» reinforces the concession, and «но» picks up the contrast — a tidy bookish balancing of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сейчас только мерещилось ему во сне","title":"Impersonal «мерещилось ему» — it seemed to him","body":"«мерещиться» ('to seem, to appear hazily') is an impersonal verb with a dative experiencer: «ему» ('to him') is the one to whom it appeared, with no nominative subject. This dative-experiencer frame is the grammar of Dostoevsky's dissolving boundary between dream and waking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерещилось","title":"«мерещиться» — to seem, to be imagined","body":"A verb for things half-seen, conjured by the mind — phantoms, hallucinations, dream-images. It is exactly the right word as Ivan tries to sort the real knock from the one «во сне» ('in the dream'). «сдержанно' ('restrainedly') closes the sentence on the real, muted sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжался","gloss":"the knocking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раму","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"оконную","lemma":"оконный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раму","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"раму","lemma":"рама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Стук","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжался","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"продолжался","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжался","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies громко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with продолжался","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мерещилось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on громко","gloss":"had seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерещилось","gloss":"his dream"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сдержанно","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержанно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжался","gloss":"restrained"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b11-c9-s431","source":"— Это не сон!","translation":"\"It is not a dream!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это не сон!","title":"Zero copula with «не»","body":"'This [is] not a dream!' — the present tense needs no verb 'to be'; «это» plus the negated predicate noun «не сон» suffices. The bare nominative «сон» stands as predicate because there is no copula to push it into another case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сон","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b11-c9-s432","source":"Нет, клянусь, это был не сон, это всё сейчас было!","translation":"No, I swear it was not a dream, all of it happened just now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это был не сон","title":"Past copula «был» with predicate nominative","body":"In the past Russian does supply the copula «был» (agreeing masculine with «сон»). Here the predicate noun «сон» stays nominative after negated «был не», where a positive identity statement might also allow it — contrast the instrumental that «быть» often takes for assumed roles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клянусь","title":"«клянусь» — I swear","body":"«клясться» ('to swear, vow') is a -ся verb with no non-reflexive counterpart. The first-person «клянусь» is Ivan's desperate oath that the apparition was real — a small grammatical sign of how much is at stake for his sanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to клянусь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сон","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сон","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to клянусь","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клянусь","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b11-c9-s433","source":"— вскричал Иван Федорович, бросился к окну и отворил форточку.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich cried out, rushing to the window and opening the little ventilation pane.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился к окну и отворил форточку","title":"Two perfectives drive the narrative forward","body":"«бросился» and «отворил» are both perfective past — two completed, sequential events that move the action one step at a time, against the imperfective background of the preceding description. «к окну» is dative after «к» ('toward')."}],"words":[{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"форточку","lemma":"форточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the vent-pane"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b11-c9-s434","source":"— Алеша, я ведь не велел приходить! — свирепо крикнул он брату.","translation":"\"Alyosha, I told you not to come!\" he shouted ferociously at his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь не велел приходить","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» ('after all, you know') appeals to shared knowledge — 'but I told you not to come, didn't I'. It carries no translatable word, only the speaker's insistence that Alyosha already knows this. Such particles are the texture of Dostoevsky's speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не велел приходить","title":"«велеть» + imperfective infinitive under negation","body":"«велеть» ('to order, bid') takes a bare infinitive. Under negation the imperfective «приходить» (not perfective «прийти») is idiomatic: forbidding the action as such — 'I bade you not to come (at all)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он брату","title":"Dative «брату» of the addressee","body":"'He shouted to his brother' — «брату» is dative, the person addressed by the shouting. «свирепо» ('ferociously') is an adverb of manner; placing «он» after the verb is the neutral order for a quotative tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"ferociously"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Алеша","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"at his brother"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b11-c9-s435","source":"— В двух словах: чего тебе надо?","translation":"\"In two words: what do you want?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего тебе надо?","title":"Impersonal «надо» with dative and genitive","body":"A doubly oblique impersonal construction: «тебе» (dative) is the one in need, «чего» (genitive of «что») is what is needed, and «надо» ('is needed') is the invariable predicative. Literally 'what is needed to you?' — a quintessentially Russian subjectless frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В двух словах","title":"«в двух словах» — in two words, briefly","body":"A set phrase meaning 'in a nutshell, briefly'. «двух» governs the genitive «словах»? — in fact «два» here is locked inside the prepositional phrase «в двух словах», where the numeral and noun both take prepositional plural after «в». Ivan's curt demand for brevity."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to словах","gloss":"do you need"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b11-c9-s436","source":"В двух словах, слышишь?","translation":"In two words, do you hear?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышишь?","title":"Bare second-person present, pronoun dropped","body":"«слышишь» ('do you hear?') needs no «ты»: the second-person singular ending -ишь already names the subject, so the pronoun is dropped. The repetition of «В двух словах» plus this clipped tag conveys Ivan's frayed, peremptory state."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышишь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b11-c9-s437","source":"— Час тому назад повесился Смердяков, — ответил со двора Алеша.","translation":"\"An hour ago Smerdyakov hanged himself,\" Alyosha answered from the yard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Час тому назад повесился Смердяков","title":"Comment-first inversion delivers the blow","body":"The new, shattering information «повесился Смердяков» is held until after the time-phrase «Час тому назад» ('an hour ago'), and the verb precedes the subject — the standard order for announcing an event, landing the name «Смердяков» as the final shock."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повесился","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: hanged himself","body":"«повеситься» (perfective, -ся) is the true reflexive — the action turns back on the doer, 'hanged himself'. Without -ся, «повесить» means to hang something (a picture, another person); the clitic is what makes it suicide."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со двора","title":"«со двора» — from the yard","body":"«со» is «с» ('from', + genitive «двора») in its pre-consonant-cluster form. Alyosha answers from outside, in the «двор» — the courtyard of the house. Russian distinguishes «с» (off/from a surface) from «из» (out of an enclosure)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повесился","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of повесился","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hanged himself"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повесился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to повесился","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b11-c9-s438","source":"— Пройди на крыльцо, сейчас отворю тебе, — сказал Иван и пошел отворять Алеше.","translation":"\"Come round to the porch, I will open up for you at once,\" said Ivan, and he went to let Alyosha in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пройди на крыльцо","title":"Perfective imperative «пройди»","body":"«пройди» is the imperative of perfective «пройти» ('come through, step round'), stem-stress giving the -и ending. The perfective imperative asks for a single, specific completed move — 'come round (to the porch)' — as against an imperfective invitation to general action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас отворю тебе","title":"Perfective present-form = future","body":"«отворю» is the conjugated form of perfective «отворить», and a perfective so conjugated means the future: 'I'll open up (for you) at once'. «тебе» is the dative beneficiary. No auxiliary is needed — the future sits in the ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крыльцо","title":"«крыльцо» — the porch / front steps","body":"The «крыльцо» is the covered entrance-porch and steps of a Russian house — the threshold space where one is received before being let inside. Ivan directs Alyosha there to open the door for him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пройди","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come round"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцо","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крыльцо","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пройди","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"отворю","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пройди","gloss":"I'll open"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отворю","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Пройди","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"отворять","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to open up"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворять","gloss":"for Alyosha"}]}]}